|:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ondon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04: BS 8110-1:1997 8.7.4 Pre-tensioning 8.7.4.1 General Where pre-tensioning methods are used, the tension should be fully maintained by some positive means during the per od between Lensionngard transfer. The transfer af stress should take place slowly to minimize shock, vihich would adversely affect the transmission length. 8.7.4.2 Straight tendons In the long-line method of pre-tensioning, sufficient lacator plates should be distributed throughout the length of the bed to ensure that the wires or strands are maintained in thet praper position daring concreting Where a number of units are made in line, they should be free to slide in the directian of their length and thus perm t transfer of the prestrissing force 10 the conerate along the whole tire iclently rigid ta gravid the reaction to t In the individual mould system, the moulds should be prestressing force withoul distortion 8.7.4.3 Deflected tendons Where possible, the mechanisms for holding-down or holding-up tendons should! ensure that the part in contact with the tendon is free to move in the line of the tencan so that frictional losses are nul fied. If however a system is used which develupsa fr ctional farce, Lis force should de determined by test and du: allowance made. For single tendons, the deflector in contact with the tendon should have a radius of not less than five times the tendon diameter for wire or 10 times the tendon diameter far a strand and the total angle of deflection should nat exceed 15° ‘The transfer of the prestressing force to the concrete should be effected in conjunction with the release of hold-cown and hold-up forces, so that any tensile stresses in the concrete resulting during the process do not exceed permissible limits 8.7.5 Post-tensioning 8.1.5.1 Arrangement of tendons Where wires or strands ina cat rigid not to be dis are not stressed simultaneously, spacing members should be sufficiently laced during the successive tensioning operations, Tendons, whether in anchorages or elsewhere, should be so arranged that they do rot pa bends ar corners likely to provoke rupture when the tendons are ur 85 round sharp 8.1.8.2 Anchorages A\/anchorages should conform to BS EN 13391. The anchorage system in general comprises the anchorage itself and the arrangement of tendars and reinforcement designed to act with the anchorage. The form of anchorage system should facilitzte the even distrioution of stress inthe concrete at the end of the member and should be capable of maintaining the prestressing force under sustained 2rd fluctuating load and Under the effect of shock Split-wedge and barrel-type anchors should be of such material and construction that, under te loads Imposed during the tensioning operation, the strain in the barrel does not alow such movement of the ‘wedges that the wedges reach the limit of their travel before causing suffic ent lateral force to grip th tendon, or at or before the limit of travel the wedges cause an excessive force in the tendan, If proprietary forms of anchorage are used, the arichoring procedure should be strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations A\| bearing surfaces of the anchorages, of whatever form, should be clean prior to the tensioning operation Any allowance for draw-in of the tendon during anchoring should be in accordarte with the Instructions, and the actual slipeccurr'ng should be recorded for each individual anchorage After tendons have been anchored, the force exerted by the tensioning aaparatus should be decreased gradually and stead 'y sa as to avoid shock to the tendan or the anchorage. gineer’s Provision should be made for the protection of the anchorage against