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    Correlaciones Prop-Pseudocrit PDF

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    Cristo Nephtalí Sánchez Castillo

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    PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GASES where M=apparent molecular weight of gas mixture, Ib/bm-mol; -M,=molecular weight of the ith gas component, Ib/ibm-mol; and 1 mole fraction the gas phase ofthe ith component, fraction. 1.3.2 Specific Gravity of a Gas. The specific gravity of a gas, “ygr is defined as the ratio of the densities of the gas and dry air ‘when both are measured atthe same temperature and pressure: % aay where p, density of gas mintue, Ibm/t?, and p, density of sir, Tbe ‘At standard conditions (such as 14.65 psia and 60°F), both air and natural gas are modeled accurately by the ideal-gas law. Un- der these conditions, if we use the definition of pound-mole (n=miM) and density (p=miV) and model the behavior of both the gas and the air by the ideal-gas EOS, we can express the spe- ciffe gravity of a gas mixture as ‘1g (PMIRTV(PMIRT)=MIM ry where y,=specific gravity of the gas (air= 1.0); M=apparent ‘moleculat weight of the gas, Ibm/Ibm-mol; and Mf, =molecular weight of air=28.9625 Ibm/lbm-mol ‘Although Eg. 1.12 is derived under the assumptions ofan ideat 85 (accurate at standard conditions), its use asa definition for real ‘gases and real-gas mixtures is common inthe natural gas industry Pas 4.4 Caloulation of Pseudoeritical Gas Properties “This section discusses two methods for calculating the pseudocrt- cal pressure and temperature of a hydrocarbon gas mixture, These pseudoetitcal properties provide a means to correlate the physical ‘Properties of mixtures withthe principle of corresponding states. {As slated previously, the principle of corresponding states suggests ‘that pure, but similar gases have the same gas deviation oz fac~ {or at the same values of reduced pressure and temperature. Other Physical properties of gases also have been correlated with the prin- ciple of corresponding states. Mixtures of chemically similar gases can be correlated with reduced temperature and reduced pressure. ‘The first method, which isa set of mixing rules developed by Stewart ef al.,S requires the gas composition to be known. ‘Although their method requires more calculations than carly methods (uch as Kay's® procedure), Stewart ef al.'s mixing rules have been proved more accurate. The second method, developed by Sut ton,” provides a method for estimating pseudocritical properties when the gas composition is not known. Sutton's method requires considerably less arithmetic than Stewart et al.'s mixing rules and is the preferred method when speed is more important than the [greatest possible accuracy. Although ituses only specific gas gravity instead of detailed hydrocarbon compositions, Sutton’s method is, ‘more accurate than Kay's mixing rules. ‘This section also discusses correlations to correct pseudocritical pressure and temperature for the presence of contaminants com- ‘monly associated with natural gas production, such as hydrogen sulfide (HS), carbon dioxide (CO3). nitrogen, and water vapor. Tnaddition, we illustrate a calculation technique for estimating the specific gas gravity for wet-gas and gascondensate uid. This spe cific gas gravity then can be used with Stton's method to estimate pseudoeritical properties. 