‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ‬...

‫ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻤﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬

‫ ن‬.‫ح‬ ‫ا اد ا
 ی‬ ‫ا

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= { z = a + ib / a‫و‬b ∈ ‫و‬i 2 = −1} (*
. a, b, a′, b′ &
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"  
!
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 0
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z + z ′ = ( a + ib ) + ( a ′ + ib′ ) :  (* . 
= a + ib + a ′ + ib′ .  " b‫و‬a &
" z = a + ib "! (*
= a + a ′ + ib + ib′ . z ( 
!# 0
! 123
= a + a ′ + i ( b + b′ ) . Ré ( z ) = a ! . z
 4 0 a (
zz ′ = ( a + ib )( a ′ + ib′ ) :  (* . Im ( z ) = b ! . z
  4 0 b (
= aa ′ + ib′a + iba ′ − bb′ z = a ∈  "6) b = 0 "! 25
= ( aa ′ − bb′ ) + i ( b′a + ba ′ ) . z ∈ i :7   z
  z = ib "6) a = 0 "! 25
:!" :
:  .  " b′‫و‬a ‫و‬b‫و‬a
′ "! Im ( z ) = −3  Ré ( z ) = 2   z = 2 − 3i (*
( a + ib ) + ( a′ + ib′ ) = ( a + a ′) + i ( b + b′ ) (* Im ( z ) = −4  Ré ( z ) = 0 z = −4i (*
( a + ib )( a′ + ib′) = ( aa′ − bb′ ) + i ( ab′ + ba′ ) (* . z ∈ i  
.
   (2
:    ($ (d :   (a
.
" z = a + ib "! (* " z ′ = a′ + ib′  z = a + ib "!


z + z ′ = 0 < z ′ " <  . !#  $
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! "8 
z ′ = a ′ + ib′ &' . z = z ′ ⇔ a = a′‫و‬b =b ′ :"6)
z + z ′ = 0 ⇔ ( a + a ′ ) + i ( b + b′ ) = 0  z = a + ib
z = 0 ⇔ a = 0‫و‬b = 0 "   
a + a ′ = 0 a ′ = −a :  0 = 0 + i0
⇔ ⇔
 b + b′ = 0  b′ = −b :!"
z ′ = − a + i ( −b ) :"25 :   " b ′‫و‬a ‫و‬b‫و‬a
′ "!
− z = −a + i ( −b ) :3 z = a + ib
 "25 : ( 23 a + ib = a′ + ib′ ⇔ a = a′‫و‬b =b ′ (*

" z = a + ib "! (*
*  Ré ( z ) = Ré ( z ′ )
z = z′ ⇔ 
zz ′ = 1 < z ′ " <   Im ( z ) = Im ( z ′ )
z ′ = a ′ + ib′ &' a + ib = 0 ⇔ a = 0‫و‬b = 0 (*
zz ′ = 1 ⇔ ( aa ′ − bb′ ) + i ( ab′ + ba ′ ) = 1  Ré ( z ) = 0
z=0⇔ : ( 23
 aa ′ − bb′ = 1 :   Im ( z ) = 0
⇔
ba ′ + b′a = 0 (
, +, ×) #$ (b
a −b .
)  ( & (*
∆= = a 2 + b2
b a 0 + z = z + 0 = z :03   
 & (*
b2 ≠ 0 8 a ≠ 0 "25 z ∈
*   : − z    9

" z  
! (*
∆ ≠ 0 "25 b 2 〉 0 8 a 2 〉 0 "25 . z + (−z ) = (−z) + z = 0
1
 : 1 −b a 1
∆* a ′ = =a ∆b′ = = −b
z = 2 + 4i z = 2 − 4i (* 0 a b 0
z = −1 + i z = −1 − i (* −b a
b′ = ; a′ = 2 "25
z = −2i − 4 z = 2i − 4 (* a +b 22
a + b2
z =5 z =5 (* a −b
z′ = 2 +i 2 :"25
z = −2i z = 2i (* a +b 2
a + b2
1 a −b
:
!" (2 = 2
z a +b 2
+i 2
a + b2
:3 z = a + ib  "25
.  " b  a &
" z = a + ib "! ?1 :
z = a − ib (*
:  &    
 
z = z ⇔ a + ib = a − ib
1 1 a − ib a − ib
⇔ 2ib = 0 ⇔ 2b = 0 ⇔ b = 0 = = =
z a + ib ( a + ib )( a − ib ) a 2 − ( ib )2
⇔z=a
a − ib a b
⇔ z∈ = = 2 −i 2
a +b
2 2
a +b 2
a + b2
:  (*
z = − z ⇔ a − ib = −a − ib :)
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⇔ 2a = 0
.
)
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 *% &
⇔a=0 : i ( => (f
⇔ z = ib i = i .i = −i
3 2
i 2 = −1 : 
⇔ z ∈ i i 4 = i 2 .i 2 = 1
z = z ⇔ z∈ "25 i 5 = i 4 .i = i
z = − z ⇔ z ∈ i n ∈ * "!
i n = i 4k = (i 4 ) = 1
k
: n = 4k "! 25 (*
z =z′⇔z =z′ ; z =z (2 i n = i 4 k +1 = i 4 k .i = i : n = 4k + 1 "! 25 (*
i = i 4 k + 2 = i 4 k .i 2 = −1
n
: n = 4k + 2 "! 25 (*

" z ′ = a ′ + ib ′  z = a + ib "! (3 i n = i 4 k + 3 = i 4 k .i 3 = −i : n = 4k + 3 "! 25 (*
z + z ′ = ( a + a ′ ) + i ( b + b′ ) :   1; n = 4k
:"25  i; n = 4 k + 1

in =  :"25
z + z ′ = ( a + a ′ ) − i ( b + b′ ) −1; n = 4k + 2
= a − ib + a ′ − ib′  −i; n = 4k + 3
= z + z′ :$* 
z + z′ = z + z′ "25 :0(*
z1 + z2 + .... + zn = z1 + z2 + .... + zn : 50
1+ i 
100
1+ i  2

z=  =  
 2   2  
 
 " y‫و‬x &
" z = x + iy "! (4 50
 (1 + i )2   2i 
50
z = x − iy :  =  =   = i 50 = i 4×12 + 2
 2  2
z + z = 2x = 2 Ré ( z )  
= 2i Im ( z ) = ( i 4 ) × i 2 = −1
12
z − z = 2iy
z. z = x 2 + y 2 :
.  " b′, a′, b, a &
" z ′ = a′ + ib′‫و‬z =a +ib "! (5 1+ i 
100
 1− i 
100

:    = 
 2  2
z.z ′ = ( aa ′ − bb′ ) + i ( ab′ + ba ′ ) 1+ i 1− i 1+ i 1− i
≠− ‫وو‬ ≠
zz ′ = ( aa ′ − bb′ ) − i ( ab′ + ba ′ ) "25 2 2 2 2
:  u = v ⇒ u = v‫ أو‬u = −v
n n

z .z ′ = ( a − ib )( a ′ − ib′ ) :   + (II

= aa ′ − ib′a − iba ′ − bb′
.
 (1
= ( aa ′ − bb′ ) − i ( ab′ + ba ′ ) .  " b  a &
" z = a + ib "!
z. z ′ = z . z ′ :"25 :  7( z    2 ( z ( ) 0
. z = a − ib

