c/ste L pater (i) upc 626.07.012 June 1976 CIRIA GUIDE 1 A guide to the design of anchor blocks for post-tensioned prestressed concrete members PUBLICATION Das4 ( CIRIA) is the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Icis a non-profit-distributing organisation carrying out research on 7 Peto is members Membership includes all types of firms and organisations which have an involvement construction, including clients, designers, consultants, contractors and suppliers. ‘The members collaborate in research aimed at improving the efficiency of design, construction and management, and the performance and serviceability of building and civil engineering works, They initiate and take part in the research programme, and have preferential access to the results of research projects. CIRIA obtains cost effectiveness by contracting out the detailed and specialist aspects of research to the most suitable extemal bodies. The cost of research is met from member subscriptions and special contributions, supplemented in some cases by public funds. For further details and subscription rates apply to The Secretary, CIRIA, 6 Storey's Gate, ‘Westminster, London SW1P 3AU, Telephone: 01-222 8891.SUMMARY ‘A Guide to the design of anchor blocks for post-tensioned prestressed concrete members. Construction Industry Research and Information Association Guide 1, June 1976 ‘This Guide is based on current international codes of practice and on other definitive non-mandatory publications. A review of work published since 1962 is included. The structural behaviour of anchor blocks is briefly outlined, followed by design instructions for anchor blocks on both rectangular and non-rectangular ‘members. Additional design considerations included are: forces due to curved ‘ables, influence of support reaction, anchorages near cosners, and bearing stresses behind anchor plates. Requirements for primary, secondary (or Squilibsium), and end face steel reinforcement are given. A detailed design ‘example shows how the recommendations in the Guide can be used. Keywords (from Construction Industry Thesauris) jorage zone; Loading properties; Post tensioning; Prestressed concrete; Teinfecement Ste Structural enpeeing Sturmer Testing Reader Interest Concrete Designers; Highway Engineers; Resident Engineers,CIRIA GUIDE 1 JUNE 1976 (reprinted 1984) A guide to the design of anchor blocks for post-tensioned prestressed concrete ‘This document is intended to provide members with guidance on the design of anchor blocks for post-tensioned prestressed concrete members. It is based largely on existing published information which has been assessed critically and presented in a form suitable for application in practice. Every effort has been made to ensure that the guidance given is based on the best available knowledge or experience at the time of presentation, but no responsibility of whatever kind for any injury, delay, loss or damage however caused resulting from the use of such ‘guidance can be accepted by CIRIA or the contributors. Price: €15 (£3 CIRIA members) ISBN: 086017 080 2 ISSN: 0306-3267 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH ANO INFORMATION ASSOCIATION 6 STOREY'S GATE, LONDON swiP 3aU ‘Telephone 01-222 8991 Telex 24224, prefix 2063,‘This Guide has been prepared for CIRIA by: Author J. L. Clarke PhD MA MICE Assessors R. E, D. Burrow BSc (Eng) MICE J. Harvey BSc MICE MIMechE H. E, Lewis MSe DIC MICE Cement and Concrete Association Taylor Woodrow Construction Ltd. PSC. Equipment Lid. E.W.H. Gifford & PartnersContents NOTATION SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION . STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANCHOR BLOCKS |. DESIGN OF ANCHOR BLOCKS FOR RECTANGULAR MEMBERS 3.1 General 3.2 Determination of 3.3 Reinforcement of primary prisms 3.4 Equilibrium of end zone 3.5 Reinforcement to resist spalling DESIGN OF ANCHOR BLOCKS FOR NON-RECTANGULAR MEMBERS 4.1 General 4.2 Rectangular anchor blocks in flanged members 4.3 Non-rectangular anchor blocks 4.4 Anchorages in the body of a member . ADDITIONAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 Forces due to curved cables 5.2 Influence of support reaction 5.3 Anchorages near corners 5.4 Bearing stresses behind anchor plates . DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT 6.1 General 6.2 Primary steel 6.3 Secondary or equilibrium steel 6.4 End face steel . REVIEW OF PUBLISHED WORK 7.1 General 7.2 Theoretical approaches 7.3 Tests on concrete members 7.4 Photo-elastic tests 7.5 Design methods and review papers 7.6 Summary of work on anchor blocks: 7.7 Bearing capacity of concrete |. DESIGN EXAMPLE 8.1 Geometry and prestress levels 