Foundaliew ~ektad Ly Mom Vedlnamd ALEKSANDAR 8. VESIC, D.Sc. Si Aone: Profesor an Chairman 4 introouctioN “the designee of a shallow fosndation mast éusure that the foundation meets baie comideations of safety, depend shilty, functional utility, and economy. Speifically, the foremnést of these ‘re the reyalrements of slequate depth, Ay, teleblesettoments, and safety against fate. ee renuirement Of adequate depth cents around en- ‘ironmentalinfvences which could affect adversely the Toundetion performances The foundation must be deep noulh nit sespect fo the depth of frost penetration ant {tpth of seasonal volume changes in the sel to prevent fxeasive movements resulting from Mess Influences, The {oundtion mort be deep exough to exclude the possibilty of erosion and undieminfng of the supporting cil by water thd ‘wind curents, The foundstion should also be ‘ately paced vith respect fo adjacent structures, exit Se antkipated, to miovmize the posbiity of mutval dame Spe by constriction opeitlons oe by (ansnission of add tonal louds tothe supporting soi. (Fora detalled discus- sion of this subject ne, for oxarople, Terzaghi and Peck, 19ab; Techeboteiat, 1951; Lite, 1960). DA Tie requirement of tolerable astlemonts is concerned with total and difereatiel settlements of all foundations 8) Under the planeed structive. ‘The differential setements FF must be tinted in onder ot to couse structural distress or eerie tilting of the supecstructure and they aze also “ten Imited by the serviceability requirements. of the Sersteuctue; for enamels, efone tacks and many ma Chines hae limits of tolerable ft, The total settlements oust be Kned because they inariablyieayceaitferentist ‘ven in apoarently homogeneous soll conde reas often limite by considerations of uch factors as cece to adjcont buldigs, water and sevage Connections, ete. ‘The methods of dotesninaton of sete ‘mente and the rsenitue of settlement tolerances are di hued in Chapier ‘The requirement of safety aginst failure is centeed wound two principal kinds of fur that may be of con- Department of Civil Engineering, Duke Universicy Engeruning Hamden WF. Waal Rev Rewhatel Cor - BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS amc He Famg Miwe York cern in design: the stot flue ofthe foundation and thebeting expaclyInlre ofthe sopping sol “he aust face of he fondaon may oxcuif the Tountion ite f not propery designed to stan the I fea stress For exam, an inpropely proptioned Er isdaqusteiy rlnforced foting ot at may Ta in er Sion compression of sear, any other teaforel cone Slee Sructal member. "An inpopeiy est or inade- Shtey remfored concete ple mey be broken Ging Toning and svg: may ao be been ty enesive [neal ats for hin twos not dsiened A freetanding Sec) or wooden ple may buckle Jus say other clunin, fasticley itt sbjected to combined xa foes and foment” AIT foundations must poses: a conventional Sarcy wanes sac falurer The snags and dele pre Shion nested to avo stctuol ure ne discord {tein Choptes 12 Uoough 21 “Tis chapters devoted pana othe dicunion ofthe auoblem of beating capac fae of the sal Corie the simples cau of stati ftng (Pe 3.1 subjected tora wt stato or tsa loud Qe tc vera! ds Flncement w of the foundation is recorded as the lotd Q Giowmsn, a losdactement cure smi i shape fo SErematisn curve may be obtained (Mg 3.10).TRe sate Stig chive depend evenly onthe sean hape a the {Koluige-the compotion of the supporting soy wid te haste, rte and foqueney of te lwlbgNounaly UHaSuie wil inlets the ulnar oud Qy thatthe four {Eon som support. Ths caw te eifieeapetintoad, os Shown by comes 1 and 2 in Fig. tb, ora londat which ‘SuueMoabrae of penal whore, os shown by sine 3 “The average prezare in tom/t? or Kalen? ove the cowl T> xt nen dof the foundation, corespondig to he li Irate fond Qe, icaled tine prevtre an wil be smote by a. ye ea iat ; Prof Alessandra Conde de Feiss este rt a e@usces SO "2, Savionteas 0% tft ° s 0 1s Setlemantw/2 erent o 6.3.1 Londsattomet relatos fst Torna. All foundations should be built so a to posser a certain safety sprit bearing eapscily failure, ‘The me or alle. able resins gg is dened 35 a one on Js safety Factor, Similely, the load Qs = Qo/Fs able oad. stetions art concerned mainly with de- ‘ezmination of the ultimate presure qq. ‘The proceduses for selection of satety factors wit be acussed towed the nd ofthe chapter. 32 MODES OF FAILURE 1k ie known from observation of Behavior of foundations subjected to load that bearing capacity failure occas ust sly ay a shear lure of the sol supporting the feating ‘The theee principal modes of shear fre Under founds: Hoss sve been described in the Ierane at general shear fature (Caqvot, 1934; Buisman, 1938; Tere, 1943), foal sheur failure. (Tereyi, 1943; De Beer and Vesi 1958), and punching sear folure (De Beer and Vesie, 1953; vesie, 1963), CGoneral shear failure is characterized by the existence of 4 welldstined uur puller consisting ot continuous lip fuilace from one edge ofthe footing tothe around sartace (ig. 3.23). Im strercontolled conditions, under which ‘ost foundetions operate (and, pevbape, fll) flor ie sade den and eatesiropiie. "Unless the structive prevents the Foctings ftom rotating, the failure Is also eccompanied by subst titing of the foundation (Pig. 3.3) tn sri ontoled conditions (cceurring, for example, when the Toad is transnitted by Jacking) a vse decrese of oad necessary to produce Tooting movement after Iallie may be observed (hig. 3.23). A tendoncy fr bugieg of adjacent sol ean be recorded throvgh mort ofthe loading proces on i t q 3 ‘oth sides of the footing, although the final sol collapse cecurs only on onesie, in eantrct with the shovedescibed flrs mode, punching shear failure ie charcterzed by file putters Which is not easy to observe (Fig. 3:20) At the load in ‘lenses, the vertical movemeat of Phe footing is accompa tied by compression of the soil immediatly underneath Continued penetation of the footing Is ade pomible by vertical shear around the footing perimeter. ‘The soll out- fide the Loaded area romain selatvely uniavolved and there 15 pretically no movement of the sil on the sides of the footing. Both the vers! and the horioatal eqaocum Of the footing ste maintained Fxcept fr siden aval move ‘ments jerks") of the foundation in the vertical diestion, there Is aelther vsble cllopse nor substantia iti, Con: {inuourdncreate in vertical load ie needed to msntan Fook Ing movement in Uke vera diction Finally, locl shear fale f also charctesied by a fie ture patera whlch is clesly defied oaly immediately be low the foundation (Fig. 3.25). This pattem consbts of a sweage and slip surfaces, which start at the eiger of the Tooting Jus asin the ease of genera shear alu. ‘There = Yslblefendenoy of soll bulsing on the sies of the footing However, the wetical compression under the footing i g- nificant andthe sip surfaces end romewhers in the soil ‘mass. Only aflera considerable vertiesldeplacoment ofthe (Gay up to one-half the width or diameter of the {oting) may the slp surfaces appeae a the ground eee. ‘en then there is no ealasttophe collapse or tltig of te ‘which remains deeply embedded, mobiltng. the jr sol strata. Th, local shear fue te- foot "A few photographs iustating the chatacteretie faire modes are shown in Figs, 33 through 39. Flguse 3.3, taken from Tschetotaiof (1951), shows the view of 3Boaring Capacity of Shaliow Foundations 123 Fa. 33 Beningeapocty fal ef a foundation, (Foe Todaboarll, 1951) Fetes ca Sr OTS MATRA Steevie Te isainieren encanta era a.34 Cerra! sar ar reo actrgins fog Fly. Ponting sine plan’ seagate ‘sNbncosnd ohn De bana Vase tos train elevator after general shear failure of the fem clay ‘ander its foundation, In a similar case descifbed in deel tt tte literature (White, 1983: Peck and Bryant, 1955), the sirueture, with ite foundation, tlted more than 6D" at col lapse of the undorying sil Th Inter bulged some 12 fost shove the jally horizontal ground surfs. “Thanks 10 xtieme ripclty of the concrete structure, there was lt: Uialy Title structural dass. (The elevator wea faler straightened nto a vertical poston ana pt to normal tse.) However, soother elevator whioh failed under aomewiot sinilar cccumstances was practically dettcyed during col Japse (Nordlund and Docre, 1970). Figures 34, 3.3 and 366 show the three charactedstle modes of failure, sewed on carfully prepared models of long tecton Sha 3.9 show the punching shen fares wnder smal lates fon dense, diy sand, as observed, respectively, in conditions prot Alessandra Cone de Freitas QI er en 2A on Scat aw SIAPS0‘lo in dre ond (0, = 60%, B= 4.8 in,D= Sin Iam Veil teeae! of deep embedment (Ves, 19630), vey rorid loading (Poplin, 1965) or pretence of soft ey layer underneath (vere, 1970), ‘Which mode of faituc i to be expected in any particular cone depends on a mumber of fctors that have been only prislly explored so far. I eon be sid generally that the 1g. 39 Pusching she alu und: a dynamic loaded tmonzat phew tO (erm Poin, WSS ‘ou unde by safely. From Ves, 19709 fuilure mode depends on the rative compressibility of the Sail inthe partcula geometrial and loudng conditions. 