Abstract

WSN are used for vast number of applications in the day to day activities of life. The major responsibility
of the WSN is to sense the targeted information, convert it to the required output format and send to
the corresponding output device. WSN’s are different from other networks , the reason is resources
involved here are of constrained type. It might be memory, processing capacity or battery size.

Hence, utilization of the resource must be in a very stringent manner. Among the resources involved in
WSN , energy capacity plays a major role. But for every operation in WSN, some amount of energy will
be definitely consumed. Among all the operations, transmission of the data cost major chunk of energy.

Hence, there is a need of saving the energy during the transmission of data from source to the base
station. In this work, an attempt is been made to reduce the transmission energy. The work compares
the consecutively sensed data and if the data are same or within the threshold value, the corresponding

Node will refrain from transmission. This will definitely save the energy of each node in the entire
network.

Introduction:

WSN are a type of networks, which consist of small sized node capable of sensing the programmed
parameter and sending the output to the required devices. In these networks, the number of nodes
which need to be deployed for any particular application will be more. The reason behind this is, these
nodes or mote’s physical location is theft prone. The other reason behind this is most of the application
which uses WSN requires a large geographical area. To cover this, thousands of sensor nodes are
required .

Among all the resources of WSN, energy is the precious resource, which has to be saved for longer
extent, so that the lifetime of each sensor node can be increased. This will in turn increase the lifetime
of the entire network. Hence, in this proposed work, a software module is developed where the
number of transmissions to the base station will be reduced. With this, energy in each node can be
saved to a greater extent.

Existing Work:
Kiran Mariaya [5] has discussed about the method to save the energy in sensor node by data aggregation
technique. He has also listed the techniques of performing data aggregation. He has also briefed about
the impacts of data aggregation in WSN. According to [5], different data aggregation are

i. Duplicate sensitive and duplicate insensitive, where the methods used different duplication
functions to remove the redundancy in the sensed data.

ii. Lossy and lossless approach , where compression of data will be happening at every sensor
node. These compressed data will be sent across the transmission line which will save
significant amount of energy.

Krishnmachari et.al [6] derive a routing method, where routing of the data will not be based
on destination address. This method is called as data centric routing. In this approach,
content of the packet will be checked and if the contents of different packets are same, then
addresses will be verified. If the corresponding packets contain the same destination and
source address, data aggregation will be done during the routing itself. This method will save
the transmission of the data during the process of routing itself , which will help the nodes
to save the energy.

Similarity Based Adaptive Network [8], is based on time series forecasting method. This
method basically works on prediction of future sensor reading. In some cases the predicted
reading might be proved wrong also. But, in some of the applications, like temperature
sensing, in one particular season , the predicted reading will be proved correct. With this
method also the transmission to the sink or base station can be reduced.

Proposed Work:

The availability of the energy or retaining the energy in every sensor node is an issue or
challenge in most of the WSN applications, where the deployment of the nodes, will be
human unreachable location. This concern will make all the researchers to think of different
energy saving techniques. It is already proven by many researchers that transmitting a single
bit of information also consumes greater amount of energy. Hence, there is an urgent need
of developing techniques that reduce the number of transmissions to the base station or
sink.
 In the work [4,9], a hardware module named comparator is designed. The job of this comparator is to
compare the previously sensed data to the presently sensed value. If both of the data are same or within
some threshold value, then instead of transmitting the entire sensed data, a hand shaking signal is sent,
by just sending a bit. With this we can reduce the number of transmissions.

The proposed hardware[9] will definitely consume additional amount of energy, i.e 0.08 micro Joules for
each comparison. In [9], benefit of this method, is explained using different scenarios and different test
cases.

In the proposed work, the same hardware module is implemented using a set of micro processor
instructions. The realization of the software implementation is achieved using MSP430 microcontroller.

above: Cmp.b reg4,[port b]

Jeq Neext

Mov.b[port b],reg4

Neext: jmp above

Figure 1. Set of instruction for the Proposed work

The presently sensed data or currently sensed data will be made available in any of the assigned port of
the micro controller. Assume that it is saved in port B. the previously sensed data will be made to save in
some general purpose register of micro controller.

Now the presently sensed data which is available in port B will be compared with data available in
general purpose register. If the values are not same or beyond the tolerable limit (set by the end user),
the current data will be transmitted to the base station or sink.

Now let us analyze energy consumption from this technique. An instruction fetch operation from
EEPROM of micro controller, the energy consumption will be 0.1050micro joules [10]. To get the
Data from the EEPROM the voltage required will be ranging from 3V to 3.3V, each instruction will drawa
current from each instruction will be 6..2mA

565 micro seconds time required to draw an instruction from EPROM

To calculate the energy required for an instruction, we need to calculate the energy required for
operations like fetching the instruction, execution in main memory etc . The total energy consumption
will be v*i*t . After substituting standard values the energy consumption will be 0..1059 micro joules.
The total instruction available in the software is 4. Hence, total consumption of energy will be 0.42 micro
Joules.

Energy dissipation with the Energy dissipation with the

hardware module[9] (in software routine (in µJoules)
Data recorded for the year(No
µJoules)
of times)

2011(18) 1.584 7.56

2012(16) 1.408 6.72

2013(10) 0.88 4.2

2014(14) 1.232 5.88

2015(15) 11.25 15.98

Table 1. Comparison with the Hardware Module

The above Table gives the comparision of energy consumption. The data belong to temperature
sensing application. The data collected shows for the years 2011,2012,2013,2014,2015. The value in the
bracket shows how many times the data was recorded in a year. For example in the year 2010, it is 10
means that only 10 times the recordings of the data has happened.

Using the hardware module it is 0.88 micro joules, but the same using software module is 4.2 micro
joules. The interpretation of these values is, hardware operations consume less energy than software
instructions. The overhead, if we use software module is almost 5 times than the hardware module.

Conclusion:
The number of data transmissions has to be reduced in WSN, as the transmission of data from nodes to
sink consumes maximum amount of energy. The less number of data transmissions will reduce the usage
of bandwidth also, where bandwidth is also a precious resource in WSNs. In this work, an attempt is
been made to show the comparision between hardware and software implementation of the proposed
comparator. It is been proved that hardware instructions always consume considerably less energy
compared to software.