1 Estimating Pseudocritical Properties When Gas Compo- sition Is Known: Stewart ef al. Mixing Rules. Stewart et al.3 ‘compared 21 different mixing rules and concluded that the best, _method is given by Eqs. 1.19 through 1.24. Theie mixing rules pro Vide the most consistent results of the simple cubic mixing rules ‘when experimental data are compared with computed results. “Sim ple cubic" refers to the cubic EOS (e.g., van der Waas® and Redlich-Kwong? EOS). Because these mixing rules give the most, accurate resulls, the Stewart etal. method should be used to esti- ‘mate pseudocrtical pressures and temperatures for estimating the 1 factor, gas compressibility, and gas viscosity ‘A recommended procedure for using the Stewart etal. mixing rales follows. The procedure also corrects fr high-molecular-weight ‘components (Eqs. 1.16 through 1.18) with Sutton's? method. The a Kessler-Lee! equations (Eqs. 1.13 through 1.15) are used toca culate the critical properties of the heptanesplus fraction, Calculation Procedure—Stewar et sl. Method. 1 Ifa significant fraction of heavy components (Cand heavi is present inthe natural gas mixtore, laboratory measurements of the molecular weight and gravity of the Cy. faction are re- {quired to use mixing rules to calculate the mixture gravity and pseu- docritical properties. The Whitson!" and Kessler-Lee! equations (Eqs. 1-13 through 1.15) are recommended fr estimating the ert- ical properties of the C>.. fraction. A. First, estimate the boiling temperature of the Cy, fraction. Tae, “U4 S579 MRIS QI807)3, (1.13) ', Estimate the pseudocritcal pressure ofthe Cy. fration, 19 (oa ©. Proce ~E8P| 8.3634— 1 QUIS Fe (uss 208, 78, 7 1,000 ten, 7 107 1.6977) Th. —(0.42019+ eae 14) %,, CC. Estimate the pseudocrtical temperature of the C74 fraction. Tyocy = OHT+81 46), )FO.424+0.11%4C5, Toes Tres, eget omen es, ma 4%) .2(2%) eoeeaceees ss eoeetteee 4) =O.6081E, +1.1325F?~14.004F yc, +64.434F 92, ay (0.3129y¢,, T. and u-( r-) 4.8156y2,, +27.3751v8,,) NPe ic * a 3. Ota the crea presure and temperatures ofthe remain ing components fom Table 1-1 or Rete 2 tough 4 Determine the pesto pressure and enperture ofthe Bs. A. Caleulate the parameters J and K. FECOTLEW, “ mite 5 (22) om B. Correct the parameters J and XK for the Cy, fraction 2y and K’=K—8 (1.2) C. Calculate the pseudocritial temperature and pressure Tye 2K (1.23) (1.24) and pe *Trel" ‘ TABLE 12—COMPOBIION OF SWEET NATURAL GAB, Sunapee | = Moecusr Grace —_omneat | vise MiSght Tespue Pace | Component Fraction (lbm/om-rmol) (°F) (psia) Ne One deo —Zerie an di, hee hen Sagan deat Eh, Sams et RS Se Gy Gone fam aeea ee [ vett, ma sais = Soeo are | | weihs Som i Teese Soe | Tes? Gone eso tangy rent Stoo eis agar ass Sie foo eae Ske ge ee ig, ee Example 1.1—Caleulation of Pseudocritcal Properties for a Sweet Natural Gas With the Stewart ef al. Mixing Rules. Cal- culate the apparent molecular weight, gas gravity, and pseudoctit: ical pressure and temperature of the swect gas!? described in ‘Table 1.2. A sweet gas isa natural gas with no H.S contamina tion. Tre molecular weight and gravity of the C;,. fraction are 114.2 Than/tban-mol and 0.7070, respectively Solution. I. First, we must estimate the eritieal properties of the Cy, fraction, ‘A. Estimate the boiling temperature with Eq. 1.13 3579 Mgs3178 21312)9 [4.5879¢114.2)0-18178(0,7070)045427 }3 =697.6°R, B. Next calculate the pseudocriical pressure with Eq. 1.14) { 0.0866 98 Ppecye =e 8.3634 22° _ (0 20044422 i Yr. rr ust 36 472) en rg, |W? 2.2898 or6 —(0.242484 —— 0.7070 1,000 3.648 _ 0.47227) 697.62 +(1408s+, ) 0.7070 0.70702) 107 TABLE 1.3—PSEUDOCRITICAL PROPERTY CALCULATIONS USING THE STEWART of a.