8.2 Primary reinforcement 8.3 Secondary or equilibrium reinforcement 8.4 Check on horizontal shear capacity 8.5 Flow of stresses into flange 8.6 Reinforcement to resist spalling 8.7 Reinforcement details REFERENCES nsions of primary prismsList of illustrations Figure Figure Figure igure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure COs @ ae one Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15, Figure 16 Figure 17 ‘Stresses in block with single central load ‘Simplified force system in end blocks Isometric diagram of measured transverse surface strains on axially- loaded prism Principal stress trajectories for a block with three anchorages Isometric diagram of theoretical transverse surface strains on prism loaded by two anchorages Isometric diagram of messured transverse surface strains on rectangular block on flanged member Determination of primary prisms Reduction of bursting force in slabs Reduction of bursting force for anchorages distributed in two directions Equilibrium of end zone Equivalent loading on flange Reinforcement for anchorage in a pocket Reinforcement for anchorage on a rib Anchor block on thin web Variation of bursting force with ratio of side of loaded area to side of block Cross-sectional geometry for design example Reinforcement details for design exampleNotation The following notation is used in this Guide Ypo ‘Area of reinforcing steel Width of section Breadth of web Characteristic strength of reinforcing steel Tensile bursting force Resultant horizontal force Overall depth of member Reduction factor Bending moment Part of prestressing force transmitted into flanges Design load applied to anchorage Lateral component of design prestress load Horizontal shear force Horizontal shear stress Half the sie of the primary prism Half the side of the loaded area Asoh Additional symbols are defined in the text as they occur.Summary This Guide is based on current intemational codes of practice and on other definitive non- mandatory publications. A review of work published since 1962 is included. ‘The structural behaviour of anchor blocks is briefly outlined, followed by design instructions for anchor blocks on both rectangular and non-rectangular members. Additional design considerations included ate: forces due to curved cables, influence of support reaction, anchorages near comers, and bearing stresses behind anchor plates. Requirements for primary, secondary (or equilibrium), and end face steel reinforcement are given ‘A detailed design example shows how the recommendations in the Guide can be used.1. Introduction This Guide has been prepared by the author and approved by the assessors (see page 2) as an authoritative statement of the art and of good practice in the design ofthe anchorage regions of ost-tensioned prestressed concrete members. The Guide is intended for use by designers. Its based on current codes of practice, such asthe Brith CP 110) and the French 73-64 BIS®, and on classical works on prestressed concrete by such authorities as Leonhardt) and Guyon, The Guide hes been written on the assumption that the user has a good knowledge of design procedures, but may have little experience in the design of prestressed concrete. Iti not intended to be a handbook on the design of prestressed members in general but is solely cconcemed with the anchorage zone (i. the region in the immediate vicinity of the anchorages ‘of the prestressing tendons). Most theoretical and experimental work on anchor blocks has been concerned with single ‘or multiple anchorages on members with simple geometries. This Guide gives simple design methods for the reinforcement of such anchor blocks. In addition, it provides the designer with a general description of the force system which occurs in anchor blocks, so that, by under- standing their behaviour, he will be able to find a valid numerical solution in more complex cases. For this purpose, the Guide includes @ review of the most important published works on anchor blocks, covering experimental work, analysis, and codes of practice. ‘The Guide deals only with commonly encountered design situations in which the anchor block is prestressed in one direction only. In some cases it may be possible to take advantage of the existence of multi-axial prestress to allow a reduction in the reinforcement of the anchorage zone, Such arrangements are not, at present, covered by codes of practice, and must be substantiated by direct reference to appropriate research work. In some cases where the anchorage arrangement andjor the structural configuration are unusual or complex, the guidelines in this Guide may not be fully appropriate. In such situations