White paper

Efficient resource utilization

improves the customer experience

Multiflow, aggregation and multi band load

balancing for Long Term HSPA Evolution
 Executive summary

With the growing popularity of
Contents smartphones and the increasing use of
applications designed to make use of
2. Executive summary their capabilities, traffic is rising
3. Resource utilization in dramatically. As well as application
current networks related traffic, with frequent updates to
and from applications such as social
5. Features enhancing networking sites and health monitoring
network utilization functions, smartphones are giving rise
5. Multi Band Load to significant signaling loads.
Balancing allowing free resources in the other
Much of this traffic is bursty in nature,
7. Multi Carrier HSDPA
leading to imbalances in network
9. Multiflow utilization. Resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
12. HSPA – LTE Carrier
and frequency layers. At any one time,
Aggregation
many parts of the network have
13. Further considerations significant free resources, while other
14. Summary parts need to deliver high data speeds.
Underused resources are common in a
15.  Abbreviations typical network. This is inefficient for
network operators, as well as
potentially degrading the user
experience, it also means
communications service providers
(CSPs) may not be making efficient
use of network investments.
An answer to this is provided by
features that form part of the latest
3GPP standardization release of Long
Term HSPA Evolution, the 3GPP Rel
11, as well as related features from
earlier HSPA standardization releases.
3GPP
These features take advantage of
under-used resources to enhance
performance for the user.
The first of these features is Multi Band
Load Balancing (MBLB), which spreads
traffic over the different layers, such that
more resources are made available for
each user and performance is therefore
improved.
Another feature is Multi Carrier HSDPA,
which is extended in Rel 11 to eight
carriers. This improves utilization by
carriers to be used flexibly.
Multiflow is a 3GPP Rel 11 feature
candidate, designed to improve cell edge
data rates by enabling the transmission of
data from multiple cells instead of via a
single cell as in HSDPA today. This leads
to a doubling of the power available for
the wanted signal, increasing the overall
user throughput
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation, a feature
candidate for future 3GPP releases,
enhances traffic steering by enabling fast
load balancing between the two radios,
ensuring efficient spectrum utilization
even when traffic is very bursty. The gain
is similar to that of multi carrier HSPA: if
the load is low, large efficiency gains can
be expected, whereas when loads are
high, the gain decreases.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by using network
resources more efficiently, giving larger
throughputs for end users and allowing
faster response times.

Present New features Future

Carrier aggregation

MIMO MIMO
4x 2x 3GPP Release
11+ Long Term
HSPA Evolution
Multipoint systems

Further enhancements
to CELL_FACH

HSPA+LTE
+ aggregation

Figure 1. Long Term HSPA Evolution components.

2 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience

Resource utilization in
current networks
HSPA is the leading cellular data
service currently in use around
the world. Traffic on HSPA
networks continues to grow and
evolve as users develop new
ways of interacting with one
another and the information
around them, and CSPs seek
to differentiate and maximize
their revenue.
The smartphone segment of the
market has experienced very
rapid growth within a short time,
leading to a wide user base and
a rich diversity of applications.
Smartphone traffic may be driven
by a number of processes that
0.20
Average TTI usage over all cells
expect always on, landline-like
connectivity and which may operate
even while the user is not interacting
with the phone. Social networking,
news, healthcare monitoring, push
e-mail and other autonomous apps
may give rise to small amounts of
update data in both directions. Another
factor is interactive usage, which may
range from web browsing, for which
short, high burst speeds are critical to
the user experience, to voice and
video, where steady QoS is key. It also
covers file down/uploading, in which
average burst speeds affect the user
experience. Apart from application
data, smartphones generate signaling
load that must be dealt with effectively
by the network.
Average usage
12.2% over
In many markets, tablets and PC
dongles have seen significant uptake,
generating large amounts of data when
users are active. Traffic patterns may
involve web browsing, video streaming
and file up/download, with
requirements similar to smartphones
The coming years are also expected to
witness a significant expansion in the
amount of machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications within networks,
which will bring new types of traffic
profile and QoS requirements.
A key characteristic of the traffic growth
is that traffic has become bursty, with
periods of activity in which high burst
speeds are critical to user experience,
interspersed with periods of inactivity.
Radio resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
and frequency layers. At any one time,
many parts of the network have

0.18 48 hour period

significant unused resources, while
0.16
other parts need to deliver high
0.14
0.12
data speeds.
0.10
0.08
An example of this can be seen in
0.06 Figures 2 and 3, where the average
0.04 Transmission Time Interval (TTI) usage
0.02 over all cells in a Radio Network
0 Controller (RNC) area of a mature 3G
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
network is shown, both against the
Hours for two days hours in a 48 hour period and as a
cumulative distribution function (cdf)
Figure 2. Average TTI usage over all cells in an RNC area versus the hours in a 48 hour period.
over the different cells. The TTI usage
is a measure of the network load in
a cell.

