GEAR TRAINS Chapter TOPIC/PROBLEM MATRIX SECT TOPIC PROBLEMS 9.2 Fundamental Law of Gearing 9-4, 9-46, 9-47, 9-49, 9-50, 9-51 9.3 Gear Tooth Nomenclature 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-48, 9-52, 9:63, 9-54 9.4 Interference and Undercutting 9.5, 9-55, 9-56, 9-57, 9-58 9.5 Contact Ratio 9-59, 9-60 96 Gear Types 9-23, 9-24, 9-61, 9-62 9.7 Simple Gear Trains 96, 9-7,9-8, 9.9 9.8 — Compound Gear Trains 9-40, 9-41, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15,9-16, 9-17, 9-18, 9-29, 9-0, 9-31, 9-32, 9-33 9.9 Epicyclic or Planetary Gears 9-25, 9-26, 9-27, 9-28, 9-36, 9-38, 9-39, 9-41, 9-42, 243, 9.10 Efficiency of Gear Trains 9-35, 9-37, 9-40, 9-63, 9-64, 9-65 9.11 Transmissions 9-19, 9-20, 9-21, 9-22, 9-34, 9-44, 9-45DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-1-1 BS PROBLEM 9-4 ‘A.22-tooth gear has AGMA standard full-depth involute teeth with diametral pitch of 4. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance. Tooth number N:= 22 Diametral pitch pg:= 4-in™ | ‘See Table 9-1 and Mathcad file P0901. 1. Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.44. Pitch diameter azX d= 5.5000 in Pa Circular pitch Po = 0.7854 in 2, Use the equations in Table 9-1 to calculate the addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness and clearance. ‘Addendum a= 10000 a= 02500 in Pa Dedendum b= 03125in “Tooth thickness = 03927 in Clearance 0.0625 in Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half of the circular pitch, so the equation used above is more accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions should be displayed to four decimal places since ‘manufacturing tolerances for gear teeth profiles are usually expressed in ten-thousandths of an inch..DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-2-1 AS pRoBiem 9-2 Statement: A 40-tooth gear has AGMA standard full-depth involute teeth with diametral pitch of 10. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance. 1oin~! Given: Tooth number N:= 40 Diametral pitch pg ‘Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0902. 1. Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.44. Pitch diameter dS d= 4.0000 in Pa Circular pitch pes = Po= 0.3142 in Pa 2. Use the equations in Table 9-1 to calculate the addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness and clearance. ‘Addendum a= 0.1000 in Dedendum b= 0.1250in ‘Tooth thickness 120.1571 in Clearance 0.0250 in ‘Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half of the circular pitch, so the equation used above is more accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions should be displayed to four decimal places since ‘manufacturing tolerances for gear teeth profiles are usually expressed in ten-thousandths of an inch..DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-3-1 AS PROBLEM 9.3 Statement: A 30-tooth gear has AGMA standard full-depth involute teeth with diametral pitch of 12. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance. tain! Given: Tooth number N:= 30 Diametral pitch py: Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0903. 1. Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.44. Pitch diameter d= 2.5000 in Circular pitch Pc= 02618 in ‘Addendum a = 0.0833 in Dedendum b= 0.1042 in Tooth thickness £= 0.1309 in Clearance 0.0208 in ‘Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half ofthe circular pitch, so the equation used above is more ‘accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions should be displayed to four decimal places since ‘manufacturing tolerances for gear teeth profiles are usually expressed in ten-thousandths of an inch..DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-4-4 BBS PROBLEM 9-4 Using any available string, some tape, a pencil, and a drinking glass or tin can, generate and draw ‘an involute curve on a piece of paper. With your protractor, show that all normals tothe curve are tangent to the base circle. ‘Statement: Solution: This isa "hands-on" student demonstration project. The result should look like Figure 9-5.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-5-1 AS PROBLEM 9.5 ‘Statement: A spur gearset must have pitch diameters of 4.5 and 12 in. What isthe largest standard tooth size, in terms of diametral pitch, that can be used without having any interference or undercutting and ‘what are the number of teeth on each gear that result from using this diametra pitch? Assume that both gears are cut witha hob. a. Fora20-deg pressure angle b. Fora 2S-deg pressure angle Given: Pitch diameters: dy := 4.5n Solution: See Table 9-4 and Mathcad file PO90S. 1. To avoid undercutting, use the minimum tooth numbers given in Table 9-4b. a, Pressure angle of 20 deg. Nmin -1 Imin = 4.667 in dr Pan 1 Pamin Nmin From Table 9-2, the smallest standard diametral pitch (largest tooth size) that can be used is 5. But, since the pinion pitch diameter is not an integer, using 5 would result in a noninteger number of teth. Therefore, we must ‘goto the next larger (even) pitch (smaller tooth size) of py:= 6-in™ '. The resulting tooth numbers are: Ns nady Np =27 No= ped? NQ=72 b. Pressure angle of 25 deg Pémin = 3.111 in! Nein From Table 9-2, the smallest standard diametral pitch (largest tooth size) that can be used is 4. pq = 4-in ‘The resulting tooth numbers are: N= ped) Nj=18 No= pad -N2=48DESIGN OF MACHINERY ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 9-6-1 BS PROBLEM 9-8 Statement: Design a simple, spur gear train fora ratio of-9:1 and a diametral pitch of 8. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth, Calculate the contact ratio. Given: Gear ratio mgi=9 Diametral pitch pg:= &in” | Assumptions: The pinion is not cut by a hob and can, therefore, have fewer than 21 teeth (see Table 9-46) for a 20-deg pressure angle. Design Choice: Pressure angle ¢:= 20deg Solution: See Mathcad file P0906. 1, From inspection of Table 9-5a, we see that 17 teeth is the least number that the pinion can have for a gear ratio of 9. therefore, let the number of teeth on the pinion be 7 and Np! mGNp — Ng= 153 2. Using equation 9.4c, calculate the pitch diameters of the pinion and gear. Ne N, - dp = 2.1250 in d, 4, oe pa Pd 3. Calculate the contact ratio using equations 9.2 and 9.6b and those from Table 9-1 1.0625 in OSdp Sdg —rg= 9.5625 in ap = 0.1250 in an ag = 0.1250 in tpt te C= 106250 in Z:= | (rp + ap)? ~ (rpcosl6)) + [ce ag)" ~ (rgecos())” C-sing) pat n-cos($) 704 Contact ratio mp = mpDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-7-1 AS PROBLEM 9-7 ‘Statement: Design a simple, spur gear train for a ratio of +8:1 and a diametral pitch of 6. Specify pitch diameters and numbers ofteth. Calculate the contact rato. 1 Given: Gear ratio mgi=8 Diametral pitch pg:= 6-in~ Assumptions: The pinion isnot cut by a hob and can, therefore, have fewer than 21 teeth for a 20-deg pressure angle (see Table 9-4) Design Choice: Pressure angle $:= 20-deg Solution: See Mathcad file P0907. 1, From inspection of Table 9-5a, we see that 17 teeth is the least number thatthe pinion can have for a gear ratio of 8. therefore, let the number of teeth on the pinion be 17 and Ng 136 moNp oN 2. Using equation 9.4c, calculate the pitch diameters of the pinion and gear. %, N we 4 Me Pa 2.8333 in 4, 22.6667 in Pa 3. Calculate the contact ratio using equations 9.2 and 9.6b and those from Table 9-1 rp 0Sdp rp = 1LAL67 in rg 05dg rg = 11.3333in 4 ap = 0.1667 in 4 ag = 0.1667 in pT tp aie i Centerdistance C= rp try C= 12.7500 in 5 3 Fes eo an) Crreas))? + fre +29)? ~ pcost) ~ Csi) Contact ratio mp = 2 Imp = 1.699 7 wecos(§) us 4, An idler gear of any diameter is needed to get the positive ratio. Ifthe idler is does not have the same number of teeth as the gear, the calculation of contact ratio (step 3) will not be correct.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-8-1 AS PROBLEM 9.8 Statement: Design a simple, spur gear train for a ratio of -7:1 and a diametal pitch of 8. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Calculate the contact ratio. 1 Given: Gear ratio mo=7 Diametral pitch pg:= 8:in ‘Assumptions: The pinion is not cut by a hob and can, therefore, have fewer than 21 teeth for a 20-deg pressure angle (see Table 9-4b). Design Choice: Pressure angle $:= 20deg Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0908. |. From inspection of Table 9-5a, we see that 17 teeth isthe least number that the pinion can have for a gear ratio 0f 7. therefore, let the number of teeth on the pinion be and 119 maNp 2. Using equation 9.4c, calculate the pitch diameters ofthe pinion and gear. Np Ng dy= 22 ay =2.1250im dg= *# 148750 in Pa ba 3. Calculate the contact ratio using equations 9.2 and 9.6b and those from Table 9-1. OS-dy rp = 1.0625 in rg 0Sdg — tg=74375in ay = 0.1250 in og= ag = 0.1250in 7 aan e Centerdistance Cre rp try C= 8:5000in > 3 7 3 Cio ap)? — (rreost)? + rg + a9)? ~ (recos(6))? - C-sidg) pet Contact ratio = cost)DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-9-1 AS PROBLEM 9.9 Statement: Design a simple, spur gear train for a ratio of +6.5:1 and a diametral pitch of 5. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth, Calculate the contact ratio. 1 Given: Gear ratio mgs 65 Diametral pitch pq = S-in Assumptions: ‘The pinion is not cut by a hob and can, therefore, have fewer than 21 teeth for a 20-deg pressure angle (see Table 9-4). Design Choice: Pressure angle $:= 20deg Solution: See Mathcad file P0909. 