Components of Food Introduction We all eat variety of food items i.e, milk, cereals, pulses, eggs, fish, etc, to stay alive, as it provides us energy to carry out various life activities. In the previous chapter, we studied about different varieties and sources of food. But the question that arises here is, what do these different varieties of food contain? Why do we need to eat different foods? What will happen if our meal consists of a single food? To find out the answer to all these questions, let us study the different components of food. Components of Food We know that the food, we eat, are usually made up of one or more ingredients, which we get from plants or animals. These ingredients contain different components that are needed by our body. These components are called nutrients, Nutrients are, in fact, chemical substances present in food which provide energy and materials needed by the body. ‘The major nutrients present in food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. In addition to this, food contains dietary fibres and water which are also needed by our body. (Natrentsin Food) Carbohydrates | [Fats | [Proteins ] [Vitamins] [Minera ] [Fibre] [Water Every food does not contain all the nutrients. Some foods may be rich in one or more nutrients but may lack the other one. For example, wheat and rice contain significantly more carbohydrates than proteins and vitamins. Therefore, it is important to consume a variety of food to ensure that the body is provided with all kinds of nutrients. Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates are the chemical substances which contain carbon, / hydrogen and oxygen. The bulk of what we eat consists of carbohydrates. They arethemainsource of energy for ourbody.Foodsrichin carbohydrates are also known as energy-giving foods or energy suppliers. Rice Potato Banana Good sources of carbohydrates are rice, wheat, maize, potatoes, banana, etc. Food rich in carbohydrates There are many types of carbohydrates. The main carbohydrates found in our food are in the form of sugars and starch. Sugars Sugars are the simplest carbohydrates. For example glucose, fructose, etc. Fruits and honey, are some sources of sugars. 22 | COMPONENTS OF FOOD.Glucose is a sugar that is broken down very quickly in the body to release energy. Hence, it is given to patients and sportspersons for quick supply of energy. Wiha ti ss To test the presence of sugar in a food. i ¢ Materials required : Food sample, Benedict's solution, test tube, water, burner, test tube holders ete. 5 Nena Procedure : (i) Take a small amount of crushed food sample in a test tube. ‘Add some water to it and shake it well (ii) Add a few drops of Benedict's solution and heat it gently over a burner for about a minute. Benedict's solution th To test the presence of sugar in food © Observation : Benedict's solution (blue in colour) turns reddish orange. Result Change in colour of Benedict's solution indicates that the given food item contains sugar. Starch Starch is a complex carbohydrate. It is formed by many molecules of sugars arranged in a particular manner. Plants produce carbohydrates and store them in the form of starch. Rice, wheat, corn, potato are some sources of starch. To test the presence of starch in a food. © Materials required : Iodine solution, potato slice, petridish, dropper, ete Us ifs ‘To test the presence of starch in food © Procedure : (i) Take a small piece of freshly cut potato slice in a petridish. (i) Pour 2-3 drops of iodine solution over it with the help of a dropper. ‘© Observation : The piece of potato will tum blue-black. ¢ Result : Potato has high content of starch which turns blue black with the addition of iodine solution. Fats Fats, like carbohydrates, are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are also energy-giving components of food. Fats get stored in our body for future use, hence fats are also known as energy banks of our body. Fats give much more energy than carbohydrates. Our body, however uses carbohydrates more easily than fats for producing energy. Fats are obtained from both plant and animal sources. Oils such as groundnut, sunflower, coconut, mustard, etc, are obtained from plants. Butter and ghee are the fats obtained from animal sources. Meat, fish, and cheese are also good sources of animal fats. Nuts possess considerable amounts of oils Cea converted into fats. 1 ‘These fats are stored under the skin and around various organs like eyes, ll _ liver, heart and kidneys. Fats, which form a layer under skin, provide warmth. Food rich in fats and fats, { When we eat more carbohydrates than our body requirement, they are sg Biology | Class 6 5 ‘COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 23Fats around certain organs such as eyes and kidneys provide protection to these organs by acting as shock absorbers, Fats are essential for our body, but eating too much of fat-rich food can make us overweight and finally lead to obesity. To test the presence of fats in the given food sample. 1 Y, ACTIVITY © Materials required : Food samples of groundnut, almond, aig etc, and paper. * Procedure : The food item to be tested is placed between the folds of a piece of paper and crushed. © Observation : An oily patch is observed on the paper. © Result : The presence of the oily patch proves the presence of fats in the given food sample Proteins Our body is made up of billions of cells. When we grow, our body needs proteins to make new cells. Our body also needs proteins to replace old and damaged cells. Thus, food containing proteins are called body- building foods. Growing children and sick people require more proteins in their diet. Like fats, proteins are "also obtained from both plants and animals. Pulses and soybeans are plant proteins. Meat, fish, eggs and milk are animal proteins. The total requirement of proteins for an adult is about 50-60 grams per day (about 1 gram per kilogram body weight). Children have growing bodies and hence require more proteins per kilogram 0 Cais bovee Fish Meat Milk Pulses Food rich in proteins To test the presence of proteins in the given food sample. ‘* Materials required : Food sample, solution of copper sulphate, solution of caustic soda, test tube, dropper, etc. Copper Splphate e come || vm MN ‘To test the presence of proteins in the given food sample 1 ae ii Purple = protein Colour © Procedure : (i) Grind/mash a small quantity of the food item (if solid) and put it in the test tube. Gi) Add 5 mL of water into the test tube and shake it. (iii) Using a dropper, add 2-3 drops of solution of copper sulphate and ten drops of solution of caustic soda into the test tube. (iv) Shake well and let the test tube stand for few minutes. ‘© Observation : The colour of the solution changes to purple or violet. ‘© Result : Appearance of violet colour indicates the presence of proteins in the given food sample. 