vo UK Patent Application
(2) Application No 89055024
(22) Date offing 10.08.1989
(€0) Prioy data
(@1) 167660 (92) 14.03.1988 (83) US
(71) Applicant
‘Shell Internationale Research Maatschappi BV
(Incorporated in the Netherlands)
Carel Van Bylandilaan 30, The Hague, Netherlands
(72) Inventors
‘Arthur Herman Hale
George Constantine Blytes
[Ashok Kumar Rupkeishen Dewan
(74) Agent andor Adres for Servcw
D.AH. Bennett
4 York Road, London, SEt 7NA, United Kingdom
9 GB oy 2216 574A
(43) Dato ofA pubication 11.10.1968
(61) INTL
‘CosK 7102
(62) UKCL (Eton J
ENF FOP
(66) Documents cited
Us 4760220 A
(68) Field of search
UK OL (Edion J) E1F FGP
INTCL! c09K, E218
(64) Water base drilling uid
(67) Water base driling fluid comprising water, clay and a polymer and a polyglycerol
V vlS 9le ec dD10
1s
20
25,
30
Sabo
WATER BASE DRILLING FLUID
This invention relates to water base drilling fluids. More
particularly, the invention relates to water base drilling fluids
having improved characteristics which allow low temperature
drilling operations, inhibit formation of gas hyéretes which form
at low temperatures and high pressures, prevent shale dispersion
which results in improved borehole stability, reduce fluid loss,
and are environmentally safe.
Water base drilling fluids (or muds) generally comprise water,
clays or polymers, and various treating agents which control the
physical, chemical and/or rheological properties of drilling fluids
in boreholes. The drilling fluid serves to renove chips, cuttings
and the Like produced by a rotating drill bit from a borehole by
circulating the drilling fluid dow from the surface of the well,
through the drill string, and out through openings in the drill bit
such that the drilling fluid is then circulated upwardly in the
annulus between the side of the borehole and the rotating érill
string,
‘The selection of a drilling fluid is primarily dependent upon
the geological formation being drilled and the problems associated
with such fornation. Principal concerns in selection of a érilling
fluid are low temperature drilling conditions, formation of gas
hyérates, shale dispersion, and drilling fluid loss and
environmental requirements. Classically, temperature concerns
associated with drilling oil/gas wells have been associated with
deep hot wells (150 °C); however, for deep water and/or Arctic
drilling, low temperatures are a concern for two principal reasons:
(1) freezing of the mud due to low temperature, especially if the
well must be shut in for long durations, and (2) the formation of
ges hydrates under low temperature and high pressure conditions
after the influx of gas. The present invention provides a drilling10
15
20
25
30
35
eae
fluid additive which overcomes these and other problems in the art
as more particularly disclosed hereinafter,
The primary purpose of the present invention is to provide a
drilling fluid, and process for the use thereof, which drilling
fluid contains additives which depress the freezing point of the
fluid to allow low temperature drilling operations, inhibit
formation of gas hydrates which form at low temperatures and high
pressures, prevent shale dispersion which results in improved
borehole stability, reduce drilling fluid loss thereby reducing
amounts of other fluid loss additives if any (e.g. gel-bentonite,
carboxymethyleellulose, starch), and are environmentally safe.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a water base
drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and a
polyglycerol. The drilling fluid comprises a sufficient amount of
polyglycerol and, optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, necessary to
reduce the freezing point of the drilling fluid to a predetermined
value, inhibit the formation of gas hydrates in the drilling fluid,
prevent shale dispersion from the borehole into the drilling fluid,
and reduce fluid loss through the wall of the borehole thereby
reducing amounts of other fluid loss additives if any (e.g.
gel-bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose, starch).
In addition, the present invention is directed to a method for
drilling a well comprising rotating a drill string to cut a
borehole into the earth; circulating a drilling mid through the
drill string and through the annulus between the drill string and
the wall of the borehole; checking the drilling fluid for evidence
of any of the following problems: freezing, gas hydrate formation,
shale dispersion and fluid loss; and adding polyglycerol and,
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, to the drilling fluid in an
amount sufficient to overcome the above identified problems.