2
 u = ( a + 2i ) + ( a − 2i ) z .z ′ = z .z ′
n n

(
= ( a + 2i ) + a + 2i ) z 1 .z 2 ......z n = z 1 .z 2 ......z n :"25
n n

z = (z ) (n ∈ )
n n

= ( a + 2i ) + ( a + 2i ) = 2 Ré ( a + 2i ) ( )
n n n

z ′ ≠ 0 <
" z ′‫و‬z "! (6

u∈ "25 z
.z ′ = z : 
v = ( a + 2i ) − ( a − 2i ) z′
n n
: 
( ) − ( a − 2i ) z
n n
= a + 2i .z ′ = z :"25
z′
= ( a − 2i ) − ( a + 2i ) = −v
n n
z
 ′ .z ′ = z : (
v ∈ i "25 v = −v z 
:(2)
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 ′  = ′ :"25
v = ( a + 2i ) − ( a − 2i ) z  z
n n

= ( a + 2i ) − a + 2i( ) z z
n
 ′ = ′
n

z  z
= ( a + 2i ) − ( a + 2i ) = 2i Im ( a + 2i ) ( )
n n n
1 1
 ′ = ′
v ∈ i "25 z  z
2
 ( (7

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)
 P ( z ) = an z n + an −1 z n −1 + .... + a1 z + a0
(1 + i )z − 2iz + 1 − i = 3z − i (1 . ( a ∈  ) .
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(1 + i )z − (2i + 1)z + 1 − i = 3z − i (2 (α ∈
) p ( z ) = 0
(
 α "8 @,
izz − (2i + 1)z + 2 − i = 1 + i (3 P (α ) = 0  ( P ( z ) = 0
(
 α "8 " 

Module d’un complexe :    ,III P (α ) = 0 : ( P ( z ) = 0

 α  
anα n + an −1α n −1 + ... + a1α + a0 = 0 : (
:
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&
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n n −1
: (
z    2   ( z ( ( 0 an α n + an −1α n −1 + ... + a1α + a 0 = 0 : (
z = z. z = a 2 + b 2 :  7( a i = ai "25 ai ∈   
n n −1
: an α + an −1α + ... + a1α + a0 = 0 : 
z = 2 : z = 1− i (* ( )
P α =0 : (
z =5 : z = 3 + 4i (* . P ( z ) = 0
(
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z =4 : z = −4 (* :!"
z =3 : z =3 (* .
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 P ( z ) "!
z =5 : z = −5i (* . P ( z ) = 0

 α "6) P ( z ) = 0
( 9 α "! 25
:
 :$* 
( ∀z ∈
) z ∈ +
(* 1
z = a 2 + 02 = a
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> z = a ∈  "! 25 (* :"( (
u = ( a + 2i ) + ( a − 2i ) , v = ( a + 2i ) − ( a − 2i )
n n n n
.(
z = b =b
2
( b ∈  ) z = ib :"! 25 (* a ∈  <
 " y ‫و‬x & z = x + iy "! (*
:7   v   u "8 " *
u = ( a + 2i ) + ( a − 2i )
n n
z = z. z = x 2 + y 2
2 : 
= ( a + 2i ) + ( a − 2i )
n n
z ∈ + z 2 ∈
"/ z ≠ z2
2 2
 (*
z ′ ≠ 0 <
" z ′‫و‬z "! (* ( ) + ( a − 2i )
n n
= a + 2i
z z′ z z′
= ( a − 2i ) + ( a + 2i ) (a ∈ )
z n n
= = 2 : 
z ′ z′z′ z′
=u
u∈ "25 u = u
:= 8
%

3
 z + z′ = ( z + z ′) . z + z ′
2
( ) :(
= ( z + z ′) .( z + z ′) a + ib ( a + ib )( c − id )
=
= zz + zz ′ + z ′z + z ′z ′ c + id c + id
2

= z + zz ′ + z ′z + z ′
2 2 ( a + ib )( c − id )
=
c2 + d 2
zz ′ + z ′z ≤ 2 z z ′ "8 " 
:
!" (2
zz ′ + z ′z = zz ′ + zz ′ = 2 Ré ( zz ′ ) : 

" z = a + ib "! ?1
Ré ( zz ′ ) ≤ zz ′ :"8 ;( 
a ≤ a +b 2 2
a ≤ a + b
2 2 2
2 Ré ( zz ′ ) ≤ 2 zz ′ : ( "25   
b ≤ a + b
2 2 2
b ≤ a 2 + b2
zz ′ + z ′z ≤ 2 z z ′
a ≤ a ≤ a 2 + b2
z + z ′ + zz ′ + z ′z ≤ z + z ′ + 2 z z ′
2 2 2 2
"25
b ≤ b ≤ a 2 + b2
z + z′ ≤ ( z + z′ )
2 2
:"25
z + z′ ≤ z + z′ :!" :!"
Ré ( z ) ≤ Ré ( z ) ≤ z
:$* 
Im ( z ) ≤ Im ( z ) ≤ z
:
 *B ) z ( ( 08 1

" z = a + ib "! ?2
z =0⇔ z =0
100 2
31 3
z = (1 − i )  + i  (*
 2 2  ⇔ a 2 + b 2 = 0 ⇔ a 2 = 0‫و‬b 2
=0
:  ⇔ a = 0‫و‬b = 0

31 3 
100
( ∀z ∈
) z =0⇔ z=0 :!"
z = (1 − i )  + i 

" z ′‫و‬z "! ?3
2 2 
zz ′ = zz ′.zz ′ = zz ′.z.z ′
2
100
1 3 
= (1 − i )  +
3
i  = z.z.z ′.z ′ = z . z ′
2 2

2 2 
= ( z . z′ )
2
100
1 3
= 1− 3 +
3
i zz ′ = z . z ′ :"25
2 2
2 :!"
= 3 .1100 = 2 2
z .z ′ = z . z ′
n
 2 2 n n
+i  × i

 2 2 
∏z i =∏ zi
z= (* i =1 i =1

( 3 − 4i )
2
= z (n ∈ )
n n
z
n
 2 2 z ′ ≠ 0 <
" z ′‫و‬z "! ?4
 +i  ×i
 2 2  2

z =
z  z  z 
=   
( 3 − 4i ) z′  z′   z′ 
2

2
1n.1 1 z z zz z
= = = . = = 2
25 25 ′
z z ′ ′
zz ′ z′
 −i  z
z ∈
−   "! 2 z
= :"25
2 z′ z′
z + 2i
u= ( (  z ′ ≠ 0 <
" z ′‫و‬z :!"
2z + i
z z 1 1
u = 1 ⇔ z = 1 :"8 " = =
z′ z′ z′ z′

" z ′‫و‬z "! ?5

z + z′ ≤ z + z′ "8 " 
: 

4
 M ′ = S( o,e1 ) ( M ) ⇔ aff ( M ′′ ) = aff ( M ) : 
u =1⇔ u =1
2
M ′ = S0 ( M ) ⇔ qff ( M ′ ) = −aff ( M )
⇔ u.u = 1
M ( a, b ) z = a + ib  M "! ?3
z + 2i z + 2i
OM = ( a − 0)
2
+ (b − 0)
2
⇔ . =1
:  2z + i 2z + i
= a2 + b2 = z z + 2i z − 2i
⇔ . =1
!" 2z + i 2z − i
⇔ ( z + 2i )( z − 2i ) = ( 2 z + i )( 2 z − i )
OM = aff ( M ) : P " M
!
⇔ zz − 2iz + 2iz − 4 = 4 zz − 2iz + 2iz + 1
⇔ 3 zz = 3
:$*  ⇔ zz = 1
(ξ ) $D 5   A "8 " . A ( −3 + 4i )
%  ( ?1
⇔ z =1
2

. 5 (# o 3! 

