Forensics Manual

This manual has been produced with the assistance of
the European Union. The contents of this manual are

the sole responsibility of Governance in Justice (GOJUST)
and the Justice Sector Coordinating Council (JSCC) and
can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the
European Union.
CRIME SCENE
FIRST RESPONSE
JOINT FORENSICS TRAINING FOR JUDGES, PROSECUTORS AND PUBLIC

ATTORNEYS
• PNP Crime Lab, Camp Crame, Quezon City
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
CRIME SCENE
FIRST RESPONSE
JOINT FORENSICS TRAINING FOR JUDGES, PROSECUTORS AND PUBLIC ATTORNEYS

• July 26-28, 2017
GOAL
• The goal of this lecture is to provide the

participants with a better understanding,
knowledge and skills in responding.
INTRODUCTION
When a bombing incident, crime of violence or

any other crimes occur, who do you think should
be the first person from the government to get
there at the crime scene immediately?
The First Responder
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• Crime Scene is defined as the place from

which most physical evidence associated with
crime will be obtained.
• Physical Evidence – Encompasses any and

all objects that can establish that a crime has
been committed or can provide a link between a
crime and its victim or a crime and its
perpetrator.
• Crime Scene Investigation- It is the conduct of

processes, more particularly the recognition,
search, collection, handling, preservation, and
documentation of physical evidence to include
the identification of witnesses and the arrest
of suspect/s at the crime scene.
• Scene of Crime Operation- is a forensic

procedure performed by trained personnel of
the PNP Crime Laboratory through scientific
methods of investigation for the purpose of
preserving the crime scene, gathering
information, documentation, collection, and
examination of all physical evidence.
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• First Responder- Are members of the PNP

or other law enforcement agencies who are
mandated and expected to be the first to
respond to calls for assistance in cases of
incidents of crime.
• They generally refer to Police Officers who

have jurisdiction of the area where the
incident or crime has taken place and will
proceed to the crime scene to render
assistance to the victim and to protect and
secure the incident scene. (SOP Nr
ODIDM-2011-008 dated 07Apr 2011)
• The is the First Police

Officer at the crime scene. However the
person who can be the First to Respond
may be the Barangay Tanod or Security
Guard or Concerned Citizen or those
whom we call Force Multiplier.
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What is “The Hour”?

• It deals with the first seventy two (72) hours
of the crime scene.
• The initial response to a crime scene and the
initial investigation undertaken, including the
conduct of interviews and profiling.
• The most crucial time for the investigator to
collect vital evidence and information.
Locard’s Law or Principle
Locard’s Principle summarizes the two

way transfer of trace evidence as:
When A comes into contact with B, something

from A is transferred to B and vice versa.
Necessary Preservation Materials for

First Responders:
1. Gloves
2. Face Mask
3. Preservation line
4. Chalk / yellow chain / nylon cord / straw
5. Camera
6. Pen
7. Note Pad
8. Hair net
9. Foot Cover
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The Usual First Responders

• PNP personnel who has jurisdiction over the
area.
• Barangay personnel (Tanods).
• Military personnel/EOD Team
• Coast Guard Personnel
• NBI Forensics and EOD Team
• Firefighting personnel of the BFP
• Medical and Rescue personnel
Purpose of FR:
Assess the crime scene
Serve the victim’s need/s; Interview witnesses;
Apprehend the suspect;
Secure, Protect and Preserve Evidence
Proper turn-over to the IOC
ROLE OF FR
Crime Scene Safety
Life Saving Efforts
Secure and Control of Crime Scene
Conduct Interview of Witness/es
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CRIME SCENE SAFETY
Immediately proceed to the crime scene to

validate the information
Golden rule when proceeding:

Always consider personal safety. Essentially, you
are the first step in resolving the crime incident.
(the MUST principle)
LIFE SAVING EFFORTS
Evacuate / Isolate Injured

or Dying Person(s)
Perform First Aid

Notify ERT / Seek medical
emergencies
Take Dying Declaration
Dying Declaration
At the crime scene or on the way to the

hospital or on the hospital bed;
When death is imminent and declarant is

conscious of that inevitable fact;
When declaration refers to cause and

circumstances surrounding such death;
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• When the declaration relates to facts which

the victim is competent to testify to.
• When the declaration is offered in a case

wherein the declarant’s death is the subject of
the inquiry.
SECURE AND CONTROL OF CRIME

SCENE
THE POLICE LINE OR AUTHORITY LINE
POLICE LINE_
50% +50%
Approx.
distance.
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POLICE LINE_
50% +50%
Approx.
distance.
POLICE LINE_
OSCP,Political Figures,
Gov’t/local officials,
Public/Crowd
Media
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Conduct Interview of Witness/es
Identify witness(es)
Where is/are the victim(s)?
Where is/are the suspect(s)?
-Arrest or Pursue Suspect(s)
When suspect(s) is/are fleeing, make appropriate
notification for danger and dragnet operations.
RECENT 2012
MOST RECENT
2013
PURPOSE OF FIRST RESPONDER’S

FORM
This Form shall be brought by the FR and/or IOC

at the crime scene and shall be accomplished by
the FR at the On Scene Command Post (OSCP)
In some cases certain items can probably be left

out, while others must be added.
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PURPOSE OF FIRST RESPONDER’S

FORM
Turn-over to IOC
Brief the IOC on the circumstances of the crime

and,
Provide assistance to the IOC and SOCO
The First Responder’s Form
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PART 2
FR PROTOCOL FOR
EXPLOSIVES RELATED
INCIDENTS
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FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
o PNP and NBI jointly conduct investigation of any case of

explosive-related incident with the PNP as the lead
agency.
o AFP/PCG shall make available to the PNP and NBI units,
investigative, legal and technical assistance in the
investigation and prosecution of the explosive-related
incidents.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
o The AFP EOD Teams, PCG, BFP shall extend technical

assistance and other necessary support to the PNP, NBI.
o Render Safe Procedures (RSP) and IED recovery will be the
sole discretion of the AFP/PNP/NBI/PCG EOD Team that has
already taken first cognizance of an IED in the incident
scene.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
o Security/Protection of the crime scene shall be the

responsibility of the local police unit or the military units in
the area.
o Police line extended at a distance of 50% of the total
distance from the seat of explosion to the farthest fragment.
o Identify the area designated for the command post, media
area, and others outside the police line.
o Only authorized persons are allowed to enter the scene.
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES
o When local agencies herein are unable to conduct higher

level technical exploitation of evidence, the use of allied
foreign partners and laboratory resident in the region is
encouraged.

CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
(General Considerations)
o First Responder shall cordon the area to preserve and secure
the crime scene.
o Facilitate the immediate evacuation of injured, maintain
order and control the crowd.
o Render Safety Procedure of primary and secondary devices
found in the area.
o “Swabbed” procedure prior to entry in the crime scene.

o DO NOT TOUCH, REMOVE or ALTER ANY PIECE OF EVIDENCE.

o SOCO and NBI shall process, document, conducts lab
examination of gathered physical evidence.
o AFP/PNP/NBI/PCG EOD and bomb technicians may join the
search in tandem with PNP and NBI.
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o Local police with the assistance of responding AFP / PNP /

NBI / PCG EOD can process possible pieces of evidence in a
blast site following procedures to avoid contamination.
o After documentation and collection of evidence, it shall be
transmitted to PNP crime lab or NBI forensic lab for tests
and analysis and maintain chain of custody.

o Only authorized first responder team or personnel shall

enter the crime scene and must wear gloves, shoe covers,
masks and hard hats as necessary.
o The AFP/PCG EOD shall provide the PNP and NBI with
significant information such as Technical Evaluation Report
or Post Blast Investigation and other reports.

o “Hand entry” procedure by the AFP/PNP/NBI/PCG EOD in

rendering safe and improvised explosive device must be
subjected to fingerprint for suspect elimination.
o EOD personnel may swab themselves using sterile cotton
and alcohol before and after processing.
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o Chemical examination/analysis of collected evidence will be

a joint responsibility of the PNP crime lab and NBI forensic
lab experts.
o All information on explosive-related incidents shall be
reported to the Philippine Bomb Data Center.
DISCOVERY OF IED
• On the discovery of IED/s in an area, after the
conduct of EOD Unit shall call the assistance of local
police unit and SOCO Team who has jurisdiction on
the area.
• In the absence of SOCO Team, the responding EOD

Team shall inform the COP, PD or RD who has
jurisdiction on the area. After coordination, EOD
Team may conduct the documentation and proper
collection, markings and preservation of explosive
items.
• All collected components of explosive device/s,

documents (video recordings or photographs) and
corresponding Spot Report on the incident must be
turned over to the concerned local police unit within
reasonable time.
• Non-explosive items part of the recovered evidence

such as battery, alarm clock, cellular phone, wires,
containers, fragments, etc shall be turned over to
Crime Lab.
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• Explosive items such as explosives, detonating cord,

safety/ time fuse and blasting caps shall be
submitted to the PNP Bomb Squad Unit, who has
jurisdiction on the area for custody.
• In the absence of PNP Bomb Squad Unit, concerned

AFP EOD unit in the area shall be designated as
Custodian of the explosive evidence.
• BEWARE OF SECONDARY DEVICES!!!

The scene may contain secondary devices
designed specifically to kill or injured the First
Responders.
• DO NOT TOUCH ANY SUSPICIOUS ITEMS.

If the secondary device is discovered,
immediately leave the area and contact
AFP/PNP/NBI/PCG EOD personnel or bomb
technicians.
Specific Functions,
Responsibilities & Procedures
INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE
(1) Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall
request for a briefing from the FR and make a quick
assessment of the crime;
(2) At this stage, the IOC shall assume full responsibility

over the crime scene and shall conduct a thorough
assessment of the scene and inquiry into the incident.
If necessary the IOC may conduct crime scene search
outside the area where the incident happened,
employing any of the various search methods;
Module 1 Lesson 1.3 48
Rev: Nov 2016
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Specific Functions,
(3) Based on the assessment, if the IOC determines that
a SOCO team is required, he shall report the matter to
his COP and request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC
shall proceed with the CSI without the SOCO team and
shall utilize CSI Form“4”;
(4) IOC may by himself if the situation demands,

conduct CSI if, there is no PCLO/RCLO in the province.
IOC must, however, ensure that the correct procedures
in the collection of evidence are observed to ensure the
admissibility of the evidence;
Rev: Nov 2016
Specific Functions,
(5) Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of

the COP, shall make the request for the SOCO team
through the Provincial/City Operations Center;
(6) It shall be the responsibility of the Provincial/City

Operations Center to facilitate the request for the SOCO
Team;

Rev: Nov 2016
Specific Functions,
(7) Upon the arrival of the SOCO Team, the IOC shall
accomplish CSI Form “2” and submit the same to the
SOCO TL. SOCO team shall not enter the crime scene
unless the IOC makes the official written request
wherein he assures the SOCO team of his presence and
support
(8) IOC shall brief the SOCO Team upon their arrival at
the crime scene and shall jointly conduct the
preliminary crime scene survey.
Rev: Nov 2016
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Specific Functions,
SOCO TEAM
(1) SOCO Team shall not join any operations conducted

by local police or accompany the FRs or the IOC in
going to the CS. They will only respond upon request
through the Operations Center and after the IOC has
already made the proper assessment of CS;

Rev: Nov 2016
Specific Functions,
SOCO TEAM
(2) Upon receipt of Request for Conduct of SOCO, the

SOCO Team shall then conduct the SOCO which include
among others:
– narrative description of the crime scene, photography,
videography, crime scene search, crime scene sketch,
crime scene location sketch, physical evidence recording
and collection, and other procedures necessary;

Rev: Nov 2016
Specific Functions,
SOCO TEAM
(3) In case SOCO Team needs to temporarily suspend

the processing, the COP shall be primarily responsible
& accountable for securing the CS & ensuring its
integrity until the return of SOCO Team and the
conclusion of the CSI;
(4) After the termination of SOCO, the SOCO TL shall

brief the IOC on the initial results and thereafter
conduct the final CS survey together with the IOC; and
Rev: Nov 2016
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Specific Functions,
SOCO TEAM
(5) SOCO Team shall accomplish the CSI Form “4” &
furnish the IOC of copies of the same before leaving the
CS.

Rev: Nov 2016
RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE

a. IOC shall decide on the lifting of security cordon and
release of the CS upon consultation with SOCO TL & he
shall be responsible in ensuring that all pieces of
potential evidence have been collected by SOCO Team
as any re-entry into the crime scene after its release to
the owner will require a Search Warrant issued by the
Court;
b. IOC shall accomplish the CSI Form “6” before the
cordon shall be lifted
c. IOC shall ensure that appropriate inventory has been
provided by SOCO Team & shall only lift the security
cordon & release the CS only after completion of the
documentation process;
Rev: Nov 2016
RELEASE OF THE CRIME SCENE

d. IOC or COP shall turn-over the CS to the owner of the
property or where the crime scene is a public place, to
any local person in authority using CSI Form “5”
e. IOC shall accomplish & submit the Investigator’s

Report with all the required attachments to the COP
within 2 working days from the date of incidence; and
f. The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the Case

Folder for the investigation of the incident.

Rev: Nov 2016
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TANONG?????
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FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
EXAMINATION
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
EXAMINATION

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
Forensic Chemistry
Is a branch of chemistry that deals with the application of

chemical knowledge and principles in the solution of
legal problems in connection with the administration of
justice.
Forensic Toxicology
Is the use of toxicology principle to aid medico legal
investigation of death and poisoning.
This field is applicable and sometimes overlaps with other areas

such as clinical toxicology, criminology, forensic psychology, drug
testing, environmental toxicology, pathology, pharmacology,
sports medicine and veterinary toxicology.
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Forensic Chemistry
Forensic Chemist – licensed chemist, is a person who is
expert is forensic chemistry tasked to analyze the chemical
specimen using analytical methods available
Forensic Chemical Officer – chemical engineer or medical

technologist
Forensic Toxicologist – licensed chemist, is a person who

investigates and detects poisons in an alleged poisoning. He
must first consider the case history, in particular any physical
symptoms recorded. And any available chemicals to determine
which toxic substance are present, in what concentrations and
the probable effect of those chemicals on that person.
Founding Father
of Forensic Chemistry and Forensic Toxicology
Prof Matheiu Orfila, chemist, is the father of modern
forensic Toxicology after testifying in court as expert
witness against Madam Marie Lafarge, after poisoning
her husband, Charles Lafarge with Arsenic.
He uses the chemical technique “Marsch test” to identify
arsenic from the body of Charles LaFarge.
Practice of Forensics in the Philippines

By virtue of Royal decree 188 by King Philip of Spain.
The creation of “Medicos Titulares”, a title given to Forensic Physicians to be
assigned in Philippine provinces to perform public sanitary duties and
Medico-Legal aids.
Image: Photo of Sebastian Sanchez Palomares (wearing a hat), Medico Titulares of Pampanga –
1897 Source: Todocoleccion.net
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Forensic Laboratories in the Philippines
• Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory

• NBI Crime Laboratory
• UP PGH, Manila
• PDEA Laboratory Service
• Marine Environmental Protection Command, Philippine Coast Guard
The PNP Crime Laboratory

ISO 9001-2008 (Quality Management)
“The fight against crimes cannot be won by

arms alone, but by scientific techniques.”
1939: PC Chemical Laboratory, Medico Legal Div, PC

1945: Fingerprint record Section, G2 div, Military Police Command
1946: Crime Lab Branch, G2 div, Military Police Command
1948: Technical Lab Branch, Crim Invest Service, PC
1955: PC Forensic Laboratory
1960: PC Central Crime Lab
1985: PC/INP Crime Lab service
1991: PNP Crime Lab Service
1996: PNP Crime Laboratory
2000: Physical science Div, PNPCL separated to Chemistry Div and
Physical Identification div
2012: Proposed new name: “Forensic Science Center”, PNP
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Disposition of Chemistry personnel

in NHQ and NCR
• NHQ Chemistry Div (6 chemist, 3 chem eng, 6 rmt, 1
pharmacist)
• NHQ DNA (3 chemist, 2 biochemist, 3 rmt)
• NHQ Physical Ident Div (9 chem eng, 1 chemist, 1 rmt)
• NCR QCPD (2 chemist, 1 rmt)
• NCR NPD (1 chemist, 2 chem eng, 1 rmt)
• NCR SPD (3 chemist, 2 rmt)
• NCR MPD (1 chemist, 1 chem eng, 1 rmt)
• NCR EPD (3 chemist, 1 chem eng, 1 rmt)
Disposition of Chemistry Personnel in Regions

Office Regional Address Chemist Chem Eng Med Tech
RCLO1 San Fernando, La Union 3 2 8
RCLO2 Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3 1 3
CAR La Trinidad, Benguet 2 2 6
RCLO3 San Fernando, Pampanga 11 1 7
RCLO4A Cakamba, Laguna 10 0 6
RCLO4B Calapan City, Oriental 2 2 3

Mindoro
RCLO5 Legazpi City, Bicol 4 0 1
RCLO6 Iloilo City 4 1 1
RCLO7 Cebu City 4 3 3
RCLO8 Palo, Leyte 3 1 3
RCLO9 Cawa-cawa, Zamboanga 4 2 1

City
RCLO10 Cagayan De Oro City 5 3 2
RCLO11 Ecoland, Davao City 2 4 3
RCLO12 General Santos City 3 1 2
ARMM Cotabato City 4 0 2
CARAGA Libertad, Butuan City 2 2 4

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Forensic Chemistry/ Physical Identification Examinations