it is recommended that detailed analysis should be carried out to define the pattems of stress and the most appropriate distribution of the reinforcement. ‘The Guide follows the limit state principles given in CP 110) and should be used in conjunction with it. All the calculations are carried out at the ultimate limit tate. It is assumed that all materials comply with the relevant sections of CP 110 and that concrete has no tensile strength. Some cracking of the anchor block may occur during stressing, but the design methods proposed should lead to crack widths which do not exceed the maximum permis values given in CP 110, Consequently, no serviceability check is required. Where quantitative recommendations are given in the Guide they are, in some instances, likely to be rather conservative, reflecting the uncertainty that surrounds certain aspects of the problem of the design of anchor blocks. Further investigations and even more conservative design criteria (e.g lower limits on strains, ‘rack sizes and steel stresses) may be appropriate in certain cases such as when the anchorages are in continuous structures, portal frames, large box girders, shell structures, structures of| complex form in the anchorage region, and where there are stress fields not balanced by the anchorage forces but which stress the anchorage region ible 2. Structural behaviour of anchor blocks In a pre-stressed post-tensioned concrete member, the pre-stressing force is applied to the concrete through relatively small anchorages causing high local stresses which reduce asthe force spreads out over the cross-section of the member. The region in which this spread occurs is known as the anchorage zone and that part of the member within this zone is known as the anchor block. A similar zone occurs asa result of any locally-applied load or reaction (e.g. at supports). ‘The stress pattem in the anchor block is quite different from that in the main body of the ‘member. Thus the design of the anchorage zone must be given special consideration. Local thickening of the concrete is often required to accommodate the anchors and to allow sufficient space for applying the prestress, and this also has an influence on the distribution of stressFigure 1 ‘Stresses in block with single central load (reproduced from Reference 3) 8 Lines of principal stress are known as stress trajectories. The compressive stress trajectories are shown in Figure 1a for the simple case of a single load applied to the centre of a rectangular block, from which it may be seen that they spread out in the form of an S becoming parallel at a distance from the loaded face about equal to the depth of the member. Each trajectory may be thought of as a strut carrying part of the total load. Where the strut is ccurved, there is a component of thrust, at right angles to the line of action of the applied load, ‘causing lateral compressions and tensions in the block as shown in Figure 1b. Reinforcement is required to resist the lateral tensile forces (which are generally referred to as bursting stresses). ‘The maximum bursting stresses occur where the trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load. The magnitude of the total bursting force, Fy, depends on the applied load ‘and on the relative size of the loaded area —— compressive Tennie (0) Principal stress trajectories “Transverse tension Aili. Witte (b) Stressn on centre tne of block ‘Teaneverse compressionFigure 2 Simplified force system in end blocks Figure 3 Isometric diagram of red transverse surface strains on axially-loaded prism {reproduced from Reference 7) A simplification of this system of forces is shown in Figure 2 in which the stress ‘trajectories have been replaced by straight thrusts. This arrangement is easier to visualise than a network of trajectories. Assuming that the geometry of the triangle of forces is known, the bursting force may be determined from a simple equilibrium calculation. ‘The spread of forces occurs on both axes. This is illustrated in Figure 3, which shows tensile strains measured on the surface of an axially-loaded prism. 