曹大镛三价值原理、劳动股、消费股与平权股份制

曹大镛

100083 北京 902 信箱 111 分箱曹大泳收，

摘要

在经济活动中，如何处理好贡献与分配的关系。在资金、技术和领导可以
占有企业股份的基础上提出职工可以以劳动（能力和劳动量）作为资本占有
企业股份。同时，根据生产、消费和市场活动可以产生价值增殖的现象，提出
生产股、消费股和市场股。从而完善企业和经济系统的股份制结构和管理体制

关键字：三价值原理，劳动股，消费股，市场股，平权股份制

分类号：F012，F014.1，F014.2，F014.3

引言

作者 96 年提出用“劳动股”改革企业股份制的设想，提出在资金、技术、
管理入股的现代企业股份制的基础上，结合劳动价值理论，将劳动者的劳动
作为资本，来获得企业的股权。

在劳动股的基础上，我提出企业需要建立生产因素的优化组合机制和贡
献评价机制，来完善企业的股份制和管理制。

97 年作者又提出“消费股”的概念。

中共党的十六大在探索企业股份制改革文件中，正式提出“确立劳动、资
本、技术和管理等生产要素按贡献参与分配”。

现在，本文进一步提出三价值原理作为新型股份制的价值理论。同时又提
出更完善的平权股份制结构。

三价值原理

经济价值由三个方面组成

1. 生产价值：由生产活动和生产能力而使价值增值的部分。包括产品的企业
生产成本，企业期望的利润所构成的产品价值。
2. 消费价值：由消费活动和消费能力而使价值增值的部分。包括产品的消费
者消费成本，消费者期望的利润所构成的产品价值。
3. 市场价值：由市场活动和市场能力而使价值增殖的部分。包括产品的市场
成本，市场期望的利润所构成的产品价值。市场代表的是价值的循环转
 化。商品在通过市场进行的交换（转化）过程中，实现了商品的生产价
值和消费价值的交换（转化）。从而实现价值增殖，并演化出货币信息
价值系统。

资本和资本股

1. 资本：除资金和技术外，领导者的领导能力也可以被视为资本。资本能创造（剩
余）价值。
2. 那么，普通职工也可以创造价值。普通职工的劳动能力和劳动量也应该被确认为
资本。其主要依据是劳动价值理论。
3. 资本股：资本所占有的股权，由四个元素构成即资金股、技术股、领导股、职工股。

生产股、消费股和市场股

劳动股：对价值增殖而言，不仅需要资本，更需要资本的劳动。因此，要
从资本量和资本的劳动量两个方面来核定资本的股权。劳动股就是从资本的劳
动量的角度来核定资本股权。

生产活动可以创造价值，因此生产活动可以作为资本，占有企业股权。称
为“生产股”。

同理，消费活动可以创造价值，因此消费活动可以作为资本，占有企业
股权。成为“消费股”。

而市场活动可以创造价值，因此市场活动可以作为资本，占有企业股权。
成为“市场股”。

从市场活动中，看生产股与消费股的关系

1. 在经济系统的生产与消费的循环转化的商品流通过程中，必须有相当商品成本的
资本量的 2 倍左右的资本量参与这个活动，才能使这个活动顺利进行。这个 2 倍
的资本量，一部分掌握在生产者手中，另一部分掌握在消费者手中，只有他们
的共同参与，经济活动才能顺利开展。因此，商品的利润也是这两个资本量贡献
的结果。
2. 所谓消费股就是消费者在花钱购买商品进行消费的同时，还要获得与商品价格相
当价值（资本量）的消费股权。
3. 生产者在生产产品时付出资本（成本），在销售产品时收回资本，并取得利润；
消费者在购买商品时付出资本（成本和利润），获得产品。生产者和消费者都进
行了资本投资，也都收回了资本。既然生产者在投资生产时获得生产股权，那么
消费者在投资消费时，也应获得消费股权。从而共同分配商品交换中的利润。而
这个利润不应被生产者独占。没有消费股，消费者是不是也可以拿到其认为是应
 得的利润呢？应该看到，生产股和消费股的提出将生产者和消费者对利润的共
同贡献和分配明确化了。
4. 消费者是生产者的老师，生产什么样的产品，生产多少产品，消费者是晴雨表。
很多生产厂商采取免费试用的办法。以打开销路，取得消费者对产品的认可。还
有就是生产和销售者为取悦消费者而实行的降价销售的办法。这些行为都是消费
价值的体现。都证明了消费行为可以产生价值的道理。