> MIXING RULES, EXAMPLE 1.1 } Critical Cries! Mole Molecular Temperature, Pressure | Fraction, Weight Teens oe Go064 Googe a a% | i bras 0.8674 12.360, | 0.0258 0.0200 ‘0.6803 | Oo? oom 0.3648 | 0.0032 0.0027 0.0735 | 00051 004 0.1207 | 0.0020 00016 0.0849 0.0017 aoors 0.0382 00017 ooo12 0.0360 0013 00008 0.0258 0.5405 07318 13.884 GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 1.6977 yee] 375.5 psia -(0s2019+ arom?) 10 . Catala the psewdoeriea temperature with Eq 1.15 B41 +8LLy¢,, (0.4244 40.1174, They Tree, +(0.4669~3.26234¢,,} 341.14811(0.1070) Teer. +(0.4244-+0,1174(0,7070)\697.6) spasm saan onae7 ae 2. Caleulate the correction factors forthe C fraction. These factors, F;, &, and £4, are defined by Eqs. 1.16 through 1.18, respectively {gens | alas £) =O.6081F) +1.1325F? 14.0088, y¢,, 465434892, 0. 6081(4. 466% 10-4) +1.1325(4.466 x 10-492 = 14,004¢4. 466 x 10-4(0.0005) + 64.434(4. 465% 10-4) (0.0005)? =0.000269. (0:3129y¢,,~4.81568,,427.375198,.) 1 (2% osn90ns)-sss097 N35 +27.3751(0.0005)} =0.008034. 3. Obtain he erica pressures and wenperatures of he remain ing components fom Table Table 1S surmaric hese ve 4 Decrmine the seuoctiel prsure und crerere 2 Referring 0 Table 13 cael the pate and my EVE zr 6? ) (0.7318)? =0.5372 PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GASES eB (27) cine [TABLE 14—CoMPosiTion OF SOUR NATURAL Gas, = 2 (=) EXAMPLE 1.2 Bi Spe, I B, Correct the parameters J and K for the Cy faction where vee Meme Sri cri and & are calculated in Step 2, Component Fraction (ibmvlom-mol) eR) J! =I~¥ =0.5372-0.000269 20.5369 “TNs 00296 26019 «227.46 aon ae Co, abe = aor ar 8 K/=K=Ey=13.88—0.008056= 13.87 ek eet, te eee ‘alculate the pseudocritical temperature and pressure. Che 0.700 10.083 343.00 Saree ee oa CoH; 0.0042 30.070 549.59 2 a3an? ik; 6.0005 oa —S85.73, ee weit, 00000 58129 Pan 7” 05369 ni’, cums Sete, 7as29 Gate 0000172180877 nce 000 7280 asa Tye _ 3883 aay | ‘Cyl, 0.0001 86.177 91327 Peo s369 Se ee Note tat hese paeudocrta values are not comrest he. they (Te 2/927, 1 0.0003(1,005) are incomplete) because they must be adjusted to account for the MINS. FT 5 presence of nitrogen, Correlations for these adjustments are dis- 3\ dele, 3S Pete, SL 3755 cussed ltr 2 5, We also can calculate the apparent molecular weight and spe- {oem | 619x10- cific gravy of the natural ges. From Table 13, the apparent "33788 molecular weight is Ma y)M,=17:3 tomtom ‘The specific gravity of the gas mixture is M1733 M, 2896 1% Example 1.2—Caleulation of Pseudocrtical Properties for a Sour Natural Gas With the Stewart etal. Mixing Rulles. Calculate the apparent molecular weight, gas gravity, and pseudocriical pres Sure and temperature of the sour gas? withthe composition given in Table 1.4. A sour gas is a gas with HS contamination. The molecular weight and gravity of the Cy, fraction are 114.2 Tbmv/Ibmv-mol and 0.7070, respectively Solution. 1. The properties of the C>, fraction, calculated in Example 1, are Tyecy, =1,005.3°R and Ppecy, 375.5 psi. 2. Calculate the correction factors for the Cy. fraction. ILE 1.5—PSEUDOCRITICAL PROPE STEWART of af.