05 4Figure 4 Principal stress trajectories for block with three anchorages (based on Reference 3) 10 ‘Some manufacturers of prestressing equipment provide helical reinforcement with their anchorage systems. This may be considered as part of the end block reinforcement around the anchorages, provided that the requirements of detailing, covered later in this Guide, are met. In most cases the supplied reinforcementis not sufficient to deal with all the stresses set up in the anchorage zone. Research has shown that, when the load is applied ecoentrically or when there are several anchorages, two distinct distributions of stress occur, firstly near the anchorages and secondly over the whole cross-section of the member. Figure 4 shows the stress trajectories in a block with three anchorages. At a distance from the loaded face approximately equal to the distance ‘between the tendons, the compressive trajectories are parallel. This point marks the end of the first distribution. In this example, the second distribution is not very pronounced, but generally it is necessary to check the overall equilibrium of the anchor block because the pattern of stress at the end of the first distribution is not the same as that in the main body of the member. —— compresive Teraie Figure 5 shows tensile strains measured on the surface of a block with two symmetrically-placed tendons. ‘Where possible, anchorages should be arranged to give an overall pattem of loading similar to that in the main body of the member. This reduces the stresses in the second distribution zone to a level at which nominal reinforcement is sufficient to ensure the equilibrium of the anchorage zone. However, practical requirements may necessitate an anchorage arrangement ‘which causes marked differences in the loading patterns. In such cases reinforcement is required to.carry the lateral forces in the second zone. ‘So far, this section has been concemed with rectangular anchor blocks on rectangular members. In practice, flanged members are commonly used but itis often necessary to use a rectangular block to accommodate the anchorages. The resulting change of section leads to a further set of stresses which must be considered in the design of the anchor block. As well as the bursting forces near the anchorage, a second tensile zone is set up near the change of section. This is caused by the deep beam action of the block spanning between the flanges, and is illustrated in Figure 6, which shows the tensile strains measured on the surface of a rectan- gular anchor block on the end of an I beam.N 3) Mh Xe Sy 4 aN We eA} ws we ~ a YS vee ek Tx Cx SSS / NS S T ~ SAM XY Sal Ke we ANA aoa YAS YA — Wc WN 2d, where dy and d ae the dimension fom the line of tetion of the fore to the boundaries of the nonsymmetrieal prism, addtional reinforcement Should be provided close tothe end face of the prism to cary a force equal to a-d;)* o2[ aaa] the same limiting tress and strain applying. This steel need be supplied ony in the plane of the unsymmetrical prism and not atrghtangles to it These recommendations are bated on the French Code of Practice), 4. Design of anchor blocks for non-rectangular members 4.1 GENERAL ‘The preceding sections have dealt with the design of simple rectangular anchor blocks. In practice, prestressed concrete beams are more usually rectangular. This section of the Guide is intended to show how the design methods proposed for rectangular members may be applied to non-rectangular members. 42 RECTANGULAR ANCHOR BLOCKS ON FLANGED MEMBERS Itis often necessary, in order to accommodate the anchorage system, to provide a rectangular anchor block at the end of a flanged member. However, the reinforcement for such a block is, ‘more complicated than that for a rectangular member, as a second lateral tensile zone occurs ‘near the change of section. This is because the majority of the load in the anchor block is carried by the flanges and the block effectively acts as a deep beam spanning between the flanges. Structural behaviour in this region has not been adequately researched. Consequently, the design method proposed is only approximate but it is considered to be conservative. w7‘When designing the reinforcement for the Second tensile zone it should be assumed that, all the load is cartied by the flanges (i. that the web is far les rigid than the anchor block). The tensile force (and hence the area of steel) required may be determined either from the CEB design method for deep beams or from analogous truss theory. When the cross-sectional area of steel calculated by these methods is less than that resulting from the equilibrium check, no additional reinforcement is required. If itis greater, additional steel should be provided, again in the form of closed links running the full height of the block, and should be uniformly distributed over a distance of 0.2h from the interface with the flanged member. 4.3 NON-RECTANGULAR ANCHOR BLOCKS Because of the problems associated with rectangular anchor blocks on flanged members, it is theoretically preferable to use an anchor block having the same cross-section as the main ‘member. For such an anchor block, the design consists of determining the primary prisms associated with each anchorage and then considering the overall equilibrium of the whole end block® + | Stress dstbution , ao x stcistance D | from landed fece Pp 0.80 (or + feb! ee bw _.