从生产、消费活动中，看生产价值与消费价值的关系

1、劳动可以创造价值，但是人（机械等）劳动累了就要补充体力、脑
力，就要休息，就要提高自己的身体素质和知识等等。这些活动需要通
过消费行为来实现。即消费行为可以使人（机械等）重新获得生产能力
有了生产能力才会有生产行为，才能在生产中产生劳动价值。因此我将
可以恢复生产能力的消费行为，视为产生价值（生产价值）的行为。这
个消费行为产生的价值就是消费价值。

2、人（机械等）所以可以生产，所以可以具有生产能力和生产行为，
因为人（机械等）有生命，如果没有生命了，人的劳动能力和劳动行
为以及劳动创造价值的可能性也就不存在了。因此，维护劳动者的生命
完善劳动者的生命，提高和造就劳动者的生命，使劳动者具有更高的
生产素质等等行为，都是可以被视为创造价值的行为，这些行为当然
也是消费行为。

3、另外，在生产实际中，对产品的生产过程，必然包含对材料的消费
过程。生产和消费是不可分的。他们循环转化，并共同创造价值。

优化组合机制和贡献评价机制

优化组合机制是考察“经济因素”在经济系统结构上配合的合理性的指标；
贡献评价机制是考察“经济因素”在经济系统合作中对价值增殖贡献大小的指
标。股份制本身就是企业构成的优化组合机制和企业利润的贡献评价机制。只
有给出正确的优化组合机制和贡献评价机制，才会形成好的股份制―――平
权股份制。即根据对各种“经济因素”的投入，及其所占的各股对价值增值的
贡献，而按照一定的比例设置股权的方案，是（合理的）平权组合投入贡献
和分配利润的体制。

由于不同行业的、各类企业的平权股份制设置情况会不同。比如，劳动密
集型企业，职工股比例要大一些。高新技术产业，技术股比例要大一些等等。
这些企业在市场经济的运化下，他们的平权股份制会有符合他们特点的定式。
也就是说，什么样的企业，其股份制结构的比例大概是多少，会有一个社会
公认的大原则。
 活的体制

不仅从资本量，而且从资本的劳动来确定资本的股权。资本的劳动是活
的，因此是活的体制。

根据优化组合机制和贡献评价机制来调整股份结构，因此是活的体制。

根据三价值规律和价值增殖的实际情况来调整股份结构，因此是活的体
制。

生产、消费和市场是经济系统的构成因素，也是经济系统的运转环节，将
生产、消费和市场纳入股份制，因此是活的体制。过去的股份制没有充分回报
消费价值对经济活动的贡献，没有调动其积极性、发挥其作用，对经济发展起
到了阻碍作用。

股份制与管理制结合

优化组合机制和贡献评价机制是管理制的内容，但是，现在把他们运用
到股份制中；同样，股份制结构将影响管理体制，平权股份制在资本操作的
层面上，为企业的民主管理建立了一个基础平台。根据股权大小来获得参与民
主管理的管理权。股权是人们参与管理的硬通货。

既提倡贡献高效，也提倡分配公平。既解决了公平原则，也解决了效率原
则。

给出经济运行，尤其是价值运行的模型，平权是物质运动的基本规律。

价值评判的循环转化速率稳定原理

1. 生产价值转化为消费价值，消费价值再转化为生产价值，正常的经济系统要求其
转化速率稳定。
2. 价值增值率×转化率>1。

抓住了经济理论中所谓“看不见的黑手”

1. 以往的市场经济理论认为市场机制是自发的，而不能人为的自觉的加以控
制。这里的市场机制主要指资源配置机制。
2. 由此，才会产生所谓“看不见的黑手”。他是经济理论不能认识经济系统的
规律的表现。
3. 平权股份制通过对经济系统规律的把握，自觉的（而超越于自发的）认识
和把握经济规律的平权规律。
 表 1 股份制系统表