⇔ z =1
OA = aff ( A ) = −3 + 4i
:  :   #- (  ,IV
= 9 + 16 = 5  
( o, e1 , e2 ) ;.;.;.; 5 0  =0 "8  
! ) @,
A ∈ (ξ ) :"25
affixe d’un point :*# + ,1
E = {M ( z ) / 2 z = 5} :
 ( ?2
.$ 3  E
(% 
:
 (a
M
%   0 z = a + ib ( M ( a, b )
%
! (*
M (z)∈ E ⇔ 2 z = 5
aff ( M ) = z :! 
5
⇔ z =
2 ) z $ 0 M ( a, b )
% 
" z = a + ib
! (*
⇔ OM =
5 . M ( z ) !  .( =0
2
:
 5
⇔ M ∈ ξ  0,  A (1,1) 3 1 + i ( $ (*
 2
B (1, −2 ) 3 1 − 2i ( $ (*
5
. (# o 3!  (ξ ) $D 3 E "25 C ( 2, 0 ) 3 2 ( $ (*
2
:(2)
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: E

!
(   E ( 0, 2 ) 3 2i ( $ (*
:"25 . z = x + iy &'
F ( 0, −3) 3 −3i ( $ (*
M (z)∈ E ⇔ 2 z = 5
5
:
 
⇔ z =
2
. =0 0 ( o, e1 , e2 ) ;
5 0  ( P ) =0
25  0
 /  " "!
)/ 
⇔ z =
2

4 .
25 0 7
  /  " "! / 
⇔ x2 + y 2 =
4 .  

25 5 M ∈ ( o, e1 ) ⇔ aff ( M ) ∈ 
= (# o 3! $D
( 123 
4 2 M ∈ ( o, e2 ) ⇔ aff ( M ) ∈ i
. ξ  o,   E "25
5
:
!" (b
 2
.
 f :
→ P % ?1
:-'  + (2 z → M ( z)
:
 (a aff ( M ) = aff ( M ′ ) ⇔ M = M ′
 
u
  0 z = a + ib ( u ( a, b )

!
 z = a + ib & M ( z ) "!
?2
aff ( u ) = z ! 
 
0  M ( z )
C 3 M ′ ( z ) "25 z = a − ib  
) z ( $ 0 u ( a, b )
 z = a + ib
!
 .
)/
. u ( z ) ! . v2  =0
0  M ( z )
C 3 M ( − z ) "25 − z = −a − ib  
′′
.;(
/

5
  
AB = DC :  :
!" (b
.E9'/  ABCD  .
 f :
→ V2 % ?1
2 
z → u (z)
   
1 3 u = v ⇔ aff ( u ) = aff ( v )
j = − +i & C ( j ) ; B ( j ) ; A (1) %  (  
2 2 z = z ′ ⇔ u ( z ) = v ( z ′)
.E9'8 0 ABC "8 "  
v ( z ′)  u ( z ) "! ?2
AB = aff ( B ) − aff ( A ) :  z ′ = a ′ + ib ′  z = a + ib &
   
1 3 3 3 u + v ( a + a ′, b + b′ ) "25 v ( a ′, b ′ )  u ( a , b )  
= − +i −1 = − + i  
2 2 2 2 aff ( u + v ) = a + a ′ + i ( b + b′ )
2 = a + ib + a ′ + ib′ :"25
 −3   3 
2

=   +   = 3  
= z + z = aff ( u ) + aff ( v )
′
 2   2 

α u (α a, α b ) : α ∈  "!
1 3
AC = aff ( C ) − aff ( A ) = − − i −1 
aff (α u ) = α a + α ib = α ( a + ib ) = α z
2 2

2
= α aff ( u )
 3  3
2
3 3
= − −i =  −  +  −  = 3 :!"
2 2  2   2   " β ‫ و‬α  V2 " v ‫و‬u "!
 
   
1 3 1 3 aff ( u + v ) = aff ( u ) + aff ( v ) : 
BC = aff ( C ) − aff ( B ) = − − −i + −i  
2 2 2 2 aff (α u ) = α aff ( u )
   
3  3
2
aff (α u + β v ) = α aff ( u ) + β aff ( v )
= −2i = 4   = 3
2  2   
AB = BC = AC :"25 u ( a, b ) z = a + ib & u ( z ) "! ?3
 
.E9'/ 0 ABC   u = a 2 + b 2 = z = aff ( u ) : 
A1    z1 "! ?5   
u = aff ( u ) :  V2 " u
!
A2    z2 "!
M ( a, b ) : z = a + ib & M ′ ( z ′ )‫و‬M (z ) "! ?4
. z1 + z2 $  
M ′ ( a ′, b′ ) :z ′ = a ′ + ib′
: 
( ) ( )
 
z1 + z2 = aff OA1 + aff OA2 
MM ′ ( a ′ − a, b′ − b )
( )
 
= aff OA1 + OA2
( )

   aff MM ′ = a ′ − a + i ( b′ − b )
OA = OA1 + OA2 <
%  A "!
= a ′ + ib′ − ( a + ib ) = z ′ − z = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
( E9'8  OA1 AA2 )
( )
 
MM ′ = MM ′ = aff MM ′
z1 + z2 = aff ( OA ) = aff ( A ) "25

: 
:!" = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
 3 z2 + z1 :"6) A2  z2  A1
%   z1 "! 25 :!"
  
.E9'8  OA1 AA2 8 OA = OA1 + OA2 < A
%  : P " M ′‫و‬M
!
( )

α ∈  "! . A    z "! ?6 aff MM ′ = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
. α z $   ? MM ′ = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
( )

α z = α aff OA
  :$* 
= aff (α OA )

D ( 2 ) ; C ( 3 + i ) ; B (1 + 2i ) ; A ( i ) %  ( 1
 
OA′ = α OA <
% A′ "! .E9'8  ABCD "8 "
 
( )

α z = aff OA′ = aff ( A′ )   AB = DC "8 " 
( )

aff AB = aff ( B ) − aff ( A )
:!"
M ′  3 α z "6)   α  M
%   z "! 25 = 1 + 2i − i = 1 + i
  : 
( )

OM ′ = α OM < aff DC = aff ( C ) − aff ( D )
= 3 + i − 2 = 1+ i
( ) ( ) "25
 
aff AB = aff DC

6
 :!" :
$* (c
% 3  
A ≠ B < zC , z B , z A >8 "! C B A (a ∈
) z → z + a % 0 
F ?1
:"! 25 %) 25
0 C  B  A %  "!
:% (
zC − z A P→P
. ∈ a ∈
&
f:
zB − z A M ( z ) → M ′ ( z ′) / z ′ = z + a
:$*  f
(%  
z ∈
< M ′ ( iz ) , M ( z ) , A ( i ) % 
( . M ′ ( z ′ )  P "
% M ( z ) "!
M '  M  A 8 " "!  M % 
  z′ = z + a : 
( )

.
0 aff MM ′ = aff ( M ′ ) − aff ( M )
: 
:1# 2    (0/ ,V = z+a−z = a

1# 2   3 (1 . a  u "!
aff ( MM ′ ) = aff ( u )
 
:
 "25
 
. z ( $ M  z ∈
* "! MM ′ = u  (
( e1 , OM )

 +>
!
 
u (a) 
5 f "25
. z ( $ 0 :!"
: f : P→P % a ∈
"!