24 | components oF F000 Cass 6 | Biology@ ‘Fats are used as an energy store by our body’. Explain this statement? Ans, : Fats are energy-giving components of food. Excess of fats are stored under the skin and around certain organs such as heart and kidneys. When wwe are short of energy, our body uses these fats. LUSTRATION essential for the growth, development and repair of the body. Children have growing bodies, hence they require more proteins than adults. In this way, our body uses stored fats aan eneTBY:—@Y wai out of glucose and starch provides instant energy and why? ‘Ans.: Glucose is a simple sugar which provides instant energy. On the other hand, starch is a complex carbohydrate which first gets converted into sugars and then releases energy. @ Protein requirement of children is more than that of adults. Why? ‘Ans.: Proteins are required to make new cells and toreplace old and damaged cells. Proteins are very Vitamins Vitamins are the nutrients that are required by our body in small amounts, but are essential for the proper functioning of our body. Vitamins and minerals are collectively called as protective foods because they help in protecting our body against diseases. Vitamins also help in keeping our eyes, bones, teeth and gums healthy. Vitamins are of different types and known by different names. There is also a group of vitamins called vitamin B-complex. ‘Ourbody needsall types of vitamins. Shortage of any of these vitamins over a long period, results in deficiency diseases. The important vitamins, their sources, functions and deficiency diseases have been listed in the following table. “Functions i Vitami A Sources ~ Deficiency disease Keeping eyes hair and skin’ Poor neal Spinach, carrots, pumpkins, butter, | sweet potatoes, mangoes, papayas, liver and fish-liver oil jon night blindness, low resistance to diseases Proper functioning of digestive | Beriberi, weakness and nervous system Eggs, meat, whole cereals, yeast and milk B, Eggs, peas, beans, milk, green vegetables, fish and meat B; Whole wheat, other whole cereals, potatoes, tomatoes, meat, fish and peanuts By Animal products like meat, fish, liver, eggs and milk c us fruits, guava, amla and tomatoes D_ Fish-liver oil, milk and butter, sunlight K Green leafy vegetables, tomatoes and egg yolk Minerals Keeping skin and mouth. Poor growth, bad skin, sores healthy in mouth Keeping skin, nervous and. Pellagra igestive system healthy Helps in formation of blood | Anaemia and proper growth | —L — Keeping gums and joints| Scurvy-bleeding gums, healthy and building resistance loose teeth and aching joints | to infections Building strong bones and | Rickets in children and soft “teeth b dults | Clotting of blood “Excessive bleeding after injury j Like vitamins, minerals are also required by our body in small amount and are essential for proper functioning, of the body. Their deficiency in the diet also leads to deficiency diseases. Following table lists some important minerals, their sources, functions and deficiency diseases. Biology | Class 6 ‘COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 25erals | Sources _ Importance [Deficiency Iron |Dates, meat, green | For the formation of haemoglobin | Anaemia | vegetables, banana, | L jhoney and dry nuts | __ a _ | Calcium | Milk and milk products, For strong bones and teeth Weak bones and tooth| |__| pulses and egg ee decay | | | | Phosphorus |Meat, fish, eggs, wheat |For the development of strong bones | Weakness; weak teeth an |germ, milk and its) and teeth; for making energy-rich bones L __|products _____compoundls in the cells of our body | _ Potassium | Green vegetables, meat, Help is maintaining body's water Muscle and body cereals and fruits balance weakness Sodium ‘Common salt |For the proper functioning of the | Muscle cramps; Se nervous system dehydration Todised salt and seafood Constituent of thyroxine hormone | Goitre (glands in the neck | that is secreted by thyroid gland | become swollen) mental | jo Lp “disability in children |Fluorine | Water supply, tea and | Makes the enamel of the teeth hard | Dental caries | fish _land prevents dental caries | “Todine Brocco ‘Avocado Fags Papaya Mango ‘Amla Orange Spinach Sources of vitamins and minerals Roughage or dietary fibre Roughage is mainly provided by plant products in our food. Whole grains, pulses, fresh fruits and vegetables are main sources of roughage. These food items contain a lot of fibre in the form of cellulose. This dietary fibre or roughage cannot be digested and does not provide any nutrient to our body, but constitutes an important part of our diet. Roughage adds bulk to the undigested food material. This helps in easy bowel movement and to get rid of the undigested food. Thus, roughage helps to prevent constipation. Water Water makes up almost 70 percent of our body weight. Most of this water is present in the cells of our body. ‘Some water lies in the spaces between the cells. Water also constitutes the liquid part (called plasma) of the blood. Life processes such as absorption, transportation, excretion, etc,, cannot occur without water. Water is needed for many vital functions of the body. For example : (i Ithelps our body to absorb nutrients from food (i) Ithelps to transport nutrients throughout the body. (ii) Tt helps in collecting wastes from different parts of the body and removes them in the form of urine and sweat. 26 | components oF FOOD Chass 6| Biology(iv) It helps to regulate our body temperature through sweating. Evaporation of sweat from the skin causes cooling. (¥) It is needed as a solvent for various chemical reactions that take place inside our body. Our body loses water continuously as sweat, urine and vapour (while breathing). So, we need to replenish ‘our body with water by drinking liquids such as water, milk, juice, etc. otherwise it could lead to a condition of dehydration. In addition, water is added to most of food items while cooking. A large amount of water is replenished by the water present in the foods that we eat eg, fresh fruits and vegetables. Most people need to drink 8-10 glasses of water every EY TS day to stay healthy. PT | © Ifthe body of a person loses too much water for example, while playing or working in the hot Sun, his body may get severely dehydrated. This causes the blood to become thicker and its movement | in the body slows down, The consequences are severe pain and cramps in the muscles. | * Athletes and sportspersons need to drink enough water to replace the water they lose through | sweating. + | __ Even though water is vital for our body, it does not provide us any energy Nutrient: Some Common Food Items Most food items have more than one