Further, the present invention provides a method for drilling a
well comprising determining whether the formation to be drilled
will subject the drilling fluid to any of the following problems:
freezing, gas hydrate formation, shale dispersion, and fluid loss;
providing a drilling fluid containing a polyglycerol and,10
15
20
25
30
35
-3-
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, in an amount sufficient to
overcome the above identified problems; rotating a drill bit to cut
a borehole into the earth; and circulating the drilling fluid
through a drill string and through an annulus between the drill
string and the wall of the borehole.
Applicants have found that the addition of a polyglycerol and,
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, in an appropriate amount, to a
drilling fluid substantially depresses the freezing point of the
drilling fluid to eliminate problems with low temperature drilling
operations, inhibits formation of gas hydrates which form at low
temperatures and high pressures, prevents shale dispersion which
results in improved borehole stability, reduces drilling fluid loss
thereby reducing amounts of other fluid loss additives if any (e.g.
gel-bentonite, carboxymethylcellulose (CNC), starch), and is
environmentally safe. Thus, according to the Applicants’ method,
the érill string is rotated to cut a borehole into the earth while
circulating a drilling fluid down through the drill string and
thence up the annulus between the drill string and the wall of the
borehole. While this is occurring, a driller preferably is checking
or observing the drilling fluid for evidence of the above noted
problems. Alternatively, the formation may be known in advance to
present certain problems, and the drilling fluid may be provided
with polyglycerol and, optionally, glycerol and/or salt, in
amounts sufficient to overcome these problems.
In most instances, the applicable amount of polyglycerol and,
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, to be added to the drilling
fluid will be determined on a well-to-well basis. A concentration
of polyglycerol in the drilling fluid of from about 1 to 40, or
preferably about 5 to 30 ew (percent by weight based on the total
weight of the drilling fluid) and, optionally, glycerol of from
about 1 to 60, or preferably about 5 to 35, or salt of from about 1
to 26 tw, or preferably about 5 to 20 &w will reduce the freezing
point of the drilling fluid from about 1 to 40 *C. A concentration
of from about 1 to 40, or preferably about 5 to 30 tw polyglycerol
and, optionally, glycerol of from about 1 to 60, or preferably10
1s
20
30
35,
-4e
about 5 to 35 8w and/or from about 1 to 26, or preferably about 5
zo 20 tw salt will inhibit formation of gas hydrates. A
concentration of from about 1 to 40, or preferably 1 to 10 ew
polyglycerol and, optionally, glycerol of from about 1 to 60, or
preferably about 5 to 30 tw and/or from about 1 to 26, or
preferably about 5 to 20 tw salt in the drilling fluid will reduce
shale dispersion. A concentration of from about 1 to 40, or
preferably about 2 to 10 tw polyglycerol in the drilling fluid and,
optionally, glycerol of from about 1 to 60, or preferably about 5
to 40 aw and/or salt of from about 1 to 26, or preferably about 1
to 15 @w will reduce fluid loss from the drilling fluid through the
wall of the borehole.
Various inorganic salts are suitable for use with the
invention, including but not limited to NaCl, NaBr, KCl, CaCl, and
NaNOg, among which NaCl is preferred. A synergistic effect is
experienced when such a salt is used with polyglycerol as a mud
additive package, i.e. an effect greater than the sun of the
effects from salt and polyglycerol individually. This will be even
more apparent from the examples hereinafter.
Polyglycerols are open and cyclic telomers of glycerol. They
contain from 6 to 15 carbon atoms in a structure of which the
molecular formula is Gs, Op.41 Heeyo:
In this class are included: diglycerols, C,0,H,,;
erighycerols, Cg0jHy9i tetraglycerols, 6, 0gHyg; end
pentaglycerols, C;50),Hy, which are derived by further
condensation of tetraglycerols with excess glycerol molecules.
Several of the molecules discussed in this section can undergo
further cyclization under extreme conditions of pH and temperature.
This reaction yields polyglycerols containing 5 and 6 membered
rings. The cyclized polyglycerols are poorer in oxygen and hydrogen
than the straight chain polyglycerol.
