page 3) Introducing David M.

Pozar
and plans
being made, some of whichhave t oh o l d
potential
benefits for everyone who is in AP-S. If
reading them gives you an idea,
ormotivates you tcj
become ( h o p e f u l l y , more) i n v o l v e dc,o n t a cAt l a n
Simmons o r Dan, or one of theother AdCom members.
Also, be suretoreadAlan's message on the next page.
There's an opportunity there for you.
Some p e o p l ae r be l e s s e dw i t ht h ae b i l i t y to
communicate i n a p a r t i c u l a r l ye l e g a n t and s u b t l e
fashion. Prof.
Gentei Sato i s one such person. I
hope you enjoy his sharing of events on the hundredth
anniversary of Prof. Yagi's birth as much as I did.
T h e raersee v e r acla l lfsopr a p e rws i t h
approaching deadlines i n this issue. These include
t h e MTT-S Symposium, IGARSS '87 (remote sensing), and
the 1987 International Microwave Symposium/Brazil. In David M. Pozar was born i n Pitts-
a d d i t i o no, u r own 1987 AP-S/URSI Symposium has a burgh, PA, on January 1952. He receivedthe
deadline of January 1987. Also, an announcement B.S.. and M.S. debrees from t h e University of
forthoseinterestedinfurtherinformation about the Akron, Akron, Ohio, i n 1975 and 1976, respectively,
XXIInd General Assemblyof URSI appears. and the Pt1.D. degree from the Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, in 1980, a l l i n electricalengineer-
In p u t t i n g together this issue several problems ing.
t h a t seem t o be happening more often were especially
acute. This leads t o thefollowing pleas (we passed From September 1976 t o March 1980, he was a Graduate
the "requests"stage long ago).If you
would l i k e an Research Assistant a t the ElectroScience Laboratory,
announcement ocr a lflopr a p e rps u b l i s h e dp, l e a s e The Ohio StateUniversity. He i s currently an Assist-
provideoriginal, black-on-white, camera-ready i n p u t . ant Professor i n the Department Electrical and
Blue p r i n t on gray paper; brown, yellow, and green Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts,
p r i n t on tan paper; and xerographic copies of a Amherst.
printedoriginal may a l l look f i n et ot h e human eye,
b u t the photographiclayout and printing processes His research includes the development of analytical
used t o produce this Newsletterseetheseaswhite on and numerical techniques f o r the analysis and design
off-white,"confusion" on gray, and unreadably fuzzy o f printed antennas, phased arrays, and optimization
d i r t on white, respectively. I am not exaggerating, of transientradiation. These techniques have taken
and I received examples of a l l of these forthis the form of moment methods, hybrid methods, and modal
issue, a l o n Fe .u r t h e r m o raieplft,lo s s i b l e , methods. He i s alsoinvolved w i t h thedesign and con-
provide camera-ready copy which is lessthan one, or struction of microstrip arrays and beam-steerino
an i n t e g e r number, of8.5 by 11 inch pages, o r can be networks f o r remote sensing applications.
reduced or enlarged to
this.
If i t isn't a meeting
held i n conjunctionwithor of broad i n t e r e s tt o AP-S
inatleast some sense, t h e r e had b e s t be a good M e s s a g e (cont'd. from 3)
reasonif the integer is greaterthan 1. If you are
t o pay t o r u n an a d v e r t i s e m e n tt,r yt o do Awards and Fellows
y o u r s e l f and ourreaders the justice of having i t Chapter Activities
t y p e s e t and any artworkprofessionally done. Finally, ConstituCion and Bylaws
i f you have t o d e p a r t down these o r any o t h e rt r a i l s Distinguished Lecturers
toproductionprablems and poor readibility,please Education and Tutorial Papers
call m e welT before the issue dead?ine. I'm s o r r y Finance
a b o u pt u t t i n ga l l of t h i s where many t a whom it Long Range Planning
doesn'tapply will read it, it's theonly way Meetings
h a v et o the message t o those may be asked t o Membership
p u b ? i c i z e some€hing for the first time (or f o r Newsletter Editor
experience b a s not been adequate teacher). Tu Nominations
those who've gone t o the troubTe t o provide good copy, Publications
you. Standards-Antennas
Standards-Propagation
I am still looking forcontributions by f e a t u r e Transactions Editor
art.ic?eauthors and Uwhat's happening". correspondents Antenna Eleasurements
from outside North America. Don't be shy. all New Antenna Technology
p o t e n t i afle a t u r e a r t i c l e a u t h o r sp, l e a s ed i r e c t In addition to these Society committees, we are
correspondence t o Tapan Sarkar from As noted invited to nominate members to represent our Society
i n the l a s t issue, need togive Arlon Adam the on a number of IEEE and other committees such as
time t o organizethe Symposium not just because he
h a s earned t h i s expression respect, b u t because I Committee on Man and Radiation
don ' t want him t o be forcedtocompletelyleave the Energy Committee
Newsletter staff! PACE
Research and Development
t h o s es t a r t i n g a new schoolyear, best Standards Board
wishesfor one that is productive rewarding. USNClURsI
a l l , may r a d i a t ei d e a s without
resistance, and
propagate friendship without attenuation. If any members are interested in getting more