1. From inspection of Table 9-5a, we see that 17 teeth is the least number that the pinion can have for a gear ratio 0f6.5. therefore, let the number of teeth on the pinion be (an even number so the gear tooth number will be an integer). Npie 18 and NgiemG-Np — Ng= 17 2. Using equation 9.4c, calculate the pitch diameters ofthe pinion and gear. N, Ng p= 3.6000 in dg= = Pa Pa 3. Calculate the contact ratio using equations 9.2 and 9.6b and those from Table 9-1 pe Ody ty L800 tg 0Sdg rg 1170000 on p= 020001 « ag = 020000 ? Pa ° * Pd * Center distance C= rp + rg C= 13,5000 in 7 5 3 3, Moan? (eeos ) + Ilee + 20) (eee) - sid) paz xcos($) Contact ratio mp mp = 1.699 4. Am idler gear of any diameter is needed to get the positive ratio. Ifthe idler is does not have the same number of teeth as the gear, the calculation of contact ratio (step 3) will not be correct.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-10-1 BS PROBLEM 9-10 ‘Statement: Design a compound, spur gear train for a ratio of -70:1 and diametral pitch of 10. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale, Given: Gear ratio: m 70 Diametral pitch: pa Solution: See Mathcad file P0910. 1. Since the ratio is negative, we want to have an odd number of stages or an even number with an idler. Let the number of stages be 1 Possible number of stages 2,3..4 Ideal, theoretical stage ratios r(/) = mg! 2 8367 then j=|3] p=] 4t2r 4 2.893, 2, Two stages would result in a stage rato less than 10 but will require an idler, so we will use three stages. The average ratio for three stages is about 21:5. Using a pressure angle of 20 deg, let the stage ratios be 21 20 2h Stage 2 ratio st s se Res ‘and let the driver gears have tooth numbers of Stage I ratio ry Stage 3 ratio = 2,3.7 Ng=20 then the driven gears will have tooth numbers of Ny Ng=r2Ny 4 N= 80 ‘The pitch diameters are: Tooth numbers: 2 2.0000 2 20 3 8.4000 3 84 4 4 20 s| im_ | 8.0000 3 80 6 1.8000 6 18 7 7.5000 7 75 ‘Checking the overall gear ratio:DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-11-1 AS PROBLEM 9-11 Design a compound, spur gear train for a ratio of $0:1 and diametral pitch of 8. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. “1 Gear ratio mg= 50 Diametral pitch pg: 8-in ‘See Mathcad file PO91 1 1. Since the ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages or an odd number with an idler. Let the ‘number of stages be Possible number of stages =2,3..4 Ideal, theoretical stage ratios 2 7.071 then 3 rj) = | 3.684 4 2.659, 2. Two stages would result in a stage ratio less than 10 and about 7, so we will use two stages. The average ratio for two stages is about 50:7. Using a pressure angle of 20 deg, let the stage ratios be 50 Stage Lratio rye Stage2ratio rp: 7 and let the driver gears have tooth numbers of (note that Nz must be a multiple of 7) Tooth number index: 2,3..5 21 Ny=18 then the driven gears will have tooth numbers of TN y ON, The pitch diameters are: ‘Tooth numbers: 2 2.6250 2 2 1-3 4; | 18.7500 3} _| 150 4 in | 2.2500 4 i) a8 5 15.7500 5 126, Ny, ‘Checking the overall gear ratio: 0.000DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-12-1 #5 PROBLEM 9-12 ‘Statement: Design a compound, spur gear train fora ratio of 150:1 and diametral pitch of 6. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. Given: Gear ratio mg:= 150 Diametral pitch pg Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0912. 1. Since the ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages or an odd number with an idler. Let the number of stages be Possible number of stages Ji=2,3..4 deal, theoretical stage ratios 2 12.247 then 3 nj =| $313 4 3.500 2. Two stages would result ina stage ratio greater than 10, so we will use thee stages with an idler to get the required output direction. ‘The average ratio for three stages is about 16:3. Using a pressure angle of 20 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage I ratio ry and let the driver gears have tooth numbers of ‘Tooth number index Stage 3 ratio r3:= 6 ‘Stage 2 ratio then the driven gears will have tooth numbers of TN y ON, Ngn3Ne N,=90 Ng = 108 ‘The idler gear will have ‘The pitch diameters are: “Tooth numbers: 2 2 18 3 3 90 4 4 18 5 s| =| 90 6 6 18 7 7 18 8 8 108DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-13-1 BS PROBLEM 9.13, Statement: Design a compound, spur gear train for a ratio of -250:1 and diametral pitch of 9. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth, Sketch the train to scale. -1 Given: Gear ratio mgi= 250 Diametral pitch pg:= in Solution: See Mathcad file PO913, 1. Since the ratio is negative, we want to have an odd number of stages or an even number with an idler. Let the ‘numberof stages be 1 Possible number of stages j=2,3..4 Ideal, theoretical stage ratios r(j) = mg? 2 15811 then j=/3] =| 6.300 4 3.976 2. Two stages would result ina stage rato greater than 10 and will requir an idler, so we will use three stages. ‘The average ratio for three stages is about 20:3. Using a pressure angle of 20 deg, let the stage ratios be 2 Suge? rao rp: 18 and let the driver gears have tooth numbers of Stage 3 ratio Stage | ratio 7 Tooth number index := 2,3..7 Ng=18 then the driven gears will have tooth numbers of Neri, Nyse r2Ny y= 13M Ny Ng = 108 Nv, = 125 ‘The pitch diameters are: Tooth numbers: 2 2.0000 2 18 3 13.3333, 3 120 4 2.0000 4 18 5 12.0000 5 108 6 2.2022 6 20 7 13,8889, 7, 125, NyNghy Checking the overall gear ratio: >" = 250,000 NyNgNgDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-14-1 SE PROBLEM 9.14 ‘Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear train for a ratio of 30:1 and diametral pitch of 10. Sj pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale, Given: Gear ratio mg:= 30 Diametral pitch pg:= 10in” ' Solution: See Mathcad file PO9T4 1. Since the ratio is positive, we want to have an even numberof stages, Let the numberof stages be i Possible number ofstages = 2,3..4 Ideal theoretical stage ratios r() 2 3477 then j-[3| p=] 3.107 4 2.340, 2. Two stages would result in a stage ratio less than 10, so we will use two stages. The average ratio for two stages is about 11:2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage Iratio y= 5 Stage 2 ratio r=6 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, xk! xk! ‘Solving independently for Nz andNg, = N= nel N, Del where Knin = (r1 + 1} (12 + 1) Kin ~ 42.000 By iteration, find a multiple of Kun that will result in a minimum number of teeth on Nz and Na. K K ‘4 K=2Kmin 2 at n+l K = 84,000 Ny=14 Ny=12 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4, The driven gears will have tooth numbers of NyerrNy N, Ng r2Ny Ng= 72 2 1.4000 iW 3 70 ‘The pitch diameters are: iz N= 4 2 5 n Checking the overall gear ratio:DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-15-1 &S PROBLEM 9.15 ‘Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear train for a ratio of 40:1 and diametral pitch of & Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. 1 Given: Gear ratio mg:= 40 Diametral pitch pg:= 8in™ Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0915. 1. Since the ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages. Let the number of stages be 1 Possible number of stages j= 2,3..4 Ideal, theoretical stage ratios, r(j) = mg? 2 6325 then j=]3 ry =| 3.420 4. 2.515 2. Two stages would result in a stage ratio ess than 10, so we will use two stages. The average ratio for two stages is about 20:3. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be 5 Stage 2 ratio rp Stage I ratio rj 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Tooth number index := 2,3 Solving independently for N> and N, where Kin = (11 + 1}(r2 + 1) Kin = 54.000 By iteration, find a multiple of Kyyq that will result in @ minimum numberof teeth on Nand Ns, -— n= net net K=3-Kmin Nye K = 162.000 Ny=27 Ny=18 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4. The driven gears will ave tooth numbers of Ny rN, Ny = 135 Nya 144 2 3.3750 an Ni 3) 4 _| 16.8750 135 The pitch diameters are: d,:= — is N Pa 4| ia” | 2.2500 \18 5. 18.0000 144 Checking the overall gear ratDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-16-1 BS PROBLEM 9-16 Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear train for a ratio of 75:1 and diametral pitch of 12. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the tran to scale. Given: Gear ratio mg:= 75 Diametral pitch pg ‘See Mathcad file P0916. positive, we want to have an even numberof stages. Let the numberof stages be Possible number of stages 2,3..4 Ideal, theoretical stage ratios r(/) 2 8.660 then 3) ap=|42i7 4 2.943 2, Two stages would result in a stage ratio less than 10, so we will use two stages. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage ratio ry 18 Stage2 ratio r= 10 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Tooth number index Solving independently for N3 and Na, where Kmin=(r1 + 1)(r2 + 1) ‘min = 93.500 By iteration, find a multiple of Kig that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on N and Nee 2-Kmin K = 187.000 Ny=22 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4, The driven gears will have tooth numbers of Ns 170 2 1.8333 2 ™ 3} 4 | 13,7500 165 ‘The pitch diameters are: -+ is a. N, Pa 4 in | 1.4167 "7 5 14,1667, 170,DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-17-1 &S PROBLEM 9.17 ‘Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear train for a ratio of 7:1 and diametral pitch of 4. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. Given: Gear ratio mgs Diametral pitch pg:= 4-in' Solution: See Mathcad file P0917. 