Drilling fluid properties should be such as to promote safe
and speedy drilling and completion of the well with the maximum
productive capacity. Use of drilling fluids of controlled
properties requires expenditure of large sums of money, and to10
15
20
25
30
ase
carry out its role properly, the drilling fluid must be protected
against the effects of freezing conditions, ges hyérate formation,
shale dispersion and fluid loss. The use of polyglycerol and,
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt, readily protects the drilling
fluid against freezing conditions and gas hydrate formation by
lowering the freezing point of the drilling fluid. With respect to
shale dispersion and fluid loss, the use of polyglycerol and,
optionally, glycerol and/or a salt aids in deposition of an
impermeable filter cake, and the filter cake in turn prevents fluid
loss and shale dispersion. The filter cake performs its job
primarily on the basis of its impermeability to water. If the
formation permeability and the fluid-loss properties of the mud are
both high, large quantities of fluid will flow through the wall
cake and into the permeable formation, leaving a thick wall cake
behind, This cake may becone so thick as to seriously interfere
with movement of the drill pipe when it is withdrawn and may even
result in sticking the pipe. If a thick cake is formed over the
face of the producing formation, it may not become properly cleaned
off during the well completion process and will interfere with the
production rate of the well, The fluid which passes into the
formation may also exercise an influence. When the drilling fluid
is water base and shales and clays which are susceptible to
hydration are drilled, the use of high fluid loss drilling fluid
may result in swelling and heaving of the shale, slow drilling
rates, stuck pipe, fishing jobs and even loss of the hole. If the
producing formation contains hydratable clays, the intrusion of
water may result in svelling of the clay particles within the sandy
formation and permanent loss of permeability with resulting
impaired production rates. Polyglycerol and, optionally, glycerol
and/or a salt, readily solve such problems by increasing the
impermeability of the filter cake to water and thus decreasing the
Fluid-loss properties of the drilling fluid
‘The following examples are illustrative of the application of
the process of the present invention and of the drilling fluid10
is
-6-
composition, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope
thereof.
In the below description of the experiments, the word
“polyglycerol" is used to refer to a mixture of polyglycerols.
The result for fluid loss was confirmed by examining two
simple systems. The fluid loss experiments were carried out as
follows. A 5 Ib/obl bentonite-containing gel slurry was mixed with
the test solution, hot rolled at 65 °C for 16 hours and tested for
fluid loss using the API fluid loss test described in RP 138
(Standard Procedures of Field Testing Drilling Fluid). In the
tables the fluid loss is expressed in nl.
One of the systems contained bentonite and water (Tables la
and-1b). The second system contained bentonite and a
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) fluid loss additive (Table 2). The
results clearly show that the addition of polyglycerol enhanced the
effectiveness of these systems to reduce fluid loss.
Table la. Results of fluid loss experiments with glycerol.
Glycerol tv
Bentonite] 0 3 5 10 20 40
W/l |
1
156.5 52.6 51,5 48 37.5 29.5
141.5 40.5 38.5 35 28 23.5
10 | (29 27.5 25.5 23.5 21.5 19ee
Table 1b. Results of fluid loss experiments with polyglycerol.
Polyglycerol tv
Bentonite] 0 3 5 10 20
W/sbl |
|
2 | 56 22.5 11.2 5.5
5 [415 17 5.5 4
10 | 33.517 9 Ser os5)
Table 2. Fluid loss experiments with a 5 1b/obl gel formulation
including CMC (column "No polyale"), the formulation with
glycerol and the formulation with polyglycerol.
No Glycerol _Polyglycerol
cuc | polyale | Sav 10 &v | 5 av 10 ev
Ifo | I \
\ 1 1
o1 a2) 38.5 351 5.5 4
0.125} 33.8] 29.7 27] 45 3.5
0.375 | 24.5 | 19.5 5] 35 25
0.5] 20.5) 15.5 16.5) 2 2
To determine the cutting dispersion properties of the drilling
fluids, cutting dispersion tests were carried out as follows. Sized
shale cuttings (6-10 mesh) are rolled in the test fluid for the
indicated amount of time at 65 °C. The shale test solution mixture
5 is then sized over 10, 30 and 80 mesh screens. The amount retained
on the screens is added and the percent retained is calculated
relative to the original starting material (2.5 gm). The results of
these tests are shown in Tables 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b
In Tables 3a and 3b data are shown that demonstrate that
10 polyglycerol is an effective inhibitor of cuttings dispersion. On a
percentage basis polyglycerol is clearly more effective than
glycerol at very low concentrations10
Table 3. Cuttings dispersion test results.