1 the ao i proctcally incorpresible and hag a faite shear ing strength, it wl fl general shear On the other band, ia sll of given strengths very compressib Punching shear” This, a8 shown in lg. 3.4, 2 footing on {he surface af vty dense sand wil normally fallin zener ‘hese, while the sane looting om the surface of very loose Sand ig. 3.6) will fall in punching shear. Toweves it important to understand that We sll type alone doss aat deteumine the mode of fallre. For example, the mentioned Tooting on ve0y dense snd ean also fal im puncing shear the footing i placed at greater depth (Vesi, 19630; see Figs. 2) an 3.10) or fit loaded by 2 transient, dynamic toad (eter, 1964; Vase, Banks, and Woadard, 1965: see Fig. 3." Suoilauy, the same footing wil fal in punching Shear the very dente sand below le underiin by any com enh ee mew otc 9, Aiea Goting on este, roumaly commented clay Sr fin pe sear i onde so that no volume Shige conte as whe say fl ia puhing Sr iti atea slow enough tht al le Ghone em ake Fite th so ur te. ile ths ifernce in live mode ar nw reson oot) wi wet there area poset no eve a Lc Ire eer ht son be o4ed for prediton et mods at Sic tare of sis outed ty footings “Th only toa Sucmeter Rapord sofa for calunion of ate ome | Fey's mace oer Ios fe Fpdetined 08 “Ea cnn fo Bie it ta sete ating on ey eves aed wei et fin gens sear fie dlmeter were ‘Soul beyond afin it Wes rence ter ‘De Pa Ais pt de acto Ch SRS Ui esa ins Max SIAPB AISI‘ ond hor i i estate Fig. 230 Moors a aFere of mode foots nnd, (A 126dn, era by Du er, 1970) Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 128 Ge agTk 6 1 i Known that tho riilty indox varies with stices level US Sitn the ehasecter of loading (Vesi, 19650). high auth of fe eay over 250, dafnitely implies a relatively [euSeapredlte soil mist, whereas a low value, say 10, im saa relaively comonsedble soll mous. Neverthe, in Ghcvabaunce ef theoretical solutions for an elastic-platic reste no. way Yet, olher than sefemplszal to ‘Olt ate or index Jy tn predicting the fallore mote of shal {pve footings, Soma posblies along these lines ae ot Tee Star this chapter, do discussions of infvence of soll fcomprestly 33 ULTIMATE LOAD CRITERIA From the preceding discuiion iti apgarent tha the “fail ‘sof londed fooling Is elely defined only jn the eset ‘pense shear fours. tn each 2 cae the peak, ultimate odie resched simultmeously with the epoeacance of slip 1c at the ground susface, which is fllowed by founds- ton collaperznd a conaserablo bulging ofthe soll mess on {he sie of the Tooting. In contrat with ths, inthe case of feo tr falure modes Cocal and. punching shear) the Sint o fluce is oe lea detined and often difficult to eet, Tn the ease of punching or local shear failure of footings ton usd uaface if has been obunived (De Bees and Vesi, 1538) that = "fst filre” characecaed by a sudden, ange ‘late deforration of te soll under the feoting, my 0° (03) Ear tithor cay im the loading stage. Howere, to obsere ae oHAe fate ts xvatial to ave a strest-coatcalled wb ‘where G ls the shear Toma ve strength pe. oating. As mort louling tests ae perforsied BY the wi" Of vcd ere i Tee Dae, DES). Tan nde op- yds jcks, ths “st fare” cant be noleed WEA anae arng in solutions oft Eran iafeite sold, is aoc ‘problem of expansion of cat Ss ap Ie SO fod, To take cares of the arer- ommended fos gener we defines z-umat OR ca rete pi ae Rn ben se pail where he lope of the eel cteeay Soe Tt [proted (Vesié et al, 1965) that the valve given by Ea. 33 sent ee ee Sraimumvabe Vent, eons | Sh evecare | vunplewa ol a a0 ig 2.1 Uo on terin baad on is od with the assumed Kal ned practical vale. loud eitecion that ean be ree- aay crtanay us hs fis ‘a very verti tinal se pig II) Another very consent ultimate loxd exk- ae pei. at a a tar beso ind am dame, 68 fata mur slop of oxdantiementcura. (tar Vet 558 less Conde de Freitas se ante POR op sora Bhp OE, Samsonsh AS sition Enginesring Hrdb0, ; - 2 in ¥ ga Utmat lod eon bse on ot of ofa ot Fume tater De esr, 18673 ra gel ons epi oe tt age 2) 8 Se eo ioe sg seni or a at SY aie teria ar oto mea at Fe ici enansors oe He ee ogy of tomatoe cf el ee ta Ee tae 9 Be ihe eee in cel be ae Sean at Beat Sto} mat ae ete me as bern apt 3 ee a Bet ned snes ete ote aig tom 3 ta roel or ee aad eis rng cape ae att cl W 198, Yo eS A Sn Pi Ss tea Fe. 233 Uti on atten of ute oats (After De Bee, peorto be a genes tendeney of nescase of ltimae ste ore to tes Hroresed size of fotings (De Beec, 19654, 1560). = 6 string these facts, unless a clea dofined otinate jook a e Uksored earier, Kis advable to carry toad (So orp an en ae to seltlemente equal fo 3t Test nt of the oot, 1 semen eae pa nd eb at te eye it is expeont to adopt a tit of etic (retest ch ot (Osea th foot GSC 1s, bees often proposed en weed for ven {peor Ves, 1967) . 424 COMPUTATION OF ULTIMATE LOAD- ‘the computation of ultimate load for 2 shall footing To co oll represents problern of clastiplati eau mate, be solved for atleast the Pliy symmetl cate. The Foremost Solutions les undoubtedly in the oe stne (tzeataindie) celaionships. In spe of BS Sy improved capabilites for solution of Beitr of this Kin, he theory of bea Peo) almost eeshsivel to solutions wed ee ai of ths cased Toop of Pati. AS | Fe cad is assumed to exbibit-no deformation | co a gor to shen fallure anda pasic. flow at teat Eee fare, Thus, the capabiitis of theo sen eesion of the ultimate Load 3, sity” speaking, 2h prediction x to realy inconifesiblg soit oo he Unite Sheet falore mode, Howere, it rather common served BEM use the available soutions fos comercasible 1 practice ath pone eduction for The etfects of Compresbily. a i grwrlly posed as fltows (Fit. 2.149) cone rectangetne foundation of width 8 and Tength /, Ih D. Theol} macs is of si ‘cxpecity is sti rejoped for the Tne MoM eran cure of 2 tBu body, shown 18 a alge determined isthe maxinr wait Jon Tee Batak which this foundation can support Fees Mie problem, the fllowing simplifications are sully mae: lysing sesstance of the overburden Fo (atone bo, Pig, 14a) enealcteds “yt Dion between the ovecbucden soll and the fond alone ads Fig 14a) 28 well ox boteen te tonatjen snd supporting sol along @b, Pgs 3.248) f+ ieglecteds acted ag 2 ic asumed to be lees in compaizon 4 vate wits he width of the foundation = ee He other terms, the overburden soil is cepinced by 2 uni- ¥ Font iubuted surcharge @ = 7D. At the some time ‘Shane tein condltons are sesame i ations (a) and (D) are usted in most ces and a nenatiens sale sda, The overbuiden sol usva aus anys Oecd, while the Foundation i laced by exc meee oc paektiing. Simplification (©), equialent to ration, aie foundation fo be a8 infinite sii of with Bs Semleg I caelyapesking for L/2 > 10 and practical i jad nso be inoewced or <3 ¥ eo oxen tana rectangle Wil be dure later 1 atte, etn, forslted as shown in Fig. Ie, has been, sort ByPthe methods of the Theory of Plasticity. ‘Thsé L a Ley, , Sy Wi 7umaeeeneeeee © a o ot Fie. 3:14 The pct af tang epi o low footings. ‘sic solution avilable (Prandtl, 1921; Reisner, 1924) im Gates that Se Calle petlera shoul consist of thee Shane intl, and Hil, Zoas Us an active Rankine zone, ‘ahick pushes thw radial Prandtl zone IE sideways and thé whic Rankine ronelll pan upoard diction, Te lower Boundary ACDE of the dlslaced aul moss Is composed of two stgght ines AC and DE, inclined at 45" + 6[2 and 5° gpd teapectialy, to the hottzontal. The sh Comecting cove CD depen flo yle. For 781¢> 0 C ED a egsrthie spiral which for7 =O degenerates into Tcl. tn the exeral cate (73 #0) the curve les between soll and a ctl, ab long as 0-0. For fictions soll (O20) the curve Walwaye sec. All these findings have Gees Pantrned experimentally (De Beer and Vesi, 1956), hough the angle pay be slighty large than 45° 6/2, a Jeet tor tong rectangular footings on the surface of sn. ‘A closed ancytiea zation of this problem, 3 posed, has not yet been found and probably will et be fourd, ex: opr for special caus. For weightless sol (y = 0), Peandt fd Reisen have found that: Sih darn By cu-%tme/ 65 were Mz and Ny te dintosontes bearing eapacliy factors, ‘oti by Ig =? a? (018-792) = lq Deore on “The numerical values of thes® factors re given in Table 3.1 and shawo graphically in Fg. 3.15, ‘poe cahestontes soit withobt overburden (e= 0, =o ' geass BERS BEERS HKALE BBB SAIN! esving Capacity of Shallow Foundations 127 ‘TABLE 3.1, BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS Male 033 ‘00 “ cera Loe Ee fan be Sowa that: . a0 $ 0M, en where ¥y if agen a dimensiontess Dearing capacity stor UUhick coh be evaluated only suaverily. This factor varies hatply with angle Ths mumedial veloes shown by: ‘Beiod Gres in Eig. 315 are taken from an analysis mad iy Caguot ond Kessel (1953) under assomption that Y= [2c gya_ Tecan be shown (Vest, 1970) that thes values Sf Nytn be approximated ith an erzor on, the sft side Ghot Eaceeding 10 petceat for 3" <9 C35" and nol Ex: de Riss oft Assman Di oesecomenss ea Me stare nehation Eagar ansetled, Because of difiutin Jn soectng a represonta- 10 We taut ane of sharing estance forthe beng fa ae oa ape auton (eyeret, 19631 ea “4 Subrch Fianzen, 1970) ose the planestrain value of ¢ which, Banc Hani Ur yews, may be wp 0 10 pevcent higher ‘fren the conespondingcbaentional taxi eet wae ‘Ths can hetp expla the resus of tess with long rctanga- ria an soft surface however, only contabutes to ] Giteuties tn lntrpreting the resus of tests with irctae Sis ploced ate certain depth. (At any ra, thece remains ‘question as what degee the conditions of sol le- Og. song a lip surface under a cucular footing ae closer to 0p =o than fo glane-stiain cooditions) uch stonger le the argument that a shea aurea sil oder the footing i phenomenon of progresive rapture Stover strot levels (Mus, 1963; De Beer, 1965a, b i567). Conseavently when the lip ine ACDE in Fs ‘ches. st mobling the peak sbessag strength st that rat the sol strength at the besinalng of the lip line Reani A) ost be well below the peat. Tn addition, the Great get at A isighes than at E. Thus, in vw of Known ciNature of Mohs envelope in the low stress range, the Sanale 207A mst be lower than at EA reprosentative $haine svast be sought with due consideration of there , facts Working slong tha:a Kes, I has been sugested (De Dos, 19658) that te besting capacity evaluations should rae wing tength chanctorstcs comesponding to sn fucen norma stress ual 10 * ag = 3 (qo ¥3ailt~ sind) G10) White the discussions and investigations of there and | otter guenions suoested vith evalation of the beasing Siherty contin, thes 238 intend trend arione both caeticag enginess end teeeazehers to retain the Prandtl | Fa ej caquot Kérisel factors given a Table 3.1 a5 | ml te most rhble feetore sealable at present. ‘The widely. a “toed “Terzaghi-fctors, though not sulstantialy.oitereat aly, az being g1adualy_ abandoned 28 they. ae coe flue patex. 