nutrients—some in greater quantity and others in lesser quantity However, in a given raw material, one particular nutrient may be present in much larger quantity than in others For example, cereals (wheat, rice, etc.) have more carbohydrates than other nutrients. Thus, we say that cereals are carbohydrate ~ rich sources of food. Cereals are usually eaten with every meal to give energy. Similarly Pulses contain more proteins than other nutrients, Pulses are a good source of proteins especially for people ‘who follow a strict vegetarian diet. Food can be divided into the following groups: (@) Foods rich in carbohydrates and fats provide energy to the body and are known as energy-giving foods. (ii) Foods rich in proteins help our body to grow and are known as body-building foods. (Gif) Foods rich in vitamins and minerals are known as protective foods. They protect our body against diseases. Balanced Diet The food that we normally eat in a day is our diet. Our diet must include various nutrients in the right quantities ie, neither too little nor in excess. The diet should also contain a good amount of roughage and water. A diet that contains all the nutrients in right amount according to the requirements of an individual's body is called a balanced diet. Balanced diet of a particular person depends on various factors such as age, ex, type of physical activity done, physical state whether healthy or diseased, etc. Growing children need more proteins. Labourers need more carbohydrates and fats. Pregnant women and lactating mothers requires more proteins, vitamins and minerals Cooking of Food Foods such as cereals, vegetables and meat are cooked before eating. Cooking makes the food tasty and easy to digest. But wrong cooking methods destroy several nutrients present in it. Overheating, overboiling and deep frying are not good ways of cooking food as they destroy the nutrients present in food. Vegetables and fruits should not be washed after cutting or peeling them. This results in the loss of some vitamins and minerals. Washing rice and pulses repeatedly also results in the loss of vitamins and minerals. Food should be cooked in just enough water. Cooking in too much water and then throwing away the extra ‘water results in loss of nutrients of the food. Vitamin C gets destroyed during cooking due to heat. We should therefore eat raw fruits and vegetables to get vitamin C. : Biology | Class 6 . COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 27Retain the skins of Wash fruits or Use minimum fruits whenever vegetables before water for cooking, possible cutting or peeling them Healthy cooking hat @ We are often advised to include a lot of raw food in our diet and to eat fruits such as apple along with the peel. Why? ‘Ans. : We should eat a lot of raw food (e.g. salad) and fruits along with the peels, because these food materials contain dietary fibre (or roughage). Roughage adds bulk to the undigested food, helps in easy bowel movement and prevents constipation. Moreover, raw food contains more nutrients than the cooked food and therefore we should eat raw food. © Name the vitamin which is synthesised in the presence of sunlight. State its function. " RLU Ans.: Vitamin D is synthesised in the presence of sunlight. It helps the body to use calcium for formation of strong bones and teeth. @ Mention any two cooking methods that destroy the nutrients present in food. ‘Ans. (i) Cooking in too much water and then throwing away extra water results in loss of nutrients of the food. (ii) Overheating of the vegetables results in the loss of its nutrients eg., vitamin C gets destroyed due to over heating, Deficiency Diseases Intake of an unbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition i,, poor health. Malnutrition can occur either due to intake of food that is deficient in nutrients or taking food with wrong proportions of nutrients. This eventually leads to diseases in the body. Taking a well balanced diet can prevent this. Poverty is one of the major reasons of malnutrition in our country. Malnutrition includes both undernourishment and over-nourishment. If our diet does not contain appropriate amounts of any of the nutrients, our body starts showing signs and symptoms of deficiencies. These deficiencies over a long period of time lead to deficiency disease. The deficiency diseases are the result of malfunctioning of the body due to lack of one or more nutrients in the diet. Deficiency diseases are not transmitted from one person to another. Deficiency of carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main energy sources, Lack of carbohydrates in the diet results in lack of energy, weakness and tiredness ‘Most of the energy we need comes from carbohydrates. About 320 g of cereals can provide a 12-year-old with the energy, he or she needs per day. If your diet gives less energy than required by your body, it is deficient in carbohydrates. People with carbohydrate deficiency in their diet are weak and do not have enough stamina. They cannot bear physical and mental st * Excess intake of carbohydrates also leads to ill-health. Most | | of the extra carbohydrates are converted and stored as fat eB | in the body. ‘* Stored fat in the body leads to an increase in the body weight. This is called obesity. Overweight people are not very active and often suffer from diseases related to heart, diabetes, etc. BC Ts INFORMATION | COMPONENTS OF Fo0DDeficiency of proteins Ifa person does not get enough proteins in his/her diet for a long time, he/she is likely to have stunted growth, swelling of face, discolouration of hair, skin diseases and diarrhoea, Kwashiorkor and marasmus Deficiency of proteins leads toa disease called kwashiorkor, and deficiency of proteinsalong with carbohydrates and fats lead to a disease called marasmus. Kwashiorkor Marasmus Deficiency disease of proteins _Deficiency disease of proteins, ‘carbohydrates and fats A child suffering from kwashiorkor has some or all of the following symptoms : large pot like belly, stunted growth, swelling of limbs, skin diseases (skin shows patches), mental retardation and diarrhoea. If the treatment is started in time, improving protein intake may correct this disease. ‘Marasmus is a disease in children caused by the deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The child becomes so thin that loose folds of skin can be seen all over the body. © The Mid-day meal is a scheme started by government of India where school going children are provided with free nutritious food. Bec Ue Da ‘¢ This scheme lies to solve the problem of malnutrition and attendance in schools. * This scheme was first implemented in Chennai in 1925 and has now been implemented all over India, It is the largest school lunch programme in the world as so far 120 million children are | covered under this scheme. | Deficiency of water Water is very essential for proper functioning of our body. Excess loss of water from the body leads to a condition called dehydration. Dehydration causes loss of salts and leads to weakness in the body. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) should be given to the patient to recover from dehydration. It is easily available at primary health centres. It can also be made at home by mixing 8 teaspoons of sugar and 1 teaspoon of salt in 1 litre of clean drinking water. Some deficiency diseases caused by the lack of vitamins and minerals Scurvy This disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin C. Symptoms of this disease are swelling and bleeding of gums, wounds take longer time to heal. The disease can be prevented by an intake of food rich in vitamin C especially citrus fruits such as oranges, grapes, lemons, etc. Rickets This disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D. Vitamin D helps to absorb calcium and controls calcium deposition for the formation of strong bones and teeth. Rickets is a disease of bones which occurs in children Biology | Cass 6 COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 29In this disease, bones become soft, get bent and deformed. Bow legs, pigeon-type chest, and bending of the spine are symptoms of this disease. There may also be pain in the legs and loss of tooth enamel. In adults, bones become ‘on exposure to sunlight. Anaemia This disease is caused by the deficiency of iron in the diet. It is a disease in which there is deficiency of a substance (called haemoglobin) found in the red blood cells of our body. A person suffering from the disease looks pale, get tired quickly and suffers from loss of appetite. Another type of anaemia results from the lack of vitamin Bz In this disease there is a reduced formation of red blood cells in the body. Goitre Goitre is caused by the deficiency of mineral, iodine in the diet. The thyroid gland situated in the neck region becomes swollen and there is reduced production of a chemical (called thyroxine) in the body that controls, growth. A child suffering from goitre shows slow or retarded physical and mental growth. Goitre used to be ‘common among people living in the Himalayan region in our country, as the iodine content of soil and water is low in these areas. However, consumption of iodised salt has helped to reduce the incidence of goitre. % A Uy ‘Ans.: The child suffers from anaemia. Anaemia occurs due to the deficiency of iron in the body, @ Name the deficiency diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamin C, iron and iodine. ‘Ans. : Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, that of iron causes anaemia and of iodine causes goitre. @ A child tooks pate, gets tired quickly and suffers from loss of appetite. Identify the possible disease and state the reason for the disease. 30 | COMPONENTS oF FOOD. which results in deficiency of haemoglobin in the red blood cells and hence reduced supply of oxygen to the body cells.CONCEPT MAP ) Nutrients in food | 4 | We know that each fod item is usually made up of one or more ingredients, which we get from plants or animals. ‘These ingredients contain diferent components that are needed by ourbody. These components are caledmtrents | Carbohydrates and fats constitute the group of energy giving foods; proteins are the body building foods; an | vitamins and minerals are the protective foods, Sources of carbohydrates include cereals, potatoes, bananas, ec. Sources of fats are oi, ghee, mits, butter, cheese, eggs, etc. Sources of proteins ae pulses, meat, fish eggs, milk, |etc. Vitamins and minerals are found in green leafy vegetables, frults, milk, eggs, meat, sh et. Roughage is | mainly provided by plant products in our foods such as whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables. Water makes [up almost 70% of our body weigh and isrequied for various ie process, taking place in our body | A diet that contains all the nutrients in right amount according to the requirements of an individual's body is called balanced diet. Balanced det depends on| | several factors such as age, sex, type of physical activity | | done, physical state whether healthy or diseased, et. a aera thelack of one or more nutrients nthe diet. Deficiency | |of carbohydrates results in lack of energy, weakness |and tiredness, Deficiency of proteins in children results| jin severe malnutrition leading to diseases such as| | kwashiorkor, marasmus, etc. Scurvy, rickets, goitre, | —___—, | anaemia, beri-beri, etc., are other diseases that occur | “Cooking of food |_| due tothe deficiency of vitamins and minerals. To | some foods are eaten raw while several other foods | | avoid deficiency diseases we should eat healthy and [nave to be cooked before eating, Cooking imparts| | |varety of food items, so as to make sure that our| | avour to food and makes it digestible. However,| | [body gets abalance of different nutrients. | wrong methods of cooking food such as overheating, | over boiling, deep frying, repeated washing of pulses. and vegetables, etc, destroy the nutrients present in. food. Therefore, good cooking practices should be followed to ensure that the nutrients are retained. Biology | Class 6 . ~ COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 34Eee aL for COMPETITIVE EXAMS Depending upon the quantity or function, nutrients may be macronutrients and micronutrients. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are macronutrients. They provide energy. Minerals, vitamins and water are micronutrients, they do not provide energy but their deficiency causes specific disease and abnormality. Carbohydrates are also called as saccharides. They may be monosaccharides, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. ‘Monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates that cannot be futher hydrolysed to simple carbohydrates. Oligosaccharides are formed by the condensation of 2-9 monosaccharides. Depending upon number of monosaccharides, molecules of oligosaccharides may be disaccharides, trisaccharides, etc Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by polymerisation of large number of monosaccharide monomers. Starch is a polysaccharide. Fats are insoluble in water but soluble in number of polar solvents. Proteins are also macormolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. They are most abundant macromolecule of the cells, Carbohydrates produces more energy in the body than proteins and fats. Hence, athletes, labourers and mountaineers take high carbohydrate diet Amino acids can be essential (cannot be synthesised in body) or non-essential (synthesised in body), Calorific value is the amount of energy produced on complete combustion of 1 gm of food substance in calorimeter. Itis 4.1 keal/g, 5.65 kcal/g and 9.45 kcal/g for carbohydrates, proteins and fats respectively. Vitamin C is most sensitive to heat among all types of vitamins. Vitamin are divided into two main groups fat soluble vitamins (e.g., vitamins A, D, Eand K) and water soluble vitamins (¢.g., vitamins B-complex and vitamin C) World food day is celebrated every year on 16" October. 