> MIXING. -ERTY CALCULATIONS USING THE ‘RULES, EXAMPLE 1.2 §)=0.6081F, +1.1325F? 14.0048 ¥¢,, +64.4348, 92, =0.6081(2.679% 10-4) +1.13252.679% 10-4)? ~ 14.004(2.679 10-#)(0.0003)+64.434(2.679%10-4) (0.0003)? = 0.000162. , ue(Z ‘4. Determine the pseudocritical pressure and temperature A. Referring to Table 1.5, calculate the parameters J and K. 5 (2) 8( = Pe 3 2 (0.5165)+2(0.7181)2=0.5189. os 0.3230 003) ~4.81560.00032 VIS =z Jn 3 it Pe Car comgren MEE y, ——_ | 3, Se ERE Sie re iy Ghar Se Sa | Ss GU ESS GER Ge MS Sa ta ee Se Ge SRE Gas Ses HEE ae ae ch, Ue Ee Ge, Rs se tee a Sik 88h BS Ges EES Sa Sa same GM, 398 Ge GSR SE Re am Som sete tele SBS Bi Sor JAS Hl SBE SBE Sue rosie 9B) HB GG SR BE ams gms sane Hohe GBR Hig Ge to Rt Gee ci tee is Sh BS 80k Ss ES Sime Sam Sac ge" 35) MAT GRE ey SS SSR Ee Peta mao oat oneh_te 600 350 500 PSEUOOCRICAL TEMPERATURE R AND PSEVDOCRINCAL PRESSURE-PSIA 350 300 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 B. Correct the parameters J and K for the C fraction where and & are calculated in Step 2. C. Caleulate the pseudocritical temperature and pressure 214.309? 397.7°R 0.5157 a7 tt Aa. pia 0.5157 Note tha these pseuocrtical values ate no core (Le, they ace icomplte) incase they st sil fe adjusted forte pes nce of ne nonyrearbon components mitogen, CO, nd HS). Corelatons fr these adjustments te discosed Incr 5. We also can cleulate the appirent molecular weigh and the specie grvity ofthe arlene. From Table 13 he apparent molecular weigh i = E yMj=2025tom/bm no Fig, 1.1—Pseudoctitical properties of natur (GAS RESERVOIR ENGINEERING ‘74, 08S SPeone craary ‘gases (after Sutton”). ‘The specitic gravity is M 20.25 sition Is Unknown: Sutton’s Correlations. The method proposed by Stewart eta. for calculating pseudoeritical properties requires information about gas composition: however, laboratory analyses often are not available. Using data from 264 gas samples, Sutton” developed a correlation for estimating pseudocritical pressure and temperature asa function of gas gravity. Suton’s correlation curves, shown in Fig. 1.1, are based on a larger database than that used by Standing!? and consequently differ significantly from Stand- ing's curves. Suton fit the raw data with quadratic equations and ‘obiained the following empirical equations relating pseudocritical properties ofthe hydrocatbons to specific gas gravity: Ppcr =756.8~131.074~3.693 aiid Typ = 169.24 49.594 ~ 74.099, where pyck=pseudocritical pressure of the hydrocarbon compo- nents, pia: Tpci™ pseudocritcal temperature of the hydrocarbon specific Bas gravity of the hydrocarbon (1.25) 1.26) ‘components, "R; and yy ‘components (air= 1.0) PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GASES Eqs. 1.25 and 1.26 and Fig. 1.1 are applicable for 0.5774 < 1.68, If the gas contains <12 mol% COp, <3 mol% nitrogen, and no HS, then 7, can be determined as follows. LL Tf the gas is dry (Le., no condensate is formed), and if the separator gas gravity is used, then y4=. 2. Ifthe gravity ofthe wellstream fluid, 74, is computed, then “year Where is computed with methods presented in See. 1.5. However, ifthe gas contains > 12 mol% CO,, >3 mol stro gen, of any H,S, then the hydrocarbon gas gravity should be c colated by eT LITEAY ys ~1.5196¥C9, 0.9672), ~0.62209 430 * re I-¥nns “Yeo; “YN YO aan where 77, if the separator gas gravity is being used Once the specitic gas gravity ofthe hydrocarbon components is estimated, the pseudoentical properties of the hydrocarbon mix- ture are calculated with Suton's correlations given by Eqs. 1.25 and 1.26 or Fig, 1.1. The pseudocrtical propertis of the entire mixture, including contaminants are estimated with the following equations 3 Pre=(~Y 5 ~¥c03 ~Yns ~YHs0)P ph + 1.3O6Y os 51 07l¥¢0; +493. ly, 43.200. 30, Ipe= 1~Y 1:8 “¥CO3 “Ns “YON pcg +672. 35) 5, $541. 