w involved in any of these

get in touch with
officers.
various activities, please
me or one of the other Society

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 IEEE

Abstract A r r a y sc o u l de a s i l y be formed b y e t c h i n g a s e t O f
p a t c he l e m e n t s ,w i t ha p p r o p r i a t es p a c i n gb e t w e e n
T h i s a r t i c l e w i l l r e v i e wt h ed e v e l o p m e n to f e l e m e n t sC . o r p o r a t e( p a r a l l e l ) power d i v i d e r sc o u l db e
m i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a s a n d a r r a y s .E a r l yd e s i g na n d e t c h e d o n t h e same s u b s t r a t e C61, o r s e r i e s - f e d t r a v e l -
a n a l y s i s work w i l l b ed i s c u s s e d ,a l o n gw i t ht h ea d - i n g wave a r r a y sc o u l d be d e s i g n e d C91. A t t h ep a t c h
v a n t a g e sa n dl i m i t a t i o n so fm i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a s . i t s e l f , t w o t y p e s o ff e e d i n gm e t h o d sw e r ed e v i s e d .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c ss u c ha sb a n d w i d t h ,m u t u a lc o u p l i n g ,a n d Feeding a p a t c h a t i t s edge w i t h a m i c r o s t r i p f e e d l i n e
p o l a r i z a t i o n will be a d d r e s s e d ,a n ds o m eo ft h er e c e n t was p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l f o r c o r p o r a t e f e d a r r a y s w i t h a
work r e l a t e d t o t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s will be n o t e d . s e l f - c o n t a i n e d power d i v i d e r ,w h i l ep r o b e - f e e d sv i at h e
The c u r r e n ts t a t eo fa n a l y t i c a lt e c h n i q u e s W i l l be d i s - c e n t e r c o n d u c t o r ofa c o a x i a lc o n n e c t o rw e r ec o n v e n i e n t
c u s s e d ,a s w i l l t h ec o n c e p t so f a m o n o l i t h i cp h a s e d f o ro f f - b o a r dc o n n e c t i o n s .
a r r a y .F i n a l l y ,s m e new waysof f e e d i n gm i c r o s t r i pa n -
t e n n a sw i l l be p r e s e n t e d . Simplerectangularorcircularmicrostripantennas
p r o d u c el i n e a rp o l a r i z a t i o n , but c i r c u l a r p o l a r i z a t i o n
E a r l y Work c o u l db eo b t a i n e dw i t h a s q u a r eo rc i r c u l a rp a t c ha n d
two f e e d p o i n t s s e p a r a t e d by 90° i n s p a c e , a n d f e d w i t h
I n o r d e r t o g i v e 2 s e n s eo fh i s t o r ya n dc o n t i n u i t y , a 900 hybrid.Another way t oa c h i e v ec i r c u l a rp o l a r i z a -
a sw e l la st op l a c er e c e n tw o r ki n a m e a n i n g f u la n d t i o n was t o u s e o n e f e e d p o i n t a t a particularposition
p r o p e rc o n t e x t , we w i l l b e g i n by b r i e f l y r e v i e w i n g some ona s l i g h t l ya s y m m e t r i c a lp a t c h [SI. T h i st e c h n i q u e i s
o ft h ep a s td e v e l o p m e n t s i n microstripantennatheory v e r y s e n s i t i v et ot o l e r a n c ee r r o r s ,h o w e v e r ,a n dh a s a
anddesign. As w i t h mosttechnologicaldevelopments, it verynarrowbandwidth.
is v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o c a t e g o r i c a l l y s t a t e who was t h e
o r i g i n a t o ro ft h em i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a . The e a r l i e s t E a r l ya n a l y s i st e c h n i q u e si n c l u d et h et r a n s m i s s i o n
w o r kh, o w e v e r , i s g e n e r a l l ya s s u m e dt ob et h a to f l i n em o d e la n dt h ec a v i t y model [ 5 ] . The t r a n s m i s s i o n
Deschamps [ l ] ,a n dG u t t o na n dB a i s s i n o tC 2 1 ,i nt h e l i n e model t r e a t e d t h e a n t e n n a a s transmissionline
e a r l y1 9 5 0 s .I nt h el a t e1 9 6 0 s .C o l l i n g s C31 f i l e d a r e s o n a t o r ,w h i l et h ec a v i t y model t r e a t e d t h e a n t e n n a a s
p a t e n t f o r a stripradiatorwithmultiplefeedpoints, a c l o s e dc a v i t yw i t hm a g n e t i cs i d ew a l l s .B o t hm e t h o d s
a n di n 1972Byron p o i n t e do u tt h a tT h e 0C h e s t o no f r e q u i r e d somead h o c c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e s h i f t ( l o u e r i n g )
NRL h a ds u g g e s t e dt h a ts u c ha ne l e m e n t was w e l l - s u i t e d of t h er e s o n a n tf r e q u e n c yd u e t o fringingfields, out