corrosion. member 2005 151BS 8110-1:1997 Section 8 8.7.5.3 Deflected tendons ‘The deflector in contact with the tendon should, where possible, have a radius of not less than 50 times th diameter of the tendon, and the tatal angle of deflection should not exceed 15° Where the radius is less than 50 times the diameter of the Lendort or the angle of deflection exceeds 15°, the loss of strength of the tindon should be determined by lest and due allowance made. 8.7.5.4 Tensioning procedure Bofore tensioning, it should be demonstrated that all tendons are free to mave in the ducts, Tensioning should be carried out under competent supervisionin such a manner that the stress in the tendans creases at a gradual and steady rate, Tension ng should not be carried aut at temperatures below O*C «ithout the approval of the engineer The sunervisor in charge of stressing should de provided with particulars of the required tendon loads and extensions. Al owance should be mace during stressirig far the friction in the jack and in the anchorage although the former is rat necess:iry when using lod eels Strossing should continue until the required extension andiar tendon load is reached. The extension shaulel allow for any drawy-in af the tendon occurring at the nanjacking end, bul measurement shauld not commence until any slack in the tendon has been taken ua. A compar'son between the measured tendon force and that ca culated from the extension provides check on the accuracy of the assumption made for the frictional losses at the design stage; 17 the difference is greater than 6%, cor ion should be taken but only with the approval af the engineer. Full records should be kept of ali tensioning operations, including the measured extensions, pressure-gauge or itad-cell readings and the amount of pullin al each anchorage. |:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Where a large number af tendons or tendan elementsis being tensioned and the full force cannot be achieved in an element because of oreakage, sip or nlackage of duct, ifthe replacement of the element is, nol practicable, the engineer should consider whether a modification in the stress leve's can still conform tothe relevant limit state In the case of curved tendbns, or tendons made up of a number of constituent elements, ar tendons loaded In stages, the engineer should spec 'y the order of loading and the magnitude of the load for each component of the tendon Tensioned tendons, anchorages and duct forms should be effectively protected against corrosion during the period between stressing and covering with grout, conete or other germanent protection, Ducts should be plugged at their ends and vents. 88 Protection and bond of prestressing tendons 8.8.1 General Itis essential to protect prestressing tendons from both rn! also be required against fire damage hanical damage and corrosion Protection may. It may also be an important design raquirement for the stressed tendon to be bonded to the structure it is prestressing 8.8.2 Protection and bond of internal tendons Internal terdons may be protected and bonded to the member ay either cement grout or sand cement grout in accordance with 8.9. Alternatively, the tendons may be protected by other materials based on bitumen epoxy resins, rubber. etc., provided that the effects on bond and fire resistance are not: mportant. ondon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04: 30 Nowember 2005|:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ondon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04: Section 8 BS 8110-1:1997 8.8.3 Protection and bond of external tendons. A tendon is considered external when after stressing and incorporstion in the work, but before protect.on, itis outside the structure. It doesriot apply, for