!#  
! "6) e1 , OM(
 
)
 0> α "! 25 M ( z ) → M ′ ( z ′) / z ′ = z + a

a   u 
5
(
 
)
+> 3 ( k ∈  )α + 2kπ
. e1 , OM

3 α + 2kπ :
!#  
! "6) z
$ α "! 25 :"25 :*
! # + ,2
z
$
{( A,1)( B,1)} & I  ( [ AB ] 7  I "!
arg ( z ) = α [ 2π ] 8 arg ( z ) = α + 2k π :!
( )
 1  
: OI = OA + OB : 
2
1 + 3i ;1 − i ;1 + i ; − 2i ;3i ; − 3; 2
:/ "
! $ 
( ) ( )
  1   
aff ( I ) = aff OI = aff  OA + OB  :"25
:  / 12  G, F , E , D, C , B, A "! 2 
: 
( ( ) ( ))
1  
= aff OA + aff OB
(
 
)
*arg ( 2 ) ≡ e1 , OA [ 2π ] ≡ 0 [ 2π ] 2
aff ( I ) = ( aff ( A ) + aff ( B ) )
1
( )
  :"25
*arg ( −3) ≡ e1 , OB [ 2π ] ≡ π [ 2π ] 2
:!"
*arg ( 3i ) ≡ ( e , OC ) [ 2π ] ≡ [ 2π ]
  π
1
2
:"6) [ AB ] 7  I "! 25

*arg ( −2i ) ≡ ( e , OD ) [ 2π ] ≡ − [ 2π ]
  π
( aff ( A) + aff ( B ) )
1
1
aff ( I ) =
2 2

*arg (1 + i ) ≡ ( e , OE ) [ 2π ] ≡ [ 2π ]
  π :
{( B, β )( A,α )} & G "! 25
1
4
*arg (1 − i ) ≡ ( e , OF ) [ 2π ] ≡ − [ 2π ]
  π
(α aff ( A) + β aff ( B ) )
1
aff ( G ) = :"6)
1
4
α+β
*arg (1 + 3i ) ≡ ( e , OG ) [ 2π ] ≡ α [ 2π ]
 
1
:*# .   */ ,3
. tan α = 3 < A ≠ B < zC , z B , z A >8 C ‫و‬B‫و‬A "!
 
(
0 C ‫و‬B‫و‬A ) ⇔ ( ∃α ∈  ) : AC = α AB
( ) ( )
 
⇔ ( ∃α ∈  ) : aff AC = α aff AB
⇔ ( ∃α ∈  ) : zC − z A = α ( z B − z A )
zC − z A
⇔ ( ∃α ∈  ) : α =
zB − z A
zC − z A
⇔ ∈
zB − z A

7
 $*  :
1 z ∈  ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ 0 [ 2π ]
*
+ (*
:
 I CC
!#  z ∈  ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ π [ 2π ]
*
(*
−
arg ( z ) ≡ 0 [ 2π ] ‫و‬z = 5   z = 5 (* π
z = [5, 0] "25 z ∈ i*+ ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ [ 2π ] (*
2
z = −3 (* π
z ∈ i*− ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ − [ 2π ] (*
z = [3, π ] "25 arg ( z ) ≡ π [ 2π ] , z = 3 2
z = 2i (* z ∈  + ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ kπ ( k ∈  ) (*
 π π π
z =  2,  "25 arg ( z ) ≡ [ 2π ] , z = 2 z ∈  − ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ + kπ (*
 2 2 2
z = −3i (* :1# 2    (0/ (2
 π
z = 3, − 
π
"25 arg ( z ) ≡ − [ 2π ] ; z = 3
:

 2 2 z = r :1( r   θ "! . z ∈
"!
z = 1 + i 3 (* arg ( z ) ≡ θ [ 2π ]
z =2 . z $ M "!
z = 1+ i 3 OM = aff ( M ) = z = r  
1 3 : M *C8  
= 2  + i 
2 2  M ( r cos θ , r sin θ )
 π π aff ( M ) = r cos θ + ir sin θ "25
= 2  cos + i sin 
 3 3 aff ( M ) = z
 π z = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) "25
z =  2, 
 3
:
  !"
z =2 ; z = 3 − i (*
 $
% ! z ;(    
!
 3 1 θ ≡ arg ( z ) [ 2π ]  z = r < z = r ( cosθ + i sin θ )
!#
z = 2  − i  : 
 2 z = [ r ,θ ] !  . z ( CC
!# 0
! 123
2
 π π
= 2  cos − i sin  :
 6 6
.CC
!# B $ B  *0 z = 0 (*
 π π
= 2  cos − + i sin −  G 0 ( r ,θ ) "6) z $ M  z = [ r ,θ ] "! 25 (*
 6 6
π
. M

% *C/

z =  2, −   r = r′
 6 [ r ,θ ] = [ r ′,θ ′] ⇔ θ ≡ θ ′ (*
z = − 2 + 6i (*  [ 2π ]
 z = z ′
z = z′ ⇔  : (
− 2 6  arg ( z ) = arg ( z ′ ) [ 2π ]
z = 2 2  + i 
2 2 2 2   & z
CC H 

* " z = a + ib "! (*
 1 3  π π


= 2 2  − + i  = 2 2  − cos + i sin   a b 
 2 2   3 3 z = a + ib = a 2 + b 2  +i 

 a +b a 2 + b2 
2 2
  π  π 
= 2 2  cos  π −  + i sin  π −   a 2
b2
  3  3  + =1  
a2 + b2 a 2 + b2
 2π 
z =  2 2,  b a
 3  sin α = ‫ و‬cos α = :< α  "25
a +b
2 2
a + b2
2

z = a 2 + b 2 ( cos α + i sin α ) :"25

:!"
z = r ( cos α + i sin α ) 3 z
CC
!#
" z = a + ib *

a b
cos α = ‫ وو‬sin α = r = a 2 + b 2 <
a +b
2 2
a +b
2 2

8
 α z =2 2 z = − 6 −i 2 (*
z = 2 cos  
2 − 6 2 
α z = 2 2  −i 
[0, 2π ] ) cos $#5 +  ? 2 2 2 2 
2
α α π − 3 1
cos = 0 ⇔ cos = cos = 2 2  − i 
2 2 2  2 2
α π π π
⇔ + kπ
= 
= 2 2  − cos − i sin 
2 2
 6 6
⇔ α = π + 2kπ
  π  π 
.α = π :"25 α ∈ [ 0, 2π ]   = 2 2  cos  π +  + i sin  π +  
  6  6 
α α
z = 2 cos "25 cos 〉 0 "6) α ∈ [ 0, π [ "! 25 ?  7π 
2 2 z =  2 2,  :"25
 6 
α αα
z = 2 cos  cos + i sin  "25 α ∈ < z = sin α + i cos α (*
2 2 2
z = 1  
 α α 
z =  2 cos ,    z = sin α + i cos α
 2 2
α α π  π 
z = 2 cos ‫و‬z arg ( ) ≡ [ 2π ] = cos  − α  + i sin  − α 
2 2  2   2 
α α  π 
z = −2 cos "25 cos 〈0 "6) α ∈ ]π , 2π ] "! 25 ? z = 1, − α 
2 2  2 
α αα z =1   z = − sin α − i cos α (*
z = 2 cos  cos + i sin 
2 2 2 z = − sin α − i cos α
α α α π  π 
= −2 cos  − cos − i sin  = − cos  − α  + i sin  − α 
2 2 2 2  2 
α  α  α   π   π 
= −2 cos  cos  π +  + i sin  π +   = cos  π + − α  + i sin  π + − α 
2  2  2   2   2 
 α α  3π   3π 
z =  −2 cos , π +  = cos  − α  + i sin  −α 
 2 2  2   2 
α α  3π
z = 2 cos  arg ( z ) ≡  π +  [ 2π ] "25 z = 1,

−α  :"25
2  2  2 
z = 0  ( z = 0 "6) α = π "! 25 ? α ∈  , a ∈ * & z = a ( cos α + i sin α ) (*
.$  + z "25 z = a  
z ‫و‬z  3 (3 z = a "6) a〉 0 "! 25
z = [ r ,θ ] "! z = a ( cos α + i sin α )  
z =  r ,θ  = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) :  * z = [ a, α ] "25
= r ( cos θ − i sin θ ) z = − a "6) a〈0 "! 25

= r ( cos ( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ ) )
z = a ( cos α + i sin α )
z [ r , −θ ] "25
= − a ( − cos α − i sin α )

arg ( z ) = −θ [ 2π ] = − a ( cos (π + α ) + i sin (π + α ) )