t o p h a s e da r r a ya p p l i c a t i o n s . By t h i s t i m e p l a n a r c i r - w e r eu s u a l l yc a p a b l e ofgiving good r e s u l t s f o r t h e i n -
c u i t s u s i n g m i c r o s t r i p and s t r i p l i n e werebecomingvery p u t impedanceofantennas on t h i n s u b s t r a t e s .B e c a u s e
p o p u l a r ,a st h e yo f f e r e d a l o w - c o s t ,c o m p a c t ,a n de a s i l y t h em i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n ab a n d w i d t h is u s u a l l y r a t h e r low
f a b r i c a t e dc o m p o n e n t . The s t a g e was t h u s s e tf o rt h e ( 1 - 3 2 ) ,t o l e r a n c ee r r o r s i n t h es u b s t r a t ed i e l e c t r i c
r a p d ig r o w t nc fm i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n at e c h n o l o g yt h a to c - c o n s t a n t , o r i n t h ee t c h i n go ft h ep a t c h ,o f t e nr e q u i r e
c u r r e d i n t h e m i d - t ol a t e - 1 9 7 0 s . t h a te m p i r i c a lc o r r e c t i o n s be made foragreementbetween
t h e o r ya n de x p e r i m e n t .
By 1979enough y o g r e s sh a db e e n made t o w a r r a n t
t h e Workshop on P r i n t e S C i r c u i t AntennaTechnologyheld
a t t h e h'ew Mexico S t a t eU n i v e r s i t y .T h i sm e e t i n gl e dt o The n e x t s e c t i o n s w i l l d i s c u s s some o f t h em o r e
t h es p e c i a li s s u e o f t h e I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s onAntennas r e c e n t work on m i c r o s t r i p a n t e n n a s r e l a t e d t o b a n d w i d t h ,
a n dP r o p a g a t i o nf o rJ a n u a r y1 9 8 1 ,d e v o t e dt op r i n t e d t h e o r e t i c a la n a l y s i s ,t h em o n o l i t h i cp h a s e da r r a y ,a n d
a n t e n n a s .T h i si s s u ec o n t a i n s two r e v i e wa r t i c l e s [SI, some n o v e lf e e d i n gt e c h n i q u e s .
[ 6 ] o n m i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a sa n da r r a y s ;t h ei n t e r e s t e d
r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e dt ot h e s ep a p e r sf o r more d e t a i l and
r e f e r e n c e st h a ns p a c ep e r m i t s u s t og i v eh e r e .I na d d i -
t i o n , twobooks C71, [ 8 ]d e v o t e dt om i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a s E f f o r t s t o Improve theBanduidthofMicrostripAntennas
a p p e a r e da ta b o u t t h i s t i m e , g i v i n g c o m p r e h e n s i v eo v e r -
v i e w so ft h es t a t eo ft h ea r t u p t o about1980. P r o b a b l yt h em o s ts i g n i f i c a n td i s a d v a n t a g eo f
m i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a s is t h e i r narrowbandwidth.For sub-
The s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s of t h et e c h n o l o g y u p t o 1980 s t r a t e st h a ta r et y p i c a l l y f e wh u n d r e d t h so f a
c a nb es u m m a r i z e da sf o l l o w s . The t e r m" m i c r o s t r i p w a v e l e n g t ht h i c k ,o rl e s s ,t h eb a n d w i d t h w i l l be on t h e
a n t e n n a "r e f e r r e dt o a conductor ( o r " p a t c h " ) p r i n t e d on o r d e ro f 1 % t o3 % - - av a l u et h a tc l e a r l yl i m i t s
a t h i n , g r o u n d e d ,d i e l e c t r i cs u b s t r a t e . The s u b s t r a t e a p p l i c a t i o nB. e c a u s eo ft h i s , a l o to f workhasbeen
m a t e r i a l was u s u a l l y alow dielectricconstantmaterial, d i r e c t e dt o w a r di n c r e a s i n gt h eb a n d w i d t h of m i c r o s t r i p
s u c ha sH e x c e l l orDuroid = 2 . 2 0 ) , b u t some- antennas.
times other substrztes xere preferred,r particularly if
i n t e g r a t i o nw i t ho t h e rc i r c u i t r y w a sn e c e s s a r y . The
m i c r o s t r i p p a t c h e:err,entformed a r e l a t i v e l yh i g h - Q B e f o r e we p r o c e e d a n y f u r t h e r , afew wordsshould
r e s o n a t o r ,a n d was u s u a l l yr e c t a n g u l a ro rc i r c u l a r in' be s a i da b o u bt a n d w i d t h i n g e n e r a l .T h e r ea r et w o
s h a p e ,a l t h o u g ho t h e rs h a p e sw e r es o m e t i m e ss u g g e s t e dt o s e p a r a t ec r i t e r i at ow h i c ht h et e r m" b a n d w i d t h " may
a c h i e v ec i r c u l a rp o l a r i z a t i o na n d / o ri m p r o v e db a n d w i d t h . refer:

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 Impedance Bandwidth The f r e q u e n c yb a n d w i d t hf o r r e p o r t ,f o re x a m p l e ,c l a i m e d a 25%bandwidthfor a patch
which an antenna remains matched t o its f e e d l i n e , w i t h i n of r e l a t i v e l ys t r a i g h t f o r w a r dd e s i g n .C l o s e ri n v e s t i g a -
a specified l e v e l . T h i s s p e c i f i c a t i o n may take t h ef o r m t i o n showed t h a t t h e element was r e s o n a t i n g i n d i f f e r e n t
of a maximum VSWR ( e . g . , VSwR<2) a t t h e a n t e n n a i n p u t , modes a t d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c i e s , r e s u l t i n g i n r a d i a t i o n
or t h e formofa r e t u r n loss (e.g., RL>15dB). whose p o l a r i z a t i o n c h a n g e d w i t h f r e q u e n c y !

Pattern Banmsidth The f r e q u e n c yb a n d w i d t hf o r Advances i n M i c r o s t r i p Antennaand Array A n a l y s i s

w h i c h t h e p a t t e r no fa na n t e n n ar e m a i n s ,i n some s e n s e ,
c o n s t a n t t o a s p e c i f i e dd e g r e e . T h i s c r i t e r i a may i n - reviewed i n [ S I , t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e model a n d
c l u d ep o l a r i z a t i o nc h a n g e s ,s i d e l o b el e v e l s ,p a t t e r n t h ec a v i t ym o d e l , w i t h v a r i o u si m p l e m e n t a t i o n s ,w e r e
symmetry, o r o t h e r e f f e c t s . u s e dq u i t es u c c e s s f u l l yt op r e d i c tt h ei n p u ti m p e d a n c e
a n dr a d i a t i o np a t t e r n so fm i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a so n
I d e a l l y ,a na n t e n n a would s a t i s f y b o t h of t h e above e l e c t r i c a l l yt h i n( ( 0 . 0 1 s u b s t r a t e s .T h e s em o d e l s
c r i t e r i ao v e r a s p e c i f i e db a n d w i d t h .F o r the basic w e r ee a s yt oi m p l e m e n t ,a n dg a v e a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount
m i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a ,t h e impedancebandwidth is usually of p h y s i c a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e b a s i co p e r a t i o no f the
thecontrollingfactor,duetotherelativelyhigh-8of m i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a ,b u tw e r en o tw i t h o u t some drawbacks.
t h ec a v i t y - t y p ee l e m e n t . The p a t t e r nb a n d w i d t h is F i r s t , b e c a u s e of t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n si n v o l v e d ,t h e model
u s u a l l y many times broader than the impedance bandwidth, is o n l y v a l i d f o r v e r y t h i n s u b s t r a t e s a n d so f a i l s t o
s o o f t e n B simple matching network can be used t o o b t a i n p r e d i c t r e s o n a n tf r e q u e n c y or i n p u t i m p e d a n c e a c c u r a t e l y
broaderbandperformance. f o rt h i c k e rs u b s t r a t e s .S e e ,f o re x a m p l e ,F i g u r e 1,
whichshowsaSmith chartplotof t h e measured input i m -
A n o t h e rp o i n to fi n t e r e s t is t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r e l a - p e d a n c e of a r e c t a n g u l a r m i c r o s t r i p a n t e n n a ( r a d i a t i n g
t i o nb e t w e e nt h es i z eo fa na n t e n n aa n d its or edge f e d ) on a s u b s t r a t e t h a t i s a b o u t 0.02A t h i c k .