From the figures, the following can

1 be seen:
0.9
0.8 • The average load over 48 hours
Cumulative distribution

0.7 is 12.2%.
0.6 • During the busiest hour of the day,
0.5 20% of the cell capacity is used on
0.4 average, or 6.8% of the overall
0.3 daily traffic.
0.2 • 19% of the cells have a load of
0.1 less than 1%, where the median
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 TTI load over the different cells
TTI usage is 9%.
• 5% of the cells have an average
load during busy hour of more
Figure 3. Cumulative distribution of average TTI usage during busy hour per cell. than 77%.

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 3

 Resource utilization in
current networks
Due to the bursty nature of the data
traffic and delays in state transfers
between idle and connected modes,
the number of users connected to a
cell is much larger than the number of
users with actual data reception or
transmission. An example of this can
be seen in Figure 4. Sampled over a
24 hour period and across all cells in
one RNC area, it compares the
cumulative distribution of the average
number of connected users per hour
with the average number of
connected users with data in the
buffers. The median for the number of
connected users is around 3.6, while
only in 5% of the time and cells is
there more than one user with
data present.
With packet traffic, two key aspects of
performance are user equipment
(UE) burst throughput and packet call
capacity. Packet call capacity is the
maximum packet call load that, when
offered to a cell, can be served to the
users. Packet call capacity is typically
0.9
0.8
0.7
Cumulative distribution
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.01
Figure 4. Cumulative distribution of the number of connected users and number of users with data in the buffers over a 24 hour period in a mature 3G network.
4 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
restricted by the slowest burst
throughputs, so improving these not
only makes it fairer for users but also
improves packet call capacity.
In recent years, research and
standardization has focused on
maximizing link spectral efficiency
through features such as Higher order
Modulations, MIMO, Continuous
Packet Connectivity (which also aims
to improve user equipment battery life)
and on managing or mitigating
interference via technologies such as
interference cancelling receivers in the
downlink and uplink interference
cancellation. Progress on these
features has enabled good link
efficiency and interference
management. However, improving the
ability of the network to focus
resources instantly where they are
needed by using a more liquid capacity
has great potential for enabling
improved user experiences and higher
packet call capacities. The rest of this
paper focuses on these features.
Number of
active users
Number of
active users
with data
0.1 1 10 100
Number of users
Features enhancing
network utilization
As we saw in the previous section, quite unequally over the different cells multi-band HSPA networks. A user can
underused resources are common in a (see Figure 2). There are several be redirected to another layer under
typical network. In this section, we benefits, as illustrated in Figure 5. different circumstances:
introduce four features that use these
free resources to enhance • Maximize coverage from the low • During the setup of a call
performance for the user. frequency layer. • When there is no active data
• Balance the network load, i.e. transmission and reception
Multi Band Load Balancing maximize the user throughputs. • During transition to the
• Avoid frequent handovers by, for Cell_DCH state
instance using different settings for • When entering a new cell with
Multi Band Load Balancing (MBLB) is
fast moving mobiles. different preferred layer priorities
applicable when separate bands are
• Matching device and network
used for HSPA, such as the 900 and
capability, such as MIMO, Dual Several criteria are taken into account
2100 MHz band. The feature spreads
Carrier (DC), and operating band in the layer selection decision,
the traffic over the different layers, such
capability. including capabilities and speed, the
that more resources are made
• Matching services to network service used, the load and channel
available for each user and
capability, such as speech service. quality in the source and target cells
performance is improved. This is
and the signal strength of the target
relevant for today’s mature HSPA
The MBLB feature uses several cell. The actual change of layer can
networks today, since, as shown in the
mechanisms to manage the load and then be applied via handover, radio
previous section, traffic is distributed
customer experience in multi-layer and bearer re-configuration, or redirection.

Maximum coverage Match UE and

Balance the network load Avoid frequent handovers
from low frequency band network capability

900 900 900

2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

Micro Micro

Direct load to least loaded Direct UEs according

Only far away calls High speed UE goes to
layers, ensuring that micro to service or HSPA
go to low band umbrella layer, avoid macros
layer also gets traffic capability (DC, MIMO)

Figure 5. Example of Multi Band Load Balancing features and the improvements they bring.