& retained @ retained
Green Canyon shale ‘Pierre shale
15s 30s 10,5 hours 18 hours
Test fluid 1 1
! 1
Fresh Water 1 48 121 10.4 7.8
Glycerol 2.5 sv 1 6 1.21 10.6 8.4
Glycerol 5 8v 115.2 3.6] 11.2 10.6
Glycerol 10 v 1 18.8 4.4] 28.4 21.2
Polyglycerol 2.58v | ‘17.6 2) 39.6 35.2
Polyglycerol 5 #v 1 31.6 6.8] 85.2 77.6
Polyglycerol 10 ev 1 36.6 39.2] 87.2 82
1,2-Propanediol 2.5 8v | 8 22, 12 8.6
1,2-Propanediol Sv | (16.3 (8) 125 9.6
1,2-Propanediol 10 sv | 20.2 5} 30.5 25.3
In Tables 4a and 4b date are shown to demonstrate that
polyglycerol acts synergistically with NaCl to inhibit cuttings
dispersion. This observation was unexpected and provides @ means by
which improved solids control and borehole stability can be
realized. To evaluate the synergistic effects, the percent shale
retained in fresh water was subtracted from all of the other test
solutions (see column "Corr. results"). The percent retained (minus
percent retained in fresh water) in the sodium chloride solution
was added to the percent retained (minus percent retained in fresh
water) in the polyglycerol fresh water samples. This sum
represented the predicted value if the effect of the two reagents
vas simply additive (see column "Pred. results"). If the
experimental values (minus percent retained in fresh water) exceed
the predicted then synergy is supported.-9-
‘Table da, Cuttings dispersion test results with Green Canyon shale.
# retained
Test fluid | Exper. Corr. Pred.
| results results results
average 0.03 M NaCl ban
0.178 ev Polyglycerol/NaCl | 27.2 15.45 8.8
0.357 @v Polyglycerol/NaCl | 28.8 17.05 10
0.714 &v Polyglycerol/Nacl | 29.2, 17.45 14.4
1.43 ev Polyglycerol/NaCl | 32 20.25 18
2.86 sv Polyglycerol/NaCl | 38.8 27.05 19.6
average fresh water (FY) | 11.75
0.178 sv Polyglycerol/FY | 11.2
0.357 ev Polyglycerol/FH | 12.4
0.714 tv Polygiycerol/FH | 16.8
1,43 tv Polyglycerol/FH | 20.4
2.86 tv Polyglycerol/FY | 2
Table 4b. Cuttings dispersion test results with Belridge shale.
8 retained
Test fluid | Exper. Corr. Pred.
| results results results
average 0.03 M NaCl | 2
1.43 sv Polyglycerol/NaGl | 25.6 24.2 15.2
2.86 tv Polyglycerol/Nacl | 40.4 9 iste
average fresh water (FY) | 1.4
1.43 ev Polyglycerol/FX | 6.8
2.86 ev Polyglycerol/FH =| (11.2
In Table 5 data are shown that polyglycerol can be mixed into
a polymeric or bentonitic based mud system. The results indicate
thet properties which are reasonable for field operations can be
formulated in the laboratory using polyglycerol.10
-10-
Resinex is a water-soluble, heat stable synthetic resin used
for high temperature fluid loss sold by MI Drilling Fluid Company.
XC polymer is a water soluble polymer including polysaccharides, as
sold under the trade nane "Kelzan XC" by Kelco Corp. CMC is
carboxynethylcellulose, PHPA refers to partially hydrolyzed
polyacrylamide
The drilling fluids vere mixed and hot rolled for 16 hours.