Types of Evidence Nature of Case
Seized drugs Alleged violation of RA 9165/ PD 1619
Explosives and ingredients Alleged Explosives
Firearm, suspects hands, clothing Alleged Shooting Incident
Body fluids, food sample Alleged Poisoning
Fake Products Unfair Trade Competition
Urine and body fluids Drug Testing
Hair, fibers, paints Hair, fiber, paint Analysis
Marked money, suspects hands Alleged Entrapment/ buy-bust operation
Serial number restoration Macro etching
Glass and gunshot residues Bullet Trajectory
impressions Casting and moulding, tool mark analysis
Metal, paper, ink, woods etc Trace and Chemical Analysis
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FORENSIC 1. Conduct qualitative and quantitative examination/

CHEMISTRY determination of dangerous drugs, volatile substance
EXAM and drug paraphernalia.
1 . Drugs 1. Powders/ crystals

2. Explosives
3. Gunshot residue 2. Tablets and Capsules
4. Distance determination 3. Living Plants or dried
5. Toxicology
6. Fake Products
vegetable matter.
7. Blood Alcohol 4. Liquids
8. Drug Test
9. Clandestine Lab Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice & Consultancy
15. Other function
Drug Control Agencies

Dangerous
Drugs Board
Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency
Bureau of Customs
Police
Philippine Coast Guard
National Bureau of
Investigation
Other investigative agency
Upon Seizure of drugs, controlled

substance and paraphernalia
• Inventory and photograph the item (suspect,
media, DOJ, elected public official).
• Properly marked, sealed or packed.
• Estimate the weight
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Bringing drug evidence to crime lab

– Within 24 hrs upon seizure, drugs must
be submitted to a Forensic Laboratory
for examination
Chemistry Division SOP, PNP Crime Lab

– If six hours have lapsed from time of apprehension, the examiner shall
refuse to accept the request unless accompanied by explanation from DD
of DAIDSOTG justifying the delay of submission.
– Actual weighing of bulk evidence must be

witness by requesting party.
– Initial laboratory report is available after 2

hrs of receipt of request.
Manner of Packaging before submission of

evidence to the laboratory
Tape-sealed carton box Heat-sealed transparent plastic bag
Self-sealing transparent plastic bag knot-tied
A. Druggist Fold 4. Place evidence

inside opening
1. Using clean paper,
crease four times 2. Fold into thirds
5. Fold top down &

insert into bottom
opening
6. Seal end
3. Fold bottom up
with tape
B. Folded paper packet Place evidence

inside opening
Fold into halves
Fold top down &

Fold bottom up insert into bottom
Crease again and opening
fold
Using square paper,
crease two times
Seal end with

tape
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Request for laboratory

examination/
qualitative analysis:
to determine the
presence of
dangerous drugs
Drug Describing Physical Evidence

Specimen No of articles Manner of container Markings contents
no packaging
1 One (1) Heat-sealed -Transparent plastic sachet With markings Containing White crystalline
Tape-sealed -Transparent plastic bag “ABC 8/16/13” substance
Knot-tied -White plastic bag
Unsealed
Staple-sealed
Self-sealing
2 One (1) White Disposable plastic With markings

lighter “B”
3 Three (3) Blister Labeled “medicol” With markings Containing three (3) red tablets/
packed/ (C1,C2, and C3) Containing three (3) blue and white
Foil packed respectively colored capsules.
4 One (1) Improvised plastic tooter With markings Containing Traces of white crystalline
“C” substance
5 Two (2) folded Strips of aluminum foil With markings Containing Traces of white crystalline
(D1 and D2) substance
respectively
1. One (1) heat-sealed transparent plastic sachet with markings “ABC

8/16/13” containing white crystalline substance.
Forensic Chemist Source of drugs:

- street drugs
- prescription drugs
Forensic Chemist specialists - - chemically engineered designer
conduct chemical analyses of drugs in the form of liquids,
powders, residues and plant material
drug evidence confiscated are identified.
during criminal investigations.
Qualitative and Quantitative
examination - analytical
method of identifying
dangerous drugs and volatile
substances.
Drug test- the process of
determining the presence of a
drug and its metabolites in
body fluids.
As an expert witness, the analyst presents his or her findings in a court of law.
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Consideration in the reception of

specimen
1. Sufficiency of samples
2. Chemical standard for comparison
3. Maintenance of Individuality (to prevent
contamination)
4. Proper labelling and sealing.
SOP in Seized Drug Exam

Receiving of request for lab exam by duty chemist
Examination using qualitative and/or quantitative method.
Report writing of the result of examination
Evidence storage via chain of custody forms
Receipt of Lab result by the requesting party for inquest purposes
Retrieval of report and evidence for court presentation.
Disposal
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RA 9165
I. Sec 15 of RA 9165: Use of Dangerous Drugs
A person apprehended or Penalty
arrested who is found to be 1. First offense: Min of 6 months
POSITIVE for dangerous drug rehabilitation
after confirmatory exam 2. Second offense: imprisonment
from 6 years and 1 day to 12 years
and fine of P50T to P200T.
II. Sec 11 of RA 9165: Possession of Dangerous Drugs

A penalty of life imprisonment to death and fine ranging from P500T to
P10M shall be imposed to any person, unless authorized by law, who
posses any dangerous drug in the following quantity:
50 grams or more of shabu

500 grams or more of MJ
10 grams or more of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine and salt,
Marijuana resin and oil, ecstacy.
III. Sec 8 of RA 9165: Manufacture of

Dangerous Drugs
A penalty of life imprisonment to death and fine ranging
from P500T to P10M shall be imposed to any person,
unless authorized by law, shall engage in manufacture
of dangerous drugs.
A penalty of imprisonment from 12 yrs and 1 day to 20

yrs and fine ranging from P100T to P500T shall be
imposed to any person, unless authorized by law, shall
engage in manufacture of controlled precursor and
essential chemicals.
Classification by Origin
NATURAL PRODUCT – extracted from plants, animals or
living material.
Examples: opium, cocaine, THC, Ephedrine, Mescaline, LSD
Opuim Poppy Coca leaf Cannabis Ephedra Peyote Ergot

sativa
Morphine, Mescaline LSD
Codeine,
Heroine
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SEMI-SYNTHETIC – made from natural source but undergone
chemical process.
Examples : Heroin, Hormones and Steroids
Extraction Acetylation
Solvent Acetic acid
Opium
Morphine Heroin
SYNTHETIC – produced in the laboratory through chemical

process. Example: Diazepam, Barbiturates, Methamphetamine
Diazepam, Barbiturates, Methamphetamine
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Meth Meth Meth Meth Meth Met Meth Meth Meth Meth Meth
Chloro- dimeth Dimeth dimeth dimeth Chloro- Ethylam- dimeth
meth Chloro - Chloro - Chloro - meth phetamine
meth meth meth
MJ/hash MJ/hash MJ/hash MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ MJ/hash
Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine Cocaine
MDMA MDMA MDMA/ MDMA MDMA MDMA MDMA MDMA MDMA/

DMA MDA
phentermi phentermi phentermi phentermi phentermi phentermi
ne ne ne ne ne ne
Ephedrine Ephedrine/ Ephedrine. Ephedrine Ephedrine/ ephedrine Ephedrine/ ephedrine Ephedrine/
metheph metheph metheph pseudoeph norpseudo
pseudoeph pseudoeph eph
pseudoeph
Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam diazepam. Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam Diazepam
nitrazepam nitrazepam nitrazepam nitrazepam Estazolam nitrazepam nitrazepam
midazolam midazolam midazolam midazolam
Chlona- Alprazolam
zepam Chlona-
zepam
bromazepa
m
Ketamine ketamine Ketamine Ketamine ketamine Benspheta Benspheta

zolpidem zolpidem zolpidem mine mine
toluene CPECs Toluene/ CPECs toluene CPECs Toluene/ Toluene/ Toluene/ Toluene/ toluene
Cpecs chorphena acetone CPECs CPECs CPECs
chlorphena mine Dicholorob
mine utane
phenmetra Opium Ergotamin Fentanyl heroine Heroine opium

zine Morphine e Phenobarb morphine
nalbuphine phenobarb ital
ital nalbuphine
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Drug sampling
Sampling Advantages
Disadvantage
1. All (n = N) A: 100% certainty of composition of population.
D. Excessive sample size
2. Percent, n = 0.05N, 0.10N etc. A: simple method.
D. Excessive sample size
3. Widely used, n = √N, n = 0.5 √N, n = √N/2 A: widely accepted approach.
D. Number of sample is too small from small population.
Excessive sample size for larger population.
4. n=20+10%(N −20) (where N >20 ) A: Heterogeneous populations likely to be discovered
before analysis is complete.
D. Excessive sample sizes for larger populations.
5. For N < x, used n = N. A: United Nations Drug Control Programme
For x ≤ N ≤ y, (11 to 99) used n = z (10). (UNDCP) recommended method ( x =10, y =100, z =10).
For N > y, used n = √n D: Excessive sample sizes for larger populations.
6. N = 1 A: Minimum amount of work.

D. Least amount of information on the characteristics
of the seizure.
A representative sampling procedure can be performed on a population of units with sufficient

similar external characteristics. Where n = total population while N = number of sample to be
collected.
Sampling Method
• scooping from the top
• Sample thief
• Coning and quartering
Confirmatory method using GC-MS
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AMPHETAMINE TYPE
Stimulants(ATS)
And newly emerging drugs
What is Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS)?

ATS refer to a group of drugs whose principal members
include amphetamine and methamphetamine. (WHO
definition)
Also bitter taste.

Meth crystals
are brittle.
What is Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS)?
• Aside from Meth, a range of MDMA or

ecstacy
other substances also fall
into this group, such as:
methcathinone fenethylline ephedrine pseudoephedrine methylphenidate

captagon
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History of Methylamphetamine
Hydrochloride (shabu) manufacture
• Methylamphetamine was originally

synthesized from Ephedrine in Japan by Dr
Nagayoshi Nagai (1888).
• And was later synthesized in crystalline
form in 1919 by Akira Ogata via
Iodoephedrine method.
Dr Nagayoshi Nagai (1844-1921) – Japanese
organic chemist and pharmacologist
First doctor of Pharmacy in Japan
History of Methylamphetamine
Hydrochloride (shabu)
manufacture
It is since 1941 during the World
War 2 that Methamphetamine
had been manufactured and sold
for medical supplies in Japan.
Immediately following World War

II, Crystal Meth was extensively
used to reduce fatigue and
suppress appetite.
After the war era, Meth tablets, referred to as

"work pills" were widely used in Japan.
Early Methamphetamine; Philopon
Philopon, pronounced Hiropon, a trade name
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Philippine Drug Trend

1984 1985
– Marijuana (1386 cases) – Marijuana
– Cocaine (5 cases, 785g, 655g, 425g, 59g, – Cocaine
1.5g)
– Rivotril
– Mandrax (3 cases,= 980 tab, 12 tab, 1 tab)
– Amphetamine (1 case) – Clonazepam
– LSD (8pcs) – Valium
– Valium (4 cases) – Pentazocine
– Heroin (6 cases)
– Clonazepam (1 case)
– Rugby (12 cases)
• 1987 2009
– Marijuana (1310 cases) – Marijuana (1310 cases)
– Methamphetamine (50 cases) – Methamphetamine (24,768.13 grams)
– Cocaine (5 cases) – Cocaine
– Codeine (1 case) – Heroin
– Valium (5 cases) – BZP
– Mandrax (3 cases, 980 tab, 12 tab, 1 tab) – ecstacy
– Heroin (3 cases)
– Rugby (6 cases)
Trends in Methamphetamine Smuggling

Skillful concealment
Instant Noodles Capsules
Aluminum Tea Bags Condenser

Skillful concealment
100 kg of Methamphetamine was Human courier

concealed in 2 fire extinguishers
on a vessel
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Disguise and Refinement
Mixed in a solution
Mixed with other substance
Field Test for shabu using

Simon’s Test Reaction
Reagent:
5% Sodium carbonate,
5% acetaldehyde in ethanol,
1% Sodium nitroprusside
(1) Add sample in test

Turn to blue color tube
(2) Bend test tube
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Request for qualitative analysis?
– Qualitative is the determination of substance

present in the sample.
– Quantitative is the determination of

substance purity in the sample.
Steps In Qualitative Analysis

• Physical test
1. Describing the condition of specimen as received.
One (1) knot-tied white plastic bag labeled “Hi-Top” with

markings “RAID-A” containing One (1) self-sealing transparent
plastic bag with markings “RAID BB” wrapped with newspaper
marked as “RAID-B” containing white crystalline substance.

• Physical test
2. Measurement of Gross weight and net weight or
measuring the height of the plant.
Gross weight – total Net weight – total

weight with the weight of the contents
container only.
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• Physical test
3. Conduct Microscopic examination
Cuticle of hair
Paint
layer
Marijuana cystolith
Cotton fiber

• Chemical test
MJ squash cassava papaya

• Confirmatory
Solvent System A Solvent System B
RfAS1 = 4.5/8.5 = 0.53 RfBS3 = 3.5/8.5 = 0.41

RfAQ1 = 4.5/8.5 = 0.53 RfBQ3 = 4.4/8.5 = 0.52
RfAS2 = 4.4/8.5 = 0.52 RfBS4 = 4.4/8.5 = 0.52
RfAQ2 = 4.4/8.5 = 0.52 RfBQ4 = 4.4/8.5 = 0.52
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• Confirmatory
Marijuana Color Extract Rf values Extract Rf values
Component using using
s methanol Ethanol
Trial 1
Cannabidiol orange 2.7 0.32 3 0.35
Cannabinol purple 2.2 0.26 2.5 0.29
Delta-9-THC Red 1.9 0.22 2.1 0.25
Trial 2
Cannabidiol orange 2.8 0.33 2.8 0.33
Cannabinol purple 2.4 0.28 2.4 0.28
Delta-9-THC Red 2.0 0.24 2.0 0.24
Infrared Analysis
Within 24 hours,
initial and final reports shall be prepared by the
chemist
Take note of the following:
• Time and date received.

• Name of suspect
• Container and other
things accompanied it
• Description and its weight
• Name of analysis
• chain of custody form
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Quantitative Analysis Issue

– Quantitative analysis stated in
RA 9165 is determination of
weight of the substance and
not the purity.
– Percent purity (quantitative
examination) shall be
conducted only by virtue of
court order.
Paraphernalia
(label sharp for sharp paraph)
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Meth and MJ Paraphernalia

• Meth • MJ
“Chasing The Dragon” Technique
Ecstacy Paraphernalia
- Vicks Vapor rub/ nasal inhalers • Most users experience
- Baby pacifiers/ candy suckers
- Dust masks/ tampon tubes with dehydration.
Vicks • Enjoy seeing bright lights
- Glow sticks
- Blow pops
IN NO WAY ARE WE SAYING THAT ALL PEOPLE WHO EXHIBIT SOME OF THESE BEHAVIORS OR
POSSESS THE ABOVE ITEMS, ARE ECSTASY USERS.
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2:30 PM Libertad St.. 24, s, jobless
FORENSIC 2. Conduct examination of explosives

CHEMISTRY
1. Drugs
and/or explosive ingredients.
2. Explosives
3. Gunshot residue
Explosives under RA 7183
4. Distance
determination
and PD1866
5. Toxicology • PD 1866: regulating
6. Fake Products firearms, ammunition or
7. Blood Alcohol
8. Drug Test explosives and its
9. Clandestine manufacturing
Lab Invest
10. Trace Evidence
instruments.
11. Lecture • RA 7183: Firecracker and
12. Research
13. Testify
pyrotechnic law.
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
Definitions
• Explosion – broadly defined as the sudden
rapid escape of gases from a confine space,
accompanied by high temp, violent shock and
loud noise.
• Explosive – a substance, chemical compound
of mixture that under the influence of heat,
pressure, friction or shock undergoes a
sudden chemical change or decomposition.
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Explosives
• High Explosives • Military Explosives
– Primary – Grenade
– secondary – Submunitions
• Low Explosives • Industrial Explosives
– Primer
– Igniter
– propellant
Explosives RRDK
Rapid Response Deployment Kit
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Screening Test For Explosives
Color test 3 drops of DPA reagent in a

• Test for TNT (Janowski test) white tile.
• Test for RDX (thymol test)
• Test for nitrates using
Diphenyl amine reagent
Result: blue coloration
Screening Test For Explosives

RF Values of common explosives Thin Layer Chromatography
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Test for Physical Properties of

Explosives
STEREO MICROSCOPE
- Used for physical examination of explosives and explosive
ingredients in a pre-blast and post-blast investigations.
- Equipped with digital camera and laptop for effective
viewing.
Pyridine extract/ Toluene extract
Ion Mobility Spectrometer

(Ionscan 500DT)
Capable of detecting and
identifying very low
concentrations of organic
explosives.
Main features include:

portable and fast
response and detection.
GC-MS Agilent 6890GC-5975MS

A powerful tool for
identification of organic
explosives and explosive
ingredients.
Useful in detecting
explosive mixtures using a
sensitive separation
technique and a detector.
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Ion Chromatograph (Dionex ICS 2000)

Used in the
determination of
anions in
explosive
residues.
Ex. Nitrates,
Chlorates,
Sulfates,
Phosphates
Smiths IdentifyIR
IdentifyIR® is a rugged,
miniaturized FT-IR
(Fourier Transform
Infrared) analysis system
that is fast, easy-to-use,
and accurate.
- can handle powders,
liquids, solids, gels &
pastes in both organic &
aqueous solvents.
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 3. Conduct examination of firearms
1. Drugs
2. Explosives and paraffin casts for the presence of
3. Gunshot
residue gunpowder nitrates.
4. Distance
determination - casting shall be done
5. Toxicology
6. Fake Products within 72 hrs from the
7. Blood Alcohol
8. Drug Test
time of alleged firing,
9. Clandestine Lab
Invest
otherwise the request
10. Trace Evidence shall be denied.
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
- embalmed cadaver shall not be subjected to paraffin exam.
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True Positive vs False Positive

