4-28 CEMENTING aeaa + FROM THE MIXING AND CEWENT UNIT x gop” oe a cosine : casing Es DISPLACEMENT FLUID— - ae be > * a * ox > & bp SoSruacewent Fluo i. "= TOP PLUG SEATED Borrow PLUG ow BOTTOM PLUG SEATED VALVE CLOSED FLOAT. COLLAR CENTRAL: 108 FOUSHED GUIGE SHOE Figure 4-15, Primary (Single-Stage) Cementingserves as a flushing agent and provides a space between the mud and eement slurry. It assists in the removal of wall ceke and flushes the mud ahead 0? the eement, thereby lessening contamination, Cement plugs usually consist of an aluminum body encased in molded cubber, cast in the desired shape, When the bottom plug reaches the float collar, the diaphragm in the plug ruptures to permit the cement slurry to proceed down the easing and up the annular space outside the pipe. The top plug, which is solidly constructed, is release when all the cement has been mixed, and it is followed by drilling mud or other fluid so as to displace the cement down the casing. This plug causes a complete shut-off when it reaches the float collar. A plug container cementing head is usually employed in order to facilitate releasing the plugs. Pumping is stopped as soon as there is positive indication (pressure inerease) that the top plug has reached the float collar, Figure 4-16 shows a record of circulating pressures while mixing cement and displacing from easing to annulus. To ensure good eement circulation and drilling mud displacement, movement of the easing by either reciprocation or rotation may be continued through— out the time needed for circulation, cement mixing and displacement. & 90° Fhiceasinay’ P B yo LMIRING Rear! Bao F309 $—] —_s—_______/-_____}- 200 i START ALL SLURRY SLURRY PLUS oh INS MIXED LEAVES SHOE BUMPS a 10 20 30 a0 30 TIME, MINUTES Figure 4-18. Record of Cireulating Pressures While Cementing4-30 2) Multi-Stage Devices are used for cementing two or more separate sections behing 8 casing string, usually for # long column that might cause formation breakdovin if' the cement were displaced from the bottom of the String, ‘The essential tool consists of a ported coupling placed at the Proper point in the string, Figure 4-17 shows the steps involved on multi-stage cementing job. Cementation of the lower section of gasing is done first in the usual menner, using plugs that will pass through the stage collar without opening the ports. ‘The multi-staze tool is then opened hydraulically by special plugs, and fluid “ic circulated through the tool to the surface. Placement of cement for the upper section occurs through the ports which are subsequently closed by the final plug pumped behind the cement, fit | Seondary Cementing: Secondary cement work is done after the primary Job and ineludes © Plugging to another producing zone © Plugging a dry hole © Formation "squeeze" cementing The most important use of squeeze cementing is to segregate hydrocarbon Producing zones from those formations producing other fluids, Squeeze cementing 18 also used to: * /Supplement or repair @ faulty primary cementing job Repair defective casing or improperly placed perforations ¢ Minimize the danger of lost circulation in open hole while drilling deeper ¢ Abendon permanently a nonproductive or depleted zone * olate a zone prior to perforating for production, or to fracture the formation Imiection of the slurry is done under pressure through perforations. The pumping Tate is slow enough to allow for dehydration and initial setting, or both, Pumping iS __ continued until the desired "squeeze" pressure is reached, 4.35 Cement Classifications: As a result of efforts to find hydraulie cements Which could be used under water, it was diseovered that limes produced from impure limestones yielded mortars whieh were superior ta those produced from the More pure limestones. Such discoveries led to the burning of blends of calcareous and argillaceous materials. This process was patented and ealled "portland cemen beeause conerete produced from it resembled stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the coast of England, The portland cements for oilwell cementing carry the API classifications illustrated in Figure 4-18. The usable depth of API cemenis is a function of temperature and” Pressure. In areas of subnormal temperatures, API cements can be used at greater Gepths whereas, in areas of abnormally high temperatures, they may be limited to shallower depths. Normal API temperature gradient is considered to be 1.5°R/100 ft of depth (Figure 4-19),ii = FS cement ae MILOPLE Fr Sie: ceMeNTer cLosi pers cLosee ovens ae Fae S85, “PCHIS OPEN nome SEAT: Figs sTa6e oT TON By-Pass PL FLE FOR o DISPLACING CEMENT PNG DISPLACING CEMENT MULTIPLE STAGE FOR FIRST STAGE OPENING 30MA FOR SECOND STAGE CEMENTER CLOSED Figure 4-17. Successive Steps for Multi-Stage Cementing NDA GASTARAGA FE een inl rae ingaaeres N° 199274-32 tins of v6,o00 a 900 Wren niga easly strong Wy required, Al wederate igh temperature and peseaute, aa [tea | is.n00 AL high femporuture wal pressuce, es [wa | 1 - 18,000 At extra higlt Lemperature ead eetze righ pressure, 0 20 = 88 Tan head gp os 5 ao tap | ahd fetatder fase wile range of uses Figure 4-18, API Cement Classification Bottomhole Circulating Bottomhole eae Well Depth | Temperature Tepes tire "F Ft Static °F Casing Squeeze Liner > = + 2,000 110 91(9) 9a(4) 91(4) 6,000 170 113(20) 138(10) 113(10) 8,000 200 125( 28) 159 (15) 125(15) 12,000 260 172(44) 213(24) 172(24) 16,000 320 248(60) 271(34) 248(34) 20,000 380 340(75) i Figure 4-19. Basis for API Well Stimulation Test Schedules—=y 4.36 Cement Additives and their Effects: A large percentage of the world's cementing jobs utilize bulk systems rather than manual handling in sacks, Such f tailored to suite re y the use of additives with API Classes Ay B, G or H cements, Some of the additives are acvelerators, some ére retarders. The additives are used to: Reduee slurry density end inercase stu volume Tnerease thickening time and retard setting Reduce waiting-on-cement time and increase early strength Reduce water loss, help sensitive formations, and help prevent premature dehydration @ Increase slurry density to restrain pressure 1) Aceelerators Conductor and surface casing cements have lower