example, to a floar camarising @ series af precast beams themselves stressed with external tendons and subsejuent'y concrated or grauited in so that the prestressing lendans are finally cont nad in that filling with adequate eover Protection of external arestressing tendons against mechanical damage and corrosion from the atmosahere or other eriviranment Should generally be provided by an encasement of dense concrete or clense mortar of adequate thickness, It may also be provided by other materials hard enoughand stable enough in the particular environment In determining the type and quality of the material to be used far the encasement. full consideration should be given to the differential movement between the structure and the applied protection that arises from changes of load and stress, creep, relaxation, drying shrinkage. humidity and temperature ‘n either 1* the gaplied arotection is dense concrete or martar and investigations show The posstty ity of undesirab¢ cracking, {hen a primary corrosion protection should be used that will be unimpaired by different al movement If itis required that external prestressing tendans be bonded to the structure, thisshauld be achiewed by suitable reinforcement of the corcrete encasement to the structure 8.9 Grouting of prestressing tendons The grouting of prestressing tendons should be in accordance with the revised editions of BS EN 445 BS EN 446 and BS EIN 447 (expected to be published ir 2006). Until these revisions are published, the: ‘objectives can be met by fol lowing the procedures out lined in Modi specification for bonded and unboriedt post-tensioned flat slabs jeer 2005, 1g I g E £ & < F E & BS 8110-1:1997 1Sq (0) ‘Adog palfonuooun ‘2002 00:00+LW9 PS “h0 20 dy UO) ‘Aulsienlun yueg YINog UOpUOT ‘AysIeAIUN) YUeg YINog UOPUC S130)Section 8 BS 8110-1:1997 List of references (see ciause Normative references BSI publications BRITISH STANDARDS IN BS 410:1986, Speci BS 3921-1985, Specification for clay bricks BS 4027-1996, Specification for sulfateresisting Portland cem BS 4449, Specification for carbo BS 4482, Specification for cold rectuced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete HTUTION, London ication for test sieves we! bars for the reinforcement of concrete. BS 4483, Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete BS 4486 1980. Specifica prestressin |:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI ion for hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high tensile alloy stee! bars for the 1g af concrete I BS 5531-1988, Code of practice for safety sn erecting structural frames BS 9606 1990, Guide to accuracy in building BS 5896-1980, Specificittion for high tensile steet wireand strand for the prestressing of concrete. BS 5975-1982, Cove of practice for falsework BS 6299, Loading for building BS 6399-1:1984, Cocle of practice for dead and imposed loads BS 6399-2:1995, Code of practice for wind loads. BS 6399-3:1988, Code of practice for imposed roof loads BS 6651 1992, Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning. BS 6954 (all parts) idling. I BS 1913-1, Spacers and chairs for steet reinforcement and their speci requirements BS 7973.2, Spacers and chairs for steel reinforcement and their speci application of spacers and chases and tying of reinforcement BS 8110, Ser BS 8110-2:1985, Code of practice for special circumstances BS 8110-3:1985, Desig cofumns, BS 8500-1:2002, Concrete— Complementary British Standardto BS EN 206 specifying and guicance for the specifier BS 8500-2:2002, Concrete— Complemmesary Britt constituent materials and concrete BS 8666, Speci BS EN 197-1, Cement —Part 1. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common ct lerances for bi cation— Part 1: Product performance anion — Part 2: Fixing and ietural use of perete. in charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly reinforced beams and rectangular — Part 1: Method of dard to BS EN 206-1— Part 2: Specification for cation for scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steet reinforcement for concrete ents, BS EN 445, Grout for prestressing tendons— Test methods BS EN 446, Grout for prestres: BS EN 447, Grout for prestressing tendons— Specification for BS EN 772-1, Methodis of test for masonry units — Part 1: Determ BS EN 772-3, Methods of test for masonry units— Part 3. Determination of net volume and percentage of fay masonry units by hydrostatic weighing, cedures ig tendons — Gr ondon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04: common grout. nation of compressive strength jeer 2005, 1BS 8110-1:1997 Section 8 BS EN 772-1, Methods of test for masor masonry danp proof course units by bo BS EN 1911-1, Weicing—Reci for are wetding. BS EN 1011-2, Wetting ferritic steels, BS EN 12390-1, Testing hardened concrete— Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for specimens and moulds 'S EN 12390-2, Testing hardenedt BS EN 12390-3, Testing hardened BS EN 13391, Mech Informative references BSI publications BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London BS 499, Welding terms and symbols BS BS 5628, Code of practice for use of masonry. y units— Part 7. Determination of water absor; fing ir water Part 1: General guickance nendations for welding of metallic materials: — Recomi mendations for wel of metallic matertals— Part 2: Arc weiding of crete— Part 2: Makingand eur ing test speciemss for strength tests terete— Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens, ‘al tests for past-tenisioning systems 5328 (all parts) (withdrawn), Concrete, BS 6349, Maritime structures BS 1542:1992, Method of test for curing BS 8004:1986, Code of practice for foundations. BS 8204, Screed, bases andl in-situ floorings BS EN 206-1:2000, Concrete— Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. BS EN 1008:2002, Mixing water for concrete— Specification for sampling, testi of water, including water recovered f concrete industry, as mixir compounds for concrete. ind assessing the processes in tf water for gates for concrete PD 6682-12003, Aggregates for concrete— Part 1: Guidance Other references Reinforcement connector and anchorage Information Association, Landon 1981 Concrete Pressure on Formwork CIRIA Report 108, Construction Industry Research and In Association, London 1985 Formwork striking times. Criteria, prediction and method of assessment, CIRIA Report 136, Construction Industry Research and Information Associaton, London 1995 Formwork — Guide to good practice, The Concrete Society Ltd., Slough 1995 GREAT BRITAIN. The Building Regulations 2000— Approved Document A: Structure London: TSO, 2004 UK CARES. Mode! specification for bonded and unbanded post-tensioned fiat slabs, Kent: UK CARES. 2004 the use of BS EN 12620. fens CIRIA Report 92, Construction Industry Researeh and nation Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04:40:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 156 BS! 30 Nowmber 2005Licensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04:40:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 8110-1:1997 Index Aomintures AAS al-entraining 6.2.20) ‘Age allowance fer concrete 3.1.7.3. Analys's ok sha structures 3.7.2 later! loading 32.1.3 sections 25.3; 25.8 hn ified analysis 321.29; 32.4.2.3; 321.24 structure 2.8.2 sub-frames3.2.4.2 ‘say Hm 3.2.1.3, vertical loading 3.21.22: 35.2.3 Anetra bonds 3.12.8.22; 3.12.8.23 hhond stresses 3.12.84 hooks 3.128.22;3.128.23 Hinks 3.12.86 prostressed8.7.5.2 Bao 3.41 pod foatings 3.11.3 pile cops 3.1.4 Fointorcement 3443.2:342.1.8 Shear 8113.5 811,54 3.1143 