Substances giving false positive
result:
• fertilizers
• explosives
• tobacco
• urine
• certain cosmetics
Blue specks with tailing • food samples
(because the particles
• cigarettes
are embedded into
Smudges or conglomeration of
hands with force) blue specks
Factors affecting the result of paraffin

exam
• Types of caliber
• Types of firearm and its mechanism
• Wind velocity and direction
• Humidity
• Use of gloves
• 72 hrs already lapsed
Bullet Hole Examination: Test For Lead And Copper
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SEM-EDX
• Scanning Electron
Microscope with
Energy Dispersive
Xray Analysis
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 4. Conduct gunpowder examination of
1. Drugs
2. Explosives clothing for possible gunshot range
3. Gunshot residue
4. Distance determination.
determination
5. Toxicology
6. Fake Products
7. Blood Alcohol
8. Drug Test
9. Clandestine
Lab Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
Distance Determination
Classification
Contact/ Singeing Powder

Smudging
burning - Slightly Tatooing
burning
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Angular bullet hole
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 5. Conduct chemico-toxicological examination of
1. Drugs human internal organs, gastric contents, blood, water
2. Explosives
3. Gunshot residue
and food samples for the presence of chemical
4. Distance poisons.
determination
5. Toxicology - Require standards
6. Fake Products
7. Blood Alcohol
8. Drug Test
9. Clandestine
Lab Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
Poison Investigation
• Most important is the sight and smell of
scene.
• Does the position appear “poisoned”?
Two studies suggest that drug absorption is lowest in patients lying on their left side,
so you might want to consider placing an unconscious overdose patient in the left-
sided recovery position prior to definitively managing them in hospital.
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scene.
2. The skin and mouth, lips, rectum, vagina and
genitals?
scene.
3. The pupils of the eyes...
scene.
4. Odors present
5. Possible skin marks via hypodermic needle
injections.
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scene.
6. The hands for the presence of objects.
Food Poisoning
• Symptoms of poisoning appeared soon after a
drink or meal taken.
– the investigator should thoroughly see that all
liquids, foods, and medicines on the premises are
preserved.
– These can be found at the medicine cabinet,
pantry, refrigerator, and even the reuse container.
Food Poisoning
• If many hours have elapsed after the meal was
ingested, the possibility of food as the source of
poison may be eliminated.
– When symptoms of poisoning occur, the investigator can
reasonably assume that the victim had taken the poison
from on-half to one (1/2 to 1) hour before the first
symptoms appeared.
– In corrosive poisons, symptoms appeared immediately.
• One way of proving poisoning is by chemical analysis

of stomach contents and body fluids.
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Preservation of evidence
• The evidence (as biological in origin) can be
preserved in a plastic or glass container and
stored in freezer 100C or below. Sample can be
discarded according to the laboratory policies
and SOP’s.
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 6. Perform laboratory examination of fake
1. Drugs
2. Explosives
products in comparison with standard
3. Gunshot residue
4. Distance
specification for cases of unfair trade
determination
5. Toxicology competition. (ex Fake fundador, adulterated
6. Fake cement, adulterated beer, fake chlorox, fake
Products
7.
8.
Blood Alcohol
Drug Test
cigarettes).
9. Clandestine Lab
Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
Fake product request

– Letter request for examination.
– Investigator is required to coordinate with the
manufacturer regarding standard sample, which will
be used for comparative analysis and possible use of
their facilities in the examination of questioned
samples.
– For media presentation, a letter request is necessary
addressed to the Dir, Crime Lab.
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FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 7. Conduct blood alcohol determination.
1. Drugs
2. Explosives Types of alcoholic beverages:
3. Gunshot residue 1.Fermented – low alcoholic content, example beer =
4. Distance 4-6% ethanol
determination
5. Toxicology 2. Wine – 8-14%
6. Fake Products 3. Distilled Spirits – high alcoholic content
7. Blood a. 100 proof = 50% ethanol
Alcohol b. 80 proof = 40% ethanol
8. Drug Test
9. Clandestine Lab 4. Combination (fortified, port & sherry wines)
Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture A person is said to suffer from alcohol intoxication when the quantity
12. Research
13. Testify of alcohol the person consumes exceeds the individual's tolerance
14. Advice & for alcohol and produces behavioral or physical abnormalities.
Consultancy
15. Other function
In other words, the person's mental and physical abilities are
impaired. The person can't function and certainly should not be
operating a motor vehicle. It acts on the forebrain then to the central
and rear portion are affected.
Blood Alcohol Level

• The amount of alcohol in the blood
stream recorded in milligrams of alcohol
per 100 milliliters of blood, or milligrams
percent.
– BAL of .10 means that 1/10 of 1 percent (or

1/1000) of your total blood content is
alcohol.
Blood alcohol level

BAL Effect
0.02 Mellow feeling, slight body warmth, less inhibited
0.05 Noticeable relaxation, less alert, less self-focused,
coordination impairment begins.
0.08 Drunk driving limit, definite impairment in coordination and
judgement.
0.10 Noisy, possible embarrassing behaviour, mood swings,
reduction in reaction time.
0.15 Impaired balance and movement, clearly drunk
0.20-0.25 Typically felt sleepy to sleep.
0.30 Many lose consciousness
0.40 Most lose consciousness and some die
0.50 Breathing stops, many die
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Field Sobriety Test

1. Psycho-physical test
a. Horizontal gaze nystagmus – uncontrollable
jerking as the eyes moves toward the sides.
b. One leg stand and walk nine steps.
2. Breath analysis
3. Blood Alcohol Examination
Conway Method for Blood Alcohol

Level
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY 8. Examine urine and other body
1. Drugs
2. Explosives fluids for drug metabolites.
3. Gunshot
residue • PNP Mass promotions
4. Distance
determination • PNP Recruitment
5. Toxicology • PNP Re-enlisment
6. Fake Products
7. Blood Alcohol • Persons apprehended under RA 9165
8. Drug Test • PNP firearms License/Permit to Carry = 2546
9. Clandestine
Lab Invest • Other government employee under drug
10. Trace investigation
Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other
function
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Mandatory Drug Testing

• Drivers and firearms license, military
and law enforcers, persons
apprehended under RA 9165
Random Drug Testing
• Students, office personnel, government
employees etc.
Drug Test vs Drug Dependency Test

• Drug test is the • Drug dependenct test is
determination of the the examination of
presence of dangerous behavioral pattern,
drugs in human body attitude and response.
fluids (urine, blood, It includes several test
sweat, saliva) and hair including drug test.
• Conducted in a Forensic • Conducted by

Lab or private drug psychiatrist.
testing laboratory
Substance Approximate Detection Time

Amphetamines = 2-4 days Methadone = 3-5 days
Barbituates (Short-Acting) = 1 day Methaqualone = 14 days
Barbituates (Long-Acting) = 2-3 weeks Nicotine ?
Benzodiazepines 3-7 days Opiates = 2-4 days
Cannabinoids 3-45 days Peptide hormones = undetectable
Clenbuterol = 2-4 days Phencyclidine (PCP) = 2-4 days
Cocaine = 2-4 days Phenobarbital = 10-20 days
Codeine = 2-5 days Propoxyphene = 6 hours to 2 days
Euphorics (MDMA, psilocybin) 1-3 days Steroids (anabolic oral) = 14 days
LSD6 = 1-4 days Steroids (anabolic parenterally) 1 month
Table 2.1: EMIT Detection Times of Substances in Urine
The substance being tested, testing method, and levels tested for are major factors.
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Drug Test
Two (2) stages of examination
1. Screening using test kits
detection limit: Meth = 1000 ng/ml
MJ = 50 ng/ml
C C C C C
M M M M M
T T T T T
Negative MET THC MET & THC Invalids

Positive Positive Positive
Drug Test
2. Confirmatory
a) Thin Layer Chromatography
b) Instrumentation-Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS)
Meth and amp
Factors Affecting the Presence of Drugs in the Body:
1.Type of drugs & its clearance rate in urine

2. Frequency of Intake
3. Metabolic Rate
4. Route of Administration
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Legal Aspect
• Comprehensive dangerous drug Act of 2002
– First offense: min of 6 months rehab
– Second offense: 6 to 12 years imprisonment and
fine of 100 to 500T.
• Validity of result: 1 year after issuance
FORENSIC
CHEMISTRY
9. Conduct clandestine lab
1. Drugs investigation
2. Explosives
3. Gunshot residue
4. Distance
determination
5. Toxicology
6. Fake Products
7. Blood Alcohol
8. Drug Test
9. Clandestine
Lab Invest
10. Trace Evidence
11. Lecture
12. Research
13. Testify
14. Advice &
Consultancy
15. Other function
Clan Lab
• Small (1-10 kg)
• Medium (11-50kg)
• large scale (51kg above)
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Ephedrine/ controlled precursor,

dangerous drugs in pier, Manila
Inventory and Field testing of drugs

by chemist in clan lab cases
Function of Chemistry Division

10. Give lectures to police training center and
military investigative schools, universities and
colleges.
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Function of Chemistry Division

11. Conduct research
12. Testify as expert witness
13. Respond to investigators queries on matters
of assisting to develop investigative leads.
14. Perform other police duties.
Physical Identification
• Ultraviolet exam
• Macro etching
• Hair fibers and Paint Analysis
Practice of Forensic Chemistry

1. Collection at the site and Reception of
specimen to be examined
– the chemist should personally collect the
specimen or supervise collector for proper
evaluation.
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2. Conduct examination of the specimen
– Some specimen requires longer duration of
examination due to the availability of instruments,
standards and method.

3. Report in writing the result of examination
We do not give the result loosely to everyone.

4. Give advice or consultation with the
requesting parties.
5. Testify in Court as an expert witness.
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Becoming a Forensic Professional

• Profession requires existence of associations
that have recognized and accepted authority
within the profession.
– NAPOLCOM RESOLUTION NO 99-115 dated
August 26, 1999 subject “Professionalizing the
Crime Laboratory Services of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) Through the Implementation
of a Certification Program for Technical Personnel
in the Field of Forensic Science”.
Becoming a Forensic Professional

Education Training Experience
Forensic Licensed Chemist Forensic 5 years examiner

Examiner Chemistry Basic
Course
Forensic Masteral in Forensic 10 years

Specialist Chemistry at least Chemistry examiner
16 units Advance Course
Forensic Expert PhD in Chemistry Foreign schooling 15 years

at least 16 units examiner/
supervisory
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Communication and
Team work…
still the hallmarks of good

forensic investigation
41
ULTRAVIOLET POWDER
EXAMINATION
PNP CRIME LABORATORY
Physical Identification Division

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
ULTRAVIOLET POWDER
EXAMINATION
PNP CRIME LABORATORY
Physical Identification Division

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
Common Applications
• Illegal recruitment
• Extortion
• Drug buy-bust operations
OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
Part One – PNP Organizational Chart with Physical

Identification Division of PNP Crime Laboratory
- Overview of PGS (PNP PATROL PLAN 2030)
Part Two - ULTRAVIOLET POWDER EXAMINATION

I. Rationale
II. Ultraviolet light
III. Sources of Ultraviolet Light
IV. Ultraviolet Powder Examination
V. Use of Ultraviolet Light in Forensic Investigation
VI. Procedure in Ultraviolet Powder Examination
(Laboratory demonstration)
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PART
ONE
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MISSION
To provide comparative examinations

through macro/microphysical, chemical
and instrumental analysis of trace
evidence in support to the PNP
Offices/Units, other investigative agencies
and the public.
FUNCTIONS
Conducts analysis and comparison of specimen to

determine its nature, composition, quality and source.
Assists investigators in the proper collection, handling

and preservation of physical evidence.
Conduct researches before their adaption, give

lectures, technical opinion and testimony in both civil
and criminal courts.
QUALIFICATIONS OF PI EXAMINER
- Forensic Chemical Officer (FOCO)

- Licensed Chemical Engineer/Chemist
- Registered Medical Technologist and
Criminologist
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Scope of PID
Ultraviolet examination
Bullet trajectory examination
Macro etching examination
Casting and molding examination
Tool marks examination
Paint analysis
Arson examination
Hair and fiber analysis
PGS OVERVIEW
VISION
Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, We shall be a highly capable, effective and credible
police service working in partnership with a responsive community towards the attainment of a
safer place to live, work, and do business.
Highly Capable, Effective and Credible Police Service by 2030
MANDATE
Republic Act 6975 as amended
by RA 8551 and further
amended by A safer place to live, work
RA 9708 and do business
MISSION
Enforce the law, prevent and
control crimes, maintain peace
Improve crime Improve community safety awareness
and order, and ensure public
prevention and through community-oriented and
safety and internal security
control human rights-based policing
with the active support of the
community.
PHILOSOPHY Develop competent, Develop a responsive

Service, Honor and Justice motivated and values- Police Organization
oriented police personnel
CORE VALUES
Maka Diyos Makabayan
Makatao
Makakalikasan
Optimize use of financial and logistical resources
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PART
TWO
Mostly white light and ultraviolet light are used to

collect evidence at the crime scene.
Forensic scientists use equipment/technology and

various scientific theories about light to analyze,
identify, and match trace evidence.
Therefore, comprehending the properties of light is

essential to understanding how light is used in the
field of forensics.
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ULTRA-VIOLET Powder Dusting and Exam
Applicable to entrapment
and buy-bust operations.
uses UV Lamp to determine

presence of UV fluorescence
powder.
Ultraviolet Light
Short wave - 254 nm

Long wave - 365 nm
Forensic Ultraviolet Light/lamp
Dual power levels for normal and high-intensity

viewing.
Both longwave and shortwave bulbs for fluorescent
materials.
Added feature is the high-output switch for additional
illumination.
Safety lights verify which source is in operation
(shortwave or longwave).
Applications include: physiological fluids detection,
questioned document examination, theft detection
(entrapment cases and buy-bust operations) and
trace metal detection.
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Ultraviolet (UV) light – employs invisible or

electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter
than that of visible light, but longer than x-rays, in the
range 100 nm to 400 nm, and energies from
3 eV to 124 eV.
It is so named because the spectrum consists of
electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than
those that humans identify as the color violet.
UV light . . .
The name means "beyond violet" (from Latin
word ultra, "beyond"), violet being the color of
the shortest wavelengths of visible light. UV
light has a shorter wavelength than that of
violet light.
That section in the electromagnetic spectrum

between 136 and 4000A is called the ultraviolet
region.
This includes five octaves, in contrast to the single

octave of visible rays from 4500 to 8000A.
The ultraviolet rays lie between X-rays and visible
rays.
They are longer than the X-rays and shorter than

visible rays. As in the case of other radiations,
these rays can be both beneficial and harmful.
Ultraviolet light can be harmful to the eyes.
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UV Light
UVC - referred to as shortwave (SW), far

ultraviolet, or germicidal UV, between 180 and
280nm, also previously known as high frequency
(HF).
UVB – known as middle wave UV, between 280
and 320nm.
UVA - commonly known as long wave UV ( LW ),
near-ultraviolet, black light, or Wood’s light,
between 320 and 400nm, also previously known
as low frequency (LF).
Phosphor - any substance that emits

visible light (400-700 nm) when
stimulated by radiation. A phosphor
converts the energy in the UV
radiation from a black light into visible
light.
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Ultraviolet light is a radiation of shorter wavelength than the

radiation commonly recognized as visible light. It is sometimes
known as “BLACK LIGHT” because of its invisibility to the
eye
Many materials absorb ultraviolet light and re-emit the

energy in the form of visible light of various characteristics
wavelengths.
This phenomenon is for criminalistics purposes.
Fluorescent materials are those of uranium, tungsten and
some zinc ores, etc.
Most physiological fluids show some fluorescence
(semen, blood, urine and saliva) which are phosphor-rich.
Dyes are strongly active in the examination of inks and
clothing but numerous undyed fibers show fluorescence
(some synthetic fibers and textile fibers).
Black Light
A black light is a source of electromagnetic radiation that emits

near-ultraviolet light (350-375 nm) wavelength range.
This range is just slightly below the 400nm that human eyes
can detect. When this light is reflected off certain materials, it
looses energy and its wavelength expands to over 400nm.
The reflected light is then visible to human eyes, and the

illuminated objects appear to glow. The glow effect is the
result of the object reflecting more visible light than the
ambient environment.
Black Light . . .
Standard fluorescent black lights are constructed in an almost
identical fashion to their white-light counterparts.
Electrical stimulation of mercury releases ultraviolet light, which

must be converted to visible light in order for us to see it. In a
regular white-light fluorescent bulb, a phosphorous coating is
added to the outer glass layer of the bulb.
A phosphor is any material that reflects light in the 400-700 nm

