CULTURE is a means through which people convey both their unique characteristics and common

attributes with others.

KINDS OF CULTURE
MATERIAL CULTURE
Refers to the concrete and tangible things that man creates and uses.
This kind of culture is the area of sociological study.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Refers to the non-material things or intangible objects which the person uses, follows, professes, or
strives to conform.
This kind of culture is the area of sociological study.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Belief

These are man’s perception about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the environment
operates.
TWO KINDS OF BELIEFS
SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF

These are not based on scientific evidences

SCIENTIFIC BELIEF

These are phenomena and are based on experimentation and research studies.
Knowledge

It is a body of facts and beliefs that people acquire and accumulate over time.
It consists of information about places, events, and people.
Norms

Cultural norms are the standards we live by.

They are the shared expectations and rules that guide behavior of people within social groups. Cultural
norms are learned and reinforced from parents, friends, teachers and others while growing up in a
society.
Norms are often divided into seven types:

FASHIONS, FADS, CRAZES

FASHION follows a special pattern of behaviour such that it spreads form the upper level of society
downward.

FADS are either verbal or non-verbal. Examples are body piercing and tattooing.

CRAZES are sometimes called rages or special epidemics. Examples are hair coloring, manicuring and nail
polish.
SANCTION

Prescribed norms of conduct exposed by society to an individual for him to conform to moral standards
and accept those that are favorable to a group

FORMAL SANCTIONS
Prescribed norms of conduct that are written guide for individuals to conform with.

INFORMAL SANCTIONS
Prescribed norms of conduct which are transmitted by word of mouth from one person or group to
another.