1. Since the positive, we want to have an even number of stages. Let the number of stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage I ratio ry = 3.5 Stage2 ratio r= 2 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, ‘Tooth number index Solving independently for N2 and 4, where Kin ry + 1)(r2+ 1) Kmin = 13.500 By iteration, find a multiple of Kix that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on N> and. Ne K = 6-Kmin A ‘ ryt 4 ed k=8100 © Ny=18 Ny=27 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4. The driven gears will have tooth numbers of TN , No= 54 4.5000 18) 15.7500 ‘The pitch diameters are: = 6.7500 13,5000 54 Checking the overall gear ratio:DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-18-1 BS PROBLEM 9-18 Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear train for a ratio of 12:1 and diametral pitch of 6. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. Given: Gear ratio ngi= 12 Diametral pitch pg:= 6in” | Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0918, 1. Since the ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages. Let the number of stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage I ratio ry = 4 Stage2 ratio rp 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Tooth number index j:=2,3..5 Solving independently for N> and Na, where Kin = (r1 + 1) (02 + 1) Kin ~ 20.000 By iteration, find a multiple of Kun that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on 3 and Ng. K=4-Kmin x nel K=80000 -N,-16 N,=20 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4, The driven gears will have tooth numbers of Ny r0Ny N= 64 Ns = 60 2 2.6667 16 cop at 3} 4 _| 10.6667 o ‘The pitch diameters are: iz N, 4 3.3333 20 5 10.0000 60 Checking the overall gear rat aieh=DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-191 ZS PROBLEM 9.19 Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear transmission that will give two shiftable ratios of +3:1 forward and -4.5:1 reverse with diametral pitch of 6. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teth Sketch the train to scale. Given: Gear ng=3 Diametral pitch pa ‘See Mathcad file P0919. 1. Since the forward ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages. Let the number of stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg let the stage ratios be Stage I ratio ry Stage2ratio —rp:= 1S 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Tooth number index j:= 2,3..5 Solving independently for Np and Ns, ; n+ where Kmin= (r1 + 1)(r2* 1) Kin = 7.500 By iteration, find a multiple of Kyu that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on N> and Nye 4 eT Ny=18 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4, The driven gears for the forward train will have tooth numbers of NyerrNy Ny rN, Ny=27 2 2.5000 1s oh ak 3} 4% _| s.0000 30 The pitch diameters are: is = 4| Gn” | 3.0000 18 5 4.5000 21 Checking the overall gear ratio: 5. The reverse train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage and an idler gear to get the change in direction. Let the stage ratios be Stage Iratio ry Stage2ratio r= 2.25 6. Letthe number of teeth on the reverse stage driver gear be Ng:= 12 then the number of teeth on the driven gear will be Driven reverse gear Np=27DESIGN OF MACHINERY ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 9-201 AS PROBLEM 9.20 ‘Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear transmission that will give two shiftable ratios of +5:1 forward and -3.5:1 reverse with diametral pitch of 6. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of teeth. Sketch the train to scale. Given: Gear ratio me: iametral pitch pa:= Solution: See Mathcad file P0920. 1. Since the forward rato is positive, we want to have an even numberof stages. Let the numberof stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, lt the stage ratios be Stage Lratio ry = 2 Stage2 ratio rp=2.5 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, ‘Tooth number index 2,3.5 Solving independently for No and Ny, nel where Kin = (1+ I}-(2+ 1) Kin = 10.500 By terion, nda mipe of Kh wil eatin amin, ings umber of thon Nand Ke 4-Knin = 42.000 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4. The driven gears for the forward train will have tooth numbers of Nye r1rNy Ny rN, N,=30 2.3333 iW Ni 4; | 4.6667 28 ‘The pitch diameters are: d,:=— N, na 2.0000 he ‘Checking the overall gear ratio: 5.0000 30, Ny) (N, || 5] s.000 ML Ns 5. The reverse train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage and an idler gear to get the change in direction. Let the stage ratios be Stage tratio ry = 2 Stage 2ratio ——rp:= 1.75 6, Let the number of teeth onthe reverse stage driver gear be Ng = 12 then the number of teeth on the driven gear will be Driven reverse gear Ny r2No N7=21DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-21-1 BS PROBLEM 9-21 Statement: Design a compound, reverted, spur gear transmission that will give three shiftable ratios of +6:1, forward and -4:1 reverse with diametral pitch of 8. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of to scale, Given: Gear ratio mg:= 6 Diametral pitch pg:= 8in”' Solution: See Mathcad file PO92. 1. Since the forward rato is positive, we want to have an even number of sages. Let the numberof stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, lt the stage ratios be Stage | ratio Stage 2 ratio 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, N. ‘Tooth number index 2.3.5 Nyt Ny=Ny +My Kind, ry => 2 x" x! Solving independently for Ny and.Ns, WN, ; ne where (1+1}(241) Knin ~ 11.905 By iteration, find a multiple of Kyun that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on N2 and Ny=l4 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4, The driven gears for the forward train will have tooth numbers of Ny reNy Ny Ns =36 2 1.8750 1s 3) 4 _ | aa7s0 The pitch diameters are: is = 4| Tro} 1.7500 Checking the overall gear ratio: 5 4.5000 36 Ny) (N, |} | - 6.000 Ny 5. The second forward train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage to get the overall ratio. Let the stage ratios be Stage | ratio Stage2 ratio rp = 15 6. Let the number of teeth on the second forward stage driver gear be N= 20 then the number of teth on the driven gear will be ‘Second forward driven gear Ny:= 126 Ny =30DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-21-2 7. The reverse train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage and an idler gear to get the change in direction. Let the stage ratios be Stage Iratio ry Stage 2 ratio 8 Let the number of teeth on the reverse stage driver gear be Ng will be 4 then the number of teeth on the driven gear Driven reverse gear No:=r2-Ng No= 24DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-2-1 AS PROBLEM 9.22 Statement: Design a compound, reverted, ission that will give three shiftable ratios of +4.5:1, reverse with diametral pitch of 5. Specify pitch diameters and numbers of| 425: forward and teeth, Sketch the train to scale Given: Gear ratio mgi= 45 Diametral pitch pgi= Sin! Solution: See Mathcad file P0922. 1. Since the forward ratio is positive, we want to have an even number of stages. Let the number of stages be 2. 2. Using a pressure angle of 25 deg, let the stage ratios be Stage 1 ratio Stage 2 ratio. 72 a= 3.000 1 3. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Tooth number index j:= 2,3..5 . Solving independently for N2 and Ng, Ny x 7 a+ where Kin = (r1 + 1)(72 + 1) Knin = 10.000 By iteration, find multiple of Ky that will esut in a minimum, integer numberof teth on N> and Ne K=12-Kmin x N, x nel nel K=120000 Ny =48 N,=30 ‘These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 4. The driven gears forthe forward train will have tooth numbers of Ny=r1Ny Ny=7 Ngi=r2Ny N= 90 2 9.6000 48 3| 4% | 14.4000 ‘The pitch diameters are: is 4 6.0000 Checking the overall gear ratio: 5 18.0000. 90, Ny) (N, || $]} - 4500 SN, 5. The second forward train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage to get the overall ratio. Let the stage ratios be Stage I ratio ry = 1.500 Stage 2 ratio 7) = 1.667 6. Let the number of teeth on the second forward stage driver gear be Nj:= 45 then the number of teeth on the driven gear will be Second forward driven gear Noa 26 N; =75DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-22-2 7. The reverse train will also have two stages and use the first forward stage and an idler gear to get the change in direction. Let the stage ratios be Sage lraio ry = 1.500 Stage2ratio ry 358 ye "1 333 Let the number of teeth on the reverse stage driver gear be Nj will be 12 then the number of teeth on the driven gear Driven reverse gear No:= r-Ng No=28DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-23-1 BBS PROBLEM 9.23 Statement: Design the rolling cones for a-3:1 ratio and a 60-deg included angle between shafts. Sketch the train to scale. Given: Train ratio mp 3 Solution: See Figure 9-20 and Mathcad file P0923. 1. Choose a back-cone pitch diameter for the input cone of 1.000 in. Then, from equation 9.1, din = 1.000-in out == |mr|-din lous = 3.000 in 2. Using these back-cone pitch diameters and the given shaft included angle, draw the cones to scale. Output x 3.000 60.000"DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-24-1 BS PROBLEM 9.24 ‘Statement: Design the rolling cones for a~4.5:1 ratio and a 40-deg included angle between shafts. Sketch the train to scale, Given: Train ratio mp AS Solution: See Figure 9-20 and Mathcad file P0924. 