(visible light) range when stimulated by radiation.
Black lights do not have this phosphorous coating, so they

release little visible light. However, any material containing
phosphors in the surrounding environment will react to the UV
light, and reflect back visible light
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Black Light . . .
Black lights have been put to use in mechanical

engineering and repair, criminal investigation, forgery
detection, and many other fields.
Phosphorous dyes added to liquids will leak from the

same places that the liquid itself leaks from, thus creating
a phosphorous stain at any leak point.
This is easily detected with a black light. Airplane fuel lines

and automotive air conditioner lines are two applications
where this method is used extensively.
Black Light . . .
Bodily fluids (such as blood, semen, urine, and saliva) are
phosphor-rich. Criminal investigators have been using
black lights to detect these fluids on crime victims and at
crime scenes.
Paper manufacturers had begun adding phosphors to

almost all white paper in the 1950's. Thus, exposure to a
black light will reveal forged documents that are purposed
to predate the mid-twentieth century.
Money counterfeiters face a similar problem- many

governments mark large bills in distinguishable, yet hard
to reproduce, patterns of phosphorous materials to thwart
forgery.
Black light or Wood's light

a lamp that emits long wave UV radiation and very little visible
light. Commonly these are referred to as simply a "UV light".
Fluorescent black lights are typically made in the same fashion
as normal fluorescent lights except that only one phosphor is
used and the normally clear glass envelope of the bulb may be
replaced by a deep-bluish-purple glass called Wood's glass, a
nickel-oxide–doped glass, which blocks almost all visible light
above 400 nanometers.
The color of such lamps is often

referred to in the trade as "blacklight Appearance of a UV light source
blue" or "BLB." This is to distinguish
these lamps from "bug zapper"
blacklight ("BL") lamps that don't have
the blue Wood's glass.
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Visible light - radiates at wavelength between 400

and 700 nanometers (nm) and refers to the only
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can
be seen by the human eye.
Photon - an elementary particle, the quantum of the

electromagnetic field and the basic “unit” of light and all
other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
Fluorescence - an optical phenomenon wherein a

material emits light in response to some external stimulus.
Electromagnetic Spectrum - the range of all possible

frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The
"electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the
characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation
emitted or absorbed by that particular object.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Wavelength ( λ) can be measured between any

two points with the same phase, such as
between crests, or troughs, or corresponding
zero crossings as shown:
III. SOURCES OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Sun
Black light
Ultraviolet fluorescent lamp
Ultraviolet LEDS
Ultraviolet lasers
Gas discharge lamps
Sun is the source of UV rays and

emits all kinds of electromagnetic
radiation (99 % of rays - visible
light, UV & infrared rays known as
heat.
Man-made lamps emit UV radiation

- experimental use
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IV. ULTRAVIOLET POWDER EXAMINATION
To determine the presence of ultraviolet

fluorescent powder on dusted/marked
money and/or hands of the suspect/s.
Help solve crimes on illegal recruitment,

extortion and drug buy-bust operations
where offenders are caught through
entrapment.
THEORY OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Electromagnetic spectrum
Ultraviolet(UV) radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation, like visible
light, infrared ,microwaves, radio-waves ,x-rays, and gamma rays. All
forms of electromagnetic radiation are classified according to their
wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelength is
inversely proportional to the energy produced by the radiation; the shorter
the wavelength, the higher the corresponding energy.
Visible light radiates at wavelength (400 and 700 nm) and refers to the
only portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the
human eye. Like other parts of the spectrum, ultraviolet radiation is not
visible to the human eye. It falls beyond the visible violet wavelengths
and radiates at shorter wavelengths, between approximately 100 and 400
nm, or between visible light and x-rays. This portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum can be broken down in the following regions:
The UV band can be broken into two main categories: Longwave

(or near) UV and shortwave UV. The longwave UV band is
300nm-400nm. The shortwave UV band is 200-300nm.
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UVA - commonly known as long wave UV ( LW ),

near-ultraviolet, black light, or Wood’s light, between
320 and 400nm, also previously known as low
frequency (LF).
UVB – known as middle wave UV, between 280 and

320nm.
UVC - referred to as shortwave (SW), far ultraviolet,

or germicidal UV, between 180 and 280nm, also
previously known as high frequency (HF).
VACCUM UV- between 10 and 180nm
The electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelengths and photon

energies. Light used to "see" an object must have a wavelength about the same
size as or smaller than the object.
SAFETY
While “black lights” do produce light in the UV range, their
spectrum is confined to the long wave UVA region.
UVA is considered the safest of the three spectra of UV

light. The higher energy ( shortwave) light in the UVB and
UVC range is responsible for the DNA damage that leads
to skin cancer.
UVA light is much lower in energy and does not cause

sunburn but is capable of causing damage to collagen
fibers, have the potential to accelerate skin aging and
cause wrinkles.
UVA can also destroy vitamin A in the skin.
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SAFETY . . .
UVA light can cause DNA damage, but not directly like
UVB and UVC .Due to its longer wavelength, it is absorbed
less and reaches deeper skin layers ( the leather skin)
where it produces reactive chemical intermediates, such
as hydroxyl and oxygen radicals, which in turn can
damage DNA and result in a high risk of melanoma.
The weak output of the black light, though, do not cause

DNA damage or cellular mutations the way sunlight can,
although there are reports stating that the type of UV
radiation used for suntan(UVA) can cause DNA damage,
photo aging (damage to the skin from chronic exposure to
sunlight) and skin cancer.
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is an optical phenomenon wherein a
material emits light in response to some external stimulus.
Fluorescent light that is emitted is of a specific color or
group of colors that is released when the material is
bombarded with light in some part of the color spectrum.
Certain minerals have a characteristic fluorescence pattern

when hit with white light or ultraviolet light.
Fluorite and calcite are two examples of fluorescent

minerals. Many organic dye molecules have useful
fluorescent properties.
Fluorescence . . .
These molecules absorb light energy from external
sources, and this energy causes excitation of the electron
orbitals in a process called pi-bonding. When the excited
pi-bonds relax back to a lower energy state, photons of a
specific wavelength are emitted in the process, giving rise
to the fluorescent light.
These organic dyes can be characterized by the

wavelengths of light that they absorb (excitation
wavelengths), and the wavelengths of light that they emit
(emission wavelengths). The excitation and emission
wavelengths are properties of each dye that are highly
specific and reliable.
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V. USE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN FORENSIC

INVESTIGATION
Alibis Lipstick, dust, hair, seeds, and thousands of other items

clinging unseen to one's person may prove effective alibis if
innocently accused, or damagin evidence if guilty.
Arson Fire creating ingredients such as kerosene fluoresce a

bright blue or green. Gasoline, unfortunately, does not fluoresce.
Autopsies An important aid in both personal identification and in

determining cause of death, UV light fluoresces scar tissue and aids
in determining its cause. That, due to X-ray, almost invariably glows
bright pearlish / white; scars from radium fluoresce a bright pale
blue; those from mechanical, electrical, heat or chemical injuries
show no characteristic appearance under the lamp.
USE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN FORENSIC

INVESTIGATION . . .
Burglary The use of invisible flu pastes or powders at appropriate

points of entry when burglary is anticipated or habitual. If left
undisturbed, the paste or powder will remain active for more than a
year. Prowl cars, security units and schools can quickly spot flu on
clothing or hands of suspects. Home items of considerable value can
readily be marked for both later identification by the owner as well as
external application of pastes or powders.
Blackjack Flu powders or pastes can play an important role in

establishing the sequence of events or other facts regarding injuries
or fatalities. Flu pastes applied to blackjacks will establish whether
the injury was caused by the officer or one of the participants in a
brawl or riot.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Bullet Flu pastes can play a vital part regarding whether or not
wounds received from firearms were caused by officers or other
participating in a riot or other circumstances. Caution should be used
when applying flu pastes to bullets and shells, for coarse granules in
the paste may cause damage to the firearm or to the operator when
the gun is used. Very thin pastes and fine powders generously
dusted within a barrel will usually work well. Prior experimentation
should be made so that each officer will know just how they will
perform.
Censorship Penal institutions scan mail for secret invisible
message and reveal it under UV light.
Checks Check alteration in any form is immediately and clearly

detectable under UV light.
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INVESTIGATION . . .
Coins At the U.S. Mint, telephone boxes, parking meters and other
vending machines are frequently marked with invisible powders for
entrapment.
Documents Analysis of documents under UV light will bring out
faded signatures, erasures, changes in original copy and invisible
markings or messages, since the latter are generally written with such
fluorescent substances as quinine, lemon juice, egg whites, aspirin,
urine, acetanilide (cold tablets) or specially prepared inks. Document
tampering can be detected by premarking of files with vertical or
diagonal lines of invisible ink.
Dry Cleaning Invisible marking, used by some dry cleaners, as well

as fading marks can be clearly seen under UV light.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Dynamite Wrappings of dynamite generally fluoresce intensely.
Ear wax Cerumen usually fluoresces a bright blue to blue / green to

blue / yellow. Most body substances fluorescence will be effected to
some degree by the medical history of the individual involved.
Espionage Since espionage communications usually deals with the

invisible, UV light will immediately expose the flu chemicals used in
orders, the passing of information or other written information.
Explosions Dynamite wrappings, candles, matches and other

materials that go into the making of a bomb can often be isolated under
UV light for more specific laboratory analysis.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Fabrics Stains, secretions, lipstick, inks, flu powders and foreign

matter. Even after cleaning or dying, many fabrics can be linked to the
original event.
Fingerprinting On multi-colored surfaces, invisible white or invisible

green dusting powder is recommended. Fingerprint should be lightly
dusted using the same technique as for ordinary fingerprint powder.
Darken the room and the print becomes more brilliant while the multi-
colored background becomes darker, giving greater contrast. If
necessary, the print can be lifted with ordinary lifting tape. To
photograph, use an ordinary camera (not a fingerprint camera) in a
totally dark room with an F8 opening at 20 seconds, a K2 Wratten 2A
filter is necessary on the camera. Only the UV lamp is used for
illumination and is placed as close to the print as possible. Use any fast
film.
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INVESTIGATION . . .
Fire Alarm boxes can be dusted with invisible fluorescent powders or

pastes, unburned hydrocarbon oil, paraffin or almost any other wax.
Since most persons sounding false alarms are known to stay in the
vicinity of the alarm box, portable UV lights can be used to check hands
and clothing of persons in the vicinity.
Firearms Obliterated serial numbers easily seen under UV light. Light

applications of powder and paste in the barrel will mark bullet with
invisible ingredient and in turn, mark the wounded person with flu
matter. Wounded not so flu marked were obviously injured by others,
such as in a riot or prison rebellion.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Forgeries Alterations, stains, erasures and other tampering becomes

clearly evident under UV light.
Hair Bleached hair will show a characteristic whitish flu. Rodent hairs
have a bluish / white flu. Dyed hair is usually apparent as most hair
dyes are flu. Some hair oils, as well as wigs, also flu, but experience
and practice will enable one to isolate one from the other.
Inks Many substances can be classified as "invisible inks" and some

are readily available to prisoners who may well have a practical use for
them. Some are: saliva, milk soapsuds, urine, lime wash from walls,
aspirin, lemon juice, quinine, bisulfate, ferrous sulfate, and potassium
ferricyanide.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Incarceration In penal institutions and jails, secret messages are

easily detected if UV lights are used to scan mail to and from outside
contacts.
Kerosene Sometimes used in arson. Fluoresces a bright blue.
Kidnapping Invisibly marking aids can be of great service in

apprehending the kidnapper. Ransom money can be invisibly marked
for identification and the area surrounding the contact point dusted with
invisible fluorescent powders. Banks equipped with UV lamps can aid
in tracking the passer of money and the invisible powder on the shoes,
clothing, hands or hair of a suspect can place him at any one of the
significant places involved.
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INVESTIGATION . . .
Laundry Laundry marks, originally invisible or simply faded are

immediately revealed under the rays of UV light. Collars, cuffs, shirt
tails and even the shirt front may reveal a previously visible laundry
mark obliterated by action of salt water.
Paper Various types of paper appear quite different when viewed

under UV light, although appearing quite similar in daylight. Some are
very dark, while other types exude a rather bright flu. This effect can be
used to indicate that certain sheets did nor did not come from the same
source, such as anonymous letters, ransom notes, poison pen letters.
Paper should always be examined both UNDER the lamp and directly
OVER the lamp, thus allowing UV to penetrate the paper. Some
ARTIFICIAL water marks are often made with stamps prepared in a
wax medium, and the impression will then glow under a UV light.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Lipstick While not apparent under white light, lipstick traces on the
skin will fluoresce red and orange. (Not all lipsticks fluoresce.)
Pastes (Invisible) May be used to mark auto parts, stereo car

tapes, tools, door handles, steering wheels, control buttons, coins, skin
and other items for identification and confirmation of sequence of
events in which marked person played a part. Items that eventually end
up at Pawnshops, Junk dealers and other places, can readily be
identified right on the shelves, with more specific identification being
inside the item in the form of an invisible signature
Pepper Spray Some of the newest pepper sprays will leave a

invisible residue on a assailant that can be illuminated with the use of
an ultraviolet light.

INVESTIGATION . . .
Peeping Toms A thread, two feet high and easily broken, can be
treated with invisible flu powder and stretched around the appropriate
window. Any suspect in the area can readily be checked with a UV light
for the line of fluorescence two feet above ground.
Psychics "Ectoplasm" or spirit faces and other phony props used by
these practitioners are immediately exposed under UV light.
Rape Semen stains fluoresce a bright bluish / white under a UV light

and will retain such capability for years. The background material of
cloth, its natural flu and color must be taken into account during
analysis. Microscopic studies should be made for confirmation of that
observed under a UV light. Semen stains also phosphoresce a bright
green for a couple of seconds after exposure to short wavelength UV
light. Gynecologic stains flu, often like those of male fluid.
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7/21/2017

INVESTIGATION . . .
Teeth Natural teeth fluoresce pearly white. False teeth fluoresce a

very dull green or not at all. False teeth designed several years ago
may appear dull purple or black under UV light.
Time Cards Dust edges of a "controlled" group of cards among which

should be those of the suspect. At the end of the shift, place all
untreated cards under a UV light for inspection. The presence of flu
powder on any untreated card will indicate a good suspect. A trace of
another color should then be placed on the suspect's own time card to
determine if, indeed, he is punching in another's time card. Time factors
naturally involved along with the flu powder should prove conclusive

INVESTIGATION . . .
Transactions In narcotics, kidnapping, blackmail, counterfeiting,

gambling, smuggling and other crimes in which it is essential to prove
the actual payment of money, the use of invisible flu powders are
indispensable.
Weapons All police weapons likely to be used in riot control, street

brawls and other situations where it may become necessary to later
establish responsibility for wounding, should be treated with pastes that
will leave a definite flu mark upon the wounded person, thus indicating
sequence of events in many cases and what agent caused the wound.
LABORATORY
DEMO
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VI. PROCEDURE on UV POWDER EXAM
Letter Request for UV Powder Dusting
powder brush
ultraviolet powder hand gloves
Ultraviolet lamp
Investigative Procedure
The investigator shall prepare a letter request to the
PNP Crime Laboratory for Ultra Violet Powder
“Dusting” of marked money to be used in the
entrapment operation.
Upon arrest of the suspect/s, apprise them of their

Constitutional Rights as provided in RA 7438.
Subject arrested person/s shall undergo an Ultra
Violet Powder Examination and Physical/Medical
Examination at the PNP Crime Laboratory.
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Investigative Procedure . .
The officer-on-case shall prepare the letter of

transmittal to the prosecutor having jurisdiction
over the case.
Attached as annexes are the Letter Request and

Result of Ultra Violet Powder Examination from
PNP Crime Laboratory.
Investigative Procedure . . .
Letter Request for a Laboratory UV Powder Exam
To determine the presence of ultra-violet

powder on the submitted specimen.
LABORATORY EXAMINATION
1. Prepare a left and right hand sketch to be used as a

representation of hands which show points of positive
results. Let the suspect/s and the requesting party witness
the examination by affixing their signatures on the prepared
hand sketch.
HAND SKETCH
Case Number Time and date received

Name of suspect
Witnessed by
Examined by
Left Palmar/Dorsal Right Palmar/Dorsal
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LABORATORY EXAMINATION . . .
2. The examiner will now proceed to the laboratory

examination on the specimen (living person and dusted money
bills) submitted to determine the presence of ultraviolet
fluorescent powder inside the dark room.
The materials or evidence are placed under the UV

lamp in the dark room.
Spots or areas that show fluorescence maybe marked

with a lead or wax pencil for further examination by
other methods.
Notes should be made not only regarding areas that

show fluorescence but also the color and intensity of
the light generated. (Comparative examinations)
LABORATORY EXAMINATION . . .
3. After examination, the examiner will turn-over the

evidence to the requesting party with a
corresponding turn-over receipt .
23
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENTS
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENTS
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
OUTLINE
I. INTRODUCTION
a. Mission
b. Vision
II. FUNCTION
III. REQUIREMENTS
Mission
To provide scientific support in forms

of documentary and testimonial
evidences, conduct lectures and
briefings to the PNP, AFP and other
government and private investigating
agencies.
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7/21/2017
Vision
The questioned document

examiners of the PNP Crime Laboratory
are committed to provide standard
and accurate questioned document
examination for the attainment of
quality and justice.
FUNCTIONS
1. Examination of questioned signatures.