The test for fluid loss and the test for the High Pressure High
‘Temperature (HPHT) are described in the API Stendard Procedures of
Field Testing Drilling Fluid (RP 135). This docusent further
describes the way in which the shear stress at 600 RPM and at 300
ROM (in 16/100 £t”), the plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (¥P)
and gel strength at 10 seconds and at 10 minutes (in 1b/100 £¢”)
were determined using @ Fann 35A viscometer.-u-
Table 5. Laboratory mud formulations, formulations 1, 2 ané 3
comprise seawater and bentonite, and formulations 4 and 5
are a polymer mud
Formulation
Seawater (ml)
Water (ml) a - = 284-226
NaCl (em) a : - m1 56
Polyglycerol 8v (e326 0 23
NO : a
35g soe 35 : 5
367-360 354-277 264,
Bentonite (gm)
Drill solids (gm)
Barite (gm)
!
|
'
|
|
I
I
I
I
cis (gn) 1 6 6 6 + =
cue (en) po. ot 2 2. 05
Resinex (gm) | 2 2 2 - -
Xe Polymer (gm) 1 = = = SO
starch (gm) Poe ee
PHEA (gx) 1 = = 0,25 0,25
Density (1b/gal) 1 16 16 16 4 14
600 RPM 1 on a 8 62 95
300 RPM 1 42 46 50 39 62
PY (cps) 1 300 85 8B
‘YP (1b/100 at?) | li 12 15 16 28
10 s gel 13 4 S$ 4 5
10 min gel ; 23 Ww wn 9
apt fluid loss (@)| 15 5.5 21S
Cake thickness |
(32nd in) I 4 2 2 5 2
HPHT (ml) 300 FF | 26.5 12.5 9.5 22.3 13.5
Cake thickness I
|
(32nd in)-12-
In Table 6 results are shown to indicate that polyglycerol
does reduce the freezing point of fresh water or salt water
solution (containing 2.5 ¢w NaCl). This indicates that polyglycerol
would be an effective inhibitor of gas hydrates
Table 6. Freezing point depressions (°C) for polyglycerol solution
determined using the ASTH-D1177 method.
Solvent & Polyglycerol Freezing point
fresh water 0 0
fresh water 15 “2
fresh water 30 5
fresh water 60 6
2.5% Nach ° a
2.5% NaCl 1s 6
2.5% NaCl 30 14
2.5% NaCl 60 -13
‘The foregoing description of the invention is merely intended
to be explanatory thereof, and various changes in the details of
the described method may be made within the scope of the appended
claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.10
4s
20
25
=e
CLAIMS
1. Water base drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and
a polyglycerol.
2. Water base drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and
a sufficient amount of polyglycerol to reduce the freezing point of
the drilling fluid.
3, Water base drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and
a sufficient amount of polyglycerol to inhibit formation of gas
hydrates in the drilling fluid.
4. Water base drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and
a sufficient amount of polyglycerol to prevent shale dispersion in
a borehole in which the drilling fluid is employed.
5, Water base drilling fluid comprising water, clay or polymer and
a sufficient amount of polyglycerol to reduce drilling fluid loss
4n a borehole in which the drilling fluid is employed.
6. Water base drilling fluid as claimed in any one of claims 1-5
including glycerol.
7. Water base drilling fluid as claimed in any one of claims 1-6
including salt.
8. Method for drilling a well comprising determining whether the
formation to be érilled will subject a drilling fluid to et least
one problem of (a) freezing, (b) gas hydrate formation, (c) shale
dispersion, and (4) fluid loss; providing the érilling fluid with
polyglycerol sufficient to substantially prevent the problem from
occurring; rotating the érill string to cut @ borehole into the
earth; and circulating the érilling fluid through the drill string
and through the annulus between the drill string ané the wall of
the borehole.
9. Method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the drilling fluid is
further provided with glycerol.ee
10, Method as claimed in claim 8 or 9, wherein the drilling fluid
is further provided with a salt.
11, Water base drilling fluid as claimed in claim 1 substantially
as described in the specification with reference to the examples.