32 | components oF FooD Clas 6 | BiologyAns, Ans. Ans. Name the components of food. Which of these components provide us energy? The different components of food are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, roughage and water. Out of these seven components of food, carbohydrates and fats are energy-rich components which provide energy to our body. Why is it necessary for everybody to take a balanced diet? A diet which contains all the major nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals) in right amount according to the requirement of an individual's body is referred to as a balanced diet. If we do not take a balanced diet, our body becomes deficient in anyone or more of these nutrients and starts showing the symptoms of deficiencies. ‘These deficiencies over a long period of time lead to deficiency diseases, which result in malfunctioning of the body. What type of food will help to repair damaged ues and replace dead cells? Our body is made up of cells. When we grow, our body need proteins to make new cells and replace the old ones. Food rich in protein, i.e, eggs, fish, meat, pulses, milk, etc,, will help in repair of damaged tissues and replace dead cells. Read the following statements containing 1-2 blanks in each one of them. A. Body-building foods are the foods which are rich in _()_. B. Eating too much of fat-rich food can make us overweight and finally lead toi). C. Deficiency of vitamin A causes _(iii) whereas deficiency of vitamin C causes (iv) . D. Benedict's solution is used to test the Presence of (v) in a food item. Fill in the blanks in the above statements with correct words. (i) proteins, (ii) obesity, (iv) scurvy, (v) sugar i) night blindness, logy | Class 6 SOLVED EXAMPLES Ans, Ans, Ans, Why is water considered as an important component of food? Water is considered as an important component of food because it performs many vital functions in our body. These functions are as follows: ()_Ithelps our body to absorb nutrients from the food. Ithelps to transport nutrients throughout the body. Ithelps in collecting wastes from different parts of the body and removing them from the body in the form of urine and sweat. Ithelps to regulate our body temperature through sweating. Evaporation of sweat from the skin causes cooling. It is needed as a solvent for various chemical reactions that takes place inside our body. The deficiency of X leads to goitre while deficiency of ¥ leads to anaemia. (a) What are X and Y? (b) How do the persons suffering from goitre and anaemia be cured? (a) X is iodine (I) and Y is iron (Fe). (b) Person suffering from goitre should take more amount of iodine in his/her diet. Foods rich in iodine are iodised salt and seafood. Person suffering from anaemia should take more amount of iron in his diet. Foods rich in iron are meat, green leafy vegetables, liver, etc. How would you test the presence of protein in a given food sample? (ii) (iii) (iv) (y) Presence of protein in a given food sample can be tested by the following experiment: Take a small amount of food sample. Grind it, if it is solid and put it in a test tube. Add 5 mL. of water into the test tube and shake it well. Using a dropper, add 2-3 drops of copper sulphate solution and ten drops of caustic soda solution into the test tube. Shake well and let the test tube stand for few minutes. Appearance of violet colour in the test tube indicates the presence of proteins in the given food sample. ‘COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 338. In our country, children belonging to poor families usually suffer from the diseases caused due to the deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Name the diseases and explain them. Deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats results in severe malnutrition, especially in children. Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by protein deficiency in children. A child suffering from kwashiorkor has some or all of the following symptoms : large pot-like belly, stunted growth, swelling of limbs, skin diseases (skin shows patches); mental retardation and diarrhoea. If the treatment is started in time, improving protein intake may correct this disease. Marasmus is a disease in children caused by the deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. A child suffering from marasmus becomes so thin that loose folds of skin can be seen all over the body. The child also show impaired growth and replacement of tissue proteins, thin limbs and prominent ribs; and diarrhoea. 9. Write down the sources, functions and deficiency diseases of following mineral (a) Tron (b) Calcium (© Iodine Ans: (a) Sources : Liver, meat, green vegetables, ete. Functions Iron is required for the formation of a red coloured pigment, haemoglobin, in our blood. Haemoglobin helps to carry oxygen to different body cells. Deficiency disease : Anaemia is the disease caused by the deficiency of iron in diet. ‘Symptoms of this disease are low energy level and paleness as oxygen supply to the body decreases. (&) Calcium Sources : Milk and milk products, cheese, green leafy vegetables, etc. Functions : Calcium is essential for the development of healthy bones and teeth. Ans.: Iron Deficiency disease : Calcium deficiency results in weak bones and tooth decay. (©) Iodine Sources : lodised salt, seafood such as fish, prawns, etc. Functions Iodine is a constituent of thyroxine hormone, secreted by thyroid gland. 