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    11 views28 pages

    Lecture Notes4 New PDF

    Uploaded by

    حسان البحيران

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 28
    Wave Equations aud Coreval Solutions Wove Equation and Solution by sepevation of vaviables Homogentous and source free urediuua , whee Hime narmonic electromopactic fields satisty Souvce - free vraxwiel equations VKE - - joe a) VrG = jweE +e i) frou which ut find that both E ona F satisty he some vector Helmholtz equation ViE-y?f=0 a) Vi-ytheo 4) whare Fra jpop (joes se) How did we obbain (3) and L4) 7 VeoxE = -jep oxen UX TE = -jop (jeee+ve ) V(V-E) - V2E = —jop (joeb +o, (UE) - VIE = —jop (js EE +98 ) o => somrce free mudiuue Fer chavge, VE -jep (wety) Feo — ye VxVXH = JWE Ox 4a Oe Vevxn =(j) eto) Vee V(v-b)- v3H = Qeets) Gap) & ° =P ere cha Source free medium VP ~ ju (jwetv)H so sai ye In Carksian coordinates ; each Component of Eand W saticfies the same scolar Helmboltz equation ; which for Ex can be writen as VEY -¥* hye (only focus on Ex compousut since the otters awe the saure) . . a Ex | Er BEY yee og oe ay" jar The solution to this equation (an be souglet @ using The wettrod of sepavation of vaviables In Huis wetlrod we first assume that Ex Con be weprerented as te product of thece fuuctions Ex = XG) (4) 2lz) Substitule This into te scatar trelmbolle equation a? a Ve 2ex+ KERN + xy 22 -y2xXXz=0 Divide tre above equation by XYZ N+ fp Sz- ye 4 2 Saxt x ay 3Er Since the first rece terms ave independant from each otter , ave fo be constant jor, In other words, the abone equation tan be sepauated Inte Three equations 4 ot a x on = % et Uyt re =o? coustraih+- equation dispersion relator The solutions to these thre equations ave @ gine by Kedye AX | edge Yt 2. Ape F and lene the solution to Ey is given by Fx = Xe t %eX yg t Me whure A= Ay Ay Az denotes an orbit vary constawt Sine By and Ee satisty the Same scalar Helmholtz equation on does Ex, phair solutions have the saure forms ar above Thevefow the vector Held EF kay te form E yd) = Foe 15% tJ THE iM which Fy ducks an avbitvavy coustant vettor. By denoting ¥= WF + G+ He hd FaxPeySeee | He abone equation con be expressed more compactly o> Ew). Feet Likewise tre moguere field H that satisfies Hee second vector Helmbolt® equation com be expressed as Aw): hee? where fe denotes another avbirvavy couctaut vector Let's exautine the piysteet wooly of the solution . Since FX is @ complex wamber, tt com be wile of x a X+)e yehere bolle Zand BF arc veok vectors With tas , the instautenous electric Feld be. contespou dive to the phasor soludiow CO Wrilltr as - ee Eway= re fe det ene) te ; = Fe et” Cost 2B 7) wuhere for simplicity Eo is assumed to be o eat vector heve Sine Cos (wt t B- =) veprenats a wave propagative along Yo Zp direction whore phare 1s constant in tre plone defined Oy B ether prs constant pepreruts @ plane wome In the cone that Hand F haw Te sawe divection © Fhe equiphore ang equiowptitide planes ave pavaltel to each other, and tu ware is called a uniform plane wane if X and f have different directions , tae wane is colted a non - uniform Plare wave. Sine £@)=Bet%* ond Mlz)= tee? ave valid for any Jy and %y Are geneva solution to the Helmholte equation is the lirear superposition of abe possible soutien, Which con be expressed ao Ete) = - Fe 9) J J scunpet 5, hy o < ia o— 205 Hw) f f Tos, e dm dH a Nok that Jy is constraint by Ty°+9,*+ at=¥* The abore equations indicate Toat ang field ata source Free point cau be expan ded 2 a Cinear Super positon of ou infinite