90 obviously in i.3.18 Bustg cosy lotr for anow fooian sets yo at cocadyoen ins 72 error rounnnon Gare) (BD fw de ened expression Por foundation shapes otter than the long sectanzle, the 2, = 2g +1) and (a) ethematieatffelis in obtaining sitions are eonsid~ ‘rable, Oniy the atl symmetsical case of s elsula foot “The Ny-ralues according to 3.8 are given tn Table 3.1 and Ing has Beem solved so far (Iktinski, 1944; Bevezentsev {ko presented araphicay ia Fig 3.15 {5is2: Miruno, 19534 Eston and Shield 1960; Cox, Eason, Peers iermaliste eas, wheie €#0,@%0,and7% and Hopkins, 1961). The propose solutions make wes of (0, Egy 3.5 and 3.2 gfe combined into see eemptioos about oil bebavior Mat remain to be aye4,2 2. con heey cree es Rxlecown os BilsmanTermagl equation (Binisman, 1940; Baer nen ta), “aNogeTemnie enon an, aos eRe fan ening pte cn 2) isuproen nel amet, 9 nt fuming eg ety ade to armom which on the le nol epi n the basis of comparative long tvs with De ere eet aonen BS Haen cei toot Footings of iffeent #ha02, ncluding long nectonge, the L@® sid chretocsea, 1968). ‘iowing modification of Bg. 3.9 has come Into general — - 3 however, {Sout nate ea tes x he er ature't pea sutety of proposed alton to this probe +E ‘Wate ue waveton’ in A> aa Mgrahespropoted remain fide) GAD Me tier, Ue alferetcestnBevalc, coming tn this expraon Ne, Ny o00 Ny ate a Beton, beni realy ian me onal hap woraion of iy with expaly factors fr an txt slp oF long rectangle and Gare substantial anging from about one-third to double fe, fqy Sy are diemeasionless parameters ciled shops fect0re al {he values shove tn Table 3.1 ‘Seipd fectoresiso depend on the ane of shearing re ran af the iensed cyperimeatal work on thiesub- sistance @ ofthe 2, as well ton some oer parameters, ject aeiguenton steaneet" Wales temane omcwhat However, any of them are taken tobe constants or simply Norserc hehe + - le » vi : ye ee Proft Atessandea ‘Conde de Freitas iT) “ Pog bse Rol Mite FS pet oe te OP genoa O'S geen 59 stare oferty recor9) rv peso de rinayTrae 32. SHAPE FACTORS FOR SHALLOW . FOUNDATIONS. {iter De Bows, 1867, o8 medi by Vesi, 1970), ‘Sunéor te Bave te fe by Se ry 190) "a0 Fctoule 14 (@/0)0%glMe) 1+1BHLI ane 18a Secon 2 Suse, 1 Welt) tetene 80 fonctions of the geometrical form ofthe foundation. Res- ‘Ommanted expressions of shape factors based primary on Extensive experiments at Ghent (De Beer, 1967) a6 seen fn Tobie 2.2, Niurmeical vales of Me and tan appear iin these expresions ae given in Table 3. TRAMPLE: A meni fing ft wd an eat led tr dopo ene tee Setar ie Catia weit 03 ae et te cad ft tow wound ree BC) Matt nephew to Sate Te in that th ate of spin of dd ad 1 ae tan ete enon ee ee ar nue ot, 20 Baro Sige one taka ae ‘EF aac "te eer exon, tat te te of sed eta it no ees power esa Sr stator See ee ese, on rom Cee et creat eget onl nd ton gut Condon 4): ‘Submecged unit weight of soil: Ovecburdon stpess @ = UE)CIOS): + COLERDINE 0.963 ton 0 tage Beiring capacity factors (Table 3.1): Me = 514, 10s~ 62=43y/r? 0 Tactors (Teble 3.2): Fe = 1-4 (1/3)(020 = 1.087, 00 oe ‘iflnate basing pres (Bq. 3.11): 449 * (0.229(5.1491.067) + (0.463)(1}(1 00) = 121+ 0462 1.67 tonft? ion (0) 8 capacity factors: Ng = 18.05; Ny = 8.66;0%, ‘220 1+ CHPN0.48) = 1.16: fy = 1+ (/sy(@a2) = L143, =1~ GAN1/)=0.87 Ueimate bearing presi: 49 = (0.08)(18.05)00.16) + 0.463)(8.66)(1.18) + (1/29(43)(28)¢8.20(0.87)(2000) = 724574214 7.83 tonlte ‘Rewwark: The computed aloes of da represent the upper Timit of bearing capacity unde the sseimpton of incom presible soil The analyses of effects of Compresiblity for this ease sxe preseted in Example 3.7. EXAMPLE 3.2: Sot the problem described in Example 3.1 it the footing placed atthe same depth (10 fet) ina eep seninn of medinm dence sand. Asse for sand 2 ‘Beacing Capacity of Shllow Foundations 123 saturated unit weieht of 118 I(t and an average moist ‘nit wight above the water table of L00 Ty. Drone tron) tests on sand eanples show that the angle # of shearing testance of sand vases with mean normal suse 1, according to te equation ge free *)ogie (fos) where p= 34° ft angle of shearing resistance at mean rormtatcss 0 = I font. Solution: : ‘ubenerged unit weight of nde = 118~ 62 56 Yb/t Orverburgen sen: ¢ = (8)(100) + 29(56)/(2000) = 0.456 ton ‘Tofind te mean normal sess, according to Ba, 3.10, #2 Timlnary estimate of beating capacity Bs needed. Tt a ‘med for ths prelininaryanalsi that @= 34" ‘Beasng coporty factors (Ie 3.1): Nq = 2944; Ny = 41.08 Shape factors: fp = 1 # (U3)(067 = 1. ‘Da(y3)= 087 = Ultimate easing pressure (Ea. 341: go = (0456)029.449(1.22) 4 (4/29(569(289(41.06)(0.57(2000) = 164+ 1402304 tonft Mean noma st slong he ip ace (Ba 3.10) on = GD{304 + }0456)} (1 ~ 0559)=35 tone? | Representative angle of shearing resistonce: | o=30"-(ss°y0540)=35" ysis is now repeated with $= 35": 8.055, = 1 (1100.20) = Laut, =087: The Ng = 3335 Ny 9 = 0456)83.900.23) + (/23(56)(28)(48.0)(0.871(2000), . = 1874 16435.) tonjt™ {In view of anal hangs in entan normal stress from the pee- ously found yao, tis auswer i retained ‘Remarke: (I) The analysis of compresibiy effects fog Brample 38 7 ‘value Gf ulate Dering eapscity ins posite thatthe jlowable beseing pressure may be ontoied by maximum tolerable settlement. for the sevetue In question. OFTHE LORDS “The preceding dacosions ware all concerned with a footing Toned by 4 cnteal, vertical Ioed. If the Toad is nctined or ‘Sentle, of, a8 i most often happens, both inclined and ‘Econtric, te problem is sowiewhat mee complicated be ‘hues ofthe presence of the hodzontl component P of the footing ceaction (Fig. 3.16a).- Faure can occur either by Salut the fotng long ts eA. ory ener sheer Dl the underlying so za [At the weuge of siding the horizontal eomponeot P is roleted to the watiel component Q of the footing reaction Prof Aessandea Conde de Freitas iene 5 Tipu eastern7 > SE . aah Jouneation Engineering Handbook HHpb tied hey owe ¢ Te afeorpectina mehing ce: Jen segs = t rot fe cop. tot 19591° tthe seem, it ey te ford covenant SO Se tefatrodece the inffence of fhe ond fcnation by mult ( PE idk the indicvalfers ofthe Beang capacity equation pOr = hestec Bye inca ator Su Equ oy Geman, 052, ) Brinch Hansen, 196), Ths the bessing capacity equation for the govera cae pt ecentele and ineined Joaig can be vweiten in ve foe: es) {tododed To tl the toad ia the longltudinal ection. ‘Beret on igoraus analyses for the planestraia problem of footing on weighties sol Joaded by a cxntral, {oad (Pig. 3.16b), Brinch Hansen (1961) proposed towing approximate expression for inclination facto Gan) bth itty dd Fx.290 Thee lp porns unt $ by the expression: ‘ Faux = Qtan OrA'es sccente td oti oun) ‘where a’ 1s the effective bearing arca of the foundation, ‘hile and prepnetet, spectively, te adhesio and te rule of fition between the soll and the footing. (It ‘Shovid” be noted thatthe presently avaiable evidence ‘Schultee sod Hom, 1967=indscates or th hen lt ye is lt they Senet “To find the ultimate vertical component Qo, that wl ‘use 9 general sheae failure, an analysis ilar fo that. pe Farmed for vertical, central oad mut be performed. Such fn analysis chasse, as befor, te existence of See Zones inthe soil under the footing, the sito of whien may be ap Dprevably reduced with Ue inersss of Sneination and eo-* ‘ontriety of the Qui (Fg. 3-163, 6). Zone li an elastic ‘eles, ABC, which ie ranger in shape a longa the Ind {i cenial Schulte, 1952; Sokolorsk, 1960). Por eccen- tise tous, the AC side of the wedge asumes the shape of dicts whore cenlor clued withthe center of rotation of the footing (Fig. 3.160, b) (Brinch Hansen, 1953, 1953). A tong ot th Toad eccentuety Is male than B/4 the SS totaton center tetmans on the side ofthe footing opps ‘heload (Fig 3.163). Fore 9/4 Be centorisexeetly woes the footing edge, Moving, for ayer eccenetes, further toward Ge aus of the footing and easing voit of the les loaded side of the footing (Pig. 3.160). (Zhe