125.3 2.5.4 analyss3212:32.1.3 344 camaressivereintercement 34.4.4, 3.12.8.5 342.7 dellection 34.6 design formulae 3.4.4.4 elective span 3.4.2, 341.3 flanged 3.4.4.5 Hinks 34.5.5 Inasing arrangements 3.24.22 moments3.4.3 3.4.4 rrment redistrioution 3.2.2 prestressed. section analysis 3.4.4.4 sear 3.4.5 Shot fee evetieint Tae 3.15 shear enhoncoment 3.4.5.8 3.4.5.10 simplified stress block 34.4.4; Figure 33 slencer 3.4.1.6 Spuinetfective depth cetin 3.4.5.5; 3.463 T Boars ane L Bears 3.4.1.5 tension reinforcement 3.42.8.1 31253 Poarings13.5;5.2.3, Bending moments eolums3.8.2 fot sicbs 37.2.7 Pe one-way’ slabs3.5.2.4 Tale 312 uvowway slaos3.5.3 Table 3.13 Bent-up bars seereintercemest 2ond3.12.8 anshonage length 3.12.8.4 (festive pecintor 37-77, 3.7.7.8 stresses 3.12.82, 3.12.83 Bonded triton A.12.4.2 8.8 Characteristic lads 2.4.1.4 Characteriste strength eonerete2d.2.4 ointorcoment 24.2.4 3.1.7.4 prestressing tendons 2.4.2.1 4182 Couns 38 xisional moments 38.3.9 biextal vending3.8.4.5 bracediuntracrs 3.8.1.5 dellection 3.8.5 celfocine height 34 ements 3.8.2 roinforcomert 3.2.5.3 short 3.8.13 slender 38.1.3 tltimste limit state 3.8.4 Composite conerere construction 5.4 Concrete rdmintures6.2.2°) age allowance 3.1.7.3 fold seatrer 6.2.4 competion 62.2 creep2.23 2.5.4 34.6.7; 48.5 eude tosts6.1 curing 6.2.3 durability 3.1.5.2 heat of hydration 6.2.3.9 hot sweatner 6.2.5 placing 6.2.2 precast 8.2 protection 62.3.1 Shrinkage 342.11.2.9 serength for reinforced canerate 34.7.2 for prostrossea concrete 1.8.1 sermngth class 3.1.7.2 surface finish 62.7 ibration6.2.2 Construction jires3.12.24; 5.3; 629 Corses8.2.7 Cover 3.3 actual BBA durability 33.3 10336 nominal 3.3.4 Cracking 22.3.4)4.1.3 41.4 4.3.42 4352 Creep ellection 3.4.67 general 2A2.3.2.5.4 loss of prostress A. 5 Curing 6.2.3 Curved tendons 442.84 18 Do‘locted tensors .2 8.7.43; 8753 Doflecion beams3.46 columns 3.8.5 flat slats 3.7.8 general 2.2.3.2 bbe sos 3.6.5 single way slabs3.6.7 Spanietlectixe depth3.4.6.3 34.6.5; 34.6.6 3.467 wan. way slabs 3.8.7 Design vim 24-4 hasis2.4 Tad seeloads eecial properties 24.2 method 2.1.2 process 2.1.4 Detailing 3.12. Doviations 62.8 Diterential shrinkage$.4.6.4 Ducrs8.9.2 Durtility2.2.4 2.4.7, 34,54.4.5,6.2 Ertcetive fenghh af cantilever 34.1.4 Crtective spon 34.1.2; 34.1.8 Erective width 3.4.1.5 El ie mals seemed clus of chastity Fatigue 2.2.5 Fire provection eer 33.1.4, 33.6 441.5 4123.13 qonwral226 Flat shies analysis3.6.2; 37.2 bending moment corieiones 35.3.3 column heads 37.1.3 column serip3.7.2.8 37.2.9 frock control 3.8 sofiection 3.7.8 sofin ors .3.2 Jivsion of panels nto str ps3.7.2.8 ros 3.7.48 equivalent frame3.7.2.4 Inad patterns 3.5.2.3 thd of design 3.7.8) 3.7.4 rie sip 3.7.2.8 oments3,7.2.4 rremont cool cents 3.7.20 rrmont transfor 3.7.42. 3.7.43 foperngs in panels 3.7.5 Fonforcerent arrangement 37.3.4, 3.12.10 shew 3.7.6 3.7.7 Shon perknster 37.7.6, 37.7.7,3.7.08 Senplifiee method 37.2.7 Footings seebases Formiork 6.2.6 cleaning and treatment 6.2.6.2 105i9°6.2.6.1 Jovietion 6.283 siriking6.263 Friction lessen BSI 80 NawemberLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04:40:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI BS 8110-1:1997 Grouting’ Holes 37.0.7 Hooks sooreintorcement Hot stather concreting6.2.5 Inspection of construction 23 Jacking tree AT, 8..3 Soins ostruction 312.2.45.3 movement 342,22 precast concrete s.3 Lateral reinforcement beans 34.5.2:3.12.7 plumns 3.12.7 general 36.6.2; 3.12.5. Table 3.25, Lima seats 2.2 accidental seecxceptional haraeteristic2A.1 mbinations2.4.3.1; 34 Tble 21 eed 24.14 eolinitlons 13.4.4 13.12 eosion BAG 1312 orth aa.2 exceptional 243.2 Factor 2.4.4.3 24.3.7 24.3.2 imposed 2.4.1.1 pom nal 2412 service 2.5 ltimote 2.4.3 water 2431.2 Table 21 wind 24.3.4 24.3.3, Table 2.1 12.2%; 35.2.3, Waneriats prestressing anchorages®.7.5.2 prestressing tendons Section & prapertios 24.2 reinforcement Section testing 6.1 Noe! tests 26.1 Modular ratio 25.2 edulis af elasticity of onfercement 2.8.4 Nomunt reste intion. 