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 5

 As an example, Figure 6 shows the
performance in terms of user
throughput of the redirection scheme at
the transition to Cell_DCH. The layer
selection in this example takes into
account information on channel quality
and load in the serving and target cells:
at the transition to Cell_DCH, a UE
(Rel 6 or later) can report the best
intra/inter-frequency cells (target cells).
The RNC may then enforce a redirect
to a target cell if it has sufficient
channel quality and whose load is
lower than the serving cell, thus
optimizing the customer experience.
1200
1000
User throughput (Mbps)
800
600
400
200
0
Optimal settings
Figure 6. Average UE throughput with and without MBLB redirection (redirect).
6 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
The performance plot shows that the
redirection mechanism offers no
significant benefit in terms of UE
throughput when the mobility settings
for idle and connected mode are
optimized. However, redirects provide
a large gain when non-optimal mobility
settings are adopted. The optimum
settings are challenging to identify in
real networks with inconsistent load,
cell size, antenna orientations and
tilting. Therefore, the redirect scheme
could be a simple way to boost
network performance.
Average user throughput
Suboptimal settings Suboptimal settings
with MBLB redirection
Multi Carrier HSDPA
Dual Carrier (DC) HSDPA is a 3GPP
release 8 feature commercially
deployed in a large number of markets.
However, the disadvantage of the
feature is that it limits the aggregation
to two 5 MHz radio carriers within the
same band. This is changed in Rel 9,
which introduces DC for carriers in
different bands. Rel 10 extends the
functionality to aggregation over four
carriers, with Rel 11 extending it still
further to eight carriers. This leads to a
peak data rate of 672 Mbps when
combined with 4x4 MIMO.
The benefits of aggregating multiple
carriers are significant for the end user,
since a diversity gain can be achieved
from scheduling on the best carrier(s)
and especially due to the fact that free
resources in the other carriers can be
used flexibly. As described in the first
section, free resources are often
available. The gains can be seen in
Figures 7 and 8. These show the
cumulative distribution of the average
user throughput and the mean packet
call delay for the macro cells scenario,
with an average cell load of 1 Mbps
consisting of bursty traffic.

0.9

0.8

0.7
Cumulative probability

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3
1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
0.2
4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
User data throughput (Mbps)

Figure 7. Cumulative distribution of the average data throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low
offered load (1 Mbps).

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 7

 The gains depend significantly on the
load in the system. If the load is high,
then there will be fewer free resources
on the other carriers, which results in 0.18
lower gains. Multi carrier HSPA also 0.16

Mean data connection delay (s)

gives a capacity gain, which can be 0.14 1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
seen in Figure 9, which shows the 4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
0.12
mean cell throughput per carrier as a All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
0.1
function of the offered load per carrier.
0.08
It can be seen that with an offered load
per carrier of around 2 Mbps, the 0.06

system with a single carrier starts to 0.04

become saturated, whereas with a 0.02

larger number of carriers, the offered 0
load can still be served. Using Scheme
multicarrier aggregation increases the
total packet call capacity of the
network, in addition to the gains in
individual user throughput. Figure 8. Mean data connection delay (s) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low offered load (1 Mbps) with data
connections of 1 Mbit.

60

50
Mean packet call throughput (Mbps)

Single carrier
40 Quad carrier
Oct carrier

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Offered load per carrier (Mbps)

Figure 9. Mean normalized cell throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers as a function of the offered load.

8 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience

Multiflow
Current HSDPA HSDPA Multi Point
Another feature enabling a better use
of resources in cellular systems is Interference Signal Signal Signal
Multiflow. This is a 3GPP Rel 11 Signal
feature candidate, designed to improve
cell edge data rates by enabling the
transmission of data from multiple cells
to a UE at the common cell edge,
instead of transmitting the data via a
Data stream 1 Data stream 2 Data stream 1
single cell as in HSDPA today. This is
illustrated in Figure 10 for dual cell Data stream 1
operation.

Each of the data flows in Multiflow can

be scheduled independently. This
leads to a doubling of the power Figure 10. Multiflow transmission and conventional HSDPA.
available for the desired signal at the
UE, which is used to increase the
overall user throughput. For Rel 11,
Multiflow is considered for up to four
different flows over two different
frequencies, one can send data from
RNC
up to four different cells to a UE.