latter condi ion is, for olsious rssons, to be ayolded in design, To provide adequate safety ages lifting ofthe Tooting ede, R'is normaly recommended thatthe eccentcily © not &x- coed 276). “Theoctcal and experimental evestigations show that i potest id take cont eee by incodcing # Getitious effective width(Bh= Pe bf the footing, instead of ie aetual width (De Beer, 5A; Meyer: Q ob eit \ From the theorem of commspondence one fads also (De Beer and Ladanyi, 1961) v Ee terexpresion becomes 2 teat tant me ‘these val a poset by Brinch Hancen (1961) ond only fhm the values resulting from the latest eompolations at the Danish Geotechnical Institute (Bunch Hansen, 1970). ‘They are in far aproement with availabe exgeviaental date thie subject (Gesutet, 1365). Since expicsions 3-14 through 3.17 have been devived fiom plansstssn analyct, they should be applic, stitly freaking, any to the esse of avery long foundation acted {on by inclined loads inthe eetion of the shorter side B tf the foundation. Homerer, the ene of loads jelined in fhe deetion of longer side of the foxndatlon sof eau Io greater practical interest. The mths subject, coming legely from DEGERO tats nrg scala mocls of shallow footings on seed (fuhs aod Weis, 1965 the lead inclination effects im the two eases. Ths, the di- tection of load Inclination, 28 wel the ratio BIL of the fides of the footing have eect on Inclination factor. Pend ng, move. detailed investigations, It i siggestea (Vesle, 1970) that expressions 3, Tbe eplsced by Slightly higher mens st hat hie wih the mews, gs ale node Tete ont Wess, 1959: ‘easton somewhat Boson, 1983)a Ta tie dcction of Soier side B of tho foundation. ‘then thetoediacknation Is inthe tection of Tongr site J the foundation, the exponent In expresions $.14a and Goad unclined|>. ts becomes 80) Consistent with 3.14a and 315, exoresion 3.16, valid for} 0, thon becomes mP BE |b=0* G6 har) soahe-e) re Tf the Tost iistation i i the direction m, making an anal Oy will tho dectlon ofthe lone side ofthe fou dation i le tngyeted to interpolate between the cxponeats ‘Set for snisia an exponent determined mq = My, co Oy t mp sin By \ 3.186) hnapes other than seclange, the effective founds tion ares may be determined az thai of the equialent c- langle, constructed $9 that its groneiio center colnldes bith the losd center aad hat W follows a closely as pos. Bie the adjacent contour of the acai base area. A Tew ex: ~ anmoes, after Brinch Honsea (1961), ae shown in Fig. 3.7. EXAMPLES: For the footing icoused In Beamplé 43.1, nd the uftoate bearing capacity in condlons (2) and {@)ithe footing econ at 3 eet cepter the es. Hon of tho short sido B (eg = 3 £0) and ifthe incination of the ceacton iin the sume dection. Assume thatthe esi ontal component of the reaction ie equal to half of the ‘imate valve givea by Ba, 3.12, Condition (2: fective width ofthe footing: 8" = 28 ~ (2)(3) = 22 te Horizontal reaction: P=0.5 Pe = (0.5)(22)(82)(0.22) = 203.3 ton pagent mg (Ea 3.180: ma (2-+ (SDL #131 = w ig. 3.17 tguttet ai lest ouein stese, Ue Bch Haven, 19610 ‘Bearing Copscity of Shallow Foundations 131 Inclination fctous (gs. 3.14 and 3.163) qi Vsteg=1~ (€.751203.31(406.6965.14)) « 0.83 Uttirate boating pressure (o> figures from Bxample 3.1): to = 1-21}(083) + (0446) = 1.00 046 = 1.46 ton/t? Condition (by ‘Assura ton 6 = tan Oy =0.42, ¢,™ 0. P=(osyoano=0219 fyi = (0-021) =0.66 (Ea, 3.143) El 66-109 6a 5042) = 0.62 (Ea. 3:15) Er= (= 017 = 052 (69, 3.170) ao = (OTN O.6D +4506) + G.1490.52) oas 4202 LT 4.38 tone ‘Asin Bxample 3.1 this value represents the upper Hint of ‘raring expacty onder the assumption ofan incompressible EXAMPLE 3.4. For the some footing find the ultimate Iwaring eapaciy If the action ace 6. feet off center in the useeton of the long sie, und ifthe ineination isin the sme diecton. Assume that the horizontal component is ‘qual fo theultimate valoe given by Bq. 3.12, Condition (3) fective length of the footing: £! = 84 ~(3Y(65)= 71 ft P= Prog = (28){T1N(022)= 4374 ton cponeat my, (E9. 3.180): mz =(2* 3M +3) Ben = ((.25)(4374 437.149} = 0.76, do = (1.21)(0-16) * (0.46)(1)= 1.38 ton? CConaition (6) 25; Pe 042 0:t, © (1-042)'% =051 rast id osniisosyed) 04s Fr=(t-oaay* = 0.29 = (or7y(045)4 4.570351) +(2.140.29) Soget233 + 0.62 =3.27 toni ‘Asin Bxarple 3.5 this valve presents the upper nil of of an incompeesie an. SLOPE “Thor ae situtions in ensincesing practice where the foun dition base may be Inchined to facltate transmission of 2¢ hodzontal reactions. Also, ftdy often the ground face below whieh the shallow foundation is placed is® 2 aS S 338 Fovndation Enginering Handbook ‘by @ and the ground suyfae slope by «, postive down- ‘wands. "Asin the eae of fond clinton it has been fond Convenient £6 Inoduce Unse two effects by multiplying ‘the individual terms of the bearing capacity eavation 3.11 ‘nth bse tl factors f andor ground slope factors f-snal- ‘oovs to factors by in Eq. 3,13 (Hivorsloy, 1970; Brinch Har. fen, 1970). On the basis of sralsns peformed by Meyer tot (1953) for weight soil and Brinch Hansen (1970) for surface Footings on sol with weight, the following jont ex esson fori actos ny bp oy tee = ye 8 (= tong)? ren “To fod Sep Tarte sme) TER WTO aeAton 3.15. The 1 Batis+ 1 a 28020) ace esa Se eek Pe ee So! 1 eet Be tn Wan (1970) Slt eaten oa ore eae ss lfc rt ten BG SEE Ss tegen gel ea pe Oe ee eae Sax = Sag = (1 tan 2]? 2) telcos lel eg hgh tS Pee daar eta cages Teen I= t2atee 2) G20) Mepis a itn G ieee ea BE GS el aetna ae tag ty ae Cac bee neha State Seti ™ as Secunia 2.10 inh 896 a Md, one od -2300 45" and eo < as" ie ho eequiced that om ox (23) Howeror, one sovld keep in mind that the analyse of slope elets, thom whieh expressons 3.20 and 3.22 for slope factors were proposed 0 not lake Into consideration he existing shading steeseein the erovnd. The effect of these stresses may be negiie as hong 98 0 c0'< 9/2. Te vised, for slopes steeger than-#/3, to perform also an Sealyss of slope stability, wing one of the methods de- ‘Sulled i Chapter 10. is alo impovtan to remember tht: the analyses lend {ng to adoption of factors geen in Ens. 2.19 though 3.29 Al! based on asumption of Plan sitain. conditions. they are, stcly spesting, valid only for lone ee tangitr footings, with main axis parallel to the slope. Con. sideting the mentioned sinlarity betwsea sage factors and Toal inclination factors, It & expected that there must be varistion et slope and tit factor withthe foundation shape Smflar to those presented im the preceding section, There ‘re, However, stl no experimental deta on thissublect EXAMPLE 3.5: For te footing dlscused in prececng ‘examples find the wltiate bearing capacity f the footing Dose sited 1 etial to-4(hoxizontal). Ase asin Exe ample 3.3, thatthe tection le 3 feat olf centr in the di Frelion ofthe shact side B, inlined in the same direction, With'2 Rorzontal reaction equal to one-all the ultinate ‘ale fom E312, Condition ‘Angle of base et: ee= tan (174) = 0.253, Dase tl factor (Ea. 20} Ber 1 ~ 2Y(O.259/03.14-42) = 090 ‘limats bearing pressure (Ge Byes from Example 3.3) 4 *(1.00)(090) + 0.46 0:90 0.46 1.36 tonsft™ Condition (0): Bese tit Ector (Bs. 3.19 and 3.15): Soe= hy =U (0253/0042? = 0.79, Er = 079 ~ (= 0.79)/18.05)(0.42)] = 0.76 fu = (OAS )0.16) (0291019) C11)0-79) = 0344238 +088 ~ 3.60 ton/t EXAMPLE 3.6: For the footing discused in Example 3.1 find the ultimate Bearing capecity if the ground slopes ‘S(horlzonia) to (versa). "The load sumed to remain antral tnd eri Condition (a: “Aneleo pround slope: = tan 03 tin = 019X600 = 0.98 Ground slope foctor a. 2:8 anon) G.te+2)) #092 easing capacity factor (Bq 424: N= -210.19) =-0.38 Ultimate be semen en ie 49 = (1.21092) + (040) = fapaxesyy. aot a0) = 1.03 40.45 -0.19=1.7 ton const and hoe factor (ag 3.21 gna 3.15% soi = ose F208 G“eeaynatesyo4ay 059 (0.723059) + 4. s7rK0 980.64) +(2.190.64) ear See as tone In the dscusfon of computation of ultimate load it was nieaioned thatthe analyses presented neglect the sbeailog, fesistunc of the overburden, This ir normaly Jusiied by ‘he fact thet the overburden sll ie wesker than the beeing stratum. In some eases, however, the expected inresto of bearing eapucty due to shearing resistance of the overbur {en cannot be neglected. The problem may be forma &5 before, a the plantain problem of general sheae ‘ie of aigh-pntic voi with the affercnce thatthe seid Extends above the level of he foundation bsee (Pig 3.142) ‘The exact solution of this problem is asin, rot know, Approximate selutions hate been found. by ‘Meyeihot 1951) and others. "Tho results are often presented for ‘nalyts In the form of “depth factor” ty (Skempton, 1951; Brinch Hanson, 1961). These. te dimonsionlos patemets, analogous to factors Syn Ba. 3.13, indicating ress In Individual terms of fhe Deasing expaety eve ‘othe ahearing strength of the overbusden. Tir values se ven by the folowing soeroximate formulas proposed bY a ese Coe as se Pat Ath Es Ct Da Sac ven Ne IESi qd Fag ena te found again from dence Forma S15. From 3.15 and 3.26 one nts, for > ono. fee 04 DIE ean For D/B> | the esiulation of depth factors is faughe with lncertlaty, equising father arity asomptions about ress conditions ia the overburéen soi, Hxpevimental data ‘ue dificult to interoret properly, asthe scale and compres Silty effets (to be diseased fn the next