资金股 技术股 人才股

生产股
消费股
市场股

其中：人才包括领导、技术员、普通职工。

技术包括管理技术等。

资金包括设备等（流动资金和固定资产）。

参考书目：

〈1〉保罗.A.萨缪尔森、威廉.D.诺德豪斯著，高鸿业译。经济学（12 版）[M]．
北京：中国发展出版社，1992．

正文完 2005-9-11－2006-9-15

Three-value theory of labor share, consumption share and balancing share

Cao Dayong
Branch 111 of Mail box 902, Beijing
Post code:100083

Abstract
During the economic activity, the relationship between the contribution and distribution must be
dealt with well. The employees can hold the shares of the company through labor (capability and
labor) as the capital on the basis of the shares of funds, technology and leadership. Meanwhile, the
writer gives the concepts as followed: production share, consumption share and market share,
according to the phenomenon that production, consumption and market activity can result in the
proliferation of profits. As a result, it can perfect the shares’ structure and management system of
company and economy system.

Key words: three-value theory labor share consumption share market share balancing share

Category number: F012，F014.1，F014.2，F014.3

Preface
The writer supposed to reform the company stock-holding system by “labor share”. It compared
with labor value theory and took the labor of employees as the capital to get the share of the
company, on the basis of the stock of funds, technology and management.

Based on the labor share concept the writer proclaimed that the company ought to establish the
system of bettering the combination of production factors and contribution evaluation, which can
perfect the rules of stock-holding system and management of the company.

In 1997, the writer put up with the concept of “consumption share”.

In the 16th conference of CPC(the communist party of China), the documents of exploration in
reforming the stock-holding of the company say that production factors such as labor, capital,
technology and management take part in the distribution according to their contribution.
Now this essay continues further to claim the three-value theory as the new stock-holding
system and to provide the better balancing share structure.

Three-value theory
The economic value consists of three parts:
1. production value: it is the part of proliferation of value because of production and its
capability. It includes the cost of products and their value of the company’s expecting
profit.
2. consumption value: it is the part of proliferation of consumption and its capability. It
includes consumers’ cost and product’s value of the profit of the consumers.
3. market value: it is the part proliferation of market activity and its capability. It includes
the product’s marketing cost and product’s value of the profit of the marketing
expectation. Market stands for the circulation of the values. Goods realize its production
value by changing into consumption value in the circulation of the market so that
proliferation of value comes into being and evolves into currency information system.

Capital and capital share

1. capital: Besides the funds and technology, the leader’s leading ability can be regarded as
capital. Capital can create residual value.
2. Thus, the ordinary employees can create value, too. Their ability and labor should be
identified as capital. It is according as the labor value theory.
3. capital share: The capital owed right is made up of four factors: funds share, technology
share, leadership share and employee share.

Production share, consumption share and marketing share

Production share: To the value proliferation, it needs not only the capital, but need the
operation of the capital more as well. Therefore, the capital share should be evaluated by the
quantity of capital and its operation. The labor share can be evaluated capital right from the
operation of the capital.
Production can create value. As a result, the production can be regarded as capital and owe
capital share of the company, named as “production share”.
By the same token, consumption can create value. As a result, the consumption can be
regarded as capital and owe capital share of the company, named as “consumption share”.
Marketing can create value as well. Thus the marketing activity can be taken as capital and
owe capital share of the company, name as “marketing share”.

The relationship between production share and consumption share from marketing activity
1. In the process of commodity circulation, of which production and consumption happens in
the economic system, there must be the capital twice of commodity’s cost so that it can move
on smoothly. This capital (twice of the cost) lies in one hand of the producer and the hand of
the consumer. This economic activity needs them both. Hence, the profit of the commodity is
the result of those two kinds of capital.
2. So-called consumption share refers to the share that the consumer gets when the consumer
spend money on it, equal to the price of the commodity.
3. The producers pay the cost (capital) to produce the commodity and take back the capital
when they sell the goods, at the same time they get profits. The consumers pay the capital
(cost and profit) for the goods. They both invest and take back their capital. Since the
producers get the share of the company when they invest, the consumers should get the share
as well so that they get the right to take the distribution of the profits in this circulation. The
profit cannot be owed by the producers themselves. Can the consumers get the profit without
the consumption share? We should see that the production share and consumption share make
it clear that both the producers and the consumers contribute and distribute the profit.
4. The consumers are the teachers of producers. They are the weatherglasses of what kinds and
how many goods should be made. Many producers provide free good to try for the potential
consumers to get acknowledged to develop the market. Some producers and sellers lower the
prices to please the consumers. Those behaviors show the values of the consumers and prove
that the consumption can create value.