1. Choose a back-cone pitch diameter for the input cone of 1.000 in. Then, from equation 9.1, din 000m out = || dip loys = 4.500in 2. Using these back-cone pitch diameters and the given shaft included angle, draw the cones to scale. N Output 40.000"DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-25a-1 BS PROBLEM 9.250 ‘Statement: Figure P9-1 shows a compound planetary gear train (not to scale). Table P9-1 gives data for gear numbers of teeth and input velocities. For the data in row a, find « Given: Tooth numbers: Np:= 30 N3:= 25 Na Input velocities: wg := 20 @arm == ~50 Solution: See Figure P9-1 and Mathcad file PO92Sa. 1. The formula method will be used in this solution. To start, choose a frst and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the fist gear be 2 and last be 6. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm, Lamm _ 96~ arm = 26- 2am op Farm = ©2~ arm 2. Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-1. N2NgNs5 —— R= 0.08333 NgNsNo [Note that Ns appears both in the numerator (a driver) and the denominator (driven). It could be left out completely because it isan idler. R is positive inthis case because gears 2 and 6 rotate inthe same direction. 3. Solve the right-hand equation in step 1 for ©6~ arm a 07 = 790.000 ‘@, will be in the same direction as 0DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-26a-1 AS PROBLEM 9.268 Statement: Figure P9-2 shows a compound planetary gear tran (not to scale). Table P9-2 gives data for gear numbers of teeth and input velocities. For the data in row a, find >. Given: Tooth numbers: Np:= 50 N3:=25 Nae Ng := 40 Input velocities: wg := 20 arm Solution: See Figure P9-2 and Mathcad file PO926a. 1. The formula method will be used in this solution. To start, choose a frst and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let te frst gear be 3 and last be 6. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the firs, last, and arm. harm _ 96 ~ Pam R Farm 3 ~ arm 2. Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-2. NEN aus R= 04167 NaN Riis positive in this case because gears 3 and 6 rotate in the same direction, 3. Solve the right-hand equation in step 1 for @5, 6 ~ arm 118.000 3 R ’arm 3 4. Solve for a, using equation 9.7. 59.000 ‘©2 will be in the opposite direction as,DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-27-1 BS PROBLEM 9.27 ‘Statement: ‘Solution: Figure P9-3 shows a planetary gear train used in an automotive rear-end differential (not to scale). The car has wheels with a 15-in rolling radius and is moving forward ina straight line at 50 mph. The engine is turning 2000 rpm. The transmission isin direct drive (1:1) withthe driveshaft. ‘a. What is the rear wheel's rpm and the gear ratio between ring and pinion? b. _Asthe car hits a patch office, the right wheel speeds up to 800 rpm. What is the speed of the left wheel? Hint: The average of both wheel's rpm is a constant. ©. Calculate the fundamental train value of the epicyclic stage. rpm:= 2m -rad-min | Sin SOmph — eeng'= 2000rpm ‘See Figure P9-3 and Mathcad file PO927. 1. Calculate the rear wheel rpm and the gear ratio between ring and pinion. @yheel = 560-225 rpm mg = 3.570 2. Using the hint given, calculate the speed of the left wheel when the right wheel hits the ice. avg = Owyhee! right *= 800-rpm lef = 2-Oayg ~ Oright ef = 320.451 rpmDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-28-1 BS PROBLEM 9-28 ‘Statement: Design a speed-reducing planetary gearbox to be used to lift a S-ton load 50 f¢ with a motor that develops 20 lb-ft of torque at its operating speed of 1750 rpm. The available winch drum has no ‘more than a 16-in diameter when full of its steel cable. The speed reducer should be no larger in diameter than the winch drum. Gears of no more than 75 teeth are desired, and diametral pitch needs to be no larger than 6 to stand the stresses. Make multiview sketches of your design and show all calculations. How long will it take to raise the load with your design? Units: rpm:= 2-w-rad-min” ' Load W := 10000-16f Motor torque Tay = 20- lb Motor speed om 750-rpm Maximum drum diameter dpqx = 16 Bin Assumptions: Minimum drum diameter (with no cable) is dyin Solution: See Figure 9-33 and Mathcad file P0901 1. Determine the minimum gear ratio required, Worst load torque: Ty, = 6667 flop Minimum gear ratio required to lift load T = mg = 333.333 T™m 6 mG 2. Use a combination of basic planetary gearsets, such as that shown in Figure 9-33, compounded inthe following way. The input to each stage willbe the sun gear. The output will be the arm, and the ring gear will be stationary. All stages will mesh with the same ring gear, which will be elongated to reach the planets of all stages. Except forthe last stage, the arm of one stage will be coupled directly tothe sun gear ofthe next stage. All stages will have the same number of teth on the sun gears and the same (different from the sun gears) for the planets. Since they all mesh with the same ring gear, they must all have the same diametral pitch and pressure angle. Let the pressure angle be 25 deg. 3. Calculate the number of stages required to achieve the required gear ratio, Let the diametral pitch be Pa Ring gear pitch diameter 4, 64 [Number of teeth on each sun gear Number of teeth on each planet gear Np = 26 Fora single stage, the gear ratio for the planetary configuration of Figure 9-33 is N, ~ N)IN,. For multiple stages, ”DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-28-2 where n is the number of stages. Solving for n, log(ma) := ceil} —— n=4 m= cell stages lo Ns 4, Calculate the actual gear ratio achieved. mg = 352.605 5. Calculate the time required to raise the load L:= 50-ft ‘Average drum diameter davg day = 12.000 in ‘Average cable velocity Vayg = 15.592 ‘Average time to raise load fayg = 3.2 minDESIGN OF MACHINERY BS PROBLEM 9-20 ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 9-29-1 ‘Statement: Determine all possible two-stage compound gear combination that will give an approximation to the Naperian base 2.71828. Limit tooth numbers to between 18 and 80. Determine the arrangement that gives the smallest error. Given: ratio := 2.71828 Nmnin Nmmax ‘= 80 err = 0.001% Solution: ‘See Mathcad file P0929, 1, Input the given data into the TK-Solver file compound.tkw. The n:= 8 tooth number combinations given below 52a N2, N3, M4, 5 7 fro fa least(r,n):= |low «ry po [57 7 (5. 2 Br [79 index <1 10 [64 2 [79 for ie 2. 1 ps is 9 index i if r, < low iy 0 [79 1 [79 [75 30 low and Ny, 7 n+ where Kmrin:= (rr + 1)-(r2 + 1) Kein = 20.000 By iteration, find a multiple of Kin that will result in a minimum number of teeth on N and Ny. K n+! K:=3-Kmin K = 60.000 4. The other gears will have tooth numbers of Ny=r0N, N= 45DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-33-2 2 oss) (18), 3 vase] [as The pth dane we - 3 4 oatoo| =] 2] € 3 ooo) ae 5. The nominal center distances C= 05g +d3) C= 1250im 6. Calculate the extreme values of center distance and their ratios with respect to the nominal center distance. Cmax Cmax = C+ # Cmax = 1.2560 in Yma'= Tmax = 1.0048 Cnin = C~ 1 Cin = 1.2440 in nin min = 0.9982 7. Using the equation in step 11 of Example 9-1, calculate the pressure angle that would result if the center distance were at its extreme values max = act cucs) dmax = 25.581 deg $nin = aco secs) nin = 24.401 deg Fin 8 The backlash in the minute hand is found using equation 9.3, ‘ark $max) max = 43200: 5max = 63 Minutes of are md, Depending on the nominal clearance in the gearset, decreasing the center distance will eventually cause the teeth to jamb and the gears may not be capable of assembly.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-34-1 25 PROBLEM 0-34 ‘Statement: Figure P9-4b shows a three-speed shiftable transmission. Shaft F, with the cluster of gears E, G, and H, is capable of sliding let and right to engage and disengage the three gearsets in tur, Design the three reverted stages to give output speeds at shaft F of 150, 350, and $50 rpm for an input speed of 450 rpm on shaft D. Units: svrad-min | Given ‘Output speeds: of} = 15079 or epg: 5507p Input speed: ap = 450-rpm Solution: See Figure P9-Ab and Mathcad file P0934 1. Determine the gearset ratios op ory or? r1 = 3.0000 2857 13 = 0.8182 2. Following the procedure of Example 9-3, Nyt ge N gt NGF Not Ny Solving independently for Ny , No and Np, (r+ Meo 341) Kin = 1.000 where Kmnin: By iteration, find a multiple of Kp that will result in a minimum, integer number of teeth on the drivers: n DC knin Nase 16 ral K K nel +t K = 80.000 N4=20 No=38 Np=44 “These are acceptable tooth numbers for gears with a 25- or 20-deg pressure angle that are cut by a hob. 3. The driven gears on shaft F will have tooth numbers of Ne=ryNa Nis r2Ne Nie= 45 No=ryNa NG =36DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-35-1 BS PROBLEM 9.35 ‘Statement: Figure P9-Sa shows an epicyclic train used to drive a winch drum. Gear A, on shaft 1, is driven at 20 rpm CW and gear D, on shaft 2, is fixed to ground. The tooth numbers are indicated in the basic gearsets have Eo = 0.98? Units: rpm:= 2-m-rad-min ' Given: ‘Tooth numbers: 2 Npw\6 Nc 48 ND Na Input speeds: o4:=-20-79m ep = O-rpm Basic gearset efficiency: £:= 0.98 Solution: See Figure P9-Sa and Mathcad file PO935. 1. Determine the speed ofthe arm using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the frst gear be A and last be D. