Alternating Currents Transient Current eectr: * which vary for a small finite time or decay While grow, g from maximum to zero, is called Growth of Current in an Inductor { current in an inductor at any instant ag ‘time ¢ is given b T=1,-e 4) um currentwL & Self inductance of the inductor an the circuit. tp¥calléd tithe constant of a L-R circuit. Frent in an inductor at any time ¢ is given by Ta, e Pt nt of p . 5 é cays | ‘tof a L-R circuit is the time in which current dee maximum value of current. Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor stant 5 aoe y insta “4s charge on a capacitor on charging at any G=q fl-e FC] were PCaxt icy 1 emi were PC =%, is called time constant of a R-C circuit.as char a capacitor in discharging, at any instant instantaneous che ‘ rhe Ng given by d= doe fame tof a RC eireuit is the time in whieh charge in the qyme cone ys to 63.8 or decay to 36.8% of the maximum charge on jor rows apne faapaeitF Alternating Current rent whose magnitude changes continuously with time direction periodica and change: ly, is called an alternating current, ‘The instantaneous value of alternating current at any instant of time t is given by T= Iysinwt where, I) = peak value of alternating current, ‘The variation of alternating current wi ith time is shown in graph given below Mean or i ©an or average value. of! altemating Current for first half cycle = 2o In ==" = 0.687 I, Mean or avers Average value of alternating current for next half cycle ® cycle = 0, Where, I oF ot mean Peak value of alternating current, 8 ' quare value of alternating voltage | V Ving = = rms Yo" 0.707 VoReactance The opposition flow of alternating offered by an inductor or by a capacitor in th current is called reactance. © Path os Reactance is of two types (i) Inductive Reactance (X;) Inductive reactance is the resistance offered by an Ps inductor. reactance(X;,)= Lo = L2nf Inductive Its unit is ohm. ° Foe For direct current, (- f= 0) (ii) Capacitive Reactance (X¢) Capacitive reactance is the resistance offered by an f inductor. Xe! Capacitive reactance, D 1 1 T Xo=—= = 7s Co C2nf CPR Its unit is ohm Noi T f ( f=9 For direct current, X¢ == Impedance The opposition offered by an AC circuit containing more than one out of three components L, C and R, is called impedance (Z) of the circwt. Impedance of an AC circuit, Z = yR?+(X, -Xc Its SI unit is ohm. Power in an AC Circuit The power is defined as the rate at which work is being in the circuit. The average power in an AC circuit, ‘rms Irms COS @ i osp = Vi V2 cos® = 2 cosé Resistance(R) . factor of AC circuit. where, cosg = Resistance(R) | Impedance(Z) is called the powernd Oe Ns yates giscuss current and potential re] wt fe oe active Circuit (R circuit) Resistive pure ations for different AC AC Source y Eo x Phasor diagram «) Alternating emf, E=Ey sinat h) Alternating current, I = I, sinwt (¢) Alternating emf and alternating current both are in the same phase. @ Average power decay, (P)= E, - ly (¢) Power factor, cos@=1 j Pure Inductive Circuit (L Circuit) yi AC Source Ey oki x L y fo Phasor diagram () Altemating emf, «= Ey sinat 6 Altemating current, I = J, sin (wt - 1/2) qT @ Altemating current lags behind alternating emf by 2 9 Inductive reactance, X, =Lo=L2nf fe we. e) Average Power decay, (P)=0 wer factor, cos @ = cos 90° = 0Ny Qi) Pure Capacitive Cireuit AC Source eo : = — o Phasor Magnan (a) Alternating emf, Ho: Ky sin wot (b) Alternating current, = Jy nin (at 4 nl 2) (c) Alternating current, leads the allornating emf by * (d) Capacitive reactance, X,. % Cur» C2nf (e) Avearge power decay, (P) = 0 (f) Power factor, cos 0 = Con 90° = 0 (iv) R-C Circuit R a iy) bk—w)0- 6 Ve VR ~\ v\ \ \ Ve E* Eysifut Phasor diagram E> Ky sino I= 2 Ain (wt ~ ) Zz fee +( ; ) oC oa : oC ang. = Current leading the voltage by V*-Viteve (vy) L-C Circuit vu L c ~ —}- | Y~Ve ene em |E=E,sinot, 1= E sin(ot-9) =2¢ 0 7=X,-Ne and tang=*! 4 For Xp > Xe. 0= ; and for X,s'dMIN At resonance X, =X Tula, 1 Resonance frequency f= — 2nVLC At resonance impedance is minimum and equal t ie, Z=R. ° the resists, It resonance maximum current flows through the ¢; e Circ Q-factor or sharpness at resonance . =i jz a-h A series resonance circuit is also known as acception circ cuit, uit, (i) Parallel Resonance Circuit N— f— f . '—> ho In this circuit L-and Gare connected in parallel with each other. At.resonance, X,=Xc Impedance (Z) of the circuit is maximum. Current in the circuit is minimum. Wattless Current Average power is given by Pay = Exms Lrms ©O8 9 Here the J,,,, cos @ contributes for power dissipation. Therefore, | called wattless current. t is AC Generator or Dynamo It is a device which converts mechanical energy into alternatiné current energy. Its working is based on electromagnetic induction. The induced emf produced by the AC generator is given by e = NBAw sin wt = eg sin wtare four main parts of an AC fenerator pher® Working of AC dynamo () Armature [tis rectangular coil of ing a large number of turns. (i) Field Magnets These electromagnet. (ii) Slip Rings These are two hollow metallic rings. (v) Brushes These are two flexible metals or carbonerods, which remains slightly in contact with slip rings. ulated copper wire having are two pole pieces of a strong Note An DC generator or dynamo contains sp! of slip rings. DC Motor Itis a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in uniform magnetic field a torque acts on it. 12 1 \ ge i ie Bon B fe lit rings or commutator inspite 7 . . Fi magnetic gue acting on a current carrying coil placed in uniform , t= NBIAsin®When armature coil rotates a back emf 1s produced in the ei efficiency of a motor, Efficiency of a Back emf _ E "Applied emf V Transformer It is a device which can change a low voltage of high current into 4 high voltage of low current and vice-versa. a Its working is based on mutual induction. There are two types of transformers. () Step-up Transformers It converts a low voltage of high current into a high voltage of low current. ©- Primary coil Primary coil POP ef |p Core sere So Js Secondary coil Secondary coil (b) Step-up trarisformer (b) Step-down transformer In thistransformer, Ns>Np, Es > Ep Ip>TIsg (i). Step-down Transformer It . ; convert: current into a low voltage of hig! onverts a high voltage of low 1 ch current. In this transformer, and Np> Ng, Ep> Ey and Ip< Ig Transformation Ratio f Transformation ratio, Np For step-up transformer, K>1 For step-down transformer, K <1energy Losses in a Transformer he main energy losses in a transformer are given below i) Iron loss i) Copper loss wo Flux loss Fs) Hysteresis loss x) Humming loss Important Points « Transformer does not operate on direct current. It operates only on alternating voltages at input as well as at output. | « Transformer does not amplify power as vacuum tube. « Transformer, a device based on mutual induction converts Magnetic energy into electrical energy. | + Efficiency, qe eet power | Input power Generally efficiency ranges from 709'to.90%. « Achoke coil is a pure inductor. Average power consumed per cycle is zero ina choke coil. « ADC motor connects DC energy from a battery into mechanical energy of | rotation, # An AC dynamo/generator produces are energy from mechanical energy of | rotation of a coil. | | | | | * Aninduction coil generates high voltages of the order of 10° V from a battery. ftis based on the phenomenon of mutual induction.