58y¢0, +227-16y3, + 1,164.99 no. (1.29) where the coefficients of the contaminant mole fractions are the critical pressures (Eq. 1.28) and temperatures (Eq, 1.29) ofthe con- taminants. Note thatthe forms of Eqs. 1.27 ubrough 1.29 initially proposed by Standing! did not have corrections for water vapor. "Note also thatthe pseudocritical pressure and temperature cal- culated with Eqs. 1-28 and 1.29 are not correct if the ges mixture is contaminated with nonhydrocarbon components. Corrections for ‘common natural gas contaminants, including CO>, HS, nitrogen, and water vapor are discussed in subsequent sections. Examples 113 and 1.4 ilustrae application of Sutton’s correlations. (1.28) and 7, Example 1.3—Estimating Pseudocritical Properties of Sweet Gas With Sutton’s Correlations. Using Suton's correlation, eal- culate the pseudocritical pressure and temperature for the sweet: ratural-gas sample! in Example 1.1. Ignore the nitrogen contami nation (Np =0.0138 mol%) for this calculation. Compare the re sults with those obtained using the Stewart eral. mixing rues, which usually are more accurate Solution. For the swee-gas sample of Example 1.1, the gas gravi- ty of te mixture was estimated to be 0.61. From Eqs. 1.25 and 1.26, the pseudocritcal pressure and temperature forthe hydrocar bon components are pon ™156.8~131.0y5~3.67} =756.8- 131.0061) ~3.60.61)2=675.6 psia Ad Typ =169.2+349.574, 18.0 yf = 169.24 389.50.61) =14,0(0.61)2 =354.9°R, ‘We ate ignoring the nitrogen contamination, so the pscudocrit cal pressure and temperature of the gas mixture are Pro™Ppcr™ 675.6 pia and Tye =Tpey ®354.9°R, Recall hat, with the Stewart etal. mixing rues (Example 1.1), rpc 667-4 psa and Ty 358.3°R. Compared withthe results ob- ined sing the Stewart ef al. mixing rules, the errors in the pseu- docritcal pressure and temperature are 1.2% and 10%, respectively, with Suton’s method. Note thatthe pseudocriticl pres” sure and temperature calculated with Sutton's method are incom- plete because they sill must be corrected for the sitrogen contamination (Sec. 1.4.4) 7 Example 1.4—Estimating Pseudoeritical Properties of a Sour Gas With Sutton's Correlations. Using Suton’s correlations, cal~ culate the pseudocritical pressure and temperature for the sour- natural-gas sample? in Example 1.2. Compare results with those foblained with the Stewart et al. mixing rules Solution. I. Determine the gravity of the hydrocarbon components of the rixture with Eg. 1.27 eT LIT6Tyy:5~ 15196 ¥e0; ~0.9672), ~0.62200 130 ag ETI ns 15196 C03 - 0.967299 “0.622090. Iyss7¥e02 “Ys “Vino 0,699 ~1,1761(0.1841) ~ 1.5196(0.0164) ~0.9672(0.0236) 10.1881 ~0.0164—0.0236 =0.560. 2. Estimate the pseudocritical pressure and temperature of the hydrocarbon components with Eqs. 1.25 and 1.26, respectively Ppch 756.8 131.0y4~3.673 =756 8 ~ 131.000.5604) 3.6(0.5608)? = 682.3 psia Tn * 169.2+ 389,514.03 = 169,2+349,5(0.5608) =74.0(0,5604)2 =341.8°R, 3. Now, calculate the pseudocritical properties of the total 113s “Yc02 “YN: “PH 0)Pper +1. 306Y ns +1,07ly¢0; +493. Lyx, +3.200.1y 4,0 10.1881 ~0.0164~0.0236)(682.3) +(1,306)(0.1841) +(1,071(0.0164) +(493.1)(0.0236) = 799.0 psia Pre The=(1~¥ sigs ~¥C0 P82 ~YH20 Tey +672.35Y 35, +547.58)¢9) #227. 16) +1164.) 