2. Handwriting identification
a. Anonymous letter ;
b. Ransom note
c. Threat letter;
d. Alledge suicide note/ letter
e. Poison letter
3. Examination of document suspected to have
been altered/erased.
4. Decipherment of secret writings.
FUNCTIONS
5. Examination of sequence of entry strokes

6. Paper and ink comparison
7. Typewriting identification
8. Examination of counterfeit bills.
9. Conduct lectures to PNP, AFP and other
government agencies.
10. Conduct field laboratory works.
11. Attend court duties.
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7/21/2017
REQUIREMENTS
Signature Identification:
Four (4) Copies of letter request addressed to D, CL
(Attn: C,QDED)/ Court Order if the case is undergoing
trial or pending in court.
Original Copy of the questioned Document
Original copy of at least eight (8) or more different
documents bearing the standard signatures of subject
individual
(Note:) Standards should be executed 5 years before &
5 years after the date of execution of questioned
signature.
Payment of Php 2, 000.00 for the photographic
materials. (To be paid at Land Bank Camp Crame,
Branch)
REQUIREMENTS
Handwriting Identification:
Four (4) Copies of letter request addressed to D, CL
(Attn: C,QDED)/ Court Order if the case is undergoing
trial or pending in court.
Original Copy of the questioned Document
Original copy of at least four (4) pages or more
extended handwriting of subject individual w/ the same
style of writing.
(Note:) Standards should be executed 5 years before &
5 years after the date of execution of questioned
signature.
materials. (To be paid at Land Bank Camp Crame,
Branch)
REQUIREMENTS
Alteration:
Four (4) Copies of letter request addressed to

D, CL (Attn: C,QDED)/ Court Order if the case
is undergoing trial or pending in court.
Original Copy of altered or erased document
Payment of Php 2, 000.00 for the
photographic materials.
(To be paid at Land Bank Camp Crame,
Branch)
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REQUIREMENTS
Counterfeiting/ Unfair Trade Competition:

Four (4) Copies of letter request addressed to D,
CL (Attn: C,QDED)/ Court Order if the case is
undergoing trial or pending in court.
Original Copy of the alleged counterfeit and one
(1) standard for the case of unfair trade
competition
materials.
(To be paid at Land Bank Camp Crame, Branch)
4
FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
Twenty two (22) Facial Composite System
Donated by the AFP and the PNP Foundation Inc.
FACIAL COMPOSITE
Previously called Computerized Composite Criminal Illustration
or Cartography or Cartographic Sketch
Cartography or cartographic sketch is defined

as the study and practice of making map.
Computerized Composite Criminal Illustration

refers to a computer generated image based on
actual description of a witness or a victim.
It only refers to criminals.
FACIAL COMPOSITE
Missing Person
33
May 2011
• TDIDM and Crime Laboratory had a joint

study on the proper terminology
• C, PNP, PDG RAUL BACALZO, approved the

appropriate terminology FACIAL COMPOSITE
FACIAL COMPOSITE
Facial Composite is a graphical representation of
an eyewitness’ memory of face, as recorded by a
composite artist through hand drawing.
Computerized Facial Composite when the image

is produced by a computer.
Existing Facial Composite System
34
IMPORTANCE of FCS
The suspect or the missing person can easily be
identified with the aid of facial composite.
The system has a compilation of different

facial features of Filipino, Thai and
Caucasian.
Accessories like beard, mustache, facial marks/

deformities, eyeglasses, headwear and jewelry
are available.
PHOTO ENHANCEMENT SOFTWARE

is used to enhance the images
Who can avail of the facial composite?

Anyone can avail the facial composite,
provided he/she has personal knowledge on
the crime committed.
Who can provide information?
Only the victim or the witness who has

personal knowledge on the crime committed
can provide the descriptive details of the
suspect.
35
How much does it cost?
It is absolutely FREE!
How long the description will take?
Depend on the recollection of the describer.
The result can be released right after its

completion.
The describer must be accompanied by the

investigator on case.
If the describer is of minor age he must be

accompanied by his/her parent or guardian.
Who are authorized to receive the copy?
The officer on-case.
How accurate it is?
Only the victim or the witness can confirm of its

accuracy based on his/her recollection.
The time matters most. The soonest you

describe, the better.
How to avail?
Submit a letter request.
36
PROCESS
FACIAL IDENTIFICATION FORM
37
38
39
40
Offense/ Incident: Multiple Frustrated Murder
No: CFC-001-13 DATE: 28 January 2013
NAME: UNKNOWN
ALIAS/AKA: Ka Johnny
SEX: Male
AGE: 35-40 years old
HEIGHT: 5’5”- 5’10”
WEIGHT: 60-65 Kg
SKIN COLOR: Fair
BUILT: Small
EMPLOYMENT: Unknown
ADDRESS: Unknown
RELIGION: Unknown
OTHER INFORMATION: Armed with Pistol (cal.45) Wearing SWAT uniform
DESCRIBED BY: Pedro M Perez
REQUESTING PARTY: CIU CIDG
Artist/Interviewer: PO3 __________
The witness indicated that this image is a
POOR GOOD VERY GOOD EXCELLENT
Likeness of the person described.
ACCOMPLISHMENT
From Oct 2008 – June 2013, CL

conducted 1,702 facial
composites wherein 105 were
positively identified
Robinson Galleria Bombing – Mach 29, 2012

Suspect Willy Enriquez was arrested in Iloilo
ACCOMPLISHMENT
PICTURE OF THE
FACIAL COMPOSITE SUSPECT
CFC Case No. : CCCI-004-2012 (Jan 22, 2012)

Offense : ROBBERY HOLD-UP
Requesting Party : PS#1, Gen Santos City Police Office
Investigator/s on Case: P03 Ronald Bautista
Status of Case : Filed in Court/Under Trial
Name of Suspect/s : Alex Padilla Rubin
Status of Suspect/s : Detained at Gen. Santos City Jail
41
ACCOMPLISHMENT
PICTURE OF THE
CFC Case No : CCCI-031-2012 (July 23, 2012)
Offense : RAPE
Requesting Party : PS#2, Gen Santos City Police Office
Investigator/s on Case: SP02 Rex Diongon
Status of Case : Case is under preliminary investigation.
Suspect was apprehended in one of the drug related crime operations
of the GSCPO-CAIDSOTF.
Name of Suspect/s : Vessie Vegafria Tabiado, 33 y/o, married, laborer and a resident
of Lot 5, Sugod, Apopong, Gen. Santos City
Status of Suspect/s : Arrested
ACCOMPLISHMENT
PICTURE OF THE
CFC Case No. :CCCI-020-2012
Offense :
Alleged Robbery with Homicide
Requesting Party :
Tupi Police Station, Tupi South Cotabato
Investigators on Case :
PO2 Esteban M Lambino Jr and P01 Ronnie L Janiola
Status of Case :
The case is under trial at the Provincial Prosecutors Office,
Koronadal City docketed under NPS No. XII-089-INV-12E-00206
Name of Suspect/s : Ryan Paquirda y Carriedo
Status of Suspect/s : Arrested
42
CRIME SCENE
SKETCHING
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
CRIME SCENE
SKETCHING
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
CRIME SCENE SKETCHING
can be defined as the location at which an

offense was committed and where the
potential evidence of that crime may exist.
METHODS OF SKETCHING
1. COORDINATE METHOD measures the distance of

an object from two fixed points.
2.TRIANGULATION METHOD is useful in an outdoor

situation where there are no easily identifiable
edges of roads or fields to use as reference points.
3. CROSS-PROJECTION METHOD is useful when

the items or locations of interest are on or in the
wall surfaces as well as elsewhere in an enclosed
space.
1
In certain types of crime, particularly
those involving physical violence, the crime
scene and the location of all relevant objects
within it are of vital importance in establishing
points of proof.
Coordinate Method
The coordinate method measures the distance of

an object from two fixed points. One form of this
method uses a baseline which is drawn between two
known points. The baseline could be a wall, or drawn
as a mathematical center of a room, the exact
dimensions of which are known.
2
COORDINATE METHOD
In this method, one searcher is assigned to each quadrant.
16’00”
6 6
5
9’9”
9’2”
13’5”
9’6”
1 3 3 6
8’4”
1
2’8”
2
2’4” 3’0” 4’5” 8’3”
16’00”
COORDINATE METHOD
Cross-Projection Method
The cross-projection method is useful when the

items or locations of interest are on or in the wall
surfaces as well as elsewhere in an enclosed space.
The walls, windows, and doors in a cross-projection
sketch are drawn as though the walls had been folded
flat on the floor. Then a sketch is drawn of the
measurements from a given point on the floor to the
wall.
3
EXPLODED VIEW
CROSS PROJECTION
EXPLODED VIEW
Triangulation Method
The triangulation method is useful in an outdoor

situation where there are no easily identifiable edges
of roads or fields to use as reference points.
Two or more reference points are located and

should be widely separated if possible. The item of
interest is located by measuring along a straight line
from the reference points.
4
TRIANGULATION METHOD
16’00
6 6
5
4
13’5”
13’5”
1 3 3 6
1
8’9”
2
2’4” 3’0” 4’5” 7’3”
LEGEND:
2nd Floor .
A- Cadaver 1 – Blood 2 – Cigarette Butt 3 – Empty Shells Not to Scale

4 – Bed 5 – Chairs 6 – Round Tables
5
POLYGRAPH
BRIEFING
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
POLYGRAPH
BRIEFING
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
WHAT IS A POLYGRAPH
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MISSION
• The division with its well-trained personnel is

actively serving both the public and private sectors
providing invaluable investigative aid in hastening
the investigative process through polygraph
examinations, criminalistics training and research.
CAPABILITIES
• The division is equipped to perform polygraph examination of

persons involved both in criminal and non- criminal cases to
determine truth or deception.
• Conduct field laboratory work (FLW).
• Appear as witness in any civil or military courts when called
upon.
• Conduct lectures and/or demonstration on lie detector test.
• Capable of conducting training, seminars on the application of
polygraph in scientific crime detection
Polygraph Examiner
• Is the one who is capable of

being able to detect
deception or verify truth of
statement through
instrumentation or the use
of a mechanical device.
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7/21/2017
PERSONNEL
PCO PNCO NUP
20 35 06
TOTAL 61
Criminologist Psycho Grad

59 02
NAPOLCOM RESOLUTION No. 2009-328

• Approving the “Certification Program for CL Personnel in the Field of Forensic Science” and Promulgating
Guidelines for the Purpose
CRITERIA EXAMINER SPECIALIST EXPERT
BS Criminology/ 18 units in Master in Master’s Degree in

Education Psycho/Ind’l Psycho Grad Crim/Psycho Crim/Psycho (w/Thesis)
Eligibility Registered Registered Criminologist/ Registered Criminologist/

Criminologist/ CS Prof CS Prof
CS Prof
Training Basic Polygraph Examiner’s Advance Polygraph Examiner’s Foreign sponsored training
Course Course
Experience -Must be a Polygraph Examiner 1. Must be a Polygraph Specialist for 5
yrs.
Assisted in the examination for five (5) yrs. 2. Must have handled 100 cases or not
under the supervision of a Senior -Must be handled 100 cases or less than 250 persons examined both
Polygraph Examiner for a period not less than 250 persons on criminal and non-criminal cases.
3. Has been involved in policy making
of six (6) months. examined both on criminal and technical working group and/or inter-
non-criminal cases. agency coordinating meeting.
1. Conducted 360 hrs
lectures/briefing/seminars/research/
Ability to Conducted 60 hrs. lectures, Conducted 120 hrs lectures and studied on modern crime detection
express briefing, and demonstration seminars within the PNP related in the field of expertise outside
oneself PNP.
2. Publication of articles in the
(studies/publi PNP/SOCO Journal or Police Digest.
cation… 3. Media interview and television
appearances.
USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
Criminal Investigation
Pre-employment
Periodic Screening
Insurance Investigation
Sexual Harassment/Domestic Issues

Employee Theft /Fraud
Industrial Espionage/Pilferage
Finance and Banking Investigation
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PROHIBITED PRACTICES
• The investigator should not subject the examinee to prolonged
interrogation immediately before a polygraph examination.
• The polygraph instrument must not be used as psychological props in

conducting interrogation.
• A prospective examinee is never informed that his or her innocence or guilt

will be decided based on the results of the polygraph examination.
• The investigators do not request a mass screening of possible suspect (large

groups, department, etc.) to produce a real suspect.
• The investigators do not make the final determination as to the examinee’s

fitness for a polygraph examination.
Polygraph Examiner’s Guide

PE Guide was approved last
October 18, 2007 and was
distributed last October 10,
2008. The creation of this
guide will provide Polygraph
Examiners distinct rules that
will govern the polygraph
profession in all aspects. It is
also geared towards
meeting the accepted
standard set forth by our
foreign counterparts in this
field.
Common Polygraph Myths
• Myth 1 - The polygraph is

no good because it is not
admissible in court, right?
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Accuracy and Reliability
Accuracy 90%
Inconclusive 10%
Psychology Department
University of Utah
Funded by the U.S Treasury Department
Latest Study 98% Accurate
•Myth 2 - If you are

nervous you will fail
the polygraph test.
Myth 3 · “I’ve heard

that machine can be
beat.”
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7/21/2017
“BEAT” the Polygraph
Detects Indications Result
Nervousness Pulse Rate Talk, Release Tension
Drugs Pulse vs. Breathing Re-schedule
Mind Control Straight Tracing Repeat Questions
Muscle Control Movements, Jerks Remind Examinee
Myth 4 · “Does test

hurt? Will I get an
electric shock?
Myth 5 - “I have a high

blood pressure. Won’t
that look as though I’m
lying?”
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Myth 6 - Drugs and alcohol

affect the results/accuracy
of polygraph examination.
Myth 7 · I thought the

examination would
only take about 10
minutes.
The best steps for a person to prepare for a polygraph test are:
Step 1: Plan your polygraph examination at the beginning of the day

when you are still feeling fresh and alert.
Step 2: Get a good night sleep. Don’t stay up late watching television or
reading. Be on time in the morning to give you plenty of time to prepared
without rushing.
Step 3: Eat breakfast if your schedule is in the morning. Follow your
normal habit.
Step 4: Plan for a polygraph examination that will take a about 2-3 hours.
This includes pre-test interview which is the longest phase of polygraph
examination to ensure that you are comfortable during polygraph
examination.
Step 5: Know your legal rights.
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TELL THE
“TELL THE
TRUTH
TRUTH”
•Detection of lies is not an easy task, that does

not mean detecting lies is impossible.
•There is no technique superior or inferior. All

the techniques will be used in detection of
deception accordingly as per expert ability and
suspect’s behavior.
8
DACTYLOSCOPY
JOINT FORENSICS TRAINING FOR JUDGES, PROSECUTORS AND

PUBLIC ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
DACTYLOSCOPY

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
FPID MISSION
To provide technical laboratory support to the

Philippine National Police offices, other investigative
agencies of the government and private entities
through fingerprint processing and examination.
FPID FUNCTION
The primary function of the Fingerprint

Identification Division is the collection and
examination of fingerprint evidence of criminal in
nature. Compilation of laboratory reports,
preparation of reports & materials for court duties
,and presentation of expert testimony in court
trials.
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FPID FUNCTION
The secondary function is the maintenance

of fingerprint files (criminal and non-criminal)
submitted for AFIS database from the different
police stations and other government agencies
nationwide.
FPID CAPABILITIES:
Provides speedy identification of the perpetrators of the

crime through information dissemination of AFIS Hit &
correlated case results to police investigators, thereby
helps for the early solution of crimes and administration of
justice.
Examines and compares questioned finger, palm and foot

prints with the standard prints to determine the identity or
non-identity.
Undertakes chemical and/or physical development of latent

print evidence gathered at the crime scene.
FPID CAPABILITIES:
Conducts fingerprinting of suspects & wanted criminals, and

postmortem fingerprinting of cadaver beyond recognition or
under early stage of decomposition, maceration and
desiccation for purposes of identification and record files.
Provides technical training of its personnel with regards to

dactyloscopy so as to improve their knowledge and
techniques of collection and examination.
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FPID CAPABILITIES:
Conducts lectures on the science of fingerprint to the PNP

Training School and other government and private
agencies, upon request.
Provides fingerprint expert testimony in civil and military

courts for the purpose of interpreting dactyloscopic reports
based on the examination performed.
QUALIFICATION OF A FINGERPRINT
EXAMINER
Must be a registered criminologist.
Must satisfactorily complete the Fingerprint Identification Basic Course.
Has the ability to express, demonstrate, interpret and explain his/her

findings.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF

FINGERPRINT EXAMINER
Examine , compare and identify questioned/latent print
evidence w/ the standard prints.
Conduct crime scene search of latent prints.
Undertake chemical/physical development of latent prints
evidence, postmortem fingerprinting of cadaver under early
stage of decomposition, maceration and desiccation.
Examine cadaver prints in order to determine the identity or
non-identity.
Perform photography on questioned and standard fingerprints
for comparison and court presentation.
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DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF

FINGERPRINT EXAMINER
Prepare and render technical reports in relation to the
examination being performed.
Conduct lectures on the science of fingerprint to PNP Training
School and other government and private agencies.
Appear as expert witness in different courts of justice,
military or civil.
Perform other functions as directed by the Chief of Division,
Director or her authorized representative.
PRINCIPLES OF
1. PERMANENCY -That fingerprints do not change in
FINGERPRINTS
its ridge characteristics throughout the lifetime of an
individual and they persist after DEATH until the skin is
decomposed.
2. INDIVIDUALITY -That the complexity of the ridge
details of a single fingerprint, or even in part, is not
duplicated in any other finger.
3. INFALLIBILITY - That fingerprints are incapable of
error, “Cannot commit mistakes”
11
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINTS
Prevent impersonation.
Speedy identification of wrongdoer.
Serve to give evidence.
Help identify victim/s of disasters,
calamities, floods etc.
Identifies bodies, mutilated beyond
recognition.
Aids the judiciary in penal treatment.
Prevent criminal substitution of newly
born.
Identification of falsified document.
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DEFINITION OF FINGERPRINT
As an IMPRESSION:
It is the reproduction on some smooth surface
of pattern or design formed by the ridges on the
inside of the end joint of the fingers through the
medium of ink or any coloring substance capable
of producing visibility.
As a SCIENCE:
It is the identification of person by means of
the ridges of the fingers to include the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet.
AS AN IMPRESSION
GENERAL GROUPS: SUB-GROUPS:
1. ARCH 1. Plain Arch
2. Tented Arch
2. LOOP
3. Radial Loop
3. WHORL 4. Ulnar Loop
5. Plain Whorl
6. Central Pocket Loop
Whorl
7. Double Loop Whorl
8. Accidental Loop Whorl
EIGHT(8) BASIC TYPES OF FINGERPRINT