34 | components oF F000 10. Deficiency disease : Goitre in which thyroid gland in the neck become swollen; mental disability in children. Solve the following crossword with the help of the clues provided. ir Ans. u Ans: ACROSS 2. Energy providing nutrients 5. Helps in easy bowel movements 6. The term used for foods rich in vitamins and minerals 7. Disease caused by the deficiency of proteins, carbohydrates and fats in children DOWN 1. Mineral normally present in seafood 3. Mineral that makes our bones and teeth. strong 4, Its deficiency leads to dehydration Actoss : 2 - Carbohydrates, 5 - Roughage, 6 - Protective, 7 - Marasmus Down : 1 - Iodine, 3 - Calcium, 4 - Water Enlist a few functions of fats in human/ animal body. (i Fats are energy-giving components of Fats form a layer under the skin and thus je warmth. Animals living in colder regions such as polar bear have a thick fatty layer under the skin that helps them to survive under extreme cold conditions. (iii) Fatty tissue around certain organs such as eyes and kidneys provides protection to these organs by acting as shock absorbers. Class 6 |Name the major nutrients in our food. The major nutrients present in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Name the following. (a) Thenutrients which mainly give energy to our body. The nutrients that are needed for the growth and maintenance of our body. (© A vitamin required for maintaining good eyesight. A mineral that is required for keeping our bones healthy. (a) Carbohydrates and fats (b) Proteins (© Vitamin A (@) Calcium Name two foods each rich in: (a). Fats (b) Starch (© Dietary fibre (@) Protein (@) Ghee and butter (b) Potato and rice (© Whole grains and fresh fruits (@) Pulses and eggs Tick (V) the statements that are correct. (a) By eating rice alone, we can fulfill nutritional requirement of our body. Ans. Ans, () @ Ans. Ans. Ans. (b) Deficiency diseases can be prevented by eating a balanced diet. (© Balanced diet for the body should contain a variety of food items. ‘Meat alone is sufficient to provide all nutrients to the body. @ (@) False : We can fulfill nutritional requirement of our body by eating a wide variety of food and not by eating rice alone. (b) True (¥) (© True (¥) (a) False : A balanced diet consisting of a wide variety of nutrients is required to provide all nutrients to the body. Fill in the blanks. @ is caused by deficiency of vitamin Dz. Deficiency of _____ causes a disease known as beri-beri. (b) (©) Deficiency of vitamin C causes a disease known as. (a) Night blindness is caused due to deficiency of in our food. (@) Rickets ) Vitamin B, (Scurvy (@ Vitamin A COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 35date 4 Multipte Choice Questions Level -4 1. Match column I with column Il and select the correct option. [ Column I Column IT | P. An energy giving food | (i) Kwashiorkor Q Prevents constipation (ii) Carbohydrates R. Protect us from (iii) Roughage diseases S. Caused by deficiency of proteins (a) P- Gil, Q- Gi), R= (iv) S-@ (b) P- (i), Q- (iii), R- (iv), S- (©) P-Gv), Q-(@, R-(ii),S-¢ (@) P- Gi), Q-(), R= Giv),S- Git) 2. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) Marasmusis a disease caused by the deficiency of proteins and carbohydrates. (b) Ironisrequired forthe formation of haemoglobin. (©) Calcium and potassium are examples of vitamins (a) Excessive loss of water from the body causes dehydration. 3. Which of the following statements is true about fats? (@) Fats are used as an energy store by our body. (b) Fats provide much less energy than carbohydrates. (iv) Vitamins and minerals (©) Decrease in fat intake often leads to obesity. (4) Presence of fats in a food sample can be tested by using Benedict's solution. 4. Solution of iodine when dropped on a piece of potato turns (a) yellow-red in colour (©) violet in colour (©), ted-brown in colour (4) blue-black in colour. Who among the following is taking a balanced diet? (a) Shikha - eating a bow! full of fruits (©) Madhur- drinking a glass of milk along with a sandwich made of sprouts. (©) Teena - eating a sandwich with some french fries (a) Apoorva - eating a burger 36 | components oF F000 0. Select the incorrect pair. (@) Fibre - Proper bowel movement (b) Vitamins - Prevent diseases (©) Proteins - Prevent constipation (a) Minerals - Keep bones healthy. Fruits are eaten raw because cooking (@),-makes them tasteless (b) destroys vitamin C present in them (6) destroys vitamin D present in them (@) both (b) and (0) Match column I with column I and select the correct option from the given codes. Column I Column II (i) Kwashiorkor A. Excess of fat (i) Goitre B. Lack of iodine (iii) Scurvy C. Protein deficiency (iv) Obesity. D. Vitamin C deficiency ® @ Gi aw @C BoD oA wc D BoA OB A Dc @A Dd Cc B Read the given statements and select the true and false (T/F) ones. (i) Soybean and peas help to build and repair body tissues. (ii) Papaya and oranges are rich source of vitamin, A (iii) Dietary fibres has no nutritive value, hence are not considered as an important component of food. @ Gi) GD @T T F ®T F oT TT F F @T T T Select the correctly matched pair. (a) Fats : Milk, almonds, butter (b) Carbohydrates : Papaya, cashewnuts, paneer (©) Proteins : Bananas, cheese, carrots (d) Vitamin D : Mango, beans, tunafish Which of the following food will make the paper translucent? (a) Groundnut (©) Cream (b) Fish (4) Allof these Class 6 | Biology2. 1. 15, 16. 18. 20. a1, Biology | Class 6 Puneet is eating lunch consisting of chapatis, vegetable curry and orange juice. Which of the following food components is missing from his food? a) Proteins (b) Carbohydrates (©) Fats (@) Vitamins Eating which one out of the following helps in blood clotting? (a) Spinach, (b) Nuts (©) Guavas (a) Papaya Which of the following activities helps human body to produce vitamin D? (a) Swimming (b) Practicing yoga in shade (©) Standing in the Sun (a) Cooking, Vitamin _()_ makes bones and teeth strong. ‘This vitamin is synthesised by the body on exposure to Lil. Deficiency ofthis vitamin in children causes Select the correct option for (i), (ii) and (ii) @ Gi) Gi) (a) D Sunlight Rickets, ) D Air Osteomalacia (9 C Sunlight Scurvy (d) © Sunlight Rickets, Which of the following statements true regarding vitamin A? (a) It keeps eyes and skin healthy. (b) Its deficiency results in night blindness. (©) Its rich in cod-liver oil, yellow or orange coloured fruits and green leafy vegetables. (a) Allof these Which of the following is the immediate source of energy? (a) Sugars (b) Starch (©) Fats (d) Proteins Select the mismatched pair out of the following. (a) Vitamins and minerals - Protective foods (b) Anaemia - Caused by deficiency of iron (©). Pulses and eggs - Rich sources of proteins (a) Roughage - Easily digested by our body Which mineral is necessary for the formation of strong bones and teeth? (a) Iron (b) Calcium (©) Sodium (@) Potassium Which of these forms most of our body weight? (a) Proteins (b) Fats (©) Carbohydrates (d). Water Obesity occurs due to (a) over eating of carbohydrates and fats, (b) not eating enough carbohydrates and fats (©) over eating of vitamins and minerals (d) not eating enough vitamins and minerals. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. In which of the following diseases, will you advise the intake of iodised salt? (@) Beri-beri (©) Goitre (©) Scurvy (d) Rickets Marasmus is caused due to diet insufficient in (@) proteins (b) carbohydrates (© fats (a) all of these. Given food are the main source of (@) carbohydrates and fats (b) vitamins and minerals (©) proteins and fats (d) carbohydrates only Which of the following represents the role of water in our body? (@)_ Absorption of nutrients (b) Transportation of nutrients and O; (©) Elimination of waste matter (@) Allof these Level -2 Read the given statements and identify the component of food (i). Required in very less amount in our det (il) ts sources are whole cereals, potatoes, meat fish et. (ii) lis required for proper functioning of digestive system, (iv) Its deficiency may lead to pellagra. (@) Vitamin k (&) Vitamin B, (©) Vitamin A (a) Vitamin B, Abhilash, a student of standard 6, is suffering from anaemia. Eating which ofthe following foods will help to reduce anaemia symptoms? @ oy (a) they are fresh (©). vitamins are preserved (a) germs grow in cooked food. ‘COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 3729. Which of the following are correct for food nutrients? o 2. | Soybean +Cu,S0¢* | Voilet Protein | Dil. NaOH colour _ absent 3. | Flour + Dil. | Protein | Lod present 4. Egg white * Dil. [No blue- Starch | liodi black colour absent _| @) Tand2 (®) 2and3 (©) 3and4 (@) tand4 30. Which out of the following is a mismatched pair of nutrients and their major sources? (a) Carbohydrates - Bread, sugar (©) Proteins - Soybeans, grams (©) Fats Tomatoes, whole cereals (4) Vitamins - Carrots, papaya 31 ~ Source [Deficiency disease | ~ Excessive bleeding | \from_ wounds (a) Beri-beri Pellagra Seafood Eggs (b) Pellagra Rickets Amla Citrus. fruits (©) Night —Pellagra Sunlight Green blindness vegetables (4) Night Beri-beri Sunlight Green blindness vegetables 32, Which of the following statements is correct? (a) Vitamin C is needed for strong bones. (b) Scurvy is caused due to deficiency of phosphorus. (©) Deficiency of vitamin C and phosphorus causes rickets (4) Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium causes rickets 33. Take some mashed beans in a test tube, add ten drops of water into it and shake it. Then add 2-3 drops of solution of {j) and 10-12 drops of solution of ii) to the test tube. Shake well and let the test tube stand for few minutes. (ii) colouration indicates the presence of {iv) in the food sample. Select the correct option for (i) (i, (i) and (iv). 38 | COMPONENTS OF Foo 36. 0 «i aw (a) Caustic Sodium Purple Proteins soda sulphate (b) Copper Sodium Purple Proteins sulphate hydroxide (© Copper Calcium Blue Fats sulphate sulphate (a) Caustic Sodium Red Proteins soda hydroxide Which of the following statements is not true? (@)_ Deficiency diseases can be prevented by eating a balanced diet. (b) Rickets and scurvy are vitamin deficiency diseases. (©). Balanced diet should contain a variety of food. (4) 4bowls full of protein rich food provides much ‘more energy than 4 bowls full of carbohydrate- rich food, Select the option that represents a balanced diet. ge | dee 4 Read the following statements regarding a food component. (tis present in rice and potatoes. i) Itis broken down into glucose in our body. Identify the food component amongst the following. (a) Roughage (b) Protein (©) Carbohydrate (@) Vitamin Match column I with column II and select the correct option. Column tt | iw [Constipation A. |Protein - energy malnutrition 'B. (Condition caused by excess body fats “I Marasmus C. [Condition caused by deficiency of roughage | (ii) (Obesity (iv) [Dehydration ID. |Excess loss of water |__from the body C= i), Dv) i), C- Gv), Dil) (©) A- (iv), B- (iii), C- (ii), D- @), (@) A= Gv), B- (@, C- Gi, D- Gil) Class 6 | Biology38, 39. 40, 41, 42, 43. 44, In goitre, the thyroid gland situated in the region becomes swollen and there is a reduced production of thyroxine in the body. (@) head (b) chest (©) neck (4) shoulder In children, suffering from disease’, bones become soft, get bent and deformed. Such children have bow legs, pigeon-type chest and bent spine. Identify the disease “X’ (@) Scurvy (b) Anaemia (©). Goitre (d) Rickets Read the following statements and select the correct ‘option for (i) and (i). Li) is a disease in which sufficient oxygen is not, ‘supplied to the cells of the body. fii) have maximum amount of carbohydrates, ‘mall amount of proteins and very small amount of vitamins and minerals. a ® Cereals (b) Pulses () Cereals (a) Nightblindness Vegetables Select the correct statement out of the following (a) Mid-day meal isa Government scheme where school going children in India are provided free nutritious food in their schools. Cod-liver oil is rich in vitamin A. (b) (©) Human skin helps to prepare vitamin D in the presence of sunlight. (d) Allof these Which of the following are rich sources of vitamin Bu? (a) Groundnut oil and sunflower oil (b) Cod-liver oil and butter (©) Fish and eggs (d) Meat and yeast Eating excess of fats causes the deposition of fats in the lining of our blood vessels, making the blood vessels (i, this may eventually lead to (i) related problems. Select the correct option for (i) and (i). (a) (i)- narrower, (ii) - stomach (b) (i) - wider, (ii) — heart (©) (narrower, (i) — heart (4) (i) - wider, (i) - lungs Select the correct match out of the following. Nutrients Sources Deficiency disease (a) Vitamin Seafood Beri-beri (®) Calcium Milk Weak bones, tooth decay (©) Protein Potatoes. Kwashiorkor (@) Iron Apples Goitre logy | Class 6 45, 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. Water does not give us any energy, still we need to drink 6-8 glasses of water every day. Itis because (a) water provides us all the necessary nutrients (&) water is the chief source of vitamins and minerals (©) life processes cannot occur without water (d) none of these. Which of the following is not a wrong method of cooking? (a) After boiling vegetables, the cooking water should be thrown away. (b) Soaking moong dal for 4 - 5 hours, washing it thoroughly and over cooking it. (©) Deep frying of green leafy vegetables before ‘cooking them (@) Washing carrots before cutting them and then cooking them using least amount of oil and water. People with carbohydrate deficiency in their diet (a) cannot bear physical and mental stress (b) do not have sufficient oxygen in their body (©). cannot see the far off things clearly (4) have swollen neck. Identify the diseases Land M and select the incorrect option regarding these. 