setfon) inter ‘ene along with uncertainties about exact sts: conditions In the surrounding sol, ‘To provide a transition to deep ‘Oundations Brinch Hansen (1970) tentatively proposed for DIb> 1 the folowing forme faa 142 tn (l= sing)? tas" (012) fast Combined with 3.15 the above formula yields fo 2 give for vey deep square or czelar foundations in satu: sated cley (6 0) thefollowige wellknown rel Suu (lat eon s0antANTIe adaere 028 cohesionest soils these expresions give gq % 3:18@Ng >! for $ = 30" and do = 3.68qily for $= 45% where Ny | Liven oy expression 3.6. Those Yesolts ave in fair asreement is claret es ee cc ee a eae 5 sResmentaleeetent ets j BS Siete pan wong raster ees Se eee ee 4, Sarita aris oreriie Feae ape cnt pie a uate toad ace based on the ssunption of incampest- Bilty of oil and that they should be apple, sity spa Ing, only to cases in which gesyal shear (ure of thesis expected, There exists a ack of tational methods for ana. Iyzing bearing capacity Dues in the two other modes ‘characteristic for compres so "To satisty the immediate ncede of ensiaering practice ‘Terzsph(1943) propose! the se of the same bearing ex pect equation and fecore with reduced strani chacae estes e* and g dafined as follows 1616 (329) 97 = ta (O67 ang) 630) Such an approach may give salisfctory answers ia some sol although Its not alvays on the safe sie (cf. Vere opto Tt pestulted tha the beating crpacty af fangs so ‘Bearing Cxpscty of Shallow Foundationt 139 ‘and Solincon, 1963). For sands, at reduction of @ in the ‘ue of foe! ead punching shear fires is probably too conservative, Te algo sugg-sts 2 jump in bearing eapacity en ‘uansition to general shear face, a phenomenon which, of cove, dacs not occur. Observations of flare lads of Srl footings om a least four sands (Vere, 1970) suggest ‘thatthe factor 0.67 In Eq. 3.30 should be replaced by a conection factor vgcving with relative density Dy, such a8 067+ Dy ~ 0.7508, spieable in te range 0 <0; 0.67 ‘Propotale of thi Kind ansy be seul in proce, how: ‘ve, tei ltimate vale is quit limited as they ae based ‘onthe doubtful premice that the relative compresibiity of oil under different geometrical and losing conditions s Felated exchasivly to ts stensth characterises e and. In ‘ther words, he pillosophy of thls apgrosch jores the ‘xislene> of ecale effeets otter thn thore axprosed by Ea, 3.9. Seal eects cifering from thoes predicted by the casi- cal enh presare theaies have been known in bearing pacity and earth presse pheaomens Tor quite some time, Yet, te uodetstanding of the variety of reson for their existence Bae come only in very secent years mostly i (De Beer, 196: ‘These ster idiate that, in caso of hallow foundations {he aveuege shear strength mobilized along spline unde Ie foundation decresses with foundation ate They seo. hour cleaiy thatthe latte compressbMly of sis, both ‘Bln vespect to gravity force and with veteet fo te soit ‘Srengih ieee with Toundation ize, (OR vai of there foc Tn spaasent values of ould toa certain cep ‘venpetted all sas Probably the mor! conspicuous of Ts The decrees in Novato with ncresed sit of sar face footings on sand, "Figure 3.19, tken {yom De Beet (19652) shows thet this decree hat been apparent in ll snojor expesimental studies of pacity of shallow footings Ast Is been only one meter (3.3 feet) squao, Ohare Is great rccical a5 well ep. theoeiial terest in determining ‘ether the yeas shown in Fig. 3.19 tend asymptote ‘ally to come minimum. ‘Recent studies on This subject (Vesé, 1969) seem to Indicate" that the Myvalues Tor stbitranly lege footings ‘nay be mich smallef than conventionally ested. This ilustrated in Fig. 3.20, which presents a compaiton of measured ultimate resistances of sal uae footings with © of deep footings, showing alr the predicted easing spite of large footings according to conventional the: ce footings cannot be preater than the resistance Of deep ootings on the same sol."* In other words there choad be an unger limit of Beating capacity ofall footings which may be telated tothe Wold eaio of the soll at laut. “To enive at an adequate cs-zment of the Infvence of soll ompressblty and elated seale effect, It would be Decesinty to have a Beatag espacity theory based on some Sex of weet lal od dope The ee ech of te eto yes wih al pe an the ange oc ngs tea effec! bing dere racy a ae ‘Tis pratt sc de Freitas roger Liege SO REREE = Vent os~ yan _- Foundation Enginewing Hendbook Gert74= 141 fe? | ves, 1509 onl? LOAN tnt? Meet yt nt? : a © Meyetoy,= 1485 tol? Af ead 7g* 1420 on? ante, 1950.1,- 1.67 nla a “Fhe quantity fe can be nln 3.18~ Apply cote on oro ming write a he | SS ‘he we of exon ams SITAR 3.39 makes see, | evsiuay, cay as log as he compresilty factors | Shain smeles thon unity, ‘Numerical Yalues of the compre=- ‘Molly Tactors Eye for two extreme ese, B/L = O Ginnie & ostcig tat ftp) aoa BpL = l eqre) ae given in Table 3.3 and shown i rary Biriaar earn oblicaly in Fig, S21. Table 34 ges the ators fee a0" ! BOS iT eeaehirsoonaing to Ba, 3.32, fr the some two extreme cases, vonnsea ‘Tow eapresion 231 one cn find the mnpsitude of the |) j .220 Venton ot sina vecvice of foots with am, rgty inden for any ano @ and any pawtuta founder f (herve 108) age below which lt becomes nesesary to reduce me | String cape been of compeenibity eects. TAs more realistic sll models (such as, for example, elstic a Phste sod) tn the sbsenee of needed exact solutions for C= Corot this cls of problems, Se may b> proposed to use the pre cmily valable theory Based on solutions for 9 rid-pistic isis ss oo: cone ean uss the sumption tht theultimate normal pres- ‘tre on the sites ofthe wedge under the footing (AC and (CB, Pa. 3.140) fr equal to the presure needed to expand = ‘arity nthe same soll mcr. (This ssonptton, fist used by ‘Skemptons Yasin and Ganon, 1953, was found to be eae Sonable for deep foundations, atleast under certain conde tions) Combining ts sztomption wit slutions for cavity Expansion in an ehsteplaale sold (Veie, 19630) one ean ‘obtain bearing capacity fects for comparison with thor, {ven by Tables 31 and 3:2. Ta tia way the folowing ex- i ee Drestion for compeeibilty factor Te 1 obtained (Vee, aes angen. 1970) ig. 2.21 Theories compeesiiy fcr. (ABowing Capacity f Shallow Foundations 135 ‘TABLE 2.3, VALUES OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR foe ait > 1 ware) a Nir 2s 6 0 a 0 100 20 ta 1.000 1000 | Siete 4 oge2 0817 . i r 9303 a905 oa ot ‘ oee2 9679 - 8 ae 0317 0499 ast 06m “oom tom © se BP quae ow aazo Oss? 801 (1050) : ‘a 0362 028 0910 0422 og “ORE 47S) = Set aces 0152 0214 0300 o4s2 Ms Ose M43) = SP eso. cose 0.127 397 Aan Gass Ouse 1.085) 38 g022 Qus4 0m O17 ose oss 0417 0.852 11.018) se aos 077 004 Ons O70 _O.185 0731 0.209 O88 en -015rp) N+ 28 5 00 1000 3.000 1.600 1.000 eect oats F amas Osos O87 00%7 (1030 pean susie W9> asm oss2 0725 ons! 099%. (1.342) to: ie rz eae oom oem aes tom | FS we az oda ase! os 0752 9564 11.2201 BF oes 0200 0320 Gant evs O76 fowl SF 0107 018) 9219 0203 449 ao10 “ORDT_C.2e0) 2 Goes 0100 Gs 0.07. 0307 ost a80s “OBaI (1518) fot 0035 00s oom Na 0192 9715 a305 0838 “O8t6 SS oo1s ome om Sao O107- Mies O29 O50 O8s7 SF aocs oot aes eam ost ame ats Oia O76 oid Wr oe he Fae 134, VALUES OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR fee ‘TABLES. VALUES OF CRITICAL RIGIDITY INDEX. Fong-0. : 4 cia! iy tne fo an 25 0 25 50 100 Pasistance ‘Stip fountation Square forptativin e = £ Ea e eho ah=t 1 ea 097@ m9 fel oe * “ 2 sn oss one “oom oss | : Samm ected ddr " > Passo ste iy inden ven by = : Sa Coden = Fexp 13.30- 0458/2) cot @s-9n9) G24) | ao Toned ves of Oe wie Wy lores one _ 8 sponding to diffrent angles of searing testonce 9 are {Bven, forthe two extieme cases B/L = 0 (tip) and B/L = 1 ‘equate, ip Table 35, I should be underitoad that at the information pro sauced by this approxlmate analysis must be treated as ten- {ative and, in some sense, qualitative In ature. The pu pose of publishing Ege 3.31 though 3.34 a¢ ths time to low the designer, in sbence of any ote atfonol method, to sees numerially Bio order of magnitude of expected redaction of bearing capacity cavsed by the compressilty tifects. Ie is hoped that farther development of our aility to teat analytically the complex elastieplatic behavior of soit by nomesiea methods sch as ritealement tecinus ‘wl sow a more accurate prediction of compressibility of Tet (f Dest and Resse, 1D TO) [BXAMPLE 3.7: Investigate the effet of compresiiity ‘on ultiato beasing capacity of te footing in ely discussed in Example 3.1, ‘The modults of defamation ofthe soll in tndesined constion i By = 24] ton/t. The modulus ot ‘confined compression (in drained condition) incres=s with presse g accoding 19g = 12.69. oft Alessndea Conde de Frets % epee if tans far SAREEsir SO 186. Foundation Engineering Handbook onston (a ety iter Ca. 3.94 dexit = $ exp {13.30 ~ (0.45)(1/3)] 4.009} = 12 ity tote (8, 33: 1, = (24.1720. +0:5022) os ‘The-ssumption of sil incompresbilty Is jostified. ‘The computed rae of ultimate bearing presure in Example Sci'ean be ured without reduction Condition (6): “The average overburden presoue i the expansion zone is fakes as pose at the depth B/2 below the base of the ‘Tooting, In this way one obins: “d= H}10S) + (2 * 14)(43)] (2,000) = 0.764 tonps? fy, = 012.6 (0.764)=9.62 nll Poisson's tio = [J~ sin (1.2) (23°91) [2 sin (1.2) G39) =0.35 ‘Mots of deformation in drained condition: By =(9.63){1 ~ 0.35~ @N0.35*)1/0 ~ 035) = 5.99 tonite? ‘Cxitel git index Cpeci = 4 exp (13.30- (045)0/291 + cot tas" ~ (0.91239) = 59 Actual gtity indo: 1-=(5.99)1{20 +0.35)(0.04-+(0.764)(0.42)] ‘Ths, the estumption of git compressbiity Is not just- fied.” Compresiiity factors (Ege. 3.31, 3.33 and 3.13) Seo = exp (4.4 + (0.6911/3)1 (042). # [on .3919¢1.09)11 + 0.39191} =0.44 foe = 044 ~ (1 0.449/08.059(0.42) =037 Sye7 Se = 044 ‘timate bearing presuce (eo Sgures in Example 3.1): ao = (0720.37) + (4.57(0.44) + (2.141044) = 027 +210 +094=3.22 tft? 1 would be of intcest to compa this value with that ‘obtained by the Tersaghl approsch. ‘The reduced strength Shazcteistes are (Eas 3.29 and 3.30): ef = (0.679(0.04)=0.027 toni? oF = tant (0.6790042) = 16 Bearing capacity factors (Table 3.1) Ne H.62:Nq = 434:My = 3.06 ‘ NO CORRESIE, D> Riqndse KS Deformab dod were, = 364 tof te the modalun at mean normal 1 Betof o, = 1 teal | “Te eveoe san nora tt in he expansion zone i i twice tne mean soma sya depo? below thet PESGFu toting, wing = 58 forthesnd inthe“ j i mee cnfont earth pce set : Kg = 1 ~ sin (1.2)(38") = 0.29 ou noma staat det 24 ft = {Lt + (2(0.29)1/5) {£C8Y(100) + (16){56)1/C2,000)} = 045 ont Modults of deformation: 364) OS = 244 tons? Potzon' etl y= 0.29/01 0.29) = 0.23 Repressntative angle of shearing resistance for the plastic ones taken again to be 35° ‘Catia gity Index (Ba, 3.34) Unece = $ ex0 {3.30- (0.450119) + cot [45° = (0.5)(35°))} = 278 Neglecting the volume change in the plastic zone one Anis sekliy index of cleo Ie= Q4A)/(2U + 0.23)(0.45(0.70)} = 316 5 278 “Thus, tae assumption of iacompresibilty appears to be sted Remark: The essamption of an eveage volumeti stain ‘Of | pesceot in the plete te would ede Cae siidty fnsee to (qs. 3.3 and 3.4) 46 : Foe = 316/11 +(316)(0.01)) =) i “The corresponding compres 3:31 and 3.33) fee thet oP Sacviegaral 0.70 ¥ ((3.0 (0874) 1}/CL 4 0.574) = 0.807 ‘The ultimate bearing xpscity wovld be reduced to However, since thes the aznption of average Volume compress Cent in the piste zone i unfavorable, The actual alt teste bearing supscty of ths footing gn sand would be ‘owe to the upper vale of 35.1 tonfft. As ment in the remasks efter Foample 3.2, the allowable [Povsnce may be controled by tedium tlsable Inet for tye sructue In question. 3,10 INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESS OF THE FOUNDATION BASE tas often boon contended inthe hteroture that he flare Paltern of the Prandtl solution (Fig. 3.14) and subs xtenont require perfect roughness of the foun tise, The argument fas boon thet the orginal oluion does not slsfy the stain rate compaibily eqoa- tions and thet the Hencky (1823) patern shown in Pig, ‘322 shouldbe bowd intend, at Last for sooth footings. ‘Taetatter pattern, wed by Meyeshof (1955) to evaluate the Conte de Felis Poot Nes rt Baan aromFi. 3:22 Sip puturn onde a precy ancathfoteg potted ‘by Heneky (1023 A plfects of base smoothness, sugges that the beating capac: of a smooth footing on the surface ofa cohesion a Should be only ouchalf the capacity of 4 rough footing However, the experiments performed to verily thes com ‘apts (De Beer and Vesg, 1958; Binrer, Burl, and Weck, 1961) showed practislly no effect of foundation 2o¥gh: rest on Beating espactty. It significant to edd that it nas never possible to reprodvce expesimentally the double ‘wedge with the sip surface stating In the middle of the footing. A slngle wedee, very ela to that shown Fig, — '3.1de, was formed even in estes where the feoting as pl longitudinal into two oF mov Tootings, free to move ‘sally in oppenite directions; see De Best and Ves, 1958, Nida (1963) reports sila experience with punching of ‘tals, Ths, patterns such as that shown In Fig 3.22 ore Setittou, and shoutd'not be weed in Bearing capacity com. tations. Tt moy be conchided that the stress and defor. mation pattern under compressed areat is such tht Ital sways letds to formation of single wedges, such as that (= in Fig. 3.143. ‘The foundation roughness hes if bowksltuations i iven by = Mm ta 630) heey sores the:uniined shar streneh of the Soper er and ing eapacy fctor wth degends on She sate of tne ther seni of the {ve laygsem-~ ep, tbr teks ofthe wpe, leper HB" wal on thé foundation shape By eps Inion between known grous solitons of the ltd probnms ons can oblate fllowisg expression £0 Nog fe te Tat snatlon Goft cay layer bre BE cay 1, ig 7a 70) : Wy (dat) Saks adiughoo G29) cvsare sp nites Net +t KN? #1 7 Uni REET "Its of test 1 note hat the a ‘thes gaa ot profe may be tant ses etnte (Karun 1967) NE +e +B TLE FED U1 Cee +B DIET B= 3,041 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 139 ‘TABLE 3.6. MODIFIED BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR Nin ~ Long Rectangular Footing (L/8 < 8) Vy aH am 2 4 6 8 » » - 1s baa Sie ana oa is sia S31 Sas on + Hee = 70 523 609 Sets aaa 3s ee jas sia au ‘Squate or Circular Footing (L/2 = 1) o 2 6 mm - 7 e787 ea Bre 323 8 te to yo ie te an 240 as 38 o22 ate 1 en ae 4 err ar su ey au ei Bas a8 13 248 30 dnsente where = BLAL2UB + £)11) may be eaed the punching in Sex ofthe footing, while NS fe represents the eater ‘ven bearing eapaity factor of fhe foundation, eoreced {or ships. B= B/S and Ne =6.19 fora reuse or square foundation; = 8/24" and Ne ~ 5.14 fore atip founda: tion.) Numetiel ylucs of the modified bearing capacity {ecto ny i. itvtion tor sqsee and long eeclanglet fcotings as give in Table 3.5, They are alto showa Bip fealy-in Fig. 328.” For ebiolucly rgd footings they are probably on the sate ste. However, exon i advied in Applying thes factors to very fenble footings For the second situation sf cay layer over sat lay liyss, Fa: 3.270), Brown and Bleyerhot (1968) suggest that the Soayss ssieing simple sheer punching seeing. tae footing perimeter would be topropicte. Such an analysis Bid alvin GAY Sin UB Ne Stelle) — (238) I shoud be noted thatthe tess epeted by Brown and Moyet Indeateredeton of eect steapo the ‘poet st elny lye, which may beat uted fo, p20 Sr flare phoma" ged that heh vB 3.36 yn appropiate factor We ot Remotes fa wit cay sty ofebout dhe aclorappeat tobe O75: Other eonrbation tothe soljet of beating xpaity of Jgysed slays in undalned sondtons have ben ade by Sis 924) whe mae exten eet sd pt ‘ena studies Of the staity of lajer of soft eay rst > fl bus such ook, Some of lone eet alae modelexpeient, ae gien Ia Fig 329, ean “The stuns OF Siva Reddy and Srinivasan (1967) and Jewos et al (196), both representing extensions of Button's ‘woth, should be’ mentioned because they demonsttate the rot Alesana Conde de Frias mere Re ssc: crane Seo 92, er mammal+. yao" Féundotion Engineering Handbook Sener dr ng ae a ape pods tin ay cr 13 ii ey. a. Mattes tw pc i oi: Eirfotngson woinyr coh sal In notin eatin In ued condone Wane 1970) Eheok aulivolion » aapegee WE 10 OK whavakions Reng, caohon ‘TABLE 27, COEFFICIENTS OF INCREASE OF BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS DUE TO PRESENCE OF AN INFINITELY STIFF LAYER AT DEPTH H BELOW THE STS ‘FOUNDATION OF WIDTH 8, (After Mande and Saengon, 1969) CCoetfclents (apne nurberh i low Tao} yan] veo aaa Yeo} 400 | 100 | 00 aot | eave <2 tas] aan] ase] arr Tice [emi sas| 2aaf 928] saz] 920x200 | aso 20 | Futons | tat | 133] 95 | 2an| ane] 744 [rave | Sia0 ‘or |Peitec | 143] 280] 638 |i7a0 | e020] 1s000 | v2ea | va 200 ‘ater Goes | 132 | 242! ear | a0 | 4.50 | 1a200 | 1370 | ta00 Goatisignt e Batiwamecar [ami] vei | maze Totten casa[va7| aa || moar [aa y= tierai<1.20 [1a0|2a7 [acafeo fase [we eso a8 ‘De Pek io Deg de Coase CO pesca uti ic SIAPEIESONi A Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations 141 nthe fy =@eorr0-o0182p") iden) GleNe=0 senais = pice a366e/18% p19, S2ee aya Se 1014-1 Dee i329 Bewiacamseiey of afyer of stele oan rk, (After Sue, 1954) ‘act that both the cae of anutrops layesed clays and tho nse of single clay layer wiih continously vasble ‘Stingth com be handled with sutfcine avuracy by tees cing an avevage strength for the layer or toll zone in ques Sion, ‘Desai and Rees (1970) prevented an sasiyuis of bess | ng capacity ofa crclar footing on a wo ayer clay sola ‘mdeained conditions showing the potential of Halt ‘ment techuiques for this css of problems, ‘Tie problem of bearing expat ofa lye of sol flim: ted depth H resting over slower layer of infinite itty and strength has been treated for the plan tain case ong, sectanpvlat footing) by Mandel and Salonton (1963). The Solution, obtained by the method of characteristics, i ates that the-presence of rigid layer balow the Rearng strato aes tn-anincerso of bearing capacity. Pastore Of increta ato thisofeet;snelogous to factor fn Ea ‘3ubdvareipresented:da Table 37. eleseen that ts otto Deconies “apparent ihenavar’ the dipth of the basing, er than the foundation Wily em may jenificant for luge valves of the engle of shearing resistance and tow AUB ratios, However, ‘it may’ be questioned to what extent thes reals, ob” fined” under the assumption of rig-pletic behavior, spply to real soil.” It i retsonah to expect tha, in ‘hier of high @ and low 1/5, footings wil al by vetlel compression of the benting stratum, in which ershing af Soll pasties plays a predominant col. Also thestength of ‘he ng