1.

6 Paraphrasing
2 Practice A – The causes of the industrial revolution
a Quite good, but lack of precision (at that time) and unsuitable register (bosses).

b The best paraphrase, with all main points included and a significantly different structure.

c A poor paraphrase, with only a few words changed and extra and inaccurate information added (Britain

was the only country …).

4 Practice B
(A number of possibilities are acceptable here. These are suggestions)

(a)

(ii) It started in France and Germany, but accelerated in the United States.

(iii) There Henry Ford modified the moving assembly line from the
Chicago meat industry to car manufacturing, thereby inventing mass production.

(b)

(ii) After the second world war the focus of car makers was on the style of
their products, to encourage more frequent model changes.

(iii) From the 1970s the industry was criticised for its inefficient vehicles
which wasted petrol.

(c)

(ii) Some of the most famous brands in the world are today owned by the
industry.

(iii) Currently, saturated markets and increased competition threaten many

car makers.
(d) (Example paraphrase)

The expansion of contemporary capitalism matches the rise of the automobile

industry. After starting in Germany and France, it accelerated in the United States.
There the moving assembly line was modified by Henry Ford from the Chicago meat
industry to manufacturing cars; thereby inventing mass production. General Motors
dominated the world’s car companies in the 1920s, with help from the managerial
theories of Alfred Sloan. After the second world war the focus of car makers was on
the style of their products, to encourage more frequent model changes. From the
1970s the industry was criticised for its inefficient vehicles which wasted petrol. At
this time increasingly militant trades unions defended their members’ jobs. Some of
the most famous brands in the world are today owned by the industry, although
currently saturated markets and increased competition threaten many car makers.

5 Practice C – The past below the waves

(Example answer)

Archaeologists can learn about multiple aspects of historic societies by studying

shipwrecks, but most of the millions lying on the ocean floor are too deep for divers
to examine. They can only work above 50 metres; restricting them to coastal wrecks
which are more likely to have been disturbed. Research in mid-ocean has required
expensive submarines with their support vessels, limiting the number of wrecks that
can be explored. But this may change due to the latest craft, called an automatic
underwater vehicle or AUV. Not requiring a support ship and operating
independently, this will be used by an American team to examine part of the seabed
off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast close to the site of a Bronze Age harbour.