2.2 Moment transfor Hat sles 3.7.42 Footings 341.321 Howement jeints6.2.10 Niss28 Openings Hat siaas 3.7.3, too-nay sh3s3.6.3 Pas fomtings 3.41.3, Pile caps 3.11.4 Piocing eonereto6.2.2 Poissons ratio@l.2.4 Reinforced canerete Seco Reinfonevm Procast canenote 5.2 bearings5.2.3 bearing stresses 5.2.3.4 connections 5.3 seviations6,283 or bels5.2.7 eins 53.5 ves 5.1.8 Prostrossed eonerete anchorages 8.7.5.2 booms 43 creep aS Jetlocted tendons.7.2: 8.7.43 design and desailing Section 4 design lenural tensile stresses 43.4.3 uctsA124.38,9.2 fend blocks 4.11 snictona.@ grouting 8.9 losses 4.85 4.9 prestressing lore. shear res stance 3.8 cracked in flexure 3.8.5 tunerarkes in flexure 3.4 shrinkaged.8.4 steel relaxation B.2.%; Table 4.6 render curved 42.5 solioted 7.2 87.53 Folaxation 48.2 specif ation BA ‘wensmiss en length 4410.3 Prototype tests 2.6.2 Jiste ition of moments 3.2.2 4.2.3 13428 anchorage3.a28 booms 3.12.6.1 bends 3128.22 ‘anchorage vals 3.12.8.23 bearing stresses 3.12.8.25, minim rodhi3 128.24 bent-upbars3.4.6.6 bond 3.12.8.2;3.12.8.3, 3.12.84 choracteristic strength 34.74 compression 32.7 cover 3.3.6, 3.3.7, 4.12.3 curtailment 3.12.8, 3.12.10 Joformed bars 312A sistance between bars 34211 blastic madulus2.5.4 fabric 3.12.85 hooks soe Retnercement, bends in columns seveolurnns snchorage3 a2 invtersion, needa inwalls3127.8 1aps3.12.89) Hinks 3.4.4.6;3.4.5.5; 27.7.5; 3.127 rrchonica! splices 3.12.8.16 inion aroa3.12.6.3 Iris imum sizeof bars 312.54 placing.3 show 34.5.3. Shrinkge 3.12.11.2.9 spacing3.12.14 sposing blacks 7.3 Specstications 7.1 stirrups soe links stress-strain cure Figures 2.2 surface condition 7.8 es 3123 woking 7.6 Rinbod slavs 3.6 Rooustness 2.2.2.2 roinforced conercte 3.1.4 Servicsability mit stobes2.2.3 Shor rosistance bhoves 31.3.3 3.11.34; 3.11483 booms 3.4.5 bent-up bars3.4.6.6 colunes3 8.46 effective perimeter i BITE RITA enhances shear steength 3.4.5.8 fot sia0s 3.7.6 herigoncal 8.4.7.1; 547.2 links 3.4.5.5: 3.7.75 3.7.7.6 43.87; 43.8.8 4389 .43.8.10 punching failure 37.721 Foinlertorrert 3.4.5.3;3.5.5.3, Slabs 3.5.5; 3.7.6 3.7.7 walls 39.42 4.2 Shrinkag sitferental 5.4.6.4 losses 8.4 Fomtorcoment 312.1128 Shutter ing see formwork slabs 3.7.7.6 concentrated eds 3.6.2.2; 32.7 iota holes3.7.5 hollow block 36.1.2 rile and ege strips 35.3.5 iniowe reinforcement 3.12.8. oments3.5.2 3.7.4 en way 35.2.4 restraredon tour sides 35.3.4 3.6.3.5 35.36 Poobed 3.6 Shor 3.7.6, 3.7 ioway 3.5.3 torsional roinforcoment 3.6.3.5, Spal lingS.2.3.7, Table 51; Table Stabiliy2224 Jot of section 3:10.1.5 eFossive span 3.10.13; 3.10.14 general 3.10.1 Stoel see reinforcement Strength of reinforcement 3.1.7.4 41.8.2 Stresses in eanerete compressive 3.4.2 ton led 3.4.3 vanster 83.5 Structures and struetura) Fames 3.2.4.2 31 30 November 2005,BS 8110-1:1997 Tes 22.2.2;3.1.43 342.3 Ulenate it state 22.2 Vibration of concrete 6.2.2 Walls hrraced 13.43, elinitions 13.4 effective height 3.9.3.2 minimum reinforcement 3.12.5. plain 3.9.4 reinforced 3.8.3 slender 13.4.8 stocky 13.48 unto ieed 1.3.42 Wolding3.12.8.17; 3128.18 3128.19, 3128.20; 3128.21,7.6 Wind ob 24.1.4; 3243.2 |:54 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI "Youngs Moguls see Medulus ol elasticity ondon South Bank University, London South Bank University, Mon Apr 02 04: ener 7008 159BS 8110-1:1997 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road Lorton Wa 4AL BSI — British Standards Institution BSI \s the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. 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