See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/304351783

Production of Biodiesel from Chicken Fat, Pork Fat and Combination of the
above Two Feed Stocks

Article · May 2016

CITATIONS READS

0 2,125

1 author:

Shanmugasundaram Sankar
Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre(NCERC), Pampady,Thrissur (Dist),Kerala-680588
77 PUBLICATIONS   1,362 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Failure Analysis of an input hollow shaft in the wind turbine generator View project

Special projects View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Shanmugasundaram Sankar on 28 June 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Production of Biodiesel from Chicken Fat, Pork
Fat and Combination of the above Two Feed Stocks
Jishy K J1 and Dr.S. Sankar2
1
Energy Systems, Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre, Pampady, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCERC, Pampady, Kerala, India

International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering

Volume 4, Issue 3, May-June, 2016, pp. 110-114
ISSN Online: 2347-5188 Print: 2347-8772, DOA: 27052016
© IASTER 2016, www.iaster.com

ABSTRACT
In this study the high viscosity liquid fuel approximately 20 times that of diesel, produced from
chicken fat, pork fat and combination of the abovetwo feedstocks are used for the production of
biodiesel in a two-step trans-esterification process. The first step called pre- esterification process
was done by using 6% by weight of hydrochloric acid and methanol to oil molar ratio as 6:1 at 60ºC
reaction temperature and 120 minutes of reaction timeto reduce the FFA level less than 1%. The
second step called tras-esterification reaction is carried out using 6:1methanol to oil ratio along with
potassium hydroxide (KOH) by 1% of the oil weight as alkaline catalystat 60ºC reaction temperature
and 120 minutes reaction time to produce the bio-diesel. The lower viscous biodiesel produced
through trans-esterification process is then blended with pure diesel in three different ratiosby volume
to know its suitability for the commercial engine. . The study also includes measurement of both
physical and chemical properties on the produced biodiesel, blended bio-diesel and the conventional
diesel. The main objective of this paper is to recommend the best fuel among the produced bio-diesel
as an alternative to the conventional diesel.

Keywords: Animal Waste, Biodiesel, Free Fatty Acid, Pre-esterification, Trans-esterification.

INTRODUCTION

Energy demand will still increase considerably in the upcoming years due to population growth and
gradual rise inliving standards, especially in developing countries. Thus, needs should double by 2050.
To satisfy this demand, theenergy sources will become more complementary than competitive. All
energy options must be kept open to providethe most appropriate responses, at both environmental and
economical point of view[1]. Hydrocarbons will play a major role in the future, particularly in the
transport and petrochemical sectors. They will remain difficult to substitute in the short and medium
terms. Based on these conclusions, the technological solutions that will ensure the future energy needs
and mobility should be developed by considering the finite nature of hydrocarbon resources and the
problem of climate change. Thus, as a sustainable development perspective, it is necessary to ensure a
long term energy supply, while protecting the local and global environment to reducegreenhouse gas
emissions[1]. All these factors make it necessary to research and develop sustainable renewable energy
sources. Biomass sources, especially animal fats provided by slaughter waste, have attracted much
attention as an alternative energy source. They are renewable, non-toxic and can be produced locally
from agricultural resources and slaughterhouses. Furthermore, they emit less harmful emissions in the
environment[2]. Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum based fuels derived from vegetable oils, animal
fats and used waste cooking oil including triglycerides [2].Currently biodiesel is mainly produced from a
wide range of edible vegetable oils (e.g. rapeseed, soy, sunflower, or palm oil). However, since these

110
International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering (O) 2347-5188
ISSN
Volume-4, Issue-3, May-June, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2347-8772

feed stocks are also used in the food market and their prices are expected to increase even more in
future, biodiesel from these feed stocks will be less competitive than fossil fuels that will be the main
hurdle to its commercialization.This concern encouraged the use of low-pricewaste sources for biodiesel
production, which cannot be used in human food, such aswaste animal fats from the meat and/or fish
processing industries.Biodiesel produced from animal fats represent an environmental friendly[3].The
problemwith processing these low cost oils and fats is that they often contain large amounts of free fatty
acids (FFA) that cannot beconverted to biodiesel using an alkaline catalyst.When acid oils are used to
produce biodiesel, the direct esterification of the FFA occurs simultaneously with the trans-
esterification. The direct esterification reaction is important since it will increase the biodiesel
production, but also because it will affect the properties of the final biodiesel fuel [4].

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

Fuel and energy crisis are the major concerns of society for the depleting world’s non-renewable energy
resources which led to a renewed interest in the quest for alternative fuels. One of the most promising
alternatives fuel is the vegetable oils and their derivatives. Biodiesel stands as an attractive source of
alternative energy. By adopting and increasing the use of biodiesel, European countries have reduced
from their over-dependence on crude oil reserves. The emissions produced from biodiesel are cleaner
compared to petroleum based diesel fuel. Particulate emissions, soot, and carbon monoxide are lower
since biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel.This project deals with the production of biodiesel from chicken
and pig waste. The two feed stocks which are easily available from the market is collected and fat was
extracted from it. After the extraction trans-esterification process was carried out and finally biodiesel
obtained from it.The biodiesel has been produced fromchicken and pig fat in Integrated Rural
Technology Centre (IRTC) Mundur, Plaghat. The physical properties like flash point,firepoint,kinematic
viscosity has been found from thermal engineering lab in Nehru College Pampady.