= −ar ( z ) [ 2π ] z = [ − a, π + α ] :"25
− z = −r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) :  * :
= r ( − cos θ − i sin θ ) z = [ a, α ] "6) a〉 0 & z = a ( cos α + i sin α ) :"! 25

= r ( cos (π + θ ) + i sin (π + θ ) ) 2

α ∈ [ 0, 2π ] & z = 1 + cos α + i sin α
− z = [r,π + θ ]
z $ ( 
arg ( − z ) = arg ( z ) + π [ 2π ]
z = 1 + cos α + i sin α
:!" α α α
= 2 cos 2 + 2i sin cos
arg ( z ) = − arg ( z ) [ 2π ] ;  r ,θ  = [ r , −θ ] (* 2 2 2
α α α
arg ( − z ) = arg ( z ) + π [ 2π ] ; − [ r ,θ ] = [ r , π + θ ] (* = 2 cos  cos + i sin 
2 2 2
9
 z  1
arg   ≡ arg  z ×  [ 2π ]
 3 (4


 z′   z′ 
:4' (a
1 z ′ = [ r ′,θ ′] ‫و‬z r= [ ,θ ]
≡ arg ( z ) + arg   [ 2π ] "!
 z′ 
zz ′ = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) r ′ ( cos θ ′ + i sin θ ′ )
≡ arg ( z ) − arg ( z ′ ) [ 2π ]
= rr ′ ( cos θ cos θ ′ − sin θ sin θ ′ ) + i ( cos θ sin θ ′ + sin θ cos θ ′ ) 
:!"
= rr ′ ( cos (θ + θ ′ ) + i sin (θ + θ ′ ) )
[ r , θ ] =  r ,θ − θ ′ 
[ r ′,θ ′]  r ′ 
 zz ′ = [ rr ′,θ + θ ′] "25
z arg ( zz ′ ) = arg ( z ) + arg ( z ′ ) [ 2π ]
arg   ≡ arg ( z ) − arg ( z ′ ) [ 2π ]
 z′  :!"
:$*  [ r ,θ ] × [ r ′,θ ′] = [ rr ′,θ + θ ′] (*
1 arg ( zz ′ ) = arg ( z ) + arg ( z ′ ) [ 2π ] (*
:
 *B ) z
CC
!# 
:
(1 − i )
4
( 3 +i ) n
 n n

z = 2i ∏ [ r ,θ ] = ∏ r , ∑θ  (*
( )
2 i i i i
5 3 − 3i i =1 i =1 i =1

 π  n  n
* 2i =  2,  :  arg  ∏ zi  = ∑ arg ( zi ) [ 2π ] (*
 2  i =1  i =1
 2 2
1 − i = 2  −i  ( n ∈  ) [ r ,θ ]
n
=  r n , nθ  (*
 2 2 
 π π
= 2  cos − + i sin −  (n ∈ IN ) arg ( z n ) = n arg ( z ) [ 2π ] (*
 4 4
 π
* 1 − i =  2, − 
 4 z = [ r ,θ ] "! : (b
 3 1 1 1 1  cos θ − i sin θ 
3 + i = 2  + i  = =  
 2 2 [ r ,θ ] r ( cosθ + i sin θ ) r  1 
π π ( cos ( −θ ) + i sin ( −θ ) ) =  r , −θ  = z
 1 1 1
= 2  cos + i sin  =
 6 6 r  
 π 1
* 3 + i =  2,  arg   ≡ − arg ( z ) [ 2π ]
 6 z
* 5 = [5, 0] :!"
1 1 
1 3  π π =  , −θ  (*
* 3 − 3i = 2 3  − i  = 2 3  cos − + i sin − 
 3
[ r ,θ ] r 
2 2  3
1
 π arg   ≡ − arg ( z ) [ 2π ] (*
3 − 3i =  2 3, −  z
 3
( n ∈  ) :
1 1 1 
:"25 [ r ,θ ]
−n
= = =  n , −nθ 
[ r ,θ ]  r , nθ   r
n n

 π  π  π  π  π
n

 2, 2  ×  2, − 4  ×  2, 6   2, 2  × [ 4, −π ] ×  2, 6 
[ r ,θ ]
−n
=  r − n , − nθ  "25
z= =
π π
[5, 0] × 12, −2  arg ( z ) ≡ −n arg ( z ) [ 2π ]
2

[5, 0] ×  2 3, − 
−n

 3  3
 π
16, − 3   16 π  ( ∀n ∈  ) [ r ,θ ] =  r n , nθ 
n
:"25
= = ,
 π   60 3  arg ( z n ) ≡ n arg ( z ) [ 2π ]
 60, − 2
3 
:5" (c
2
[ r ,θ ] = r ,θ × 1
z1 [ ] ′ ′
z=
z2
, z2 = 1 + i , z1 = 1 + i 3 "! [ r ′,θ ′] [ r ,θ ]
1  r 
z2 ‫و‬z "
! CC
!#  ? = [ r ,θ ] .  , −θ ′ =  ,θ − θ ′
′ ′
1
 r   r 

10
 :  π π
‫ و‬cos J 0 ?
( )
sin
( )    
u , v ≡ OA, OB [ 2π ] 12 12
1 3
≡ ( OA, e ) + ( e , OB ) [ 2π ]
    z1 = 1 + i 3 = 2  + i   
1 1 2 2 

≡ ( e , OB ) − ( e , OA ) [ 2π ]
     π π
1 1
= 2  cos + i sin 
 3 3
≡ arg ( aff ( B ) ) − arg ( aff ( A ) ) [ 2π ]  π
z1 =  2, 
≡ arg ( zv ) − arg ( zu ) [ 2π ]  3
≡ arg ( aff ( v ) ) − arg ( aff ( u ) ) [ 2π ]
   2 2
z2 = 1 + i = 2  +i 
:!"  2 2 

( )
u , v ≡ arg ( aff ( v ) ) − arg ( aff ( u ) ) [ 2π ]
     π π
= 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
:!"
7  π
(  
) ( ( )) z2 =  2, 

e1 , AB ≡ arg aff AB − arg (1) [ 2π ] (*  4

≡ arg ( aff ( B ) − aff ( A ) )  π

 2, 3   π
= 
z1
≡ arg ( z B − z A ) [ 2π ] z= =  2, 
z2  π  12 
(  
)
e1 , AB ≡ arg ( z B − z A ) [ 2π ]
 2, 4 
 π
( ) ( ( )) ( ( )) [2π ] z =  2,  :  (*
   
AB, CD ≡ arg aff CD − arg aff AB (*  12 

≡ arg ( z D − zC ) − arg ( z B − z A ) [ 2π ]  π π 
z = 2  cos + i sin  (1)
 12 12 
( AB, CD ) ≡ arg  zz − zC 
  D

B
 [ 2π ]
− zA  z=
z1 1 + i 3
= =
( )
1 + i 3 (1 − i )
 
z2 1+ i 2
:$* 
1
1− i + i 3 + 3 1+ 3  3 −1 
:"
" z2 ‫و‬z 1 < C ( z2 ) , B ( z1 ) , A ( i ) %  ( = = + i   = z ( 2)
2 2  2 
. z2 = iz1 + i + 1
:"8 J 0 (2)  (1) "
. A ) ">0 0
 ;D> ABC <C "8 "
 π 4 3
( )  z − zA   2 cos =
 
AB, AC ≡ arg  C  [ 2π ] :  