0 om Disease L causes deformation of bones. Disease Mslows down the mental and physical growth of children. Both the diseases L and M are caused by deficiency of proteins. The disease M occurs in children under years of age. Malnutrition caused due to the deficiency of proteins along with carbohydrates leads to a disease called (a) kwashiorkor (b) marasmus (©) anaemia (a) beri-beri. Excess loss of water from the body leads to Li). i. is recommended for such patients. Select the correct option for (i) and (i). (a) (@-dehydration, (i)-Oral rehydrating solution (b) (@)-constipation, (i)-Oral rehydrating solution (©) (i) diarrhoea, (i) - Vegetable oil (d) (i) - anaemia, (ii) - Iron the Blanks (a) &) © @ Body building foods are the foods that are rich in and __ help to protect our body against diseases. COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 393. Roughage does not provide us any __but helps to get rid of _food. 4. Ifthe fruits and vegetables are washed after cutting or peeling them, then it results in the loss of some 5. The disease beri - beri is caused by the deficiency of ____in our body. 6. Deficiency diseases can be prevented by eating a caused due to the deficiency of iodine in ‘our Food. 8. solution is usually used to test the presence of starch in a food item. 9. Sugarcane, sweet potato and wheat are the rich, sources of 10. Peas, gramsand soybeans are rich sources of __. | True or False Appearance of blue-black colour after putting some iodine solution over a food indicates the presence of starch in it 2. Carbohydrates are required in very small amount by our body. Anaemia is caused by the deficiency of sodium in diet 4. Proteins are required for the growth and repair of the body. 5. Sodium is a mineral present in common salt and required for the proper functioning of nervous system. Human body gets more heated by evaporation of sweat from the skin. 7. A10-years old child has less requirement of proteins in his/her diet. 8. Benedict's solution is used to test the presence of sugars in a food sample. 9. Water helps to remove the body waste in the form of urine and sweat. 10. The disease pellagra is caused by the deficiency of vitamin D in diet. Direction: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the correct answer as (@) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. () If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (©) If assertion is true but reason is false. (@ If both assertion and reason are false. 40 | COMPONENTS OF FOOD 1. Assertion : An 11-years old child has more requirement of proteins per kilogram body weight than a 24-years old adult. Reason: Children have growing bodies and hence, require more proteins per kilogram body weight for the proper growth and development of the body. 2. Assertion : Vitamins area group of nutrients that are required by our body in small ‘quantities. Reason: Anaemia, goitre and marasmus are the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins. 3. Assertion : Milk, fruits, vegetables and juices are ‘good sources of water. Reason: Water helps to regulate our body temperature. 4. Assertion : Fatsshould be eaten in excess amounts by children to maintain a healthy body. Reason _: Fatsare obtained from animal sources only. 5. Assertion : Meat, fish, eggs and milk are the animal sources of proteins. Reason: Pulses, soybeans, grams and nuts are the plant sources of proteins. 6. Assertion : Lack of roughage in diet makes the stool hard and difficult to pass. Reason _ : Roughageaddsbulk to food and helps to get rid of undigested food. 7. Assertion : Balanced dietis the one that contains the proper amount of each nutrient. Reason _: Balanced diet remains fixed for every person whether a child or an adult or a patient. 8. Assertion : Foods rich in vitamins and minerals are called protective foods. Reason: Foods rich in vitamins and minerals help to protect our body against diseases. 9. Assertion = Food should be cooked in just enough water. Reason: Cooking in too much water and then throwing the extra water away makes food lose its nutrients. 10. Assertion : Rickets in children is caused by the deficiency of vitamin C. Vitamin Cis present in cod liver oil Reason Subjective Questions ‘Very Short Answer Type 1. Which substance plays an important role as a solvent in the digestion of food, absorption and transport of nutrients, excretion of wastes, etc? Class 6 | Biology10. nn. 2 123. Mu 15, 9. 10. Deficiency of which nutrient is likely to cause scurvy in humans? Mention any two food sources of dietary fibre. What is a balanced diet? Which mineral is mainly supplied by iodised salt? Give three examples of food items which should be eaten by an anaemic person. Expand ORS. Why does our body needs proteins? Name the simplest carbohydrate which is immediately absorbed by the body to release energy. Which nutrients are needed by our body in small quantities only? Which two minerals are important forthe formation of strong bones and teeth? Foods rich in which nutrients are called as ‘energy giving foods’? Given food items are the rich source of which, nutrients? @ae Name the body organ which is mainly affected by the deficiency of vitamin A. Refer to the given figures. Whatiis the most probable cause of this condition? Why fruits and vegetables should not be washed after cutting? What are protective foods? Why are they called 20? ‘Name the diseases caused by the deficiency of {a) iron (b) vitamin A (©) iodine (@) proteins. How can we prevent the deficiency diseases? Mention any two functions of fats in our body. Although water does not provide us any nutrient, yet itis essential for our survival. Why? Differentiate between the diseases kwashiorkor and marasmus. ‘Why is it important to cook food? How would you test the presence of starch in a given food sample? How does roughage helps to prevent consti-pation? ology | Class 6 11. Is balanced diet same for every person? Why or why not? 12, Name two deficiency diseases caused by the deficiency of minerals along with their associated symptoms. 13, Give one word for the following, (a) Acondition caused by excessive loss of water from the body (b) Disease caused due tothe deficiency of proteins along with carbohydrates and fats (© Acondition caused by excessive intake of fats into the body (@) The chemical used to test the presence of starch ina food item 1. (@) You are given some peas. How would you test the presence of proteins in these? ‘What happens to the excess carbohydrate in the body? Why is milk considered as a complete meal? Will you remain healthy if you drink only milk? Explain the importance of vitamin C and vitamin D in our body. 3. (a) What is obesity? (b) What are the sources of roughage? (©) Name the animal sources and plant sources of fats. () 2 @ (by 4. (a) Describe the effect of protein deficiency in children, What is ORS ? How can you prepare it at home? 5. Refer to the given figures. ow | Mashed potatoes Test tube P Tettabe ‘What happens @)__whena solution of copper sulphate and caustic soda is added to the test tubes P and Q and then the test tubes are shaken? () When iodine solution is added to the test tubes P and Q? Describe the two formsin which carbohydrates are present in our food. (b) Describe the major nutrients required for the growth of our body. 7. Name the different kinds of vitamins along with their sources, functions and deficiency diseases. () 6 @ ‘COMPONENTS OF FOOD | 41