Multiflow can be done among cells of

the same site (intra-site Multiflow) or
between sites (inter-site Multiflow). In Base station

the latter case, the data is split in the

RNC and directed to each of the
different base stations, taking the
throughput and load from that cell into
account. In the intra-site case, the data
is split in the MAC layer and the base
Base station Inter-site multi flow
station can perform joint scheduling in
order to further optimize resource
usage (similar to DC HSDPA). Both of
these cases are illustrated in Figure 11.

Scheduling of the Multiflow streams

can be done in different ways. A Inter-site multi flow
common requirement for the scheduler
is to minimize the effect on the non
Multiflow terminals. This can be done
by differentiating scheduling for the
serving cell and the cell that is assisting
in Multiflow transmission. More
precisely, the traffic in each cell is
prioritized in such a way that traffic
belonging to UEs that use the cell as a
serving cell is prioritized over the UEs
Base station
that use it as an assisting cell. This
means the benefit from Multiflow will
only be seen when the neighboring cell
has unused resources. As outlined RNC
previously, in current networks there is
a large Multiflow potential, as typically, Figure 11. Intra-site and inter-site Multiflow.
many TTIs are available where there is
no user scheduled.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 9
 Other scheduling methods are also terminal must have a minimum of two
possible, based, for example, on the receive antennas and interference-
UE throughput, load, service type, or aware receiver chains.
QoS.
Figure 12 shows the cumulative
Multiflowdoes not require coordination distribution of the throughput
of the packet schedulers taking part in experienced by the user with and
the Multiflow transmission, thus without Multiflow (including both intra-
simplifying the concept and enabling site and inter-site Multiflow UEs). At the
inter-site deployment. Uncoordinated low values of the cumulative
transmission, however, may lead to distribution, users at the cell edge gain
situations where a UE receives two particular benefit from Multiflow, since
flows simultaneously from two base they are the most likely to receive
stations. To spatially separate and transmissions from multiple cells with
successfully decode the flows, the adequate signal quality.

1.0
0.9
Reference all UEs
0.8
Multiflow all UEs
Cumulative distribution

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
User experienced throughput (Mbps)

Figure 12. Cumulative distribution of throughputs experienced by users with and without inter-site multiflow. Total offered load is 400 kbps/cell.

10 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience

The Multiflow gain depends on the
offered load, see Figure 13. At low
11
load, the gains are considerable,
whereas they disappear at high load. 10 All UEs ref

User experienced throughput (Mbps)

All UEs mflow
This is because at high load, the 9
5-% tile ref
assisting cells do not have free 8 5-% tile mflow
resources and thus will never 7
schedule to the Multiflow user. 6

5
Several variations of Multiflow are 4
considered in 3GPP, depending on 3
the number of carriers in use in the
2
network and on the amount of
1
simultaneous RX chains that the UE
0
can handle. In a network in which only 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
one carrier frequency is used, the UE Offered load (Mbps)
will be required to receive up to two
links simultaneously. Hence this Figure 13. Mean user throughput versus offered load per cell.
variant is called Single Frequency
Dual Cell (SF-DC) aggregation. In a
dual carrier network, the UE can best optimize the system. As an example,
take advantage of a neighboring cell’s Figure 14 shows the case where
carriers if it has a receiver with four vertical sectorization is used in
RX chains; hence this variant is combination with Multiflow. This way,
labeled Multiflow Dual Frequency during high load, one can utilize the
Quad Cell (DF-4C) aggregation. capacity increase due to vertical
sectorization, whereas during low
The combination of Multiflow and load, users at the cell edges benefit
multiple beams can be used to further from Multiflow.

Potential Multiflow areas

Figure 14. Combination of vertical sectorization and multipoint.

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 11

 B: Femto terminals seeing
DL macro interference,
esp. under cell range
extension
Many pico cells A: Macro terminal
seeing strong
downlink interference
from small cell

D: Many small cell

terminals creating uplink
interference to macro cell C: Macro terminal creating
strong uplink
interference to small cell

HSPA – LTE Carrier with traffic being steered between the

Macro cell
Aggregation two systems by inter-system Pico cell
handovers, as illustrated in Figure 15.
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation is a
enhances traffic steering by enabling
feature under consideration in 3GPP
fast load balancing between the two
for future releases beyond 3GPP Rel
radios, ensuring efficient spectrum
11. The idea is that one UE can
utilization even under the most bursty
simultaneously use resources from
traffic conditions. The gain
both LTE and HSPA, thus increasing
mechanisms are very similar to that of
the peak data rate and cell edge data
multi-carrier HSPA: if the load is low,
rates of both systems. Even before Rel
large gains can be expected, whereas
11, it is possible to aggregate over
when loads are high, the gain
several carriers in both LTE and HSPA,
decreases.