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm, @Larm _ ©D~ ®arm 2D= am op Farm @A~ arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-5a. a-()(45) R= 5.40000 Na) No, Solve the right-hand equation above for an, With © p _k am = A ‘The arm drives the drum, so drum = am drum = 245rpm 2. Find the basic ratio p for the train using equation 9.15. pak p = 5.400 3. The combination of p > 1, shaft 2 fixed, and input to shaft 1 corresponds to Case 1 in Table 9-12 giving an efficiency of peEy - 1 = 0975DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 936-1 AS PROBLEM 9.36 Statement: Figure P9-Sb shows an epicyclc tran. The arm is driven CCW at 20 rpm. Gear A is driven at 40 rpm CW. The tooth numbers are indicated in the figure. Find the speed of the ring gear D. 71 -m-rad-min Units: rpm: Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Ng lT Ngz28 N= 1S Np= 60 Input speeds: o4:= A0-rpm @arm = 20-rpm Solution: _See Figure P9-5b and Mathcad file P0936. 1, Determine the speed of the ring gear using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be A and last be D. ‘Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the frst, last, and arm. 1 @D ~ @arm arm. 2D ~ Warm _ p Farm @A~ arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-56. Na) (Ne |e R= 015179 Na) \ Np Solve the right-hand equation above for © p ep = R(w4 ~ @arm) + @armDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-37-4 AS PROBLEM 9.37 ‘Statement: Figure P9-6a shows an epicyclic train. The arm is driven at 60 rpm CW and gear A, on shaft 1, is fixed wo ground, The tooth numbers ae indicated in te figure. Find the speed of gear D, on shaft 2. What isthe efficiency ofthis train i the basic gearsets have Ey = 0.982 No=100 Np =35 Input speeds: @arm := ~60-79m O-rpm Basic gearsetefficiency: Eg:= 0.98 Solution: _ See Figure P9-6a and Mathcad file P0937. 1. Determine the speed of the sun gear using the formula method for analyzing an epicyelic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let th first gear be A and lst be D. ‘Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the firs, lat, and arm. Lam _ D- am . p Farm — @A~ @arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-6a. Na) (Ne 1, shaft I fixed, and input to the arm corresponds to Case 4 in Table 9-12 giving an efficiency of pa) 1 = 0.998DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-38-1 &S PROBLEM 9.38 ‘Statement: Figure P9-6b shows a differential. Gear A is driven at 10 rpm CCW and gear B is driven CW at 24 rpm. The tooth numbers are indicated in the figure. Find the speed of gear D. Units: rpm:= 2-x-rad-min' Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Ne 8 Ngo l8 Ni 18 —Np=30 Input speeds: o4= 1rpm p= 24-19 Solution: See Figure P9-6b and Mathcad file PO938. 1. Determine the speed ofthe sun gear using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train, To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be A’ and last be B'. ‘Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, lat, and arm. Lar . 2B ~ Parm Farm 4" ~ @arm eR Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-66. Na =< R Ne Solve the right-hand equation above for op with © 4 = 00000 op Gear D is attached to the arm shaft so, ©D = @armDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-39-1 BS PROBLEM 9-39 Statement: Figure P9-7a shows a gear train containing both compound-reverted and epicyclic stages. The tooth numbers are indicated in the figure. The motor is driven CCW at 1750 rpm. Find the speeds of shafts 1 and 2. Units: Given: Nn Motor speed: ay 2= 1750-rpm CCW ‘Solution: ‘See Figure P9-7a and Mathcad file P0939. 1, The motor furnishes two inputs to the epicyclic train, which is composed of gears E (sun), F (planets), and G (ring). One input is to the sun gear through the reverted train ABCD. The other is directly from the motor to the 2. Determine the speed of the shaft containing gears D and E using equations 9.8, Na) ( Ne ( 7) (Fe wp = 375.000 rpm Np, Ne, one op @E = 375.000 rpm 3. Determine the speed ofthe ring gear G using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train, To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be E and last be G. Then, using equation 9.13¢, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm, Lar | OG ~ Warm eR arm = Om Farm — OF @arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-7a. Me = R= 0.66667 NG Solve the right-hand equation above for og. 0G: RoE - @arm) + arm 0G = 2666.57 rpm 4, Gears G and H rotate at the same speed and gear H drives the two output shafts. Calculate their speed using equation 9.7.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-40-1 BS PROBLEM 9-40 Statement: Figure P9-35b shows (schematically) a compound epicyclic train. The tooth numbers are 50,25, 35, and 90 for gears 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The arm ‘at 180 rpm CW and gear 5 is fixed to ground. Determine the speed and direction of gear 2. What is the efficiency of this train ifthe basic gearsets have Eo = 0.98? Units: Given: Ne=3S N5:= 90 arm == ~180-rpm Basic gearset efficiency: Eg:= 0.98 Solution: See Figure P9-7b and Mathcad file PO940.. 1. Determine the speed of the sun gear 2 using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic tain, To star, ‘choose a first and last gears that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the frst gear be 2 and last be 5. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last and arm Lam | ©5~ Yam Farm = @2~ Warm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-76. 2) (Ne = ){> R=-0.77778 Wa) Ns Solve the right-hand equation above for w, with os = 0. (R=) @p:= @arm 2 = ALL.43 rpm 2 2 rp 2. Find the basic ratio p for the train using equation 9.15. =1.286 3, The combination ofp <-1, shaft 1 fixed, and input tothe arm corresponds to Case 8 in Table 9-12 giving an efficiency of 1 = 0991DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-41-1 AS PROBLEM 9-41 Statement: Figure P9-8 shows a compound epicyclic train. Gear 2 is driven at 800 rpm CCW and gear D is fixed to ground. ‘The tooth numbers are indicated in the figure. Determine the speed and direction of ‘gears | and 3, Units: rpm:= 2-werad-min Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Nas24 Np=30 NC 120 Gear 2 speed: @2:=800.pm_ = CCW Solution: See Figure P9-8 and Mathcad file P0941 |. Determine the speed of the arm using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To star, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be A and last be D. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm. Lamm _ &D~ arm 4 farm ®A~ Warm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-8. Na) (Ne Ay R= ~0.96000 Na) \No, Solve the right-hand equation above f0r © rm With © R ®amm = ——-0, arm = 391.84 rpm ea! ‘The arm drives gear 1, so ©1= @arm © = 391.87pm 2. Determine the speed of gear F using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be A and last be F. Then, using ‘equation 9.13¢, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm. tam | OF ~ arm p Farm — OA ~ Carm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-1 Nay (Ni r-(—4|{<£ R= 0.96000 Na) Ne Solve the right-hand equation above for a. cop = (04 ~ arm) + arm op = 783673 9m Gear F drives gear 3, so @3:= oF 3 = 783.7 7pmDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-42-1 BS PROBLEM 9.42 ‘Statement: Figure P9-9a shows a compound epicyclic train. Shaft 1 is driven at 300 rpm CCW and gear Ais fixed to ground. The tooth numbers are indicated inthe figure. Determine the speed and direction of shaft 2. Units: Given: Ne=48 Np:=26 Shaft 1 speed: 1 :=300rpm CCW Solution: ‘See Figure P9-9a and Mathcad file P0942. 1, Shaft I drives arm-1, the first stage arm, and arm-2, the second stage arm. The first stage is composed of gears ‘A,B, C, and D, with gear A fixed. The second stage is composed of gears D, E, F, and G. Second stage inputs are from gear D and arm-2. arm = 01 2, Determine the speed of gear D using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic tran, To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be A and last be D. Then, sing equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm 2Larm | @D= arm © og: O-rpm Farm = @4~ arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-9a. Na) (Ne —4}{—£ R= 5.74359 Ns) \ Np. Solve the right-hand equation above for p with 1 R)-@am 1423.08 rpm 3, Determine the speed of gear G using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be D and last be G. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the fist, last, and arm. Lam, 2G ~ @arm =R Farm = ©D~ ®arm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-9a. Np) (_™ A) AE R=0.11471 Ne) NG, Solve the right-hand equation above for og 0G = R( wp ~ @arm) + @arm 0G = W0247pm Gear G drives shaft 2, so @2:= 0G @2 = 1024 7pmDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-43-1 BS PROBLEM 9.43 Statement: Figure P9-95 shows a compound epicyclic rain. Shaft | is driven at 40 rpm. The tooth numbers ‘are indicated in the figure. Determine the speed and direction of gears G and M. radmin * Units: rpm:= Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Ng= 36 NG = 66 Shaft 1 speed: @1:= 40pm CCW Solution: _See Figure P9-95 and Mathcad file P0943. |. The motor furnishes inputs to both epicyclic trains. To the first stage, it drives the ring gear D through gear A, and it drives arm-1 through gears B and C. The second stage inputs are from shaft 1 through gears B and C to sun J, and from the output of th first stage through gear G to arm-2 2. Determine the speed of gear D using equations 9.7. NA op 01 ep = -22.500rpm Nout, 3. Determine the speed of arm-1 and gear J using equations 9.7. Ne @armt =| —— | @arm| = ~60.000rpm Ne @y:= @am] 4, Determine the speed of the ring gear G using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be D and last be G. Then, using equation 9.13¢, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm, Lamm | &G= Par! R Farm — ©D~ arm! Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-96. Npin NF Ne NG R= 1.26936 Solve the right-hand equation above for a. 0G = R(@p ~ @arm!) + @armi ag = -12.40rpm 5. Determine the speed of gear L using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train, To star, choose a and last gear that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be J and last be L. Then, using. ‘equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm. @Larm _ OL ~ @arm? = Sh Pam? oR arm? Farm — J ~ @arm?DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-43-2 Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-96. Gal) Solve the right-hand equation above for 36842 @1 = R(@s~ earm2) + Warm? ou:= oL oy = -125.14 rpmDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-44-1 AS PROBLEM 0-44 Calculate the ratios in the Model T transmission shown in Figure 9-46 (p. 476). Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Nj=27 0 Ng=33 NS 24 27 Ny=21 Ng Solution: See Figure P9-46 and Mathcad file P0944. 1. For low gear, the gearset consists of gears 3, 4,6, and 7. Determine the ratio of input (arm) to output (gear 6) using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with ‘gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be gear 7 and last be gear 6. Then, using equation 9.13¢, ‘ite the relationship among the firs, last, and arm, Lam | ©6~ Warm =R Farm 7 ~ Garm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure 9-46. (a) 0.63636 Solve the right-hand equation above forthe ratio rm /ay = mg f0F 1 mL met = 2.750 a=) 2. For reverse gear, the gearset consists of gears 3, 5,6, and 8. Determine the ratio of input (arm) to output (gear 6) using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose a first and last gear that mesh with ‘gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be gear 8 and last be gear 6. Then, using equation 9.13c, ‘write the relationship among the first, last, and arm. Larm _ 6~ Warm S67 fam oR Farm — 8 ~ Warm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure 9-46. 3) (Ns r-(—2){— R= 1.25000 M6)ONS Solve the right-hand equation above forthe ratio © gy /is = mig for wg = 0, mar = -4.000DESIGN OF MACHINERY ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 945-1 BS PROBLEM 9-45 Statement: Figure P7-26 shows a V-belt drive. The sheaves (pulleys) have pitch diameters of 150 and 300 mm, respectively. The smaller sheave is driven ata constant 1750 rpm. Fora cross-sectional, differential element ofthe bet, write the equations ofits acceleration for one complete trip around both pulleys including its travel between the pulleys. Compute and plot the acceleration of the differential element versus time for one circuit around the bet path. What does your analysis tll you about the dynamic behavior of the belt? -1 Units: rpmi= 2ew-rad-mi Given: ‘Sheave radii and speed: r= T5:mm rgz= 150mm 2 = 1750-rpm Assumptions: Center distance: C:= 450mm Solution: __ See Figure P7-26 and Mathcad file P0945. |, Drawa schematic representation of the V-belt drive to scale and label it. wane aa 9.504" —_ w\ ‘150.000 / “ - wrsom0 é From the layout, Angleto point oftangensy B= 9.594deg Distance from Ai0B———_Lyps= 443.706.mm Distance ftom B10 Lge= n+ 2.84 Lnc= 521473 mm Distance ftom CoD Ley = 443.706-mm Distance from D to A Lpa= (x -2-8)-r2 Lpa = 210.502 mm Total path length Lin lgp + lect ep +tp¢ = 1619387 2. Calculate the angular velocity of each sheave. Sheave 2 @2 = 183,260 24 og ~ 91.630 224 Sheave 4 o4DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-45-2 3. Calculate the acceleration of an element on the belt for each portion ofthe path, starting at A. From A to the acceleration is zero since the belt velocity is constant Aap = 0-2 From B to C the tangential acceleration is zero since the belt velocity is constant The normal component is, 2 mm ABC = T4094 Apc = 1.259x eed see From C to D the acceleration is 2er0 since the bet velocity is constant Acb = From D tod the tangential acceleration is zero since the belt velocity is constant. The normal component is 2 ApA=rr02 Apa =2519% 10° 2 4, Plot the acceleration over the entre path using a path variable of s mm, 5mm... Define a range Function that wil plot a variable only between two limits using the Heaviside step function ©, R(s,a,b) = W(s ~ a) ~ @(s— b) ‘The acceleration function for the entire path is. Let sy:= Lap s9:= Lap + Lec 8 Lap + Lac + Lop AUS) = Aap-R(s,0mm,s1) + ADcR(5,51683) + AcD-Rls482,88) + Ape R(6,83,L) BELT ACCELERATION ALONG PATH 3.10% 500 1000) 1500 72000 Distance Along Path, mm 5. The graph shows the sudden change in acceleration as the belt enters and leaves a sheave. This results in infinite jerk at these points. This results in belt "hop" at these points, a condition that will cause eventual {fatigue failure and wear inthe belt. Because of the belt hop caused by infinite jerk atthe initial belt/sheave tangency points the span of the belt is continuously vibrating.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-46-1 AS PROBLEM 9-48 Statement: Figure P9-11 shows an involute that has been generated fom a base circle of radius 7s. Point 4 is simultaneously on the base circle and on the invotute. Point B is any point on the involute curve and point C ison the base circle where a line drawn from point B is tangent to the base circle. The angle $p (angle BOC) is known as the involute pressure angle corresponding to point B (not to be confused with the pressure angle of two gears in mesh, which is defined inthe text). The angle AOB is known as the involute of 6g and is often designated as inv gy. Using the definitions of the involute tooth form and Figure 9-5, derive an equation for inv as a function of 6y alone. Solution: See Figures P9-11 and 9-5 and Mathcad file PO946. From Figure 9-5 and the definition of the involute curve, arc, AC is equsl to length BC. Therefore ‘Angle AOC = (are AC)/ OC = BC / OC and thus, Angle AOC = tan $5 also, Angle AOB = angle AOC - 5 = tan dp - op thus, inv $5 = tan oy - oyDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 947-1 &S PROBLEM 0-47 Statement: Using the data and definitions from Problem 9-46, show that when the point B is atthe pitch circle the involute pressure angle is equal to the pressure angle of two gears in mesh. Solution: —_See Figures P9-11, 9-6 and 9-7; and Mathcad file P0947. ‘When the point B in Figure P9-11 is atthe pitch point, points B and P (of Figures 9-6 and 9-7) are coincident. ‘The angle between a line through the tangency point ofthe line of action with the base circle and point © (in Figure 9-6) is the pressure angle of two gears in mesh, 6. Looking at Figure P9-11, we see that this i also the angle designated as ¢, which is the involute pressure angle of point B.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-48-1 AS PROBLEM 9.48 Statement: Using the data and definitions from Problem 9-46 and with the point B atthe pitch circle where the involute pressure angle 6 is equal to the pressure angle 4 of two gears in mesh, derive equation 9.4b, Solution: _See Figures P9-11, 9-6 and 9-9; and Mathcad file P0948. ned _ 2p nedp _2n-rp From equation 9.4a and Figure 9-9 pe = Similarly, pp NON Pet Taking the ratio of p, top, [~ = =~. But, from Figure 9-6, we see that 16 rp:cos($). Thus, € Pe fe Pb Pe ;eos() and pb ® rpcos(9)DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-49-1 BS PROBLEM 9-49 Statement: Using Figures 9-6 and 9-7, derive equation 9.2, which is used to calculate the length of action of a pair of meshing gears. Solution: See Figures 9-6 and 9-7 and Mathcad file P0949. 1. Define points £, and £, as shown in the figure below. Note thatthe distance (O4E, = ry C08 6 and OE, =, 008 >. B= E,B> EA - E\Ea E,E,= rg sing +r, Sin g= (r+ r_) sin @=C sin O\B= rg + ag and OrA = rp * ay From triangles O,E\B and OnE A we have 2 EIB = \(rg + ag)" ~ (rg-cos(4)) E2A = (tp + ap)? - (rp-cos())” ‘Thus, 2 3 2 (rp + ap)" ~ (rpcosld))’ + (r—+ a)” - (rereostd))” — C-snk) ee Point of tangency of lng of action and \\| gear base circle, SA\y ~ Intersection of line S\ of action with OD Vb of gear 2. Beginning t A of contact, A é 1 4 o, % Intersection of tine~ M Stgcar Lea : Point of angency of ogee line of action and pinion base circle, £1DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-50-1 AS PROBLEM 0-50 Statement: For lubrication purposes itis desired to have a backlash of 0.03 mm measured on the pitch circle of ‘4 40-mm-diameter pinion in mesh with a 100-mm-diameter gear. if the gears are standard, full-depth, with 25 deg pressure angles, by how much should the center distance be increased? Units: ‘Ate minute: arcmin: Given: Pitch diameterss: dp:= 40mm dy:= 100mm Pressure angle: = 25deg Desired backlash: = 0.03 mm Solution: See Figure 9-8 and Mathcad file PO950. 1. Convert the desired backlash from a linear to an angular measurement on the 40-mm-diameter pinion, op:= 2 6p = 5.1566 aremin 4 2. Use equation 9.3 to calculate the change in center distance required wed Op 43200-1an(6)-aremin AC = 0.032 mmDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-51-1 &S PROBLEM 0-51 ‘Statement: Units: Given: Solution: For lubrication purposes itis desired to have a backlash of 0.0012 in measured on the pitch circle of a 2,000-in-diameter pinion in mesh with a $.000-in-diameter gear. ifthe gears are standard, full-depth, with 25 deg pressure angles, by how much should the center distance be increased? ‘Arc minute: arcmin 1 des =o ME Pitch diameterss: dp:= 2.000in dg:= 5.000in Pressure angle: 6 Desired backlash: 5:= 0,0012in See Figure 9-8 and Mathcad file P0951. 