PATTERNS
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Plain Arch
The type in which the

ridges enter on one
side of the impression
terminates or tend to
terminates on the
other side with a rise
of wave at the center.
Tented Arch
The type in which

most of the
ridges enter on
one side of the
impression
terminate or tend
to terminate on
the other side as
in the plane arch
type how ever at
the center do
not.
Ulnar Loop The type in which the

ridges enter on either side
of the impression recurve,
touch or pass an
imaginary line drawn
from delta to the core,
terminate or tend to
terminate on the same
from whence such ridge
or ridges entered. The
ridges flow in the
direction of the ulna
bone, towards the little
finger.
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Radial Loop
The type in which the
ridges enter on either side
of the impression recurve,
touch or pass an imaginary
line drawn from delta to
the core, terminate or tend
to terminate on the same
from whence such ridge or
ridges entered. The ridges
flow in the direction of the
radius bone, towards the
thumb finger.
Double Loop Whorl
The type
consists of two
separate loop
formations,
with two
separate and
distinct sets of
shoulder with
two deltas.
Plain Whorl The type with two

deltas and at least one
ridge making a
complete circuit, which
may be spiral, oval,
circular or any variant of
a circle. An imaginary
line drawn between two
deltas must touch or
cross at least one of the
recurving ridge within
the inner pattern area.
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Central Pocket Loop Whorl

The type with two deltas
and at least one ridge
making a complete
circuit, which may be
spiral, oval, circular or
any variant of a circle.
An imaginary line drawn
between two deltas
must not touch or cross
any of the recurving
ridge within the inner
pattern area.
The type consisting

Accidental Whorl of a combination of
two different types
of pattern, with the
exception of the
plane arch type,
with two or more
deltas: or a pattern
which possesses
some of the
requirements for
two or more
different types; or a
pattern which
conforms to none of
the definition.
“SCIENCE OF FINGERPRINTS”
FINGERPRINT:
• is one of the most positive means of personal identification. It
has been found out that the intricate pattern on the fingers are
permanent, individual and never undergo a natural change,
except in the size of the pattern during the life time of individual.
• Friction skin patterns/designs/ formations appear on the finger

tips, palms of the hands and soles of the feet five (5) months
before birth and this remains unchanged during the life of
individual until decomposition sets in after DEATH.
• FINGERPRINTS offer an INFALLIBLE (unerring) means of personal

identification. This is an essential explanation for their having
supplanted other methods of establishing identity of criminals
reluctant to admit previous arrests. Other personal
characteristics change but fingerprints do not.
24
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7/21/2017
GUIDELINES IN
TAKING STANDARD
FINGERPRINT
FINGERPRINTING
•Is the process of
recording
fingerprint
through the use
of fingerprint ink.
Or capturing
finger-print
images using
electronic device.
26
EQUIPMENT NEEDED IN TAKING

FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS
1. Fingerprint roller (6"long,
2" inches diameter)
2. Fingerprint ink
3. Card holder
4. Glass slab or inking plate
(1/2 cm x 6 x 14")
5. Cleaning materials
(alcohol, petroleum, cloth,
cream, oil etc,)
27
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TYPES OF
FINGERPRINT
IMPRESSIONS
1.Rolled Impression
requires that the
thumb be rolled
towards and other
fingers away from the
center of the subject’s
body.
TYPES OF FINGERPRINT
IMPRESSIONS
2. Plain Impression
requires that the

fingers be taken or
printed
simultaneously, then
the thumb without
rolling.
LATENT PRINTS
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LATENT PRINTS
• When ever we touch an object, we

leave behind our fingerprints.
• Finger, palm and foot prints usually

found at the crime scene are known as
chance impressions or latent prints.
DEFINITION OF LATENT PRINTS:

are those markings usually rather
indistinct, left on any object by oily matters,
colored substances or perspiration exuded
from the finger tips, palms of the hand or
soles of the feet that may have touched the
item.
WHAT CAUSES
THE MARKINGS?
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1.Ridges on the Friction Ridge Skin
34
2. Sweat or perspiration.
• COMPOSITION OF THE SWEAT
98.5% to 99.5% is water
0.5% to 1.5% solid matter = 1/3 salt, 2/3
urea, volatile fatty acids, albumin acids,
etc.
• THE COMPOSITION OF SWEAT IS NOT CONSTANT, IT
IS INFLUENCED BY:
Climate.
Nutrition or food that the subject eat.
Impurities on the skin surface
Physical condition of the subject.
3. Colored Substances.
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TYPES OF LATENT PRINT
1. Invisible latent prints

are latent prints whose markings are caused by the
sweat that left on the surface whenever our fingers
touch the object.
2. Visible latent prints

are latent prints whose markings are caused by
colored substances such as paint, blood, grease, oil,
dust etc. that are left on the surface whenever our
fingers are smeared with substances and touch on the
object. Also known as patent prints.
3. Semi-visible latent prints

• are latent prints impressed on soft object like wax
or candle whenever our fingers touch on these objects.
These latent prints are also known as plastic or mold
prints , they are three dimensional (3D) - with length,
width and depth.
Things to be considered in
searching for latent prints.
• Precaution is important, do not remove the object from the
original position or touch with your bare fingers anything that requires
fingerprint examination.
• Search of latent prints should be conducted in a
systematic way and intelligent manner.
• Amount and quality of powder to be used. The purpose is
to develop latent prints that can be classified, analyzed and identified.
Documentation . Objects/tools/weapon/s should be photographed

prior to developing of latent print including those with visible latent prints
and must be provided with Sketch to illustrate relationships between
articles of evidence not easily depicted by photography. Developed and
lifted latent prints must be mounted on a Fingerprint Crime Scene Search
Data Form provided with sketch and acknowledgement signatures of two
witnesses plus the signature of the Fingerprint Technician/Examiner to
validate the lifted print/s. Documentation is used to provide an accurate
representation of the scene.
METHODS OF DEVELOPING
LATENT PRINTS:
• PHYSICAL or MECHANICAL
METHOD
• CHEMICAL METHOD
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BRUSHING METHOD (BLACK /ALUMINUM/MAGNETIC

POWDER)
Smooth surface object:

Glass
Metal
Plastic
Painted wood
FUMING METHOD (CYANO ACRYLATE SOLN)
Plastics (wrapper, bag, box, bottle,

case, etc.)
Leathers (wallet, bag, etc.)
Metal (firearms, knife, pipe, cutter,
tin can, etc.)
Wood ( plain wood)
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USING CYANOACRYLATE SOLUTION

(SUPERGLUE) IN DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS
PROCEDURES:
1. Drop small amount of superglue (Mighty Bond) into the saucer or
plate.
2. Put the saucer or plate with superglue at the bottom (inside) of
the fuming box ,a sealed container or developing glass cabinet.
3. Hang all the evidence/items inside the fuming box for latent print
processing (developing). Close it firmly and properly.
4. Wait at least 20-30 minutes to have completely developed latent
impressions on the objects evidence being processed in the
fuming box.
5. Photograph the developed individual fingerprints immediately for
comparative examination with the standard prints
43
BRUSHING METHOD (NINHYDRIN SOLN)
Paper (bond paper, envelope, yellow

pad paper, etc.),
Folder,
Carton box,
Cardboard (illustration board, etc.),
Wood (plain wood, etc.)
PREPARATION & APPLICATION OF NINHYDRIN

ACETONE SOLUTION
Procedures:
1. Prepare 1 gm of Ninhydrin powder.
2. Mix it with 200 ml of Acetone.
3. Apply this prepared chemical by using brush, by
spraying over the entire surface of the evidence, or by
immersing the whole evidence into the prepared
solution.
Applicable to absorbent materials (like paper, tissue paper,
paper bills, envelope, carton box, etc.)
✗ Not Applicable to Letters and questionable documents.
(Threat letter, suicide note, legal documents) fax paper, black
color paper, wet paper etc.
45
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PREPARATION & APPLICATION OF

NINHYDRIN BENZENE SOLUTION
Procedures:
1. Prepare 1 gm of Ninhydrin powder.
2. Dissolve with 20 ml of Ethanol.
3. Add 180 ml of Benzene.
4. Apply this prepared chemical by using brush and
slightly apply to the entire surface of evidence such as
paper with writings (eg notebook pages with writings
using writing instruments like ball pen, sign pen,
markers and the like).
46
SOAKING METHOD (VICTORIA PURE BLUE)
Packaging tape,
Paper tape,
Cello tape,
Masking tape,
Electrical tape,
Leaves, fruit peeling, etc.
PREPARATION & APPLICATION OF VICTORIA

PURE BLUE
Procedures:
1. Prepare 1gm of Victoria Pure Blue powder.
2. Mix it with one (1) liter of water.
3. Then process the evidence/items by immersing the
whole part of the specimen into the prepared solution. If
latent prints develop, immediately wash or rinse
with water. This solution is only applicable to adhesive
tapes (eg. paper tape, packaging tape, etc.)
48
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SPRAYING METHOD (EMULGEN BLACK)
• Plastic bags/wrapping materials,

• Adhesive tapes,
• Tin can, Glass, etc.
PREPARATION & APPLICATION OF

EMULGEN BLACK
Procedures:
1. Prepare 0.3 gm of Emulgen 130K powder.
2. Mix it with 3 gms of Ironoxide.
3. Dissolve in 100 ml of water.
4. Apply the prepared chemical using sprayer, or immerse
the whole part of the specimen into the prepared solution.
If latent prints develop, immediately rinse with water. This
solution is applicable to adhesive tapes, glass, plastic bag,
tin can and others.
50
17
Firearms
Identification
ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
Firearms Identification

• July 26-28, 2017
Objectives:
The participants will be able to:
Know the Firearms Identification Division of PNP Crime Laboratory;

Know the basics in firearms identification;
Distinguish between ballistics from firearms identification;
Know the principles involved in firearms identification;
Know class and individual characteristics in firearms identification;
Know the procedures of firearms examination and identification;
Know the instruments used in firearms identification;
Know the proper marking/preservation of evidence;
Know the technical problems in firearms identification;
Know Firearms Identification System, known as IBIS;
Know some of the successes of firearms identification and IBIS, and
Know additional knowledge related to RA10591
Medico Legal Division
Firearms Identification Division Chemistry Division
Questioned Document
Photography Division
Examination Division
Physical Identification Division Polygraph Division
Fingerprint
Identification Division
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Mission:
To provide technical and scientific investigative

aid to the various PNP units, AFP and other
investigative agencies of the government in
identifying particular firearm used in the
commission of crime or series of crimes
Functions:
Examination of evidence firearms, bullets, cartridge cases,
pellets, wads, bullet fragments, cartridge components and
related specimen;
Test firing of evidence firearms, to determine functionality and
obtain standard specimen;
Test firing/stencil tracing of all firearms for registration/renewal
of registration;
Experimentation and research;
Encoding of evidence bullets and cartridge cases in the IBIS for
correlation;
Crime scene investigation (SOCO);
Preparation of Laboratory Report, and
Appearance in Court as expert witness
Firearms Identification
A discipline of forensic science which has as its
primary concern to determine if a bullet, cartridge
case or other ammunition component was fired by a
particular firearm.
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Science of motion of projectile
Ballistics:
study of projectile in motion - - - -
Identification of firearm by means of

ammunition fired from them
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Known decided firearms identification cases

PP vs Mayor Antonio Sanchez Case (Laguna)
PP vs Rolito Go (Maguan –victim)
PP vs Claudio Teehankee Jr- (Maureen Hultman with two other victims)
G.R. NOS 111206-08 decided on 06 October 1995 (Ponente – Reynato
Puno)
PP vs Alberto Ambet Antonio Case (San Juan), for the death of Arnulfo
Tuadles
PP vs Riz Jarlos Mateo Case (Marikina)
PP vs Inocencio Gonzales Case (Loyola Mem Park, Marikina)
PP vs PO2 Fallurina (Quezon City)
PP vs Jose Antonio Leviste (Makati City) - 2009
What makes a firearm different from the others?
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Factors to be considered:
No two barrels are microscopically

identical all possess individual or
unique markings of their own.
caliber
Every barrel leaves its fingerprint or

thumbmark on every bullet fired
from it, just as every breech face
leaves its marks on the base of
every fired cartridge case.
The breech face and firing pin,

among other gun parts, leaves its Breechface
unique fingerprints or thumbmark
on every cartridge case fired Extractor
through it.
The Data Exists!

“Every Crime Gun Has A Story To Tell”
2 valuable crime solving information can be found from:
Outside the gun- the identifying marks and

nomenclature, such as model and serial number and
many others.
Inside the gun- unique marks transferred to fired

ammunition components during discharge process,
and
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Outside the Gun
Bloodstain for
serology and/or DNA
Outside the Gun
Outside the Gun
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Bore
Inside the Gun
Breechface
Extractor
Inside the Gun
Land Engraved Area
7
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Breechface and Firing pin Impression
What is the most important thing?
Comprehensive collection of such data!
Important Data To Be Considered
Class Characteristics
Individual Characteristics
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Class Characteristics
Known Source: Markings on bullet
Rifling fired from the barrel
caliber
Two bullets with the same class characteristics
Caliber
θ
5 – Right twist
Angle of
Twist
Cannelure
Groove width
Landmark Width
Produced by microscopic defects or
imperfections inside the gun:
• Produced incidental to manufacture
• Caused by use and/or damage
9
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Evidence Test
“A matching of toolmarks!”
Documentation/Examination Procedures
Letter request for examination

Recording/documenting the request
Physical examination of the evidence
Referral of the evidence to the CL technical divisions
Test firing of the evidence firearm
Microscopic exam of the evidence bullet/cartridge cases
Preparation of laboratory report
IBIS encoding
Safekeeping of evidence in the evidence room
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Basic equipment…
Problems in Firearms Identification

Evidence bullet
Determination of the caliber, type and possible make of involved firearm
Evidence cartridge case

Determination of the caliber and type of the involved firearm
Evidence bullet/spent shell and suspected firearm

Determination whether the bullet/spent shell was fired from the said firearm.
Two or more evidence bullets

Determination whether the said bullets were fired from one and the same firearm
Two or more evidence cartridge cases

Determination whether or not the said cartridge cases were
fired from one and the same firearm.
Firearm
Functionality tests
RA10591
Ammunition
Functionality tests
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Preservation/marking of
Evidence
Its imperative that physical evidence such

as firearms, fired bullets, cartridge cases,
pellets, bullet fragments and other ammunition
components be properly kept/preserved for
future identification.
PRESERVATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Take precautions to preserve the evidence.
Evidence firearms and related specimen should be properly preserved for future
identification and presentation during the trial of the case. It is imperative that these
physical evidence be kept in suitable evidence room so as to retain their evidentiary value
for effective presentation during the trial of the case in court.
In addition to the markings, fired bullets and cartridge cases should be wrapped in a
clean soft dry paper or cotton and placed separately in self sealing plastic packet or any
similar clean container.
The container must be properly labeled.
The suspected firearm should be properly wrapped and placed in a container, box or
envelope to avoid contamination. Affix EVIDENCE labels.
The Officer should record all steps taken in preserving evidence for future reference.
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Marking a pistol
On the barrel,
(example: engraved
marked “ABC” 10-14-08)
Slide, and
(example:
engraved
marked
Frame or receiver “ABC” 10-
(example: engraved 14-08
marked “ABC 10-14-08”
Marking a revolver
Barrel, “ ABC” “10-25-04” Frame, “ABC” “10-25-04”
Cylinder, “ABC” “10-25-04”
Evidence Tag
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Upper receiver,
Marking a rifle
(example: engraved Barrel, (example:
marked “ABC” “10- engraved marked
25-04” “ABC” “ 10-25-04”
Lower receiver,
(example:
engraved marked
“ABC” “10-25-
04”
Challenges in Firearms Identification
With the increasing number of incidents (Extra

Judicial Killings, Bank Robberies and cases
perpetrated by Motorcycle Riding Criminals, etc.),
the need to enhance capability on firearms
identification can no longer be ignored…
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7/21/2017
Establishment of PNP Reliable Database of Bullets and

Cartridge Cases in one Platform
Criminal Database: Evidence fired bullets

and cartridge cases
Registration Database: Test bullets and

cartridge cases of registered firearms
Test firing and stenciling of firearms
515,632 firearms as of Jan. 2015
Mandatory Submission of Ballistics Evidence
All PNP Units were directed to ensure that all seized

or recovered firearms during checkpoints or pursuit
police operations particularly those recovered from
crime scenes including bullets and shells shall
immediately be submitted by the Investigator to the
Crime Laboratory Office for encoding in the IBIS.
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What is IBIS?
Integrated Ballistics Identification System
Specialized hardware and software system designed to

capture, store huge data and automatically compare
ballistic images against previously encoded database of
bullets and cartridge cases to look for a match, instead of a
lifetime search through manual comparison.
IBIS Phase I, IBIS3DTRAX Components – Dec. 16, 2010
1 WORKSTATION
BulletTRAX-3D BrassTRAX-3D Desktop Data MatchPoint+

Acquisition Acquisition Concentrator Analysis Station
Station Station
SCAN SCAN STORE IMAGES, GET VISUAL
BULLETS CARTRIDGES DIGITAL SIGNATURES COMPARISON
Correlation
Server
COMPARE DIGITAL
SIGNATURES, GENERATE
CANDIDATE LIST
PNP IBISTRAX
Encoding of evidence in the IBIS
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Success of IBIS on “Cold