aumeoor of plane wanes Chavacterishics of a Plave wore @ Note that for an exponentlo® function ww the form of eh” it can be vorified easily that A & ig aw arbitrary coustaut vecto™ Gt rB rye Padre = Using, These im hax moll equations together With fee defiwition ob plawewaner: 4 Fxé i Beth ok t Fxb--je re _ Jenn vx (Bet) £oxh = (jeer sE at ¥xfeet™™ yy £ Sowe avguusat JE =° — for Bf pee a = Ih is obvious tat J, E, and # ave perpendicular to each other udaccla is Phe vation of the The wave impedance , freld is given by electric field to The moguert lel Jee x - we ILE. _ =k a) oY jober |e qatringic imped ance of the, lick Is same an the mediune , of ter denoted 99 9 How did we obtain Zw? YxE is vetaled F with omplitede 15/181 [FUE = jel Al ve, el. Jr A) H is cotated HF with aupeitade [FILA] I8L18| = Gowers) [ET Bay ew | ek A 1B] juetv x Viap Goert) Voy (ywett - Top jor Quer) Vit, The intrinsic impedauc of a wedinm depends only om the propevty. of The wediume itself However , The wave impedance depends on a specitic. electromapuetic wane For plaue wavel Wave impedance [S$ Same or Infeinsre Impedance of Tet wredivae it ts propagating in Assume +¥ FxE= jpop , Fx Gwe)e YxFxE = ~)op (xxit) 5x¥xE = -)Op Geers) E (eE)¥- PE - jee Geet oe yiE | (F-¥)E=Jeh (wet ye - ot ay +a2 yrs jep Guers) which is cousisteutl wlth The coustvaiat obtained from the wetted of separates of vaviables. This equation ts colled the Uspersion welaion , wack velates fre pee pagation coustant to THe property medium, The vesulls aug devived for a Rossy weduwn » x vector, Since a coumplex of the Where y is a Compe for Is difficult to visuotite let 4s vee dia in which specialire to a lossless me ¥-)B ond 8 is a veal veto. As shown earbior , ec]PF veprersuts © plane wave propagating. 1m the B diedion lw tis case, Tre plaveware equations becour: BxE -wph , pxiv= -wee fron which we bave BE=, Boe, aud EH=O ln addition, it com be found easily tat wee x = E*B 5a. - *) Bxb= wp Ex¥ which indicates at te electric field vector Pe wagner field vector, aud phe propagate vector form atriad oud oveg The vig ut-hand rule. Therefore, grt > fwo vectors» deberurive qs Hrd by using Te ware impedance we cow easily ow vig it haud now pecowmns Bye tI .ob. £ Ve THOR OWE and the dispevsion elation becomes Patt By’ t Pet = pr ewe pe called the phore coustant or wave number Consider a uniform plawe wave wit the Instantaneous electric field 6 Zteay a Re | ene SHAY | = Ret" Gstots pr) Along The propagation. dimen Fe fry cos (wt- Bz) becomes cos(wt- Br); Macey the phose velo ity of te ware is gives by ve = Bp In @ lossless wedium , B= WME; Therefore, Yee pe + We vacuum , &° fe ond Meo) guna thus the prose velocity: 5 gi Oa ye A 2 29977 -. [oF m/s Vets Which (5 the same on the speed of light The pare velocity weanunes te wotiow of 0 cousfant pare plave. Sine electyo He wanes carve oner ge (te woke of tte every 1s ksevibed by the eneurd velowty why cl ig define do power flow dumnity @® energy, ceuntty © We Fn For 0 wriforme plaue wane im a lossless medina f 7 the instantareous magnet field is gime by Fiditye Re f Hoe IPFT A= = He Costut- BF) = a © cs (wt FF) Thus ;the instantenour power flow arity Is Fe EH =p JEL cat (wt -BF) 7 which flows in The propagation divection B The instontareous eledvic and wopreric energy densities ove given by We = deere s £|F,[> Cos? (wt- Br) =Awyre 4 FJ* Cos? (wt pF wm Spd: Ae IE) os B=) Wulich ave gquag to cack other. The energy veloccty im otossless wrediunn dy then ye = (El Cost (ot B)/1 _ * Deparwtse) #7 EIR Grlot-pe) 2 |» which is same on fhe prore