12 2
 zB − z A  π 3 −1

:   2 sin 12 = 2
zC − z A iz1 + i + 1 − i
=  π 6+ 2  π 3 +1
zB − z A z1 − i cos = cos =
 12 4  12 2 2
iz + 1   (  8
= 1  sin π = 6 − 2  sin π = 3 −1
z1 − i  12  12
4  2 2
i ( z1 − i )  π
=
z1 − i
= i = 1, 
 2
[ r , α ] = [ r , α + 2k π ] :
:  
 z − zA  π 1 3
arg  C  ≡ arg ( i ) [ 2π ] ≡ [ 2π ] −i z = ( (
 zB − z A  2 2 2
( )
  π
AB, AC ≡ [ 2π ] : z 2000 08 (1
2
z n ∈ IR 8 " "!  n 0  ( ;>  (2
. A ) ">0 0
 ;D> ABC "25
. z n n (% ( ;> 0  (3
2

 K#   : -'  6 (5
 
zv ‫و‬z   3 "(   " v ‫و‬u "!
π

  u

E = M (z ) / arg(z − i ) 2 ≡ [ 2π ]    

OB = v ‫و‬OA = u < "%  B‫و‬A "!
 3 
( )
 
aff ( A ) = aff OA = aff ( u ) = zu

( )
 
aff ( B ) = aff OB = aff ( v ) = zv

11
 :
!" (b :- $*   8! (6
iθ iθ ′
=e
i (θ +θ ′ )
[1,θ ] = [1, nθ ] n ∈  ‫ و‬θ ∈  "!
n
e .e (*
iθ
e ( cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos ( nθ ) + i sin ( nθ )
n
=e( )
i θ −θ ′
(* : (
iθ ′
e
1
:!"
iθ
= e − iθ (* ( ∀θ ∈  )( ∀n ∈  )
e
( ∀n ∈  ) ( eiθ ) ( cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos ( nθ ) + i sin ( nθ )
n n
= einθ (*

(e ) = e
iθ − iθ
(*
sin x  cos x
B sin(nx )  cos(nx ) 0
:
$*
−eiθ = eiπ .eiθ = e (
i π +θ )
(*
( cos nx + i sin nx ) = ( cos x + i sin x )
n
:  ?
:Euler   8! (8 n
= ∑ Cnk ( cos x ) . ( i sin x )
k n−k
(1) eix = cos x + i sin x : x ∈  "! k =0

e − ix = cos ( − x ) + i sin ( − x )  n
n−k 
cos ( nx ) = Ré  ∑ Cnk ( cos x ) . ( i sin x ) 
k
: 
( 2 ) e−ix = cos x − i sin x  k =0 
:"8 J 0 (1) + ( 2 ) "  n n−k 
sin ( nx ) = Im  ∑ Cnk ( cos x ) . ( i sin x ) 
k

2 cos x = e ix + e − ix  k =0 

cos x = (e ix + e − ix
:(
1
2
) "25
sin x  cos x
B sin 5x  cos 5x 0
:"8 J 0 (1) − ( 2 ) " cos 5 x + i sin 5 x = ( cos x + i sin )
5

2i sin x = eix − e − ix
= cos5 x + 5cos 4 ( i sin x ) + 10 cos3 x ( i sin x )
2

sin x = (e ix − e − ix )
1
"25
+10 cos 2 x ( i sin x ) + 5cos ( i sin x ) + ( i sin x )
3 4 5
2i
:!" = cos5 x + 5cos 4 x ( i sin x ) − 10 cos3 x sin 2 x
cos x = ( e + e−ix )
1 ix −10i cos 2 x sin 3 x + 5cos x sin 4 x + i sin 5 x
= ( cos5 x − 10 cos3 x sin 2 x + 5cos x sin 4 x )
2
sin x = ( eix − e − ix )
1
2i +i ( 5cos 4 x sin x − 10 cos 2 x sin 3 x + sin 5 x )
:
− ix
e +e
ix
= 2 cos x : 
cos 5 x = ( cos x − 10 cos x sin x + 5cos x sin x )
− ix
e −e
ix
= 2i sin x 5 3 2 4

sin 5 x = ( 5cos 4 x sin x − 10 cos 2 x sin 3 x + sin 5 x )

:
CC
 %%  :+$*
. sin x  cos x
B !  ( :   9 6  (7
: :6  (a
P ( x ) = cos3 x sin 3 x :
 %%  e iθ
: [1,θ ] ( 
 eiθ = [1,θ ] = cos θ + i sin θ
 cos x = 2 ( e + e )
1 ix − ix

 "8 ;( :

sin x = 1 ( eix + e − ix ) [ r ,θ ] = r ( cosθ + i sin θ ) = re iθ

 2i
:"25 [ r ,θ ] = reiθ
:
π
i π π 2 2
*) e 4
= cos + i sin = +i
4 4 2 2
π
i π π
*) e 2
= cos =i+ i sin
2
2
*) eiπ = cos π + i sin π = −1
π
 3 1  π π i
*) 3 + i = 2  + i  = 2  cos + i sin  = 2e 6
 2 2  6 6

12
 :1# 2   ## :' ,VI  −1 2
P ( x) = (
1 ix
e + e − ix ) ×  ( eix + e − ix ) 
3

8  4 
:
 (1 −1
= ( eix + e − ix )( eix + e − ix ) ( eix + e− ix )
2 2
n ∈  − {1} ‫ "
و‬z "!
*
32

! z ( n
 " 2 8    2 0 −1
= ( eix + e − ix )( e2ix + e −2ix )
2

zn = Z  z  32
: −1
= ( eix + e − ix )( e4ix + e −4ix − 2 )
(i ) =1 , i = −1 (*
32
2 2

−1
.?1 ( 2
 " 2 −i ‫و‬i "
! = ( ei 5 x + e−3ix − 2eix + e3ix + e−5ix + −2e− ix )
32
( −i ) = 1 , i 4 = 1 , ( −1) = 1 , 14 = 1 (* −1 i 5 x
4 4

= ( e + e− i 5 x ) + ( e3ix + e−3ix ) − 2 ( eix + e− ix ) 

.1 ( 4
 " 2 −i, i, −1,1 / 32  
−1
. n $   :'  (2 = ( 2 cos ( 5 x ) + 2 cos ( 3 x ) − 4 cos ( x ) )
32
r 〉 0 & z = reiθ :"! −1
P ( x ) = ( cos ( 5 x ) + cos ( 3x ) − 2 cos ( x ) ) "25
q〉 0 & z = eeiq &' 16
z n = Z ⇔ e n ein = reiθ :  " E CC
!# " <
% :
 e = r
n :( +,  "(
⇔
n ≡ θ [ 2π ] 1%
e = n r  = n r
 
⇔  θ  2π  ⇔  θ 2k e i α + e i β = (cos α + cos β ) + i (sin α + sin β )
 ≡    = + ( k ∈  ) α +β α −β α +β α −β
 n n   n n = 2 cos( ) cos( ) + i 2sin( ) cos( )
2 2 2 2
= n r

⇔  θ 2 kπ
α −β  α +β α +β 
= 2 cos( ) cos( ) + i sin( )
 ≡ + [ 2π ] / k ∈ {0,1, 2,..., ( n − 1)} 2  2 2 
 n n
 θ 2 kπ 
i +
/ k ∈ {0,1, 2,..., ( n − 1)}

⇔ z = n re  n n 
e i α − e i β = (cos α − cos β ) + i (sin α − sin β )
.  2 n L 3 "25 α +β α −β α +β α −β
= −2sin( ) sin( ) + i 2 cos( ) sin( )
:!" 2 2 2 2
n ∈  − {1}
 ( r〉 0 &) Z = reiθ "!
* α −β  α +β α +β 
= 2sin( )  − sin( ) + i cos( )
:/ 3
   2 123 .  2 n
 Z ( 2  2 2 
 θ 2 kπ 
i +
/ k ∈ {0,1, 2,..., ( n − 1)}

zk = n r .e  n n 
2
%
α +β α −β
:
 i  i −i
α −β

*) eiα + ei β = e +e
2
2
e 2

Z = − 2 −i 2  3 
    
α +β
i α−β
Z      =e 2
× 2 cos
2
Z = − 2 −i 2 :  α−β  α+β α+β 
= 2 cos  cos + i sin 
− 2 2 2  2 2 
= 2  −i 
 2 2  i
α +β
 i α −2 β −i
α −β