LTE carrier Multi carrier

LTE
aggregation reception of LTE

Handover Simultaneous
HSPA + LTE
between HSPA reception of
aggregation
and LTE HSPA and LTE

HSPA carrier Multi carrier

HSPA reception of
aggregation
HSPA

Figure 15. HSPA + LTE aggregation.

12 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience

Further considerations

The previous section described In addition to the features mentioned in

different features which help boost the the previous section, Long Term HSPA
customer experience by improving Evolution brings further improvements:
radio utilization. These features focus
primarily on the downlink but also lead • Further enhancements to Cell_
to uplink improvements: FACH, while maintaining the good
performance of Cell_PCH and
• Multi Band Load Balancing Cell_DCH. This is mainly focused
improves the uplink performance, on traffic from smartphones.
since, when directing the UE to • Uplink Closed Loop Transmit
another layer, both downlink and Diversity, enhancing the uplink to
uplink are considered in cell and support TX diversity. At a later
layer selection. Benefits are similar phase, uplink MIMO may be added
to those in the downlink. to the specification, enhancing the
• Multiple carrier HSPA is also uplink peak data rate.
supported for the uplink from Rel 9, • Downlink 4x4 MIMO, enhancing
however the number of carriers is spectral efficiency and peak data
limited to two. A different number of rate in the downlink.
carriers is supported in the
downlink and uplink because
downlink traffic volumes exceed
uplink volumes, and because the
UE will often become limited by
transmit power as the number of
carriers increases.
• Multiflow is a pure downlink feature.
The uplink signal will typically be in
soft or softer handover when
multipoint is being used in the
downlink.

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 13

 B: Femto terminals seeing
DL macro interference,
esp. under cell range

Summary
extension
Many pico cells A: Macro terminal
seeing strong
downlink interference
from small cell

D: Many small cell

terminals creating uplink
interference to macro cell
Traffic in today’s networks is bursty,
alternating between periods of activity
in which high burst speeds are critical
to user experience, and periods of
Macro cell
inactivity. This results in a significant
amount of free resources in today’s
mature HSPA networks. A number of
features are being introduced to
improve the customer experience by
increasing the utilization of these
network resources. An overview of the
different features and their benefits is
given in Figure 16.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by simply using
network resources more efficiently
C: Macro terminal creating
leading to the end strong
user uplink
seeing larger • Multiflow can lead to a gain at
interference to small cell
throughputs and faster response times. the cell edge of up to 50%
The benefits of these features are hard • HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
to quantify because they are often can achieve significant peak
Pico cell
inter-dependent and also vary data rate gains although the
according to the actual network amount depends on spectrum
scenario. However, some possible allocations and load.
benefits include:
As well as the features dealt with in
• MBLB: Optimum performance can this white paper, other features
be achieved with a minimal amount beyond its scope are being
of tuning needed, leading to lower developed and will be introduced
operational costs simultaneously, maintaining the
• Multi carrier HSPA: With eight rapid evolution of HSPA.
carriers, an increase in user
throughput of up eight times that of
a single carrier could be expected

- Improves the user performance

Multi band load - Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other bands/carriers
balancing (MBLB) - Operates on a per second level
- Supported for all UEs

- Improves peak rates and user throughput

Multi carrier HSPA - Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other co-located carriers/cells
- Operates on a per TTI level
- Supported for Rel 8+ UEs (2 carriers for Rel 8 up to 8 carriers for 3GPP Rel 11)

- Improves cell edge user throughputs

- Utilizes free downlink resources in other cells (intra- and intersite)
Multiflow - OPrates on a per TTI level
- Candidate for 3GPP Rel 11
- Requires UE support

- Improves the user performance

HSPA - LTE - Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other systems
aggregation - Requires UE support

Figure 16. Feature overview.

LTE carrier Multi carrier

LTE
aggregation of LTE

14 Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience

Abbreviations

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

Cell_DCH Cell Dedicated Channel
Cell_FACH Cell Forward Access Channel
Cell_PCH Cell Paging Channel
CSP Communications service provider
DC Dual Carrier
DF-4C Dual Frequency Quad Cell
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
LTE Long Term Evolution
M2M Machine-to-machine
MBLB Multi Band Load Balancing
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
QoS Quality of Service
RNC Radio Network Controller
SF-DC Single Frequency Dual Cell
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UE User Equipment

Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience 15

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