ALUGBATI AND GUAVA EXTRACT AS POTENTIAL HAND SANITIZER

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Antibacterial screening has been done selectively by many researchers in guava essential oil and
solvent extract [1, 4, 20, 21]. The mechanism by which they can inhibit the microorganisms can
involve different modes of action. It has been reported that these oils and extracts penetrate the
lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, rendering it more permeable, leading to the leakage of vital
cell contents [22, 23]. Sanches et al. [24] evaluated the antibacterial activities of guava against
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria testing ethanol and water extract of P. guajava leaves,
stem, bark and root, and aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus were found to be more
active by using ethanol and water extract than with just aqueous extract [1, 7]. Sacchetti et al.
[25] reported that the oil showed a strong resistance against Yarrowia lipolytica which is a
pathogenic yeast. Vieira et al. [26] have also reported the antibacterial effect of guava leaves
extracts and found that they inhibited the growth of the S. aureus. Gnan and Demello [27] testing
guava leaf extract found good antimicrobial activity against nine different strains
of Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of guava leaf extract was tested against acne
developing organisms by Qa'dan et al. [28] concluding that the leaf extracts may be beneficial in
treating acne especially when they are known to have anti-inflammatory activities.

Studies
• Anthocyanins / Natural Food Colorant : Study of pigment extracted from fruits of spinach
vine (B. rubra) showed good stability with a potential as a natural food color. (1)
• Antifungal: Study yielded two antifungal peptides with potent activity against Botrytis cinerea,
Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Fusarium oxysporum. (4)
• Antimicrobial / Leaves: A study of the aqueous, ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts of the
leaves of Basella rubra exhibited antimicrobial activity against all test organisms except P
aeruginosa. The ethanolic extract showed maximum effect against E coli. Further studies are
needed to isolate the active compound responsible for the antimicrobial effect. (6)
• Hypoglycemic / Leaf Pulp: A study of STZ-induced diabetic rats fed with Basella rubra
showed the leaf pulp of B. rubra possesses a strong hypoglycemic effect. (7)
• Volatile Flavor Components: Study identified volatile flavor components. The major
components from the volatile oil were: 1-methoxypropane, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, 3-methoxyphenyl
acetate, acetophenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, isophytol, and phytol. (8)
• Dyestuff / Microbiological Stain: Study showed the anthocyanin extracted from Basella rubra
berries produced a stain comparable with synthetic stains like crystal violet and safranin, and can
be used as an alternative microbiological stain. (9)
• Antidiabetic / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the action of B. rubra against streptozotocin-
ALUGBATI AND GUAVA EXTRACT AS POTENTIAL HAND SANITIZER

induced diabetes in rats. Results showed effective reduction of oxidative stress induced by
streptozotocin and potential reduction in blood sugar level. (12)
• Antihyperglycemic / Antioxidant: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of B. rubra for
antihyperglycemic activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Phytochemical screening showed a rich
source of phytonutrients, including enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants. Results concluded the
aqueous extract exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity. (14)
• Haematologic Effects / Amylase Activity: Study evaluated various extracts for hematologic
parameters on Swiss mice and amylase activity on Wistar rats. Results showed an increase in the
haematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb, and PCV). There was also an increase in amylase
content. Results suggest potential use to prevent various complications in diabetes. (15)
• Antiulcer Activity / Antioxidant: Study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract
of B. rubra leaves on ethanol and pylorus ligated-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Results showed
significant and dose-dependent antiulcer activity and present a potential use in the treatment of
gastric ulcers. (16)
• Fruit / Betacyanin / Antioxidant: Betacyanin extracted from the B alba fruit exhibited
excellent antioxidant activity, beneficial in scavenging free radicals. (18)
• Antimicrobial / Leaves and Stems: Study evaluated various extracts of leaves and stems for
antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Methanol
and aqueous extracts of stems showed maximum activity against S. typhi and P. vulgaris.
Ethanol extracts of leaves and stems showed highest inhibition of B. subtilis and S. typhi.
Antifungal activity was shown against A. niger, C. albicans and R. stolonifers. (21)
• Cytotoxic / Antibacterial: Study evaluated the cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of Basella
alba whole plant extract. A methanolic extract showed significant growth inhibition on human
cancer cell lines and moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus
subtilis. (23)
• Gastroprotective / Leaf Extracts: Study of aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves were
investigated for antiulcer activity on rats in pylorus ligated and ethanol induced ulcer models.
Results showed significant dose-dependent gastroprotective effect substantiated by
histopathological examination of ulcerated stomachs of the animals. (24)
• Increased Testosterone and Estradiol Production: Study evaluated a methanol extract of
Baselia alba (MEBa) for cell viability, steroid production, and level of aromatase mRNA. Results
showed no effect on Leydig cell viability. There was significant stimulation of testosterone and
estradiol production and enhanced aromatase mRNA level. (25)
• Antiurolithiatic / Calcium Oxalate / Leaves: Study of leaves extract of Basella alba showed
admirable dissolving capacity of calcium oxalate crystals in vitro. (27)
• Mucilage Suspending Properties / Leaves: Study evaluated the suitability of mucilage
isolated from leaves of Basella alba leaves as suspending agent. Results showed B. alba leaves
possess properties to be used as a suspending agent, and superior than both tragacanth and
bentonite. (28)
• Burn Wound Healing / Leaves: Study evaluated an aqueous extract of leaves of B. alba
ALUGBATI AND GUAVA EXTRACT AS POTENTIAL HAND SANITIZER

formulated as a gel for burn wound healing activity. Results showed significant improvement in
burn wound contraction. (29)
• Nephroprotective / Gentamycin Induced Renal Toxicity: Study evaluated an ethanolic
extract of B. alba on gentamycin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Results showed
the extract protected GM-induced nephrotoxicity, possibly by enhancing renal antioxidant
agent. (30)
• Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated dried and powdered leaves of B. alba
for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Results showed high activity in removing free radicals
by DPPH (72.3 ± 5.98) and ABTS (78 ± 4.04). 100 mg/m extract showed high activity against
bacterial strains. (32)
• Hypocholesterolemic / Antiatherosclerotic / Leaves: Study evaluated the
hypocholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic effects of B. alba leaf extracts in
hypercholesterolemia induced rabbits. Treatment significantly lowered TC, LDL, and
triglycerides and increased HDL and antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx levels. Treatment also
significantly suppressed aortic plaque formation. Results suggest a potential alternative therapy
for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. (33)
• Positive Effect on Vitamin A Stores: Daily consumption of cooked, pureed green leafy
vegetables or sweet potatoes has a positive effect on vitamin A stores in populations at risk of
vitamin A deficiency. (34)
• Hepatoprotective / Lead Induced Hepatotoxicity / Leaves: Study evaluated an ethanolic
extract of B. alba leaves on lead-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Results showed
significant reduction of alkaline phosphatase, AST, and ALT while glutathione was siginificantly
increase. (35)
• Anti-Inflammatory / Leaves: Study evauated the anti-inflammatory activity of B. alba leaf
extract in experimentally induced inflammation in rats (carrageenan induced paw edema and
cotton pellet granuloma). Results showed significant and effective dose dependent anti-
inflammatory activity. (36)