b a n d w i d t h[ l o ] . As t h ee l e c t r i c a ls i z e of anantenna The m e a s u r e d r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y is aboutZ.l? GHz and
d e c r e a s e s , i t s Q i n c r e a s e s ,a n dh e n c e its bandwidth t h e m e a s u r e dr e s o n a n tr e s i s t a n c e i s a b o u t1 8 0 0 . One
d e c r e a s e s . A s shown i n C5l t h r o u g ht h e c a v i t y model,a commonly u s e d c a v i t y m o d e l , h o w e v e r , p r e d i c t s a resonant
substrate with a highdielectricconstant has a s m a l l e r f r e q u e n c yo f2 . 2 3 GHz ( 2 . 8 %e r r o r ) ,a n d a resonant
s i z ep a t c he l e m e n tt h a na ne l e m e n ta tt h e same f r e q u e n c y r e s i s t a n c eo f 4300 e r r o r ) . This example (which is
on a l o w e r d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t s u b s t r a t e , a n d t h e n o t , by f a r , a w o r s tc a s e )d e m o n s t r a t e st h a t t h e r e is a
b a n d w i d t h is also s m a l l e r . A s w e will s e e , many o ft h e need for improved analysis techniques for microstrip an-
s u c c e s s f u l ways o fi n c r e a s i n g b a n d w i d t h i n v o l v e a s u b - tennas,especiallyfor t h e t h i c k s u b s t r a t e case, which
stantialincreaseintheelectricalsizeoftheelement. i s o fp a r t i c u l a rr e l e v a n c ef o r millimeter w a v ea n d
m o n o l i t h i ca p p l i c a t i o n s .( S e eC l 8 lf o r moreexamplesof
The m o s t d i r e c t way o f i n c r e a s i n g m i c r o s t r i p a n - t h e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h antennason t h i c k , h i g h
t e n n a b a n d w i d t h is t o i n c r e a s e t h e s u b s t r a t e t h i c k n e s s , dielectricconstantsubstrates.)
w h i c hh a s t h e e f f e c to fi n c r e a s i n g the radiation
conductance. T h i s t e c h n i q u eu s u a l l yw o r k s well f o r Moment method techniques have received a l o t o f at-
bandwidths u p t o a b o u t a t which p o i n t e i t h e r p r o b e tentionsince1979, w i t h C191 beingone of t h e e a r l i e s t
inductance o r h i g h e r o r d e r r e a c t i v e modes lead t o s e v e r e moment m e t h o d t r e a t m e n t s f o r t h e i n p u t i m p e d a n c e o f a
mismatch.Higher-ordermodes may a l s o r e s u l t i n p a t t e r n c i r c u l a rp a t c h . This was f o l l o w e d by anumber o fo t h e r
distortions. p a p e r sf o rr e c t a n g u l a r ,c i r c u l a r ,a n de l l i p t i c a l
p a t c h e s , w i t h [20],[Zl],and E221 b e i n gt y p i c a l . The
Another way t o o b t a i n improvedbandwidth is to use abovetreatmentsusetheexactGreen'sfunctionforthe
additionalelementsthatareresonantatslightly dif- g r o u n d e d d i e l e c t r i c s l a b ( a l s o known a s a " s p e c t r a l
ferentfrequencies,andthusachieve a doubleortriple- t r a n s f o r m domain" s o l u t i o n , or a " f u l l - w a v e "s o l u t i o n ) ,
t u n e dr e s p o n s e . The e l e m e n t s may be p a r a s i t i c a l l y
e x c i t e d a s i n C111, [ 1 2 ] , or d i r e c t l y c o u p l e d a s i n
[ 1 3 ] .T h e s e methods havebeen used t o o b t a i n impedance
b a n d w i d t h so f1 0 - 1 5 % ,a l t h o u g h t h e p a t t e r n s may show
some d i s t o r t i o n o v e r t h i s b a n d u i d t h , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the
plane of the parasitic elements.