1. Convert the desired backlash from a linear to an angular measurement on the 40-mm-diameter pinion. OB es (6g = 4.1253 arcmin dp 2. Use equation 9.3 to calculate the change in center distance required, wedy OB -3 > AC = 1.287% 10° in -43200-tan(4)-arcminDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-52-1 4S PROBLEM 9.52 Statement: A 22-tooth gear has standard full-depth involute teeth with module of 6. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance using the AGMA specifications in Table 9-1, substituting m for l/pa. Given: Tooth number N = 2 Module m:= 6mm Solution: See Table 9-1 and Mathcad file P0952. 1. Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.44. Pitch diameter d=N-m d= 132.00mm Circular pitch Perm 18.85 mm 2. Use the equations in Table 9-1 to calculate the addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness and clearance. ‘Addendum a= 6.00mm Dedendum b= 1.2500-m Tooth thickness 1:= 0.5-pe 1 9.42mm Clearance ¢:= 0.2500-m = 150mm ‘Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half ofthe circular pitch, so the equation used above is more accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions in mm should be displayed to two decimal places since manufacturing tolerances for gear teth profiles are usually expressed in hundredths ofa millimeter.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-53-1 2S PROBLEM 9.53 ‘Statement: A 40-tooth gear has standard full-depth involute teeth with module of 3. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance using the AGMA specifications in Table 9-1, substituting m for lip. Given: Tooth number N:= 40 Module m:= 3mm Solution: See Table 9-1 and Mathcad file P0953. 1, Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.44. Pitch diameter ds d= 120.00mm Circular pitch Pom em Po= 942mm 2. Use the equations in Table 9-1 to calculate the addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness and clearance. ‘Addendum. .0000-m 00 mm Dedendum Tooth thickness := 0.5-pe 1=4.71mm Clearance := 0.2500-m = 0.75 mm Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half of the circular pitch, so the equation used above is more accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions in mm should be displayed to two decimal places since manufacturing tolerances for gear teeth profiles are usually expressed in hundredths of a millimeter.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-54-1 AS PROBLEM 0-54 Statement: A 30-tooth gear has standard full-depth involute teeth with module of 2. Calculate the pitch diameter, circular pitch, addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness, and clearance using the AGMA. specifications in Table 9-1, substituting m for I/pa Given: Tooth number N:=30 Module m:= 2-mm Solution: See Table 9-1 and Mathcad file P0954. 1. Calculate the pitch diameter using equation 9.4c and the circular pitch using equation 9.4d. Pitch diameter dy d = 60.00mm Circular pitch c= 628mm 2. Use the equations in Table 9-1 fo calculate the addendum, dedendum, tooth thickness and clearance. ‘Addendum a= 1,0000-m a=2.00mm Dedendum b= 1.2500-m 6 = 250mm Tooth thickness 05:pe. t= 3.14mm Clearance := 0.2500-m ¢= 050mm ‘Note: The circular tooth thickness is exactly half of the circular pitch, so the equation used above is more ‘accurate than the one in Table 9-1. Also, all gear dimensions in mm should be displayed to two decimal places since manufacturing tolerances for gear teeth profiles are usually expressed in hundredths of a millimeter.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-55-1 &S PROBLEM 9-55 Statement: Determine the minimum number of teeth on a pinion with a 20 deg pressure angle forthe following. ‘gear-o-pinion ratios such that there will be no tooth-to-tooh interference: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and Sil Given: Pressure angle 20deg Solution: ‘See Tables 9-4 and 9-5 and Mathcad file PO95S. 1. From Table 9-5a, the minimum number of teeth on a 20-deg pressure angle pinion that can mesh with another ear is 13 if there are no more than 16 teeth on the other gear. So, for a 1:1 ratio, both gears can have 13 teeth. Looking further at Table 9-5a, we see that there must be more teeth on the pinion asthe ratio increases, For instance, for ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, the pinion must have atleast 15 teeth since a 15-tooth pinion can mesh with a gear with up to 45 teeth, Ifthe rio is 4:1 or 5:1, the minimum numberof teth on the pinion is 16 since these ratios would require more than 45 teeth on the gear. SUMMARY Ratio ‘Number teeth on gear tl B 2 30 3:1 45 4:1 64 sal 80 However, from Table 9-4b, we see that none ofthese pinions could be cut with a hob without undercutin. ‘They would have to be produced by other methods to avoid weakening the tooth by undercutting,DESIGN OF MACHINERY ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 9-56-1 AS PROBLEM 0-58 Statement: Determine the minimum number of teeth on a pinion with a 25 deg pressure angle for the following ‘gear-to-pinion ratios such that there will be no tooth-to-tooh interference: 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1. Pressure angle 2Sdeg Solution: See Tables 9-4 and 9-5 and Mathcad file PO9S6. 1, From Table 9-5b, the minimum number of teeth on a 25-deg pressure angle pinion that can mesh with another gear is 9 if there are no more than 13 teeth on the other gear. So, for a 1:1 ratio, both gears can have 9 teeth. Looking further at Table 9-5b, we see that there must be more teeth on the pinion asthe ratio increases. For instance, for ratios of 2:1 and 3:1, the pinion must have at least 10 teeth since a 10-tooth pinion can mesh with a ‘gear with up to 32 teeth, If the rao is 4:1 or 5:1, the minimum number of teeth on the pinion is 11 since these ‘atios would require more than 32 teeth on the gear. SUMMARY Ratio Min teeth on pinion Number teeth on gear ul 9 9 2 10 20 3a 10 30 4:1 nt 44 Sal ul 58 However, from Table 9-8b, we see that none of these pinions could be cut with a hob without undercutting. ‘They would have to be produced by other methods to avoid weakening the tooth by undercutting,DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-57-14 BS PROBLEM 9.57 Statement: A pinion with 2 3.000-in pitch diameter is to mesh with a rack. What is the largest standard tooth size, in terms of diametral pitch, that can be used without having any interference? a. For a20-deg pressure angle b. For a25-deg pressure angle Given: Pitch diameter: Solution: See Table 9-4 and Mathcad file PO9S7. 1. Assume that the pinion is generated by means other than being cut by a hob. 000in a. Pressure angle of 20 deg. Nin = 18 Pdmin = 6.000 From Table 9-2, the smallest standard diametral pitch (largest tooth size) that can be used is 6. pg'= Gin” | ‘The resulting number of teeth on the pinion is: No pad N=18 b. Pressure angle of 25 deg Nmin Nin 2= 12 Pamin Pémin = 4.000 in! a From Table 9-2, the smallest standard diametral pitch (largest tooth size) that can be used is 4. pq = 4-in ', ‘The resulting number of teeth on the pinion is: Ne= pad N=12DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-58-1 BS PROBLEM 9.58 Statement: A pinion with a75-mm pitch diameter is to mesh with a rack. What is the largest standard tooth size, in erms of diametral pitch, that can be used without having any interference? . For a 20-deg pressure angle b. For a25-deg pressure angle Given: Pitch diameter: d:= 75mm Solution: See Table 9-4 and Mathcad file P0958. 1. Assume thatthe pinion is generated by means other than being cut by a hob. a. Pressure angle of 20 deg. Nmin = 18 m= 4.167 mm From Table 9-3, the largest standard module (largest tooth size) that can be used is 4 but, in order to have a ‘whole number of teeth, the module must be 3 or 5. Since a module of S would result in fewer than 18 teeth, let ‘m:= 3-mm The resulting number of teeth on the pinion is: N 4 N=2s b. Pressure angle of 25 deg Nin 12 net n= 6250 © Nin From Table 9-3, the largest standard module (largest tooth size) that can be used is 6 but, in order to have a ‘whole number of teeth, the module must be 3 or 5. Since a module of 3 would result in more teeth than is necessary, let_m:= S-mam The resulting number of teeth on the pinion isDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-59-1 AS PROBLEM 9-59 Statement: In order to have a smooth-running gearset itis desired to have a contact ratio of atleast 1.5. If the ‘gears have a pressure angle of 25 deg and gear ratio of 4, what isthe minimum number of teeth on the pinion that will yield the required minimum contact ratio? Given: Contact ratio: mp:= 1.5 Gear ratio: mg:= 4 ——_Pressureangle: 4:= 25deg Solution: See Mathcad file PO9S9. 1. Write equations 9.66 and 9.2 for the contact ratio and length of action, respectively. mp PE 2m fl enh peel) Lee 00? — (eo) 0h) Note that re" Ho" C* p+ te* ipl ma) ee ad Peg Oe 2 Substituting these identities into the equation for Z.and collecting terms gives: a] (2 . 1) - (Lento) + mon ) (2 cold) 2 most] Pa ‘Substituting this into the equation for m, and we have: (2 +1) (Seon) + (PE 1) (22 colo) 20+ mada 2 east) 2. Notice that mis independent of pg and depends only on the pressure angle, the number of teeth onthe pinion, and the gear ratio. To determine the minimum number of teth on the pinion, plot the function on the right side ofthe equation above over the range N= 12,13..50 16 From the graph we see that we need about 21 teeth. Try [| Various values of Nin the 15s | function until the calculated value of ms greater than or ‘equal to the required value, my) 15 ‘mp(21) = 1,500 Let Nee2t 14s — 0 20 30 40 30 =DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 960-1 AS PROBLEM 9-60 Statement: In order to have a smooth-running gearset itis desired to have a contact ratio of atleast 1.5. If the gears have a pressure angle of 25 deg and 20-tooth pinion, what is the minimum gear ratio that will ‘yield the required minimum contact ratio? Given: Contact ratio: mpi= 15 Number of'teeth: N:=20 Pressure angle: $:= 25deg Solution: __ See Mathcad file PO960. 