Cases”
9mmGlock
Dec 2005 to Apr 2008
.38 Cal
9mm Glock
9 mm
9 mm
.45 cal
.45 cal
180 Km .45 cal (Daly)
.38 Cal
40 Shooting Incidents from October 26, 2005
.45 cal
to April, 2008 involving 12 guns
Victims: 93 (40 dead, 34 wounded, 4 raped .45 cal
15 unknown status)
9 mm
Major Achievement
The PNP won the “2012 August Vollmer
Forensic Science Excellence Award” (Category:
“Significant Investigative Value in Major Crime”).
The D, PCRG with the D,CL received the award for the C,
PNP at the 119th IACP Annual Conference on September
30, 2012 at San Diego, California
The award was based on the significant accomplishment of

PNP Crime Laboratory in Firearms Identification and IBIS
Operations that led to the successful investigation of cold
cases involving firearms.
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As we encode daily of evidence/test bullets/cartridge

cases, more hits were uncovered and more are
expected to uncover, thus more guns will tell their
stories.
What can possibly solve these cases?
Keep the three (3) key elements in

balance to accomplish the job:
People: A collaboration of the

Specialists and
Stakeholders
Processes: Sustainable and

institutionalized
System
Needed Equipment: Reliable,

calibrated and networkable
Balance is Matter
What still has to be done and Why?
Republic Act 10591 entitled “Comprehensive Law on Firearms

and Ammunition” was enacted on May 29, 2013 with the
following significant provisions:
• Ballistics testing and stencilling of all new firearms and major

gun parts for registration and renewal;
• Encoding of the tests in the IBIS;
• Obliteration/Tampering of firearm’s peculiar identifying

characteristics; and
• Increasing the penalties of illegal possession of firearms to one

degree higher.
..
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ARTICLE V, PENAL PROVISIONS – RA10591

SEC. 28. Unlawful Acquisition, or Possession of Firearms and Ammunition. – The unlawful acquisition,
possession of firearms and ammunition shall be penalized as follows:
(a) The penalty of prision mayor in its medium period shall be imposed upon any person who shall
unlawfully acquire or possess a small arm;
(b) The penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua shall be imposed if three (3) or more small
arms or Class-A light weapons are unlawfully acquired or possessed by any person;
(c) The penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period shall be imposed upon any person who shall
unlawfully acquire or possess a Class-A light weapon;
(d) The penalty of reclusion perpetua shall be imposed upon any person who shall, unlawfully acquire or
possess a Class-B light weapon;
(e) The penalty of one (1) degree higher than that provided in paragraphs (a) to (c)
in this section shall be imposed upon any person who shall unlawfully possess
any firearm under any or combination of the following conditions:
(1) Loaded with ammunition or inserted with a loaded magazine;
(2) Fitted or mounted with laser or any gadget used to guide the shooter to hit
the target such as thermal weapon sight (TWS) and the like;
(3) Fitted or mounted with sniper scopes, firearm muffler or firearm silencer;
(4) Accompanied with an extra barrel; and
(5) Converted to be capable of firing full automatic bursts.
ARTICLE V, PENAL PROVISIONS – RA1051

SEC. 34. Tampering, Obliteration or Alteration of Firearms
Identification. – The penalty of prision correccional to prision mayor in its
minimum period shall be imposed upon any person who shall tamper,
obliterate or alter without authority the barrel, slide, frame, receiver,
cylinder, or bolt assembly, including the name of the maker, model, or
serial number of any firearm, or who shall replace without authority the
barrel, slide, frame, receiver, cylinder, or bolt assembly, including its
individual or peculiar identifying characteristics essential in forensic
examination of a firearm or light weapon.
The PNP shall place this information, including its individual or peculiar
identifying characteristics into the database of integrated firearms
identification system of the PNP Crime Laboratory for future use and
identification of a particular firearm.
20
FORENSIC
MEDICINE
Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory
Medico-Legal Division

PNP Crime Lab, Camp Crame, Quezon City
July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
FORENSIC
MEDICINE
Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory
Medico-Legal Division

PNP Crime Lab, Camp Crame, Quezon City
July 26-28, 2017
BACKGROUND
The Medico-Legal Division gives
assistance to PNP Investigators as well as to
other government and non-government
investigative agencies through the conduct of
autopsy, physical examination and other relevant
forensic examination. Further, this division
provides quality scientific investigation and works
in partnership with responsive pillars of the
criminal justice system towards the attainment of
equality and justice.
The Medico-Legal Division conducts the

following examinations:
1. Autopsy to determine the cause, mechanism, manner
and time of death;
2. Physical examination to determine whether the
alleged suspect incurred any injury prior to his/her
arrest , inquest, detention, transfer or release;
3. Physical Injury examination to determine the type of
wound of the alleged victim, its extent, time of
infliction and healing period;
4. Genital examination to determine ano-genital injury
for sexual abuse cases;
5. Anthropological examination of skeletal remains to
determine the gender, estimate age, racial group,
stature and facial reconstruction of an individual;
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The Medico-Legal Division conducts the

following examinations Contd:
6. Odontological examination of human dentition and

apply the characteristics in the identification of
individuals;
7. Histopathological examination to determine the cause
of death though microscopic examination of tissues;
8. Serological examination to determine the presence of
human blood and seminal fluid;
9. Attend to court duties to testify on cases/examinations
handled;
10.Perform other functions as directed by Director, Crime
Laboratory.
Forensic Medicine
• Deals with the interaction of medical science with
the law.
• Forum
• All branches of medicine can have forensic aspect.
• The main objective is the TRUTH based on the
evidence.
Medico-Legal Aspect of Death
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Identification of Human Remains
Two types:
1. Primary: Scientific
•Fingerprint identification
•Dental identification
•DNA identification
2. Secondary:
•Tattoos
•Scar
Post-mortem fingerprint
The result was completed in less than an hour that
yielded to the positive identification of the owner of
the fingerprints.
Telesporo G Pacampara
Case: Carnapping
Dental Identification
Julia Campbell ?
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DNA EVIDENCE
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Found Dead Body

• From Victim:
• Fingernail Clippings
• Vaginal
Swab/underwear
(Female)
• Standard
• From Suspect
• Clothing with bloodstain
• Standard
• Weapon
• From Crime Scene
• Body fluid stains
Time of Death
•Factors used in estimating time of death

-livor mortis (post mortem lividity)
-rigor mortis (muscle stiffening)
-algor mortis (body temp)
-vitreous (eye) potassium
-stomach contents
-environmental factors
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LIVOR MORTIS
•Reddish, purplish blue
color
•Begins in 30 mins
•Intensifies over time
•May result in post
mortem petechiae
•Its not a contusion
•Livor vs contusion?
RIGOR MORTIS
• depletion of ATP
•Begins in 2 hrs
•Jaw, face, arms, legs
•Full rigor in 6-12 hrs
•Lost due to
decomposition
•Usually disappear
after 24 hrs
•Cadaveric spasm-rare
BODY TEMPERATURE
•35.6°C - 38.2°C
•Higher in girls
•Infants cool faster
•Obese cools at lower rate
•Not accurate
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STOMACH CONTENTS
•Gastric emptying
varies from person to
person, amount of
meal and time of the
day
•Half gastric emptying
time: 4 hrs
•Stress will delay
digestion
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
•Insect activity- from

egg stage to adult
stage.
•How long he has been

dead? Any guess?
DECOMPOSITION
• Autolysis: - aseptic breakdown
- pancreas
• Putrefaction: breakdown due to bacteria
- 1st sign is greenish color of LQ abdomen
- greenish-black color of face/neck
- swelling
- protruded eyes and tongue
- purge fluid
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Cont: decomposition
• Gas formation- slippage of skin with blister and
marbling ( rxn of hgb and hydrogen sulfide). Skin
from green to black.
• Hair will slip from the scalp
• brain: liquefied
• Decomposition: after 24hrs in hot weather
• Skeletonization: a week to years
• Adipocere: fats will undergo fatty acid
transformation
MEDICO-LEGAL DEATHS
1. VIOLENT DEATHS - accidents
- suicides
- homicides
2. SUSPICIOUS DEATHS
3. SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATHS / MEDICALLY
UNEXPLAINED DEATHS
4. UNATTENDED DEATHS
MEDICO-LEGAL DEATHS
5. DEATH IN CUSTODY
6. POISONING
7. POSSIBLE THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH
8. DEATH RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT
9. DEATH ASSOCIATED WITH THERAPEUTIC AND
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE
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MEDICO-LEGAL DEATHS
10. UNLAWFUL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
11. BODIES TO BE CREMATED
12. UNCLAIMED CADAVERS
13. SUSPICIOUS CHILD DEATHS
14. UNEXPECTED DEATH OF PUBLIC OFFICIAL
Cause, Manner, Mechanism

• Cause of Death: any injury or disease that produces
a physiological derangement in the body that results
in the death of the individual
- COD: Cardiopulmonary arrest. X
Cardiac Arrest. X
• Manner of Death: explains how the cause of death

came about.
a. Suicide d. Natural
b. Homicide e. Undetermined
c. Accident

Manner of Death: Examples
• an individual found with a contact gunshot wound to
the temple, with no weapon present and no history of
any suicidal threats, one might then conclude that this
case is a _____
Homicide
• individual had embezzled half a million dollars from
his company and his body was found by his wife, who
removed a gun and suicide note from the scene, the
cause of death would be ______
Suicide
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• Mechanism of Death: is the physiological derangement
produced by the cause of death that results in death
GUNSHOT
Cause of death
WOUND
peritonitis septicemia hemorrhage

Mechanism Massive
of death hemorrhage
Mechanisms of death
GSW SW Blunt Force
causes of death

Cases
A homeowner surprises a burglar, engages him in a violent
struggle, then collapses and dies of a heart attack.
• Mechanism of death
Cardiac arrhythmia
• Cause of death
Severe coronary atherosclerosis
• Manner of death
Homicide
The arrhythmia was brought on or precipitated by the

struggle
A young woman stood at the end of a pier, placed a gun to her

chest, and pulled the trigger. The bullet struck her in the chest
and she fell backward into the harbor. Her body was
subsequently pulled out of the water by a police boat. At
autopsy, she had a through-and-through gunshot wound of the
left breast, with the bullet producing only soft tissue injury and
not entering the chest cavity.
• Cause of death
Drowning
• Manner of death
Suicide
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An elderly woman attempted to commit suicide by stabbing

herself. She used a dull kitchen knife and could not break the
skin. She then picked up a hammer and struck herself two or
three times on the head, producing some minor contusions of
the scalp. The stress of the attempted suicide precipitated a
fatal cardiac arrhythmia due to severe coronary atherosclerosis
• Cause of death
Severe coronary atherosclerosis
• Manner of death
Suicide
DEATH CERTIFICATE
• To consider or probable cause of death is accepted.
• Time of death, always include.
• Deaths other than natural, FOR AUTOPSY.
Medico-Legal Investigative System

Two general types of investigative system in the United States:
1. Coroner systems
• 1194 AD, begun as elected official. for the crown
• Later appointed by the local government
• Doctors or lawyers
2. Medical Examiner
• first introduced in the United States in 1877 in Massachusetts.
• a physician who functioned as a medical examiner to determine
the cause and manner of death.
• Originally, medical examiners did not have the right to order
autopsies. This was not corrected until the 1940s.
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Autopsy
• A comprehensive study of a dead body, performed by a trained
physician.
• When shall an Autopsy be performed on a dead body:
PD 856 Code on Sanitation, Section 95
• Whenever required by special law
• Upon order of a competent court, a mayor, a provincial or city
fiscal
• Upon written request of police authorities
• Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal as
authorized by existing laws, shall deem it necessary disinter and
take possession of remains for examination to determine the
cause of death; and
• Whenever the nearest kin shall request in writing the authorities
concerned to ascertain the cause of death
Who are authorized to perform Autopsies:
1. Health officers;
2. Medical officers of law enforcement
agencies; and
3. Members of the medical staff of accredited
hospitals.
Autopsy and Post-Mortem

Examination
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Forensic Autopsy Hospital Autopsy

• Cause of death, • Cause of death,
manner and time of effectiveness of therapy,
death extent of disease
• The dead body belong to
the state.
• Consent obtained from • Consent shall be
next of kin or from an obtained from next of kin
authoritative agent.
• The identity of the body
• Involves positive is already known
identification of the body
Forensic Autopsy Hospital Autopsy

• External examination is • External examination is
frequently important relatively unimportant,
- description of entrance more on internal
and exit gunshot wounds findings
• Photography is a key • Photography is optional
component.
• Toxicology and • Toxicology and
Radiography often Radiography are not
required necessary
AUTOPSY REPORT
1. External Description. Photo, fingerprint
2. Evidence of Medical / Surgical Intervention
3. Evidence of Injury: recent, external, internal.
a. GSW:
b. SW:
c. Clothing:
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AUTOPSY REPORT
4. Internal Examination: Organs

5. Microscopic Section
6. Toxicology Section
7. Opinion:
-Intended to the public.
-Cause, manner, mechanism.
FIREARM AND EXPLOSIVE

INJURIES
Firearms which are of Medico-Legal

Interest:
•Revolver
•Automatic Pistol
•Rifle
•Shotgun
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Revolver
•A revolver has
cylindrical
magazine which
holds six rounds of
cartridges.
•Muzzle velocity:
600 feet per second
Automatic Pistol
•Auto loading pistol.
•The detachable
vertical magazine
holds 17 rounds.
•Muzzle velocity:
1200 feet or more
per second
Rifle
•Muzzle velocity: 2,500 feet per second

and range of 3,000 feet
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Shotgun
GSW
ENTRANCE:
A. Contact Fire
- circular / stellate
- abrasion collar is distinct
- muzzle imprint
- smudging, burning or tattooing are prominent
with singeing of hair
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Contusion collar
• The abrasion ring, and a

very clear muzzle
imprint, are seen in this
contact range gunshot
wound.
Muzzle imprint
Entrance site
• When a bullet enters the
skull it produces a sharp-
edged "punched-out"
hole in the outer table,
with a larger
corresponding "beveled-
out" hole on the inner
table
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Smoke smudging
• This is a contact range

gunshot entrance wound
with gray-black
discoloration from the
burned powder
Soot
• The surface of the skull
demonstrates the heavy
soot in this contact range
entrance wound, as well
as radiating fracture
lines. The direction of fire
was thus toward the
back of this picture.
GSW
ENTRANCE:
B. Close range
- 1 to 15 cm
- powder burns / tattooing
- smudging
- singeing/ hair burning
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Gunpowder Tattooing
• This is an intermediate
range gunshot entrance
wound in which there is
powder "tattooing"
around the entrance site.
Gunpowder Tattooing
• Powder tattooing is seen
in this intermediate
range gunshot wound.
The actual entrance site
is somewhat irregular,
because the bullet can
tumble in flight.
ENTRANCE
PNP Crime Lab
PNP Crime Lab
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GSW
ENTRANCE:
D. Medium Range
- more than 15cm but les than 60cm
- gunshot wound is circular or oval,
- inverted edged
- tattooing present but of lesser density
- smudging is present if less than 30cm
- abrasion collar present
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GSW
ENTRANCE:
D. Longer Range
- more than 60cm
- gunshot wound is circular or oval
- no powder burns / tattooing
- no smudging
- no singeing/ hair burning
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Microscopic Exam
• Histologic examination of
the entrance wound site
on the skin demonstrates
black gunshot residue
and coagulative necrosis.
Gunshot Wound Entrance:

Contact or Near Short (Close) Range Medium Distant Fire
Fire Fire (Intermediate)
Range Fire
In contact with the Not in contact with
skin the skin
1 to 15cm in More than 15cm More than 60 cm
distance but less than 60cm
(+) Soot (+) Soot (-) Soot (-) Soot
(+) Tattooing (+) Tattooing (+) Tattooing (-) Tattooing
(+) Abrasion Collar (+) Abrasion Collar (+) Abrasion Collar (+) Abrasion Collar
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GSW
EXIT WOUNDS:
1. Everted
2. Stellate
3. No burning, tattooing
4. Varied shapes
5. Sometimes more than one exits
Exit site
• As the bullet exits the
cranial cavity, the inner
table appears "punched-
out" with beveling on the
outer table
Exit Wound
•Slit-like, stellate, irregular

•Edges of wound are everted
•beveling– outer table; round or oval hole –
inner table
•Shored gunshot wound of exit
• Wound of exit is pressed on hard object
• Circular or nearly circular with abrasion ring
• Scalloped or punched out abrasion collar
• Sharply contoured skin
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Exit wound
• Here is a slit-like exit
wound. The projectile
became deformed and
flattened while traversing
the body, producing a
laceration upon exit.
Note that there is no
powder or soot visible in
this exit wound.
• Displayed here is an entrance at the left

and an exit at the right. This particular
bullet struck at an angle to produce the
ovoid entrance.
Keyhole wound
• Tangential source
• One end of the
perforation will resemble
a typical entrance defect,
while the other end will
show external beveling
consistent with exit holes
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POX
PNP Crime Lab
PNP Crime Lab
POE POX
PNP Crime Lab PNP Crime Lab
With Without soot

soot
Note: both pictures are from a single individual
SHOTGUN
PNP Crime Lab PNP Crime Lab
Close range,
Pellets and wad recovered
showing smudging
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Fracture
PNP Crime Lab
Shot gun
PNP Crime Lab
Shot gun
GSW
Grazed wound
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Grazed wound
“Raccoon eyes”
Fragmented FMJ
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Fused 2 slugs recovered in the body
PNP Crime Lab
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Gunshotwound
Entrance wound Exit wound

• Smaller, round or oval • Bigger, irregular in
• Edges are inverted shaped
• Contusion collar is • Edges are everted
present • Contusion collar is
• Tattooing or smudging absent
may be present when • Always absent
firing is near
• Always present after • May be absent
fire
Odd and Even Rule

• If the number of gunshot wounds of entrance and
exit found in the body of the victim is even, the
presumption is that no bullet is lodged in the body,
but if the number of gunshot wounds entrance and
exit is odd, the presumption is that one or more
bullets might have been lodged in the body
GSW
SUICIDE or HOMICIDE:
1. GSW is arm’s reach
2. Weapon should be present
3. Usually the mouth, temple, anterior neck
chest.
4. Not in the eye, abdomen or back
5. Woman rarely use gun.
6. Multiple GSW suggest homicide.
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GSW
DOCTORS DUTY:
1. Take pictures before treatment.
2. Take notes, measure and draw.
3. Preserve the evidence collected.
4. Call the police.
5. All deaths are medico-legal case.
BURNS AND Fire RELATED deaths
Burns can be divided into five categories:
1. Flame
2. Contact
3. Radiant heat
4. Scalding
5. Chemical
6. Microwave
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• Flame burns: there is actual contact of body and

flame
• Contact burns: involve physical contact between

the body and a hot object.
- May occur accidentally
- Often times, the burn will
have a distinct pattern which
can be matched to the object
Ex. Iron
• Radiant heat burns: are caused by heat waves, a

type of electromagnetic wave.
- There is no contact between body and flame, or
contact with a hot surface
- Initially, the skin appears erythematous and
blistered, with areas of skin slippage.
- with prolonged exposure to low heat, the skin will
become light brown and leathery
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• Scald burns: are caused by contact with hot liquids,

most commonly water.
- generally occur on exposed skin
Child abuse death

related to a
bathtub scalding
(Photo courtesy of Dr.