temperatures and require an accelerator to promote the setting of cement and reduce excessive waiting time. The most common accelerators are: HAS Caleium chloride Sodium chloride Diaeel A Cal seal 2) Retarders For deep_wells, cement retarders help extend the pumpability of the coment. The primary factor that governs the use of additional retarders is the temperature of the well. As temperature increases, the chemical reaction between ecment and water is accelerated which, in turn, reduces the thickening time or pumpability. Pressure has some effect, but an inerease in temperature of 20°F may mean the difference between ‘an unsuccessful and successful cementing job. Materials commonly used to retard or increase the setting times include © Calcium lignostilfonate ® Sodiumearboxymethylhydroxyethylecllulose derivatives ©. Blends of lignin materials with organic acids 3). Lightweight Additives Additives used to reduce slurry density include Bentonite Pozzolans Diatomaceous earth Expanded perlite and gibsonite eoee4.38 Cement Additives and their Effects: A large percentage of the world’s enting jobs utilize bulk systems rather than manual handling in sacks, Sueh ems enable the preparation and supply of compositions tailored to suite requirements of any well condition, This is accomplished by the use of additives with API Classes A, B, G or H cements. Some of the additives are accelerators, some are retarders. The additives are used to: Reduee slurry density and inercase slurry volume Increase thickening time and retard setting Reduce waiting-on-cement time and increase early strength Reduce water loss, help sensitive formations, and help prevent premature dehydration Increase slurry density to restrain pressure 1) Aceelerators Conduetor and surface easing cements have lower temperatures and require en accelerator to pramote the setting of cement and reduce excessive waiting time. The most common accelerators are: HA-5 Caleium chloride Sodium chloride Diaeel A Cal seal eeooe 2) Retarders For deep wells, cement retarders help extend the pumpability of the cement. The primary factor that governs the use of additional retarders is the temperature of the well. As temperature increases, the chemical reaction between cement and water is accelerated which, in turn, reduces the thickening time or pumpability, Pressure has some effect, but an increase in temperature of 20°F may mean the difference between an unsuccessful and successful cementing job. Materials commonly used to retard or increase the setting times include « Calcium lignosulfonate © Sodiumearboxymethylhydroxyethylecllulose derivatives ©. Blends of lignin materials with organic acids 3). Lightweight Additives Additives used to reduce slurry density include Bentonite Pozzolans Diatomaceous earth Expanded perlite and gibsonite =4) Heavyweight Additives These additives ure normally added when abnormally high pressures are expected. The most common materials are © Hematite Barite @ Sand 5) Lost-Circulation Additives During drilling, the problem of lost returns or circulation is fairly common. In most instances additives are used with the drilling mud; however, under certain circumstances it is necessary to use cement containing lost-eireulation materials to maintain circulation, These materials are generally classified as fibrous (shredded wood, bark, sawdust), granular (gibsonite, nut shells, plasties, perlites) and laminates (miea, cellophane flakes and related products). 8) Fluid-Loss Additives ‘The application of low-water-loss additives in oilwell cements to reduce filtration rates is similar to that of drilling muds, While low-water-loss additives (like gel bentonite) were designed primarily for. squeeze cementing, they are widely used today in high column cementing, particularly on deep liners. 7) Friction Reducers Additives or thinners reduce the apparent viscosity of the slurry. The lower viscosity slurries will go into turbulence at lower pumping rales, reducing circulation rates and allowing cement to be pumped in turbulent flow at less than formation breakdown pressures. Contrary to the practice when pumping mud, cement is intended to be in turbulent flow to ensure better flushing of mud from the annulus. Additives currently used with cementing slurries for promoting turbulent flow at low displacement rates inélude © Organic dispersants @ Salt © Calcium lignosulfonate @ High-molecular-weight cellulose material in gel cement 8) ements Salt-saturated cements were originally developed for cementing through salt zones beeause fresh-water slurries do not bond properly to salt formations — the water from the slurry dissolves or leaks away the salt at the interface, thus preventing an effective bond. Salt slurries also help protect shale sections that are sensitive to fresh water.4.317 Mixing and Other Surface Equipment: The mixing system on any cementing ‘eration proportions and blends the dry cementing composition with the carricr fluid. When this is achieved, a ecmenting slurry with predictable properties can be sunplied to the wellhead, The most widely useé mixing method is the jet-type mixer (Figure 4-20), A stream of water mixes with cement by passing through the mixer tub, creating a vacuum which pulls the dry cement into the tub (per the iijustration) from the hopper immediately above, As the cement enters the jetstream of water, it is thoroughly mixed by the turbulent flow that occurs in the discharge pipe. Control of mixing speed is regulated by the volume of water forced through the jet and by the amount of cement in the hopper while mixing, The mixed cement is pumped from the mixing tub to the cement head and down the casing. ‘The cementing unit is basically an assembly of special-purpose pumps. As the easing is sometimes reciprocated or rotated while cement is being pumped, the pipeline from the cement placement iine on the rig floor to the cementing head must be flexible. This is achieved by use of steel pipe with swivel joints commonly called "chieksan line" (Figure 4-15, p. 4-28). serge enon EEG comes sctver Figure 4-20. Typical Cement Mixing and Pumping Operations FRAO ALEAO LEOM MIRANDA GASTARAGA THGENIERO GEQLODO ‘Ang, de? Catezto do Inzeniaros NO.19277