2.1 Materials and Methods

2.1.1 Collection of Feed Stocks

The chicken waste and pig waste were collected from a chicken and pig stall respectively, which are free
of cost. Fig 1 shows the raw chicken waste and pig waste used in this study for bio-diesel production.

Figure 1 Raw Chicken and Pig Waste

2.1.2 Extraction of Fat

Collected 10kg and 6kg of chicken and pig waste sample respectively and boiled it with 1000ml of
water at 110°C for about 30 min in a pressure cooker.After boiling the pressure cooker was allowed
to cool down for an hour.Then,the filtration process was carried out.After the filtration process the fat
and water was separated by a separating funnel. Finally, chicken and pig fat were obtained. Fig2
shows the chicken and pig fat after the extraction process.

111
International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering (O) 2347-5188
ISSN
Volume-4, Issue-3, May-June, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2347-8772

Figure 2 Separation of chicken and pig fat

2.1.3 Purification of Fat

After the extraction the collected fat was took in a conical flask to remove the excess of water present
in the fat by heating at 100 . After boiling the fat was allowed to cool down for an hour.High free
fatty acid content of the oil caused trans-esterification reactionto fail and led to soap production [2].The
free fatty acid(FFA) content should be less than 1%. The FFA% of pig fat is less than 1% which can
be directly used for trans-esterification process.The FFA% of chicken fat and combination of two feed
stocks are greater than 1% and because of that we have to do a pre esterification process to make it
eligible for tras-esterification process.

Table 1 Property of Chicken, Pork and Combination of Two Feed Stock

Fat Chicken Pork Combined(chicken+pork)
Acid Value(mg KOH/g) 4.76 0.561 3.366
Moisture Content (wt%) 0.2 0.25 0.520
Viscosity(mm2/s) 41.66 39.53 40.16
FFA % 2.397 0.282 1.692

2.1.4 Pre-esterification of Fat

Pre-esterification is a process for reducing the free fatty acid content of fats and oils by esterifying the
free fatty acids with a lower mono alcohol in the presence of an acidic cation exchange resin as a solid
esterification catalyst[5].Acid catalysts are too slow to be suitable forconverting triglycerides to
biodiesel. However, theyappear to be quite effective at converting FFAs toesters. Because of these
reasons, an acid catalyst canbe used to esterify the FFAs to esters. The acidcatalyzedprocess is called
as pretreatment areconverted to monoesters through the pretreatment ofthe feedstock with high FFA
and thereby the FFA levelreduces[6]. The major handicap for the acid-catalyzedesterification of FFAs
is the water formation. The waterformation is the primary mechanism limiting thecompletion of the
acid catalyzed esterification reactionwith FFAs[7]. The acids that are commonly used for pre-
esterification process are Hcl,H2SO4 and sulphonic acid. Here, we took 500g of fat with 6Wt% of Hcl
and 1:6 oil to methanol molar ratio in a magnetic stirrer with hot plate at 60°C for about 2hrs. After
the pre-esterificaton process the mixture poured in to a separating funnel to settle down for about 2
hrs.Then,the upperlayer is the methanol,the middle layer is the waterand the underneath layer is the
chicken fat.The FFA% of the pre treated fat was analyzed again and found it to be0.5%very good for
trans-esterification process.

2.1.5 Trans-esterification of Fat

Trans-esterification is the process of converting vegetable or animal fats and oils in to fatty acid
methyl esters (biodiesel) in presence of an alcohol and an alkali.Methanol is used as an alcohol and

112
International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering (O) 2347-5188
ISSN
Volume-4, Issue-3, May-June, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2347-8772

KOH(Potassium Hydroxide) is used as an alkali[8].We took 500g of purified fat with 1Wt% of KOH
and 1:6 oil to methanol molar ratio in a round bottom flask kept in a magnetic stirrer with hot plate at
60°C for about1 hr 30 min,1500 rpm.After the process the mixture is allowed to cool down for an
hr.The mixture poured in a separating funnel kept it for 12 hrs.The Finally, the top layer as biodiesel
and the bottom layer as glycerol