| * corer, —| | Figure 11 Equivalent loading on flange 18 mM TT} Horizontal reinforcementFigure 12 Reinforcement for anchorage in a pocket Ina flanged member in which the anchorages are in the web only, there is, in addition to the distribution of stresses in the vertical plane, a horizontal distribution of stress in the flange ‘The rate at which the compressive stress flows into the flange depends on the geometry of the member. However, for the purpose of designing the end block reinforcement, itis necessary to consider only the total force, P, flowing into the flange. This should be determined at a distance from the loaded surface equal to the flange width. The transverse bursting stresses in te flange should be determined assuming that Pacts on @ width, by. at the loaded end of the flange. This is illustrated in Figure 11. If the overall depth of the member, fis greater than b, then the flange reinforcement should extend to a distance h from the loaded end. 4.4 ANCHORAGES IN THE BODY OF A MEMBER In certain circumstances it may be necessary to anchor a tendon, not at the end of the member Dut at some intermediate point along it. An anchorage of this type may be entirely inside the member, in a pocket, or on an external rib (see Figures 12 and 13). ‘Consider first an anchorage in a pocket. The concrete immediately behind the anchor is in ‘compression, but on either side of the pocket itis restrained by the surrounding member. This produces tensile stresses in the prestressing direction immediately beside the pocket. It is difficult to estimate the level of these stresses as the member may; in addition, bein overall compression because of other prestressing forces. However, additional Longitudinal reinforce- ment should be provided at the edges of the pocket 2s well 3s.the usual reinforcement against ‘bursting. The amount of reinforcement required depends on the overall level of prestress in the concrete, but Leonhardt suggests that the longitudinal reinforcement should be capable of ‘carrying at least 0.5P,, and should be fully anchored. The amount of lateral reinforcement, against bursting, should be determined as for an endloaded prism. It is best provided in the form of a spiral, with additional lateral reinforcement to transfer the Toad to the longitudinal bars. These recommendations are known to be conservative, and their use may lead to congestion, OTT WML Section Longitudinal bars Pocket ste Angibursting tee! 19Figure 13 Reinforcement for an anchorage on a rib ‘Additional reinforcement to take __ lateral component of presrese force Continuing eable If the anchorage is on an extemal rib, similar longitudinal reinforcement is required. However, because, in this case, the tendon is curved, there isa lateral component of load which. ‘must be resisted by additional reinforcement anchored back into the main body of the member. 5. Additional design considerations Figure 14 Anchor block on thin web 20 5.1 FORCES DUE TO CURVED CABLES In addition to considering the flow of the compressive forces into the member, leading to lateral tensions, itis necessary to consider the geometry of the tendons, If they are curved, there isa lateral component of the prestressing force to be resisted by additional reinforcement. One typical case is illustrated in Figure 14, which shows a plan view of a narrow web which has been flared out to allow a suitable configuration at the anchorage. Reinforcement is required along the length of the taper to prevent cracks forming along the lines indicated. In this particular instance, the lateral components from the two outer cables balance each other. If the cables were not symmetrical about the centre-line of the web (e.g. if one of the outer cables was omitted), there would be a net lateral force on the anchor block which would have to be transferred to the remainder of the structure. In addition, the sequence of stressing may be such as to set up lateral forces. It may be necessary to check the resistance to shear and bending resulting from these outof-balance forces. Local lateral forces due to curved cables may be high, and closely-spaced reinforcement may be required to prevent local splitting. Lateral reinforcement 10 carry lateral component5.2 INFLUENCE OF SUPPORT REACTION It has been shown, by means of photo-lastc tests (Leonhardt), that the reaction from a support near the end of a beam reduces the bursting force induced by the lowest anchorage. However, the reduction may be small and so itis