stratum, whch Is always Grito, wil afer extn point play a fol in the deformation proces, limiting the bearing capacity below tha ndicated values, ‘Of far geile intsst Do general problem or Dearing ce ‘apacity of astfl sation undevain by a eofter stature, ‘when the sae inolvea poses both cohesion and lslion One of the simplest and most fequent problems of thls Kind is that ofa layer of sand of nie hikers unetain by'a soft cay layer. Experimental studies (Teheng, 195 ‘Vesé, 1970) show that the mode oealure under these er catitness puichlog along eerntally vertical sp tines fotlawing'the foundation, perimeter (Fg. 3.9). According to Tehon’s analysis, the beating capacity ap'0f along me sof Alessandra Conde de Fre Diy. BE Prt sate eye de Casa Cot Bikey UeRD. Fac les hr SIAPE 230%12 dat Alundaen Engine Hndbook seis on the top of the sand layer with shear strength Ghorarleratioge= O and should be related to the bearing ‘xpssty-a ofthe underlying (Say) layer bythe expresso gb1{t~ 20448) 0 961+ sin) exo -(@i4- 972) tang) 3.39) ‘Teheng reported good ogreement between his tet results fn the sbove expression at lot in the domain #<1.55. For greater depth he proposed seniempiial foals, fnepsting alo that for 2'> 3.92 the influence of the soft ay ayer becomes nega. GANGA SAS 0.75) Says. EXAMPLE 3.9: For the footing from Exumple 3.1 find the altimate beaingenpaity fm undeaned conattons I the bewting srotam of soft clay Ie underlain by athlek stratum (Of ttl clay, (andrained shear strength 0.33 Con/f*) start ing from elevation 16 fot Bnching index B » [8025971208 #28906 - 10) “1 Shape Fitor Gee Beample 3.1): fe 1.0575 DEE CLOSG 14) = 548. Sear strength etios = caley = 0.53/0.22=2.41 Moditiog beating enpasity factor (Ee. 3.37) + 1+@sa.75)15.484075 on ~ AAV ANS AB) +241 FO.TS) [SAM + 1.79)SAB+OTS) ~ [LAIN AB) # OTST ADS ‘nalysis, valid Tor cecangles of any Sy snipe: teting on sm upper, sttonger layer having steength Bitbelers fy, and undesaia by & lower ayer of rengthperameter, cy, fy (Pig. 3.270) ysis, wader the ‘Somption that the sip surfaces are vortiest (Vese, 1970): ay =la +R ey eat) np (2 +2491 ean CHIOD ~Olke ett 6.40) ty hin exprssion = (1 sn? ut, while ta The bearing copay of feito fooing of te same Se ages he stats. but stn he ‘SERED (gncaly tobe evated om suena p See Sond oles chances of te second yee): ir Bg poet tyer i aesines (ey @) wah 20° 50" ite shove cxircsionntdaced to a “ah ew (067 IL CHI} GAD) ‘This exoretfon con be used to finda simple expesson for ‘iieal epi of the Wpper layer, beyond which the beasing ‘city willbe lite ected by the presence ofthe loser Soft layer. Denoting by ab the beating eapacly of the ‘pe ayes in afl mn, one fis = Sin abla Bes 3 +B A study of this expression, valid ie, = 0, ‘tical depth of strip fosndation shouldbe twice that of { sqoate foundation, under otherwise Wentiel conditions. Ie'Gha alo be shown that the evita depth Increases oughly in proportion to the angle of shearing resistence {10 the upper layer andthe water conten w ofthe lower layer Gf the latter happen to be satiated cay). Most sige Iiffanty, however, fue critical depth also vases with Ee lest Af the lower layer is saturated ety. este for exsmple, the xi teal cept ratio For a hwoToot-vide footing should be 6.3, {nd for 4 20-foatite Tooting 10.3, 95 comated with 3.3 pedited by Eq. 3.42 and 33 observed for 2inchwide iodels "Alga remark will be maul regarding footings resting on ‘thin srafom of rock undesinin by eofter stent In add fon ta en posstiity of punching sear failure, ‘Similar to thet occurring in sis, one should also check that {he Tooting, of terized, does not Induce flue of rockin tenon athe Dotto ofthe oper ston. Suan any Siiarstecmaferpuestne sonsns neon by Wester tou 020) sa of eer pavements Rot lee Toe of tania fortis lower set, i of ited tort teat area 0 Veal an Saxons 1970). An Aisne approach 16 we the aye mi eon oF ar ter 38 Mm ~ 5.86 (checks well with an intérpolated valve from 3.28) ‘itimate bearing pressive (Ea. 3.36): ao = (0.21)(5.86) +(0.453) = 128+ 0.46 = 1.75 tonftt™ EXAMPLE 3.10: Sole the problem described in Exam- ple 2.9 under ezimption tt the undeained shea sreneth ff the upper layer ix 0.53 ton/ft2 while the strangth ofthe lower tayer is 0-22 toafft ‘Shear atengthralo: # =0-22/0.53= 0.815, ‘sz in Exrmple 9) B= 1.78 ity factor (24.3.8): N= (1.75) + (0.415)5.48) = 0.57 + 2.27 = 2.84 ntimatebéaring pressure (Ea. 3.36) ‘ne = (0.539(2.84) + (0.463)(1.00) ~ 1.50 OAS 6 tonft? ‘The small difference in the beasing capacities between the cnso analyzed in Example 9 and the present cose ia ‘erstandable i one considers the fact thatthe thickness of the upper layer ir only 6 feet, ores than one fourth ofthe foundation width, EXAMPLE 3.11: Por the footing ftom Psample 3.2 find ‘he oltimate beaiag copecity if the bracing statum of c= ‘Shum dense sand is ynderlsn by si clay undained shear ‘renal 0,53 ton/f@),stasingat elevation 30 feet "The ultimate bearing capscity of sand ia infinite mss, from Example 3249 =35.1 ton/f?. "The ultimate Dearing capacity of a fetitons footing sest- ing'on the lower, cay layer Is (ere Example 1, for some fiewes): = (0.53)5.14)(1.067 + {(89(195) + 22)(43)] (2000) 90 40.89 =3:79 tonite ‘The exteal depth ofthe upper layer i (Ea, 3.42) 1 ~ HGX28) fn 5.1.299)/ (201 +1391) = H>200 Consequently, the Bearing capacity of the footing wil be affected by the pretence of the sti eay layer. Its mg- tude, computed from £4,341 90° (3.19) exp (0.67 1+ (1/991 20/289} = a 15 toast 315 EFFECT OF RATE OF LOADING ‘Al the analyses of bearing capacity presented in preceding ‘aragraphe are conceived forstai loading conditions. Its ‘seal io SIAPE ASO~ aecngds Tat, that the footing ead Q (Fig. 3.15) fine (ea fraually nt Talus ata Loading rate slow exoush that-mo vacous or inertia effects are fell. This sumption spples to conditions ef most erainary footings, which ery Szetin dead load and aze presrned fo fll by a single ap Bllction of excessive state lve load. The vate of applicr- fon of thee loads affects, under these conditions, the bear Bag capacity only tothe extont that i may be related tothe fof drainage of exesrs pore-water prcsutes crested in the supporting sol by the application of the Toads. Its ‘understood tht the selection of shear stcngth parsreters and @ to beintroduced la Boe avalyis will be made 50 03 fo take cae of tat effect (re Pxample 3.1). Flower, some footing such a those supporting misile- launching ot Das esstant structures, are subjected to hh live foade of very shore durtion. The high rtex of stain sscodated with there impubive loads may Induce viscous ‘nd inerla effects inthe soil mss. The elated penomens ave beta the object of extensive sty mostly by fons teste (on move footings on sand and clay (et, for example, Jock son and Hadas, 1964; Richart, 19657 Vest, Danks, and ‘Woodard, 1968; Poplin, 1965; Whitman, 1970). ‘The find- {ngt of lee saies can Be summarized follows: 1) As the rate of loading is incressed from about 10-* Injse (ttle toding camaltions) to about 10 fete (pact Joeding conditions) the modo of flue of motel Footings | on both dense sond and compacted cay changes from gra ‘This ehange i explined by ‘al hear to. punching shar ng capacity with Inciexed loading rate, folowed by a stoudy, slow inreose, which extended all te way into the Impact veloc range (Fig 330). TNs trend Sn vrstion of beating capady is analogous to the trend in vation of ‘Shear strength of doy sunds observed by Whitin and Healy (1962). “From the pretica! point of view, is means that fhe static bearing capacity analysce may Be applicable also 4n the ca of footings shncted to moderetsly rap loads, Provided that the stengih parunotus are determined by {este at appropriate loaing rates. In absence of equipment {or tansient testy seduction of dangle of vp to 2° may ‘elim order for dense sand, It ie highly questionable, how Auteed uthed ~f reais ety on benny expt of zrtace ‘els, Wis nd Weodrd, 1265) Fie. 930 Elect of toni footie an der ond 1A % Fi. 3.1 Etter of rat of win on Unisned eng of a te rated ovmelyenstted etl. (after Whivmen, 1970) vet what to expect in the case of loose, submereed sand, became of transient liquefstin effects. 