*) eiα − ei β = e −
2
2
 e e 
  π  π   
= 2  cos  π +  + i sin  π +  
  4  4  i
α +β
α−β
5π =e 2
× 2i sin
i 2
Z = 2e 4
:"25 π α +β
α−β i i
:/ 3 Z
3
 " 2 "25 = 2sin .e 2 .e 2
2
 α + β +π 
α−β i 
= 2sin .e  2 
2
α−β  α + β +π α + β +π 
= 2sin  cos + i sin 
2  2 2 

13
 5π 2 kπ
w0 = eio = 1 +
k ∈ {0,1, 2}
i
zk = 3 2.e 12 3

w1 = eiπ = −1 5π
i
:/ 3 $ 3
 " 2 (2 z0 = 3 2.e 12

2 kπ 3π

/ k ∈ {0,1, 2}
i i
wk = e 3
z1 = 3 2.e 12
21π 7π
:3 2 123 i i
z2 = 3 2.e 12
= 3 2.e 4

 7π 7π 
w0 = eio = 1 = 3 2  cos + i sin 
2π  4 4 
i 2π 2π
w1 = e 3
= cos + i sin   π  π 
3 3 = 3 2  cos  2π −  + i sin  2π −  
  4  4 
 π  π
= cos  π −  + i sin  π −   2
 3  3 2
z2 = 3 2  −i 
π π  2 2 
= − cos + i sin
3 3 :## :' ! (3
2π
1
w1 = − + i
3
= j j=e
i
3
1
= − +i
3 ( r〉0) Z = reiθ "!
2 2 2 2
4π
/ 3 Z

   2
i  π  π θ 2 kπ
w2 = e = cos  π +  + i sin  π + 
/ k ∈ {0,1, 2,..., ( n − 1)}
3 i +
 3  3 zk = n r .e n n

1 3   zn −1 ,..., z1 , z0  M n −1 ..., M 1 , M 0 "!

= − −i
2 2 OM k = aff ( M k ) = zk = n r
j , j ,1 3 1

(! 2 "25 n
r (# o 3!  ζ $D 5   M k %  "25
: : 
(OM , OM ) ≡ arg ( z
j2 = j ; j 3 = 1 (*  
1+ j + j = 0 2
"25 1 + j + j = 0 (*
k k +1 k +1 ) − arg ( zk ) [ 2π ]
(* j 2 = −1 − j θ 2 ( k + 1) π θ 2 kπ
≡ + − − [ 2π ]
:1
4
 " 2 (3 n n n n
2π
wk = e
i
2 kπ
4
=e
i
kπ
2
/ k ∈ {0,1, 2,3}
≡ [ 2π ]
n
.
C ( OM k , OM k +1 )
 "25
 
:3 2 123
w0 = eio = 1 .M  (' "! M k %  "25
π
w1 = e
i
2
=i :!"
w2 = e = −1iπ "! ( r〉0) Z = reiθ
i
3π
i−
π &' n 2 M  (' "! Z (
   2 
w3 = e 2
=e 2
= −i
. n r (# o 3!  $D %
−i, i, −1,1 :3 1
4
 " 2 "25
unité :3 n $   :' (4
:
!" (b
:1
n
 " 2 wk "! ?1
3 n $   :'  (a
i
2 kπ z = 1 "!
wk = e n
z = eio  
 i 2π 
k :  :/ 3 1
n
 " 2 "25
=  e n  = w1k o 2 kπ
i +
  wk = n 1 e n n

!" 2 kπ
/ k ∈ {0,1,..., ( n − 1)}
i
wk = e n
:1 N
   2 wk "!
2π :!"
∀k ∈ {0,1,..., ( n − 1)} wk = w1k
i
w1 = e n
& :/ 3 ( $ ) 1 ( n
 " 2
1, w1 , w12 , w13 ,..., w1n −1 : 3 1 N n
 " 2 "25 2 kπ
/ k ∈ {0,1,..., ( n − 1)}
i
wk = e n

:
:/ 3 1 (
( 2 (1
2 kπ
= eikπ / k ∈ {0,1}
i
wk = e 2

:3 "2 "23

14
 z0 = 1(1 + 2i ) = 1 + 2i :1

   2 wk "! ?2
 −1 3 w0 + w1 + w2 + ... + wn −1 = 1 + w1 + w12 + ... + w1n −1
z1 = j (1 + 2i ) =  + i  (1 + 2i )
 2 2  (1 − w1 ) (1 + w1 + w12 + ... + w1n −1 )
=
z2 = j (1 + 2i ) (1 − w1 )

*   $ :' (5 =
1 − w1n
=
1−1
=0
1 − w1 1 − w1
: * (a
(.1
  2 w1 , w1n = 1 )
( r〉0) Z = reiθ
"!
. Z
"( "2   !"
z 2 = Z ⇔ z 2 = reiθ .;(  1 (
   2 E
2
 i θ2 
( r)
2
⇔z = 2
e  :
  1
 i
θ   2 ‫و‬w "
! "6) 1 (   2 w "! 25 (*
w
 z= re2
⇔ θ .1 (
 z = − r ei 2
  ww′ "
! "6) 1 ( "  "2 w′ ‫و‬w "! 25 (*
θ θ
i i w
− re2  re 2
:3 Z
"( "2 "25 .1 (   2
w′
:
   (b ## :' 1 ( ## :' $  (c
Z = a∈ *
+   (1
*  

( a)
2
Z =a= : 
* " Z "!

: Z ( "( "2 3 − a  a "25 (a n

= Z ) Z
  2 a ≠ 0 "8 @,
:= / 2  ?
Z = − a ( a ∈ *+ ) 0 :; (2
zn = Z ⇔ zn = an
( a ) = (i a )
2 2
Z = −a = i 2 z
n

⇔   =1
−i a  i a :3 Z 2 "25 a
Z = ib ( b ∈  *+ ) 0 :; ,3 1
  2
z
"8  ( 23
2
a
b 2 b
Z = ib = 2i. = (1 + i )  = wk / k ∈ {0,1,..., ( n − 1)} : (
z

2  2 a

2 z = awk / k ∈ {0,1,..., ( n − 1)} : (
b
=  (1 + i ) 
 2  :!"
b Z
  2 a 
" Z "! *

−z  z = (1 + i ) 3 Z 2 "25
   2 ) a ' Z

   2 

2
Z = −ib ( b ∈ *+ ) 0 :; (4 .1 $
2 :(
b  b
Z = −ib = −2i. =   (1 − i ) ( 3
 " 2 J 0 (1 + 2i ) 08
2
Z = −1 + 2i
3

2  2 
2
: 
 b
=  (1 − i ) (1 + 2i ) = (1 + 2i ) (1 + 2i )
3 2

2 
 = (1 + 4i − 4 )(1 + 2i ) = 1 + 2i + 4i − 8 − 4 − 8i
b = −11 − 2i
−z  z = (1 − i ) 3 Z 2 "25
2

(1 + 2i ) =Z
3
  ?
Z
3
 " 2 1 + 2i "25
j , j ,1 :3 1
3
 " 2 "8 ;( 
:3 Z
3
 " 2 "25 ?