worthwhile taking account oft only or very refined designs or when the end block i very highly congested with reinforcement. ‘When the support reaction is applied within a distance from the loaded end equal to the sizeof the primary prism surrounding the lowermost anchorage, the bursting force may be factored by (1-R/Py) where R is the reaction at the time of prestressing. The reduction should not exceed 20%. No reduction should be applied to the bursting forces induced by any other than the lowest anchorages. Also, when the sequence of construction is such that the beam is prestressed prior to erection, no reduction should be made. In addition to the effect of the support reaction in reducing the bursting stress around the lowest anchorage, a reaction applied through a bearing induoes horizontal bursting stresses above the bearing, The magnitude of this bursting force may be determined as for an anchorage, taking the width of the primary prism as twice the distance from the centre-line of the support to the end of the beam, 5.3 ANCHORAGES NEAR CORNERS When anchorages are placed near a comer of a member there isa risk of local failure, This is particularly important at the bottom comer if a horizontal force may be induced through a support. Particular care should be taken to tie the anchorage to the bulk of the member. The shear should be checked on possible planes of rupture, using the allowable force given in the Section dealing with overall equilibrium of the block, 5.4 BEARING STRESSES BEHIND ANCHOR PLATES In general, the designer of the anchor block is not concemed with the bearing stresses behind ‘the anchorage as the size of the anchorage is determined by the manufacturer of the equipment. However, the dimensions the manufacturer uses are chosen on the assumption that normal strength concrete is used and that prestressing does not take place before the concrete has reached adequate strength. However, when the sequence of construction is such that stressing takes place at an early age, the designer should refer the problem of the bearing stresses to the ‘manufacturer. It may then be necessary to justify the size of anchorage experimentally. 6. Detailing of reinforcement 6.1 GENERAL ‘There always tends to be a congestion of reinforcement in the anchorage zones of prestressed ‘members, and care should be taken to see that sufficient clearance is provided to allow effective placing and compaction of the concrete. Where in-situ casting is to be used, the detailing should 21allow space for the insertion of vibrators close behind the anchor assemblies and at regular intervals along the length of the anchor block. In some cases it may be advantageous to precast the end of the anchor block embodying the anchor assemblies, using this as a stop-end to the ‘main formwork and suitably keying it to the rest of the member. ‘The detailing of the anchorage zone should be in accordance with the relevant clauses of CP 110, with the additional recommendations given below. 62 PRIMARY STEEL Reinforcement of the primary prisms should be by spirals, shape code 86, ot by closed links, shape code 60 modified to have swept bends of 5 xbar diameter with lapping or anchoring past the point of maximum tension for a length of 34 diameters, allowing 8 diameters for aright angle bend, When using a spiral, the diameter should be at least SO mm greater than the size of the anchorage. The reinforcement should be distributed in a region extending from 0.2), to 2yo from the loaded face and is in addition to the 0.3% required for equilibrium. 6.3 SECONDARY OR EQUILIBRIUM STEEL For a length equal to the overall height, the end block should be reinforced vertically by closed links, shape code 60, extending the full height of the block and enclosing the tendons. The area, of the links should not be less than 0.3% of the horizontal cross-sectional area of the web. The spacing of the links should be governed by Section 3.11.8 of CP 110. At all comers, the links should pass round a horizontal bar, a tendon or a group of tendons. The diameter of the link steel should not be greater than the diameter of the bar, tendon or group round which it passes. 6.4 END FACE STEEL ‘The end face should be reinforced with closed links, shape code 60, placed vertically, and with U bats, shape code 38, placed horizontally. The reinforcement should lie as close to the end. face as the requirements of cover allow and should be uniformly distributed. This ste! is in addition to that required to resist bursting or to maintain equilibrium. 