3) Footings on compacted eay all show a consderable Inceaso ia bearing eapacly as the rate of londng ehanaes fom sialic fo impset lading conditions. Theze exist no. diet information about the behavior In the intermediate range of londing rates However, om the bass of strength fess on elay sample ot vase loading rales, we rm expect that the beating eapacty of footings om eay, contrary 10 sind, wil ineeson with Ineoseed loading rats (Pig. 3-31), ‘This conclusion le supported by the finding that #3000 pre. diction of not only uitisate Venring capacity but sso of loadstisplacement behavior of small footing® subected to Iranslent Jonds can be ebtained by mnltiplying the sles (Gr londs) covsesponing to any paliclardapiscement by Bpovopriate stuinote factors Jackson sné Hada, 1963) ‘Ta ator i defined go tho rll of undrained sol stength ata specified stisin ate to the Undraied sit strength a the Standard lnborstocy srl ate in summary, it appesss that the convention, staie analyses of beating capacity can be sed for footings sub- jected to. moderately rap losings, tthe strenath porn eto c and 9 introduced in the analysis are modifed Toe stain ate effets "The foatings subjected to fmpact and vibratory Loads si 8 dynamic approach for analysis Details about fsralyls of such footings can be found in Richart (1963), 8 ellos in Chaptere 24 and 25 of this book 3.15 CHOICE OF SAFETY FACTOR “The analyse described in tls ehapter ave all mee withthe purpose of ssnsing tho mtgitude of ultmete lost Qo oF ‘imate pres qo (Ea. 3.1) at which the foundation may experience a bessng eciy feline. At weationed in the Inodvetion, the foundations ae designed 2098 to posse sn adequate Safety against this ype of fue ‘The assessment of adequate sely of component of a steucture ln the modern view, «complex problem af opti rivation, which can be prepely resold only with due Considerations of servceabity and economy of teste foe, as well ae of probability nnd conenguences of fale, While the mathematical matheds of analysis ofthis aspect of the bearing capacity problem aie well advanced, (et for ‘tcample, Frevienthal, 1961, 1968; Wi and Craft, 1957; ‘Ang 20d Amin, 1969) thos ze apparently no zenerally ac ‘xpted, consistent esiteria that cin be teconomeided for use in engineering desien today ‘A treitional approtch tothe choive of safety factors Fp, sppeuing in Ba, 3.2, I outlined in Table 38, Tis approach ecognaes tho tha cholc of safety factors should dopend| fon the character and expected le of the structure ax wel 5 anda Conde de Fre: Ba Agere a 2G eatcomee oe casosat” «iu Fowion Enea Handbaok : “TABLES MINIMUM SAFETY FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS, (AFTER VESIC, 1970) Petimiory aoe The aeton of salty ltrs or dean cmos <¢ bemodepropay wit sssing the dayee of laity Of a ‘ihr peromers fat ete Ita enn ach 6 ls oe ‘toro and setonatonshuncteier ofthe sll a tte Siew ui senene'sto bo conideed sertoely by te degae ‘Tha towing te ay Sewers gator prance nearby emngonein i eonaion, cone carci TPoroah, oy _TylelSovsioe atthe Coenry Comal ind Tater Mav doe scence “ici . Sete SEP ow, foewr See, Retin Face "Ravayiiige” Parvo igre eee o “temaic™” SMUG oan er © ‘Sag Meeuea Ge] an {01 For wren vce ae fcc co bo rede 40 75 fercant af i soo water "Honevey, inn cate tou 8 Sieg ects waren 20 be a, (Foren iy ch ches a vm, Se fu thes aoe hat been oy 20 10 EO perce {21 Tha purty of Retin of fovndeon wild resol of ‘tng evarurden by Nout exertion tho Bo Sea Siete conareron (a) Tein edeinte te check Both the shorten fndotone- {onto longterm sey, ess oot of the to Eee Feces ovonbe 1s) Ins undentoed at i founds wt be nayaed so wi fon the cofsequences of failure. Thus, «lower safety factor ‘an be adopted for temporary, nite Ife structures. Algo, 2D igher satety factor ls suggested for stwotucs where the ‘mmm des'an load wil tegulady eceur and where the onsequences of flare would be disttrous, a8 compared ‘with structures wher the maximuen design toad is unicely to eccur, and where the consequences of failure would not fan extensive exploration and testing progtam, allows the Atesgnoe to aes the alliate lends with ah higher de- ‘ice of confidence, thus reducing the probability of fare, Tn-a move modern vcton of the tsitional spprosch to ccaltstion of safety, the uncertainties involved with dill {nt vrlables such a foundation lands ‘or soil strength o0e Inroduced separately af "partial efoty Factor” (ek. Brinch Hensen, 1965). A nominal stat of fellue fs eomideied, In which the acting Toads are multiplied by certain pata. ‘TABLE 39, PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS FOR DESIGN. ‘OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS. (AFTER: BRINCH HANSEN, 1965) oid Faetow ‘locating water prevure 120 0) pecan to 38) Winton iso has) Exrhor gin presure Iason 120 ta, ‘Swengin Factors Ccoseione 200 ay ‘emeik; Toe nares in preheat lar to wrporey stuctuee sro utmorduizy sombre of fue rot od fond ‘rest unfoonsie ve lew mon nara wd td), tors, while the stength parameters and g are reduced by other pati factor. The sdvanteges of this approach, Which widely uzed in somo countries, become expecially apparent in analysis of footings for eath retaining struc. {ures or footings on slopes. A hat of recommeded patil Factors is given in Table 3.9. EXAMPLE 3.12: Forthe footing diseunedin Fxampla 3,1 find the safe Dearing capacity in both essumed conditions ‘Use both the Caitional approach with safety factor of z= 3.0 and the pavtl sfety factor appeoaeh. Assume ‘hat the footing resetion comes 65 peicent from Uve load tod 35 pereet from dead load, Condition (a) “Traditional approseh: ag = 1.67/3.0= 0.56 ton/t Parl satery factor appreach: Nominal strength: = 022/20" 0.11 ton/f? ‘ominal beating capacity: (0.11)(5.14)(1.067) + (0.463) =0.60+ 0.45 1.08 ton/t ‘Average load factor: (0.62(1.50) + (0.36)(1.00) ‘Aloweble Cetin pst eg= 1091132080 ont Condition () ‘The problem willbe solved wsing the values fim Example 37, which iehade the eomprestty ettect. “Traditional approach: ge = 3.22/3.0= 1.07 tonft ula anely factor appvovchs ‘Nominal strength: cy ~0.04/2.0 = 0.02 ton/t tan $y = 0.42412 0.393; = 19.5" ‘Nominel bearing capsily facto! 6.tity Neo 1d Nominal she factors: Se= 190.42) ~ 1.14; fe = 1 +0)0035)= fy=0s7 50 “The commresibilty fects have to be computes wsing getual soil parameters Prange 3.7 gives fe = O37: ye = Frew ana Conde de rss Pro Ase a DER vont se"Ta ta pay Geasau. yas oases ‘amcayandennesriesmonen vases 1a) 0st 208 a? F Load factor, same as sboveis equal 1.32. Allowable bearing pressure qg=2.08/1,32= 1.58 ton/t? 3.17 BEARING CAPACITY ACCORDING To BUILDING ‘coves ‘Most building codes costsin some inforniston on tearing expacity of saliow footings, usually reseed in the form of tables relating allowable foundation presues to certain soil types. Far example, 2 code may hndicate “sate pre sues" Of 3 to 6 ton/t* for dea znd or hard cay and 15 {053 tonjt? tor medium dense sand orl clay, ete. Whee {var this information i actualy besed on local expevience, it should be consideced a5 2 helpfal isication of pressures that have been used in a given locally without casing dis. ‘wess tothe structures but in the pat The limited vale of {his information wil, peeps, bo best understood by points {ng out some of the serious shortcomings of the meatoned ‘aber 1) The eharacer of the beazing stratum is wien in de- ssiptve teams, often very vague end without specication of pysical properties of the sain qustion, 2) The tnderiying strata are assumed to have no effect on se beating eapacty. 3) Such impartant factors este, shape, and depth of foundstion and the postion of the water tale are normally ‘soumed to are no effect on bearing capacity, 4) The type and staieal sytem of the sireclre supe orted by the foundation, as well a the character of design loads are equal assumed tobe of no eect IE should be obvious that the information ofthis kind, however efi, should never be taken au suttiute Proper engineering analysts of bearing capacity, follows ‘rocedures similar to thore exposed in ths chase, REFERENCES ‘Ang, AHS, an Amin, (1969), Say ilar a probity “ih saucinldegn, Jura of he Srachaal Dhan ASCE IS, No.8, gm. 389-1405. Antoine, J Pierre. In nd Basler, M. (1953), Fosce orbits de plex de etd dame fonder Soros neat fe tae épaswar, Pocesngr Tard Ine, Cone Soi Mace Found, Brg, Dich Voh 2.9.2 Dcaanter Ve & (1952, Onicha svdche el pred ‘naan tavovetssypilel wed, Caled, Mase, pp, ace. ‘oe mt My sod Wk, B.191),Contsbton 3 Ede ce ‘ace pstmt dalam crn Fh anaoat Sinker om Soilchenterand Foosaon Bi Fe ello 60-608 ‘nc Hin, 3.0983, rth Pere uelion,Danih Te el Pre Copshnges peta ‘inch ony SSE” Syd becng af mene Scene Heifer, 6 hep. 9408 Bach ere 1 987: Geel pe Didon Ma Paces ‘art hsmatne! Confer on Sat achat ed Fol dan oni ne ona Hate B61 A Gmc Fomul fr ern opacity ‘att Ne. Dani Teck Ite, Cetage Pe Bearing Copecty of Shaliow Foundations 148 Brinch Hansen, 3. (1965), The philosophy of fovedation desien: te a, By find enn Bare Gipciy and Settomet of Foudatony,Prcteings ot 8p, Poo held t Dake Univer, Ape 36,1965 pp. 9-19, ogee ail orn 1968, yin ay of ‘ring capac In tye cay Protein Soren Die, nf So et, Found Breen beica Cy, Val 29 43 Dai, pe. 186. Pe, DM. 949, Te af ses nd dene in yee systems and alaion ote ig of apertura ‘Mrocedtgs ofthe May Reta Bosrd, 3,996 13 De Bes, £. E0970), Experientl deterintion oF cir and he beating epaly facto of aC 2, No. 4p. 37-1 utton, 8.11953), The bearing apt f footings on a tworyee ‘sve tuboll Proc. hed lnven Conf, Sul ech Fond np. Zh Vol yp. 352-35, Coquot A 930, Equi der mt frtecrent tater, ‘Stier Vals Pa op 1-9 Cont, Aad Hes, (959), Sur tne de fice dans le ‘ala des fndaions en mile plvenents sce, Tied lncntinal Confreee om Sad Meconct end Feuadton recing, Beh VOL tsp 336591 (Cor, AD Euan, G, and Hoping HG (196), Avs sya ‘ie pee deformations asl, Paonpbid Dare of tre RoplSocety of Londo Seth 354 Pe 1S aig coy ot tans, Glorebnique Uy Nay be Eales wa ee ty nt ee sy ten te FLEES acm tera anauenspn age Bais ees ere Sai Set oases eee, mS ET Ete wpe engeeee soe atc Grantees aaa opin Terhae eee a mEE Fs samen gem meengaranece Seal ot eh oth etme seats are nee Ra rantacartmae ee ea et Breccia eee dai Sepia ete One argent oe A REE gee ng ok tm ot ac Ecectnaateanar mi Tra re ona as teint esc ee a ee aaa s ‘Prof Alessandra Conde de Feit 2 opr tsbimuaecsa OS ti “ems SOD Th, Ravens—l Ie> \ Nq= Ke foe Ne = (Nq- Dead : | Ny 20 Dbehe Mais ig rah Nee (Ng, ~1) yb Sy ha - ie ‘O ye x “i p- 9 ee