Patrick
Lantz, MD,
Department of
Pathology, Wake
Forest
University School of
Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC)
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Burns
First Degree Burns
Second Degree Burns
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Third Degree Burns
Rule of nine
Electrocution
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Death by Fire
Questions
to address:
1. WHO IS IT?
2. Did the person

die from the fire or
were they dead
before the fire
started?
Three indicators that the person is actually

breathing during the fire:
1. The presence of bright red discoloration of the
tissues of the body, which suggests the
possibility of an elevated blood carbon
monoxide
2. Toxicology tests that show an elevated CO level
within blood samples collected at autopsy
• Normal level: <5%
• Considered cause of death: 40 to 50%
3. Identification of soot and/or thermal injuries
within the upper airways of fire victims at
autopsy.
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Soot within the trachea

- definitive proof that the person was breathing during
the fire.
During Autopsy
•External examination
• may reveal bright red lividity
• pugilistic posture
•Internal examination
• bright red discoloration of tissues and the presence of
soot and/or scorching of the airways may be evident
• extensive postmortem burning, internal organs can
become heat-fixed, or cooked.
•Artifacts
• skin splitting.
• long bones that appear
to be fractured.
Artifacts
• Heat-induced skull fractures
• skull fracture/epidural hematoma complex is
considered a classic heat induced artifact
A heat-induced, artifactual epidural

hemorrhage, after skull cap removal.
Note that the dura remains covering

the brain.
The sludge-like hemorrhage is

between the skull and the dura
Note: Sundural hematoma is never artifactual
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Mechanism of Death
•Chemical asphyxia due to carbon monoxide
little or no oxygen is available to breathe
unconsciousness
subsequent death results
Physical injuries
CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
1. ABRASIONS
2. CONTUSIONS
3. HEMATOMA
4. LACERATIONS
5. STAB WOUNDS
6. INCISED WOUND
7. GUN SHOT WOUNDS
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ABRASIONS
CONTUSIONS
HEMATOMA
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LACERATIONS
STAB WOUNDS
INCISED WOUND
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INCISED WOUND
• Location, important
• Is it a defense wound?
CHOP WOUNDS
INCISED WOUNDS
SUICIDE:
1. The hallmark of self infliction is repetition.
2. Usually grouped incisions, parallel
3. Usual site: throat and wrist.
4. trial or tentative cuts
5. Homicidal cut throat is devoid of tentative cuts
and is severe.
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6. Homicidal cut throat can be multiple

and irregular.
7. In suicidal cut throat, left side of the

neck has more deep incision.
8. Suicidal stabbing does not involves the

clothing.
HANGING, STRANGLING AND

SUFFOCATION
1. Hanging is almost always suicidal.
2. Self manual strangulation is impossible.
3. Strangulation by ligature.
4. Horizontal vs. diagonal marks on the neck.
5. Chemical asphyxia.
6. Choking is almost always accident.
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ELECTROCUTION
•Low voltage- 110 to 220 V

•High voltage- high tension wires 7,000 V
•Death: ventricular fibrillation
•Death: electro-thermal injury,
SEXUAL CRIMES
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ANATOMY
FEMALE GENITALIA
ANATOMY
MALE GENITALIA
TYPES OF HYMEN
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CRECENTRIC
ANNULAR
SEPTATE
Other Variants
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SEXUAL ABUSE
No evident injury at the time of examination

but medical evaluation cannot exclude
sexual abuse.
INTERPRETATION:
1. No abuse happened
2. Abuse happened but did not cause injury.
3. Caused injuries but healed completely.
SEXUAL ABUSE
No evident injury at the time of

examination but medical evaluation
cannot exclude sexual abuse.
The ano-genital findings seen in this
patient are to be expected in a child
who describes this type of
molestation.
45
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SEXUAL ABUSE
Medical evaluation shows ano-genital findings

that are suggestive of sexual abuse or
contact.
Criteria:
1. Deep notches/clefts
2. Attenuated hymen
3. Apparent genital warts
4. Herpes type 1 and 2.
SEXUAL ABUSE
Medical evaluation shows definite evidence of
sexual abuse or (RECENT) sexual contact.
Criteria:
1. Positive for sperm or seminal fluid.
2. Pregnancy
3. Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomonas,
Chlamydia and HIV
SEXUAL ABUSE
Ano-genital findings are diagnostic of
recent/previous blunt force or penetrating
trauma.
Criteria:
1. Acute hymenal injury-partial or complete
2. Perianal lacerations
3. Healed hymenal lacerations
4. Acute injuries on the labia, fourchette.
46
7/21/2017
Collecting DNA in a rape victim

• From Victim:
• Stained underwear or
clothing
• Vaginal Swabs
• Fingernail Clippings
• Standard
• From Suspect
• Clothing with bloodstain
• Standard
• From Crime Scene
• Seminal stains
• Bloodstains
47
Forensic DNA Testing
Basics
PNPCL DNA ANALYSIS BRANCH

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
7/21/2017
Forensic DNA Testing

Basics
PNPCL DNA ANALYSIS BRANCH

ATTORNEYS
• July 26-28, 2017
Learning Goal
This subject will introduce the

important role DNA plays in forensic
science.
PNPDNA 2
Training Objectives
At the end of this lecture the students will able to:

• Describe the DNA Analysis Branch facilities and personnel
• List forensic DNA applications
• Enumerate types of forensic laboratory systems
• Identify responsibilities and functions of each DNA
personnel
• Enumerate forensic genetic markers and testing methods
• List the steps involved in forensic DNA testing
• Describe the evolution of forensic DNA testing
• Describe how STR analysis is done
• List other additional DNA testing methods and tools
PNPDNA 3
1
7/21/2017
Definition of Terms:
DNA
The abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material
present in the cells of all living organisms. DNA is fundamental building
block for an individual’s entire genetic make-up.
Standard Reference Sample

Sample collected from a known specimen used to identity an evidence in
question.
Buccal
Inside cheek, mouth cavity, or oral.
CODIS
Combined DNA Index System. DNA database software shared by United
States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
PNPDNA 4
The PNP Crime Laboratory DNA Branch
Functions:
Collect
Preserve
Secure all
evidence and
specimen
submitted
Ensure they are
free from any
contamination
Facts about DNA

• DNA is unique for all individuals except
identical twins.
• DNA is formed by combination of DNA from

his or her parents with half coming from the
mother and half from the father.
2
7/21/2017
Facts about DNA

• The same DNA is found in all cells of the
body.
• Your DNA does not change through your
life.
• DNA is a physical; biological; transfer and
trace evidence
• Any cellular material left at a crime scene
may be a useful source of DNA.
PRINCIPLES OF DNA EVIDENCE
DNA and
fingerprint
analyses are
similar in how
matching is done.
Forensic DNA Applications

• Criminal Investigation
• Identify offenders
• Identify victims
• Identify missing persons
• Disaster victim identification
• Natural disaster: NBI
• Man made disaster: PNP
• Parentage testing
• Databasing
PNPDNA 9
3
7/21/2017
COST OF DNA TEST
Criminal Cases
• Free of charge, except for VAWC cases
claiming support
Civil Cases/ “Peace of Mind Purposes”

• PhP 20,000.00 per person
• Civil cases requires DNA test of both parents
and the alleged child or children.
• Payment at any Land Bank of the Philippines
branch
Forensic DNA Laboratory Systems
• Casework
• Databasing
PNPDNA 11

Casework
• Focus on testing DNA evidence related
to a criminal case
• Testing process varies among labs
• Cases may be assigned to one
individual or different individuals doing
different tasks
• May process one case separately or
batch multiple cases together
PNPDNA 12
4
7/21/2017

Databasing
• Process DNA samples collected from
known reference
• High throughput processes often
implemented
• Samples expected to be highly
concentrated and good quality
• Less challenging data interpretation
PNPDNA 13
Example Criminal Investigation

using DNA Testing
Crime Scene
PNPDNA 14

using DNA Testing
Evidence Submitted to DNA Lab
• Bloodstains from crime scene
• Swab from knife blade
• Swab from knife handle
• Reference sample from victim (muscle
tissue)
PNPDNA 15
5
7/21/2017

using DNA Testing
DNA Testing
Victim’s DNA from DNA from DNA from

DNA Crime Scene knife blade knife handle
Bloodstain
PNPDNA 16

using DNA Testing
Suspect Arrested
PNPDNA 17

using DNA Testing
Additional DNA Testing
Victim’s DNA fromT-shirt DNA from Suspect’s

DNA in suspect’s knife DNA
house handle
PNPDNA 18
6
7/21/2017
Power of Forensic DNA Testing

Variation in DNA Profiles
Power of Discrimination
PNPDNA 19
Advantages of Forensic DNA

Testing
• Variability in DNA profiles
• DNA is relatively small molecule
• Only small quantities of DNA needed to
obtain a profile
• DNA does not need to be fully intact
• Technology continuously advancing
PNPDNA 20
Limitations of Forensic DNA

Testing
• Environmental factors such as heat,
bacteria and mold can destroy DNA
evidence.
• Identical twins share identical DNA.
• Can not be used to determine WHEN the
suspect was at the crime scene.
• Can not be used to tell how long ago the
cells were deposited on the item
• Contamination can result to uninterpretable
results (ie. mixed DNA)
PNPDNA 21
7
7/21/2017
Why DNA results takes at least a

month to process?
STR Analysis Lab Workflow
PNPDNA 22
STR Workflow
Screening
• Examination of
evidence for
biological stains
• Documentation of
evidence
PNPDNA 23
STR Workflow
Serology
• the use of chemicals to
confirm a substance is
biological in nature
and/or determine the
type of biological
material (i.e., semen,
blood, saliva, etc.)
PNPDNA 24
8
7/21/2017
STR Workflow
Sampling
• the use of chemicals to
confirm a substance is
biological in nature
and/or determine the
type of biological
material (i.e., semen,
blood, saliva, etc.)
PNPDNA 25
STR Workflow
DNA Extraction
• Releases DNA from the
cell
• Isolates DNA from other
cellular components
PNPDNA 26
STR Workflow
STR Amplification (PCR)
• Generates millions of
copies of the genetic
markers of interest using
fluorescent dyes and
commercial STR primers
PNPDNA 27
9
7/21/2017
STR Workflow
Capillary Electrophoresis
• Capillary electrophoresis generates
the data necessary to determine
fragment size and associated dye
color
– DNA carries a constant negative
charge
– DNA migrates toward the positive
charge when current is applied
– Smaller DNA molecules migrate
faster
PNPDNA 28
Electropherogram – DNA Profile
PNPDNA 29
Electropherogram – DNA Profile
PNPDNA 30
10
7/21/2017
Data Analysis and

Interpretation
• Specialized software
determines:
Size
Genetic Marker
Allele
• Allele number represents
the number of repeats
• Analysts visually examines
and confirm each peak and
genotype before profile
comparisons
PNPDNA 31
DNA Profile Comparisons

• Inclusion
– Peaks being compared within the STR profiles have the same
genotype and no unexplainable differences
– Individual can be included as a DNA contributor to the evidence
• Exclusion
– One or more genotype differences occur indicating that two
samples did not originate from the same source
– Individual can be excluded as a DNA contributor to the evidence
• Inconclusive
– One or more aspects of the data prevents a conclusion from
being made
PNPDNA 32
Single Source Comparison
PNPDNA 33
11
7/21/2017
Database Entry and Search

using CODIS
• Combined DNA Index
System
• US FBI
• Different indices
• Crime scene stains
• Reference samples
• Victim samples, etc
PNPDNA 34
Releasing of Report
• Prior to the release of a
DNA laboratory report, an
administrative and
technical review must be
done by:
1. colleague DNA analyst
2. Chief, DNA Analysis
Branch
PNPDNA 35
Legal Issues
PNPDNA 36
12
7/21/2017
1. Admissibility of DNA Evidence in

Court
DNA evidence will be admitted as evidence upon
presentation/ examination of the prosecution and defense
and ruling by the court.
• Section 3, Rule 128, Philippine Rules of Court
“Evidence is admissible when it is relevant
to the issue and is not excluded by the law of
these rules.”
• Section 4, Rule 128, Philippine Rules of Court
“Evidence is relevant when it relates
directly to a fact in issue as to induce belief in its
existence or non-existence.”
2. Probative Value of DNA Evidence in

Court
People v Vallejo G.R. 144656 May 2002, 382
SCRA 192, 209
In assessing the probative value of the DNA
evidence presented, the court shall consider the
chain of custody, including:
• how the biological samples were
collected;
• how they were handled;
• and the possibility of contamination of
the samples;
3. Collecting DNA from a Suspect vs

Right Against Self Incrimination
People v. Yatar. 428 SCRA 504 (2004) at 518
“...is simply against the legal process of extracting
from the lips of the accused an admission of guilt.”
“...does not apply where the evidence sought to be

excluded is not an incrimination but as part of object
evidence.”
“...a person may be compelled to submit to

fingerprinting, photographing, paraffin, blood and
DNA, as there is no testimonial compulsion involved.”
13
7/21/2017
4. Collecting DNA for Database vs

Human Rights
DIDM INVESTIGATIVE DIRECTIVE 2015-05
Collection of DNA Samples from Arrested Persons under
Custody and Persons under Custody and Registration of
their DNA Profiles into the PNP DNA Database
• For databasing only.
• Future cross matching and identification of
recidivists, escapees, and disaster victims.
• Provide investigative leads.
• Not admissible in court if not submitted with or
after a relevant evidence from a relevant case.
Summary
• DNA is a powerful tool used to identify individuals
and provide investigative leads in criminal
investigations to mass disasters
• Unique DNA profiles can be obtained from various
types of biological testing using STR genetic markers
• Once the DNA is processed in the lab, the DNA
profiles from crime scenes are compared against
reference profiles and profiles stored in DNA
databases with the goal of finding a matc
PNPDNA 41
Questions?
PNPDNA 42
14

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JOINT FORENSICS TRAINING FOR JUDGES, PROSECUTORS AND PUBLIC

JOINT FORENSICS TRAINING FOR JUDGES, PROSECUTORS AND PUBLIC ATTORNEYS

• The goal of this lecture is to provide the

When a bombing incident, crime of violence or

The First Responder

• Crime Scene is defined as the place from

• Physical Evidence – Encompasses any and

• Crime Scene Investigation- It is the conduct of

• Scene of Crime Operation- is a forensic

• First Responder- Are members of the PNP

• They generally refer to Police Officers who

• The is the First Police

What is “The Hour”?

Locard’s Law or Principle

Locard’s Principle summarizes the two

When A comes into contact with B, something

Necessary Preservation Materials for

The Usual First Responders

Life Saving Efforts

Secure and Control of Crime Scene

Conduct Interview of Witness/es

CRIME SCENE SAFETY

Immediately proceed to the crime scene to

Golden rule when proceeding:

LIFE SAVING EFFORTS

Evacuate / Isolate Injured

Perform First Aid

At the crime scene or on the way to the

When death is imminent and declarant is

When declaration refers to cause and

• When the declaration relates to facts which

• When the declaration is offered in a case

SECURE AND CONTROL OF CRIME

THE POLICE LINE OR AUTHORITY LINE

Conduct Interview of Witness/es

PURPOSE OF FIRST RESPONDER’S

This Form shall be brought by the FR and/or IOC

In some cases certain items can probably be left

PURPOSE OF FIRST RESPONDER’S

Brief the IOC on the circumstances of the crime

The First Responder’s Form

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o PNP and NBI jointly conduct investigation of any case of

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o The AFP EOD Teams, PCG, BFP shall extend technical

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o Security/Protection of the crime scene shall be the

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o When local agencies herein are unable to conduct higher

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o DO NOT TOUCH, REMOVE or ALTER ANY PIECE OF EVIDENCE.

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o Local police with the assistance of responding AFP / PNP /

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o Only authorized first responder team or personnel shall

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o “Hand entry” procedure by the AFP/PNP/NBI/PCG EOD in

FR PROTOCOL FOR EXPLOSIVES RELATED INCIDENTS

o Chemical examination/analysis of collected evidence will be

• In the absence of SOCO Team, the responding EOD

• All collected components of explosive device/s,