The relationship between the production value and consumption value from their activity
1. Labor can create value but the workers (machines) need to have a rest to regain physical and
mental ability when they get tired. They also need to improve their physical quality and get
more knowledge in the long run. These activities ought to be realized through the
consumption behaviors. The consumption behavior can make them (people & machines)
regain the production ability. With the ability they can produce goods to create the production
value. So I (the writer) take the behaviors of consumption to regain the ability as the one of
producing value. The value of this consumption behavior becomes the consumption value.
2. People (machines) can produce goods with the ability, because they have lives. Without being
alive, there is no possibility of labor behavior and value of it. Therefore, keeping, bettering,
improving and creating the lives of the people can be regarded as the behavior of creating
value, which is consuming behavior of course.
3. In addition, the process of producing commodity in real must include the process of
consuming the materials. The production and the consumption cannot be divided. Their
 circulation creates the value together.

The mechanism of bettering the combination and contributing evaluation

The mechanism of bettering the combination is the guideline to examine the rationalization
of the combination of the economic factors in the economy system. The mechanism of
contributing evaluation is the guideline to check how much the economic factors bring up the
proliferation of value. Stock-holding system itself is a kind of mechanism of the bettering the
combination and the contributing evaluation. Only they are correctly provided, can realize the
better stock-holding system, which is named the balancing stock system. Balancing the input of all
the economic factors and the contribution of the shares for the value proliferation, the system
offers the certain proportion shares, which is balancing (rational) the combination of the factors
and a good mechanism of profit distribution.
The balancing stock system depends on different industries and kinds of enterprises. For
example, employees’ share may be in a large proportion in labor-intensive companies. The
technology share may be in a large proportion in high-tech enterprises, etc. Their balancing stock
system will coincide with the enterprises’ characteristics in the marketing economy. That is to say,
there will be a general principle of what proportion of the shares in the stock structure for every
enterprise.

Flexible systems
Capital’s share should be fixed by both quantity of the capital and the operation of it. The
operation of the capital is flexible and the system is the same.
The share structure is adjusted by the mechanism of the bettering combination and
contributing evaluation. So the system is flexible.
The share structure is regulated by the three-value principle and the real situation of the value
proliferation. So the system is flexible.
Production, consumption and market are the factors and the joints of the economic system.
Adopting them into the stock-holding system, it is flexible. The traditional stock-holding system
doesn’t show the contribution of the consumption for the economy, which has not motivated it and
somehow becomes a kind of obstacle of the economy.

Combination of the stock-holding system and management system

Bettering combination and contributing evaluation mechanisms are the contents of
management system and now are used in stock-holding system. In the same way, the stock-
holding system structure will influence the management system. The balancing share system
establishes a basic platform for the democratic administration of the company in the capital
operation. The management right of the democratic administration will be obtained by their share.
Shares are hard currency for the democratic administration.
Since high efficiency of contribution is advocated, so is the equity of distribution. The equity
is solved, so is the efficiency.
Balancing share is the elementary principle of material motion, as a model for value motion.

Principle for circulation speed stability of value evaluation

1. Production value is changed into consumption value and consumption value is changed into
 production value again. The reasonable economic system needs the stable speed of this
circulation.
2. Rate of proliferation of value is multiplied by rate of the change beyond one.

Catching the invisible hand in economic theory

1. The mechanism of marketing is spontaneous in traditional marketing economic theory and
cannot be controlled by the human being consciously. The mechanism of marketing refers to
the mechanism of resource deployment.
2. As a result, the invisible hand exists, which shows that the principle of the economic system
has been acknowledged.
3. Based on the economic system principle, balancing shares acknowledge and control the
balancing principle of it.

Figure 1: stock-holding system

Funds share Technology share Human resource share
Production share
Consumption share
Market share

Among it: human resource includes leaders, technician, ordinary employees.

Technology includes management technology.
Funds include equipment etc(current capital and fixed assets)

Bibliography:
The economics(12th edition)[M], written by Paul A Samuson & William D Nordhouse, translated
by Gao Hongye, China Development Press, 1992
From Sep 11, 2005 to Sep 15, 2006