30 = (10.1841 ~0.0164~0.0236,341.8) +(672.35j0.1841)+(S47.58)0.0164) + 227-16(0.0236)+(1,164.990.0)=403.3°R. Recall that ppe=771.2 psia and Tp. =397.7°R were calculated withthe Stewarer al. mixing rules fo the composition data in Ex- ample 1.2. With Suton’s method, the ertors in the pseiocrtcal pressure and temperature are 3.6% and | 41%, respectively, com pared withthe Stewart cal mixing rules. Not thatthe pseudocrt ical pressure and temperature calculated with Sutton's metbod are incomplete Because they stl must be adjusted for HS and CO, contamination bythe cortelations presented in Sec. 1.4.3 1.4.3. Correcting Pseudocritical Properties for HS and CO, Contamination. Wicher and Aziz'* developed a correlation to a: count for the effects of CO, and HS on the pseudceritial pres- sure and temperature. Theit correlation, which adjusts the pseudocritical properties ofthe natural gas mixture to yield the cor ‘ect values of estimated properties, should be applied when we use pe and Tp. t estimate z factor, gas compressibility, and gas vis- cosy ‘The Wichert and Aziz correlation, shovin in Fig. 1.2, is £120 (499 -416)+15(805 ~B4), (1.30) where the pseudocritical temperature, Ty, and pressure, pj, ad- justed for CO; and HS contamination are eetees a3 and pe Pye lTye + BU BIEL (1.32) In Fqs. 1.30 through 1.32, A=sum of the mole fractions of HS and COs in the gas mixture and B=mole fraction of HS in the as mixture PER CENT coz Publishing Co., all rights reserved. ‘The average absolute error inthe calculated z factor was 0.97%, with a maximum error of 6.59% for the data set used to develop this correlation. The correlation was developed for gases under the following range of conditions: 154 in the gas mixture, then T= Tpe and Pye= Pye ,200)y450 pe (1.36) Example 1.6—Correcting Pseudocritical Properties for Nitro- ‘gen and Water Vapor Contamination. A gas sample was taken from a well completed in a gas-condensate reservoir, The sample contains significant amounts of CO» and water vapor and a trace of nitrogen. The uncorrected pseudocritcal pressure and tempers ture ae estimated 10 be Pp.=817.6 psia and Tye=444.9°R, respec tively. Calculate the corrected pseudocrtical Properties using both the nitrogen and water vapor corrections and the Wichert and Aziz corrections for CO. The following values apply: yxz=0-302%, Poe =8176 psia, Yy,0=4.110%, Tye =445.9°R, and Yeo, Kes, ‘Solution. 1. Correct the pseudocritical properties fr the presence of HS and CO}, ‘A. For 0.0% HpS and 13.612% CO3, 0+0.13612=0.13612 B. From the Wichert and Ariz corelation equation, £5 1200499426) +15(805—1) = 1207013612)? = (0.13612)1-6] + 15{(0.0)°5 —(0.0)4}=15.00°R. €. The preoocitical temperature corrected for HyS and CO Tje=Tye fA 9~15.00=829.9°R The corrected psewocrieal pressare i Poel (817.64429.9) Pe Tye BL-BIE (844.9)+(0.0N1 ~0.0)15.00) =790.0 psia 2. Correct the pseudocritical properties for nitrogen and water vapor. ‘A. The pseudocritical temperature correction is Tyee ™ ~ 246.1), +400.03 47,9 ~246.110.00302) +400,(0.0411)=15.70°R ‘The pseudocritical pressure correction is 162.09, + 1,270.05430= ~162.0(0.00302) +1,270.0(0.0811)=51.11 pia B. The final corrected pseudociical temperature is Ther @27 2m, “CIES Ppecor 7 (Cy: -¥420) (629.8) @27.2)0.00302)~(1165)00.0811) [1 (0.00302) -0.0411)} =a18.60°R, The final corrected pseudociical pressure is Pfe—($93.19y9,~B.200 1,0 * Prec (Cyn, 0) +15.70 _ 190.) 493.10.00302)~-:20010.0411) ~ 11=.00302)=@.041) 729.0 pia n 1.4.5 Estimating Pseudocritical Properties of Wel-Gas and Gas- Condensate Reservoir Fluids: Recombination Calculations. AS discussed in Sec. 1.4.2, Sutton developed correlations that allow 1s to estimate psoudocritical properties of @ natural gas without a

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