2.1.6 Biodiesel Purification

The biodiesel contains contaminants such as soaps,excess
methanol,residual catalyst and glycerol. It can be purified by
washing with warm water to remove residual catalyst or
soaps.The washing procedure is effective because the residues
are more readily dissolved in water[9]. When the two types of
liquids are mixed in to a homogenous emulsion, the residues
will transfer from a biodiesel phase in to a water phase.The
two liquid will be eventually separate in to two phases, the
residues can be washed from crude biodiesel with water [10].
After washing you will get a clear amber yellow liquid with a
viscosity similar to diesel.
Figure 3 Produced Biodiesel from Different Feed Stock
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present study concluded that the chicken fat, pig fat and combination of two feed stocks have enough
potential to process them into biodiesel because of high energy, fat composition and crude protein values.
Fat extracted from the animal waste was processed into biodiesel by the process of trans-esterification after
the significant reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) by pre-esterification process. As well as the quality of
obtained biodiesel samples were evaluated according to EN 14214 standards which presented that all the
measured parameters results were in acceptable range. However the biodiesel can also be blended with
petroleum diesel for further increase in efficiency. Therefore, in the current situation of energy crisis and
finite petroleum reserves, we can reduce the burden on finite petroleum reserve by producing biodiesel
from a new, alternative low cost feedstock like chicken waste and pig waste which also reduces the burden
& cost of animal waste disposal. It is evident from the laboratory tests that the properties of the biodiesel
are very close to the diesel which we use in our daily life. Table 3 shows the properties of biodiesel from
Chicken Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(CFAME), Pig Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(PFAME) and Chicken Pig
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(CPFAME) which are combined with diesel.
Table 3 Properties of Biodiesel from Different Feed Stocks
Parameter CFAME PFAME CPFAME Biodiesel Diesel
(EN14214)
Acid Value(mg/KOHg) 0.42 0.5 0.28 Max 0.5 Max 0.5
FFA% 0.2115 0.282 0.141 Max 0.5
Viscosity(m2/s) 3.31 3.16 3.235 1.50-6 4.10
Fire Point 393 383 370 353-433 333-353
Flash Point(k) 353 341 350 373-433 333-353
Methyl ester content% 99.8 99.7 99.87 >96.5

4. CONCLUSION

This study concludes that biodiesel can be considered as an alternate fuel in future.If production of
biodiesel is considered by our government the animal wastes which easily available in bulk can be
used for producing biodiesel in a more cost effective method.

113
 International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering (O) 2347-5188
ISSN
Volume-4, Issue-3, May-June, 2016, www.iaster.com (P) 2347-8772

5. AKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge all those who have assisted and supported me to lead my thesis
to success. First of all, I would like to thank GOD Almighty for blessing me with his grace and taking my
endeavor to a successful culmination. I extend my sincere gratitude towards my guide Dr.S.Sankar,
Associate professor, Nehru college of Engineering and Research Centre, who gave me immense support
and knowledge for completing the thesis on time. I would like to thank Integrated Rural Technology
Centre(IRTC) Mundur, Palakkad- Keralaand NGI Centre for Research in Engineering Design, Green
Manufacturing and Computing (CRDGC), Pampady, Thrissur, keralafor permitting me to use their facility for the
completion of this project. And also I would like to thank all my staffs and faculty members for the help
they have extended. I finally thank my parents, family members and friends for their moral support.

REFERENCES

[1] Maryem Belgharza, EL habib EL Azzouzi, Meryem Kitane, Hind El Bouzaidi, Yahya, Idrissi, and
Mohamed Alaoui El Belghiti, Study of Manufacturing Biodiesel from Waste Animal Fats
(chicken) in Morocco, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6 (12),2014, 844-849.
[2] Yekta Hemmat, Barat Ghobadian, Mohammad Loghavi, Saadat Kamgar, and Ebrahim Fayyazi,
Biodiesel Fuel Production from Residual Animal Fat as an Inedible and Inexpensive Feedstock,
International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 5 (1),2013, 84-91.
[3] Nuhu S, and Kovo A.S, Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Chicken Fat,
Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(1), 2015, 22-29.
[4] Abdoli, M. A, Mohamadi, F, Ghobadian, and Fayyazi, E, Effective Parameters on Biodiesel
Production from Feather Fat Oil as a Cost-Effective Feedstock, International Journal of
Environment. 8(1), 2014,139-148.
[5] SelvaIlavarasi Panneerselvam, R. Parthiban, and Dr. Lima Rose Miranda, Poultry Fat a Cheap
and Viable Source for Biodiesel Production, International Conference on Environmental
Science and Technology,6(1), 2011,144-149.
[6] Aleem Amber, Aslam Fakhra, and Shahid Ammara, Quantification of Fat in Chicken’s Feather
Meal for its Conversion into Biodiesel, International Research Journal of Environment
Sciences,3(6),2014, 67-74.
[7] Anurag k b, Akhilprasad, Anoop K V, Abinvarghese, Anvarsadath and Dr. G. Kalivarathan,
Experimental Investigation of Blends of Esterified Coconut Oil and Sunflower Oil in a 4 Stroke
CI Engine, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(2),2016, 1526-
1535.
[8] Jorge Ramírez-Ortiz, Merced Martínez Rosales, Horacio, and Flores Zúñiga, International
Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering,8(9), 2014,
112-119.
[9] Kambiz Tahvildari A., Narges Davari B., Mohammadreza Allahgholi Ghasri C, and Masoomeh
Behrourzinavid D, Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat Based Sources, International
Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 5(7),
2011, 562-564.
[10] Darunde Dhiraj S.1, Prof. Deshmukh Mangesh M, Biodiesel Production from Animal Fats and
its Impact on the Diesel Engine with Ethanol-Diesel Blends: A Review, International Journal
of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,2(10), 2012, 179-185.

114

View publication stats