1. Write equations 9.66 and 9.2 for the contact ratio and length of action, respectively. mm 2 Zl ro+ ap) —(rpeosd) + Ire + ay) (reos() - Cid) ‘Note that x d Pay dp = ag Te™ mG-rp eT C# rp + rg = rp(1 + ma) Pa Substituting these identities into the equation for Z. and collecting terms gives: HLF Go) [EE TC) Hen Substituting is into the equation for mp and we have: aloe) (2 + ‘) (1 + mg)-siold) 2. Notice that my is independent of py and depends only on the pressure angle, the number of teeth on the pinion, and the gear ratio. To determine the minimum number of teeth on the pinion, plot the function on the right side ‘of the equation above over the range mg:= 1, 1.5.9. 16 T From the graph we see that we | need a gear ratio of about 5. Try | various values of min the function until the calculated 135 Value of mis eater than or taal tothe required value. mone) 1s impfS) = 1.502 Let mgs 1as|— ubDESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-61-1 2S PROBLEM 9-61 Statement: Calculate and plot the train ratio of a noncircular gearset, as a function of input angle, that is based con the centrodes of Figure 6-15b. The link length ratios ar L;/L= 1.60, La/t = 1.60, and Lela = 1.00, Given: Link lengths (assume Ly = 1.00): Link 2 (La) 12:= 1.00 Link 3 (15) Link 4 (La) L4:= 1.00 Link 1 (L,) Solution: See Figure 6-15b and Mathcad file P0961. 1, In Figure 6-15b links 2 and 4 are the short links and 1 and 3 are the long links with link 1 fixed. To find the fixed and moving centrodes of Zs4 we will fix link 2 and find the intersection of links 1 and 3. The locus of these intersections is an ellipse that will be attached to link 2 when the linkage is reinverted such that link I is again grounded. 2 Invert the linkage, fixing link 2 to ground and determine the range of motion for this Grashof double crank. 03 = 0.S-deg, I-deg..359.5-deg 3. Determine the values ofthe constants needed for finding 0, on the inverted linkage (actually 8} on the original linkage) from equations 4.8a, 4.10a, 4.11b and 4.12. k= 4 Kp = 0.6250 K3 = 1.0000 Ky ~ (Kz + 1}-cos(03) + K3 4. Use equation 4.10 to find values of 8, for the crossed circuit { aan 2-403), -0(0) + [loa +03} C03] os(os)=2{ axa 2a) (03) ~ (Celery 03). c(e9)]} Use the crossed branch equation forthe first 180 deg of crank motion and the open branch equation for the last 180 dew 810(03) = #183 < x,911(03),12(83)) Ifthe calculated angle is negative, make it positive. 8,(03) = 1(03 < x,010(03),010(03) + 2-n) 611(63)DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-6-2 Plot 1 as a function of 83 (link 3 is the driving crank and link 1 isthe driven crank in the inverted linkage). 360 T ais 7 270 oto or el), eg 135 Link 4 (L4) 4 00, Link 1 (Z)) Ly = 1.80 Solution: ‘See Figure 6-15b and Mathcad file P0962. 1. In Figure 6-15b links 2 and 4 are the short links and 1 and 3 are the long links with link | fixed. To find the fixed. and moving centrodes of Zag we will fix link 2 and find the intersection of links 1 and 3. The locus of these intersections is an ellipse that wll be atached to link 2 when the linkage is reinverted such that link 1 is again grounded. 2. Invert the Linkage, fixing link 2 to ground and determine the range of motion for this Grashof double crank. Ly Li d=L2 a=1800 5=1.000 ¢=1800 d= 1.000 03 = O.5-deg, I-deg..359.5-deg 3. Determine the values of the constants needed for finding @, on the inverted linkage (actually 8, on the original linkage) from equations 4.8a, 4.10a, 4.11b and 4.12. asly Kz e Kp = 0.5556 Ks = 1.0000 ) - Ky ~ K-cas(03) + K3 (03) == -2-sinf03) (0) = Ky ~ (K+ 1) cos(03) + K3 4, Use equation 4.106 to find values of forthe crossed circuit. 0u(0) =n 243). f05) + flloa) —+-a03)-c03)]] ols) = a tan 2-43) f09)— [oto —+-a03)-c03)] Use the crossed branch equation forthe first 180 deg of crank motion and the open branch equation for the last 180 deg. 0 0(0s) = (03 < ¥,011(03),012(03)) Ifthe calculated angle is negative, make it positive. 01(03) = #(3 < x,010(03),010(03) + 2x)DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-62-2 Plot 01 as a function of 83 (ink 3 is the driving crank and link 1 is the driven crank in the inverted linkage). 0 45 90 135 180 235 270 315 360 8 deg 5. Define the coordinates of the intersection of links I and 3 for the inverted linkage. uation offink3:y*a-m3 cwhere-ma(03) Equation of link 1: y= (x ~d)-my , where m(03) ‘The coordinates ofthe intersection (/.) ofthese two lines are wit) 4 mj(83) — m3(83 LINK 2 CENTRODE +2403) 240.0001-deg) = 1.400 -y240.0001 deg) = 0.000 24(56.251-deg) = 0.500 9245628 1-deg) = 0.748 x24(179.0001-deg) = -0.400 924(179.0001-deg) = 0.007 8 (56.251-deg) = 123.749 deg The ellipse has a major axis of 1.800 and a. ‘The centrode for link 4 is a mirror image of this centrode.DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-62-3 ‘6. The linkage is shown below, reinverted such that link 1 is fixed, with the centrodes attached to links 2 and 4. ‘They are tangent to each other atthe instant center /4. The axis of slip is found by extending a line from the instant center / 0g. The axis of transmission is perpendicular to this line as shown. Y | 1DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 9-63-4 AS PROBLEM 0-83 Statement: Figure P9-35b shows (schematically) a compound epicyelic train. The tooth numbers are 50, 25, 35, ‘and 90 for gears 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The arm is driven at 180 rpm CW and gear 5 is fixed to ‘ground, Determine the speed and direction of gear 2. What i the efficiency of this train ifthe basic gearsets have Fo = 0.98? Units: rpm:= 2eerad-min Given: ‘Tooth numbers: Np:= 50 Ngi= 25 Ng:= 38 Ns= 90 Input speeds: arm = -180-1pm_—— ws = O-rpm Basic gearset efficiency: Eg 98 ‘Solution: See Figure P9-35b and Mathcad file P0963. 1. Determine the speed of the sun gear 2 using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, ‘choose a first and last gears that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be 2 and last be 5. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the firs, last, and arm, Lam _ ©5~ ®arm Farm = ©2~ Warm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-76. ND) (N. = \{ R=-077778 N3) (Ns, Solve the right-hand equation above for w, with ws » @) = 411.43 rpm 2. Find the basic ratio p for the train using equation 9.15. -1.286 e 3. The combi efficiency of ion of p <-1, shaft | fixed, and input to the arm corresponds to Case 8 in Table 9-12 giving an Fol - 1) pEo- 1 11 = 0.991DESIGN OF MACHINERY SOLUTION MANUAL 964-1 25 PROBLEM 9-64 ‘Statement: Figure P9-3Sh shows (schematically) a compound epicyclic train. The tooth numbers are 80,20, 25, and 85 for gears 2, 3,4, and 5, respectively. Gear is driven at 200 rpm CCW and gear 5 is fixed to ground, Determine the speed and direction ofthe arm. What is the efficiency of this train ifthe basic gearsets have Ey = 0.98? Units: Given: Basic gearset efficiency: Eg Solution: See Figure P9-35h and Mathcad file P0968. 1. Determine the speed of the arm using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose first ‘and last gears that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be 2 and last be S. Then, using ‘equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm, Lam _ @5~ Yam Farm — 02 ~ Carm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-76, N2) (Ne R=|= lf R= 1.17647 N3}\N5, Solve the righthand equation above for © yy, With 5 = 0 k aD arm 2 arm = 1333 79m 2. Find the basic ratio p for the train using equation 9.15. pk p= 1176 3. The combination of p> 1, shaft I fixed, and input to gear 2 corresponds to Case 3 in Table 9-12 giving an efficiency of pEo-1 neo n= 0.884 Eglo 1)DESIGN OF MACHINERY ‘SOLUTION MANUAL 9-65-1 BS PROBLEM 9.465 Statement: Figure P9-35i shows (schematically) a compound epicyclic train. The tooth numbers are 24, 18, 20, ‘and 90 for gears 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The arm is driven at 100 rpm CCW and gear 2 is fixed ‘to ground. Determine the speed and direction of gear 5. What is the efficiency ofthis train if the basic gearsets have Ey = 0.98? Units: Given: N3i= 18 Ngi=20 Ns= 90 @arm ‘= 100-rpm Orpm Basic gearsetefficiency: Eg:= 0.98 Solution: _See Figure P9-35i and Mathcad file P096S. 1. Determine the speed of the arm using the formula method for analyzing an epicyclic train. To start, choose first and last gears that mesh with gears that have planetary motion. Let the first gear be 2 and last be 5. Then, using equation 9.13c, write the relationship among the first, last, and arm. @Larm _ 5 ~ arm Fam — 02~ Garm Calculate R using equation 9.14 and inspection of Figure P9-76. Ca)Ga)te) ome Solve the right-hand equation above for ws with @ = @5:=(R+1)-@arm es = 126.67 rpm 2. Find the basic ratio p for the train using equation 9.15. p= 3.750 3. The combination of p> I, shaft fixed, and input tothe arm corresponds to Case 2 in Table 9-12 giving an efficiency of Folo- 1) 9 =0973 9-0DESIGN OF MACHINERY At PROBLEM 9-25 PROBLEM 9-26 Row a, Row % a 790 a a 80 > “373 © 454 € 614 aaa 4d «120 e 6198 e 63.33 t “581 f Res