7. Review of published work 2 7.1 GENERAL ‘This section gives a brief summary of some of the literature on end blocks for post-tensioned ‘members published since 1962. The work prior to 1962 has been reviewed by Zielinski and Rowel”®) who compared the results of the various investigations, For convenience the papers have been grouped into four categories as follows: 1. theoretical approaches 2, tests on concrete specimens 3. photo-lastic tests 4, design methods and review papers and are considered below in chronological order.7.2 THEORETICAL APPROACHES Gerstner and Zienkiewice™ carried out a two-dimensional analysis of the stress distribution caused by a line load on a semi-infinite medium, using a theory of elasticity approach. The results agreed well with those of Guyon, Iyengar“) used Fourier series to investigate the stress distribution in two dimensions, presenting elasticity equations for the solution of four different loading cases: symmetrical and. unsymmetrical, direct and tangential forces. He presented results only for the symmetrical, direct loading case which compared well with Guyon’s predictions and with the results of photoelastic tests by Christodoulides, Rydzewski and Whitbread”) used a three-dimensional elasticity method to analyse short rectangular end blocks on I or T beams. They give a detailed method for calculating the forces set up in the end-biock and the lead-in zone in the beam, On the basis of the analysis they present a simplified design approach for axially-loaded symmetrical sections. The design ‘method was justified by comparison with the results of two photo-elastic tests (see below). Iyengar and Yoganada('2) extended lyengar’s earlier analysis to three dimensions, idealising the problem to that of a circular beam with a coaxial cable duct under a circular load at one end. The three-dimensional elasticity solution led to somewhat lower stresses then those predicted by Douglas and Trahair and by Guyon™ Gaynor?) assumed the existence of a crack on the centre-tine of an axially-loaded prism and used a beam on elastic support analysis to determine the transverse stress distribution. He concluded that the total bursting force which is higher than that predicted by Guyon. Gergely and Sozen(™ considered the equilibrium of the end zone, assuming a horizontal crack atthe critical evel. They give a simple method for determining the amount of vertical stee] based on assumed length of crack and a limiting strain across the crack. A table of coefficients is provided to sid the design process for I sections. However, the authors give no guidance as to the length of the crack nor the optimum distribution of the lateral reinforcement. Yettram and Robbins "S: !® ysed three-dimensional finite element analysis to investigate the stress distributions in rectangular and I sections under symmetrical and eccentric loading with single and multiple loads. Ther results agreed well with the two-dimensional analyses carried out by Guyon and Iyengar but the forces predicted were well below those determined by Zielinski and Rowe. They suggest that, for multiple anchorages, Guyon’s equivalent prism method gives a satisfactory indication of the magnitude and the distribution of the bursting forces. 7.3 TESTS ON CONCRETE SPECIMENS Zielinski and Rowe(”>®) were the first to carry out a comprehensive practical investigation, testing end blocks with both single and multiple anchorages. Rectangular and I sections were considered. On the basis of the tests the authors suggested an empirical method for determining. the total tensile force and its distribution. The total force suggested by the method is appreciably higher than that indicated by the mathematical analyses referred to earlier. In their tests on rectangular blocks on the ends of | beams, they noted the presence of a second tensile stress zone near the change of section, the total force being some 70% of that in the immediate vicinity of the anchorages. Huang”) tested an I beam with rectangular end blocks. He made no attempt to draw any general conclusions, but again indicated that a second tensile zone exists near the junction ‘with the flanged member. Huang suggested that the lateral force in this region was approxi- ‘mately equal to that in the primary prism and that reinforcement should be provided in both directions to take the force, distributed over the end quarter of the block. Thiel and Zietinski('®) took strain readings during the stressing of a 2-m deep beam forming part of a bridge in Morocco. The beam had been designed using Guyon's method ofa suecessive prisms. No cracks were observed in the anchorage zone, the tensile strains being 150 ‘micro-strain or less. The results overall appeared to be in good agreement with Guyon’s approach, Taylor" tested