velocity vp Note thet this Is trae only for a untforne plane ware amd mog not hold for other types of wave When wre deol wit propagation of electro Me wares ured for communication we offer ure ep veledty. oe charactedie The propegation of Siguads . To understand the concept of qr velocity j we consider 409 wanes propaga bing OF two staltly different frequencies , whose combined electec field is given by Elie) = Es cos [Worauye- Brag) 7] + & @s[ (w-aw) t - (8-ap) ) The woue form otoug the propagation looks bike He following = VE, Cos (dwt - APF) Cos (ut & Trisa product of two sinusoids : @ Gos (Awt-B-F) and Cos (wt- Pa). The Second Sinusoid. propagates at The phore velocity qn = w by Vp= 2 The first sinusoid, which appears ao the euuolope ob The wore aud is oflen cated a ware packet, mones at a Vifleeut velocity, which is defired 09 the group velocity . Alou fre propagation divection Bp , tees velouty ts ge oy AY Aw-po 4p Usvalty ) B com be exprersed on the fuucdion of Wj heme the quoup velouty caw be writer on Yq = a: (48) ‘- (<8 -1 In a Joselers Uiepovsion fate medium, gow VRE Vg = and bot ¢ aud pe ave independurt of frequeny The group velocity 5 than given bg which i THe same a4 the plane velocity. and also tre energy, velocity, However 7 B changes with frequerny , tee plunse velocity clarpes accordingly, wid hence op (S)-4- SY de de hyp Up vet dos ee Apply Chain The gvoup velocity ts then gimen by u : ia Vg = © a- we We Vp dw Whick shows clearly the velation slip Detuseen the group aud The plore velocities In a webiven with uo dispersion , dupfdw zo, Hen Vg Vp «Wa medina Witte worunat dispersion. vp] aw 42 1 tH Vg < VP On the otter Land) in a wedim with anomalous dispersion ) dvp Jaw >O | Khun Ug > Vp. “Thurefove we oO coutvel tre qvoup veloity by ukidiring a dispersive medium, making tt possible to cesign slow - aud © fost-wane devices. a wang. sitaations @® with, normal dispersion tre gvoup velocity is the Save as tlhe omtupy velocity In a wedinm with conduction loss (for simptierty, we ignove dicletric aud He losses beve), the pro pagatiow wustaut is giten by yoarjB = Vjwm (jwery) , were a= © V8 Vive For a good dicledvie , (“/we)* <<| j hence Ke SUE poole 7 VE For a good conductor , CT/wey* >>| 7 bree 2 a= wee" , pe VES, 7° ei) /E= evens ae Ye arip, x and p ove veal uunbers v= Vyeop Gaers) x?+ 2) x B- B? = jee (wets) op? = -ustpe Jap = wpe xp: MAY ip gee winte? 2 4p weet a wt ae ie ane prrx Myrg? OPT go wtzme, Wintec? 4 tHe dreo 4% AO WMEYX— Wyre? sO TT ~ 62 Verdac Goa me Vib wture? + Hore ~~ 20 - e aT] istave the 2+ z "2 [ow + wipe V7 ae Solution Wwitle row — sing = wy ¢ = fh wipe [at Ve | ls veal Ai-p? = wpe wis pr wpe ort =[itpe VCE) - wine [fe 7/7 (Tweet x = (fue? Vite? x tn thx | pew (ee VE Virlp rte ~ wpe Linear, Circular, and Ellipttead polarizations @& A distinct featuve of eledromapnette waves IS polarization Simply gut, polarization & related to the direction of the electric field and tts vaviakon in He. Assume , without loss of qevtvatity. that the propaga tion is aloug the z divection Hence the dectric field of o uniform plane Wave can be wrillen as Ee EU (REL, 1G Bey Je HPF where Box and Foy, are complex wagui tudes In qevevek This field Counot bane a Z- Component because otherwise it would violate He divergeua condition, V-E=O. The wwstautaneous field becomes Zu) = Re [ (For ef Bey) oF tPF | 2% |Fax| Cos(wt- pe + < Fox ) +5 JEogl Cos uwt-p2t o iis OY so, tee Field become? polaviza Hon When &=Or Linearly polarize fa a kas it 7) Append x @ wt- pet

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