15
 :!" ( b ≠ 0 ‫و‬a ≠ 0 ) & Z = a + ib 0 :; (5
a ≠ 0 & az + bz + c = 0
( (
2
:(
∆ = b 2 − 4ac &' :( "( "2  
.z=−
b
: 9

( "6) ∆ = 0 "! 25 ?1 Z = −3 + 4i
2a (  " x‫و‬y & ) z = x + iy &'
−u ‫و‬u "( "2
 ∆ "6) ∆ ≠ 0 "! 25 ?2 z =x +y
2 2 2
‫و‬z x 2
=y 2
− ixy + 2
2

−b − u −b + u
.z=  z= :"9
( "!  2  x 2 − y 2 = −3 (1)
2a 2a  z =Z 
:
 z =Z ⇔ 2
2
⇔ 2 xy = 4 ( 2)
z = Z  x 2 + y 2 = 5 ( 3)
a ≠ 0 & az + bz + c = 0
( ( (*
2  
:"6)
(  z2 ‫و‬z 1 "! 25 x = −1 8 x = 1  ( 2 x = 2 "8 J 0 (3) + (1) "
2

 −b 2 y 2 = 8 "8 J 0 (3) – (1) "

 z1 + z2 = a  (y2 = 4

 zz =c y = −2 8 y = 2 8
 1 2 a
$#Q +,  y ‫و‬x "25 xy = 2〉 0   (2)
9 "
a ≠ 0 & az 2 + 2b′z + c = 0
( ( (*
 x = −1  x =1
  
(0
(

8 "  8  "25
 y = −2 y = 2
∆′ = b′ − ac
:3 Z 2 "25
b′
z = − 
 
( ∆′ = 0 "! 25 ?1 −z  z = 1 + 2i
a
:"9 
( ∆′ ≠ 0 "! 25 ?2 :II ' 
7 (VII
−b′ − u −b′ + u a ≠ 0 & az 2 + bz + c = 0
( (
. ∆′ & 2 u < . z2 =  z1 =
2a 2a ( E ) : az 2 + bz + c = 0 : 
:$*   b c
⇔ a  z2 + z +  = 0
:
 *B(
)
  a a 
z 2 + z + 1 = 0 (1 2
 b  b2 c
⇔z+  − 2 + =0
( )
2
∆ = 1 − 4 = −3 = i 2 3 = i 3  2a  4a a
b  b 2 − 4ac
2
−u ‫و‬u =
i 3 3 ∆ 2 "25 
⇔z+  − =0
 2a  4a 2
−1 + i 3
z1 = = j ∆ = b 2 − 4ac &'
2 :"25
∆
2

( E ) ⇔  z +
−1 − i 3 b 
z2 = = j  − 2 =0
2  2a  4a
S = { j, j } :"25 :"6) ∆ = 0 "! 25 (*
2

( E ) ⇔  z +
i b  b
( 2 + i ) z 2 − ( 3 + 2i ) z + 1 − = 0 (2  =0⇔ z=−
2  2a  2a
 i  −b 
∆ = ( 3 + 2i ) − 4 ( 2 + i )  1 −  S =  :"25
 2  2a 
= −5 + 12i −u ‫و‬u "( "2
 ∆ "6) ∆ ≠ 0 "! 25 (*
= 22 + ( 3i ) + 2.2.3i
2 :"25
= ( 2 + 3i )
2
2

( E ) ⇔  z +
b  u2
−u ‫و‬u = 2 +i3 3 ∆ 2 "25  − =0
 2a  4a 2
:"25
 b u  b u 
( 3 + 2i ) + ( 2 + 3i ) ( 3 + 2i ) − ( 2 + 3i ) ⇔z+ +  z + − =0
z2 = ; z1 =  2 a 2 a  2 a 2 a
2(2 + i) 2(2 + i)
−b − u −b + u
⇔z= ‫أو‬ z=
5 + 5i ( 5 + 5i )( 2 − i ) 1− i (1 − i )( 2 − i ) 2a 2a
= = ; = =
2(2 + i) 10 2(2 + i) 10
3 1 1 3
z2 = + i ; z1 = − i
2 2 10 10

S = { z1 , z2 } :"25

16
 : M ( z ) "! :<    (VIII
f ( M ) = M ⇔ z = az + b :  (  (1
⇔ z (1 − a ) = b θ  Ω ( g ) 1! " R "!
⇔z=
b M ≠Ω < M ′ ( z ′ ) ‫و‬M z( ) "!
( a)
1 −
b
w= & Ω ( w ) 3 $ $
%
 f "25 

ΩM = ΩM ′
1− a R ( M ) = M ′ ⇔   
M ≠ Ω < P " M ′ ( z ′ )  M ( z ) "! * (
 ΩM , ΩM ′ ≡ θ [ 2π ] )
f ( M ) = M ′ ⇔ z ′ = az + b  z − w = z ′ − w′

w = aw + b "25 $ Ω ( w )   ⇔   z′ − w 
arg  z − w  ≡ θ [ 2π ]
b = w − aw  (   
f ( M ) = M ′ ⇔ z ′ = az + w − aw "25  z−w
 =1
⇔  z ′ − w′
⇔ z′ − w = a ( z − w) arg
 ( ) ≡ θ [ 2π ]
 z ′ − w = a ( z − w ) z′ − w
⇔ ⇔ = eiθ
arg ( z ′ − w ) ≡ arg ( a ( z − w ) ) [ 2π ]
z−w
⇔ z ′ − w = eiθ ( z − w )
 z ′ − w = a z − w
⇔ ⇔ z ′ = eiθ ( z − w ) + w
arg ( z ′ − w ) ≡ arg ( a ) + arg ( z − w ) [ 2π ]
. Ω

0  L2!
 
>9( 123 "8 M9
 z ′ − w = z − w
⇔
arg ( z ′ − w ) − arg ( z − w ) ≡ arg ( a ) [ 2π ]
 ΩM ′ = ΩM

(
⇔   
)
 ΩM , ΩM ′ ≡ arg ( a ) [ 2π ]
θ  Ω ( w ) 1! " R "!
:!"
. arg ( a )  Ω 1! " f "25
:  P " M ′ ( z ′ ) ‫و‬M z( )
!
:!" R ( M ) = M ′ ⇔ z ′ = eiθ ( z − w ) + w
a =1  a ≠ 1 <
" b ‫و‬a "!
. R    ! " # z ′ = eiθ ( z − w ) + w
!
f : P→P :%
M ( z ) → M ′ ( z ′ ) / z ′ = az + b :

π
arg ( a )  w =
b
< Ω ( w ) 1! "  Ω (1 + i ) 1! " R 
1− a 2
:$*  R (1 − i ) $  
f : P→P %( :"8 ;( . M ′ ( z ′ )  M ( z ) "!
π π
1 3  i 
R ( M ) = M ′ ⇔ z ′ = e 2 z + (1 + i )  1 − e 2 
i
M ( z ) → M ′ ( z ′ ) / z ′ =  + i  z +1
2 2   
. f %
(%  ⇔ z ′ = iz + (1 + i )(1 − i )
:  * ⇔ z ′ = iz + 2
1 3 A (1 − i ) $ A′ ( z ′ ) "!
 +i ≠1
2 2 : 

 1 +i 3 z ′ = i (1 − i ) + 2
=1
2 2 = i+3

:< Ω ( w ) ! " f "25 A′ ( 3 + i ) "25

w=
1
:8 w =
1 (a ≠ 1 ; a = 1) z − az − b +$*  #- (=  (2
1 3 1 3
−i 1− − i f : P→P % (
2 2 2 2
M ( z ) → M ′ ( z ′ ) / z ′ = az + b
1 3 ( a ≠ 1 ‫و‬a =1 
" b ‫و‬a & )
w= +i
2 2 :" f "8 " 
:$
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17
 1 3
arg  + i  
2 2 
1 3 π π
+i = cos + i sin
2 2 3 3
 π
= 1, 
 3
1 3 π
arg  + i  ≡ [ 2π ] "25
2 2  3
π 1 3
. θ =  Ω  + i  1! " f 
3 2 2 

18