concrete prisms axially loaded with single anchorages. The anchorage zone was subjected to combinations of lateral tension and compression, putting the concrete into a state of triaxial stress. The results indicated that the maximum transverse stress was somewhat greater than the various mathematical approaches would suggest, but lower than the values from Zielinski and Rowe. Tassi and Windisch) tested stepped end blocks with an overall depth of about 1 m, The reinforcement for the different specimens was designed by different methods: those of Guyon, Zielinski and Rowe, and Yettram and Robbins. The specimens designed by the latter two methods exhibited insignificant cracking at the design prestress load, while the reinforcement designed by the Guyon method appeared, in the view of the authors, to be insufficient in view Of the crack widths. However, they do not record the actual widths of the eracks and so their ‘conclusion is open to debate. Kiyokazu Higashida and Hiroyuki Nakajima?" tested large blocks, each stressed with 18 bars, in three vertical lines of six. They concluded that the theories for single anchorages could ‘be extended to multiple anchorages but suggested that the majority of the steel should be situated on the outside of the section. 7.4 PHOTO-ELASTIC TESTS Leonhardt gives details of a comprehensive series of two-dimensional tests carried out by M. Sargious at Stuttgart Univesity. These looked at both single and multiple anchorages and also considered the influence of the support reaction on the bursting stresses, The tests confirmed that, for multiple anchorages, Guyon’s approach of successive prisms was valid and that the support reaction reduces the bursting stresses set up by the lowest tendon, Rydzewski and Whitbread"! used the technique of stress freezing to look atthe three-dimensional distribution of stress inthe end block and part of an I beam which they hhad considered analytically. The photo-lastic tests confirmed their analysis, referred to earlier in Section 7.2. Philips and Mantei(?2) carried out two 700 650 NIL 650 a 1170 | -520 1200 950 1170 | -220 1170 | -220 200 80 NIL, 80 NIL 80 700 290 NIL 290 2 NIL 290 1200 500 NL} 500 1170 | -670 200 550 NIL, 550 1170 | ~620 00 1670 170 | 450 s | 2340 | -720 1200 270 2340 | - 30 2340 | - 70 200 410 NIL, 410 170 | ~760 . 700 1260 17a | - 90 2 1170, | = 90 1200 | 1820 1170 650 2340 | 520 t— en 200 300 NIL. 300 NIL 300 700 a0 | NIL 940 b 170 | -230 1200 1450 1170, | 280 2340 | -390 200 630 NIL 630 1170 | ~S40 : 700 1940 i | 70 2340 | —400 1200 2770 2340 | 430 I 3510 | ~740 Maximum shear is 940 KN, giving a shear stress of 1.96 N/mm?. This is below the allowable 2.25 N/mm?, and is thus satisfactory. 8.5 FLOW OF STRESSES INTO FLANGE (see Section 4.3) Ina flanged member in which the anchorages are in the web, there is a flow of stress into the flange. This sets up lateral tensile forces which have to be carried by lateral reinforcement. As @Figure 17 Reinforcement details for design example simple approach, itis assumed for design purposes that all the force flowing into the flange isin fact applied at the loaded end of the member over a width equal to that ofthe web, Load in lange = 147 KN. Width of web = 240 mm, Width of flange = 1300 mm, so effective ¥po/¥0= 0.18. $0 Fyu/Px = 0.23, giving Fay = 33.9 KN. Required area of sce! = 170 mm?. In this instance this area of steel is provided by the nominal 0.3% reinforcement in the flange required by Section 3.11.4.2 of CP 110. 8.6 REINFORCEMENT TO RESIST SPALLING (see Section 3.5) At the end surface, spalling stresses are set up which can lead to cracking and, in some cases, to pieces of concrete breaking away. To prevent this, sufficient steel must be placed near the end surface to carry a force of 0.04Py, in each of two directions at right angles to the applied force. Py = 1170 kN, so required steel force = 46 KN. In addition, tendon 3 could be associated with an unsymmetrical prism in which d; = 800 mm and d = 250 mm, As d > 2d, additional steel must be provided to carry ‘800 — 250]* 02 peas0 x LITO KN = 33 kN For convenience, provide steel to carry 79 KN vertically throughout and 46 kN laterally for each prism. Area of vertical reinforcement required = 395 mm?, so use a pair of closed 12-mm dia, links. Area provided = 452mm: Laterally, each prism requires 230 mm? of steel Use three 10mm dia U bars for each prism, giving an area of 236 mm? 8.7 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS A suitable arrangement for the reinforcement calculated in this example is shown in Figure 17. | 10mm 9 U Bars at 150 es Tomm 9 U Bars tbo. 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