A l o g i c a le x t e n s i o no f t h i s idea is t o b u i l d a
t r a v e l i n g wave series fed a r r a y w i t h e l e m e n t s of d i f f e r -
i n gr e s o n a n tf r e q u e n c y , d e s c r i b e d i n C141,C151.
Multi-octave bandwidths are a c h i e v e d i n C151 b y d e s i g n -
ingtheelementsaccording t o a l o g - p e r i o d i ca r r a y
formula. Note t h a t t h e s e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e much l a r g e r
than a singlemierostripelement,and s o wouldprobably
n o t be p r a c t i c a l a s e l e m e n t s o f a phased array.

Along t h e l i n e s of impedancematching is t h e tech-

n i q u e of C161, where a c a p a c i t o r w a s f o r m e d i n s e r i e s
w i t h the probe of aprobe-fedpatch by a l l o w i n g a s m a l l
gapbetween t h e t o p o f t h e probeand t h e p a t c h s u r f a c e .
T h i s c a p a c i t a n c es e r v e dt ot u n e - o u tt h ei n d u c t a n c e
caused by a r e l a t i v e l y t h i c k s u b s t r a t e , a n d r e s u l t e d i n
improved bandwidth.

If a w i d e t u n a b l eb a n d w i d t h is a c c e p t a b l e , a s o p -
p o s e d t o awideinstantaneousbandwidth,then a variety
o fs c h e m e si n v o l v i n g P I N d i o d es w i t c h e ds h o r t s , or
v a r a c t o rd i o d et u n e dm i c r o s t r i pe l e m e n t s ,a r ep o s s i b l e .
Reference C171 is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .

F i n a l l y ,o n es h o u l db e w a r e - o fc l a i m sf o rh i g h
bandwidthwithout some c o n c o m i t a n t i n c r e a s e i n s i z e or Figure Measured input impedance of a rectangular microstrip antenna.
c o m p l e x i t y( a si n a m a t c h i n gn e t w o r k ) . One r e c e n t Ey= d=0.02Xo

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s o f r i n g i n g f i e l d s a r er i g o r o u s l ya c c o u n t e d f o r , a n d n o The d i r e c t c o n t a c t f e e d s a r e p r o b a b l y t h e Simplest,
a d h o cl e n g t he x t e n s i o n s are needed. I n a d d i t i o n ,S u r - a n da r ea d e q u a t ef o r many a p p l i c a t i o n s . As mentioned
f a c e wave e x c i t a t i o n i s e x p l i c i t l y i n c l u d e d a n d c a n be above,however,theinputimpedancecan become v e r y i n -
c a l c u l a t e d as i n [ZO], where i t is s e e n that Surface ductive for antennas on t h i c k s u b s t r a t e s , r e s u l t i n g i n a
w a v ep o w e ri n c r e a s e sw i t hs u b s t r a t et h i c k n e s sa n d poor m a t c h .I na d d i t i o n ,f o rm o n o l i t h i ca p p l i c a t i o n s ,
d i e l e c t r i cc o n s t a n t . A g a i n s, u r f a c e wave power is not v i ah o l e s( p r o b ef e e d s )a r en o td e s i r a b l ed u e t o low
importantforprintedantennasonthinsubstrates. y i e l d sa n dh i g hi n d u c t a n c e .I m p e d a n c em a t c h i n gc a n be
obtainedbyadjustingthepositionofthefeedpoint.
A n o t h e rp r o b l e mw i t ht h eb a s i cc a v i t ym o d e l is t h a t Forcoax or m i c r o s t r i p l i n e f e e d s , a t or n e a r a r a d i a t -
i t c a n n o t b e u s e d t o p r e d i c tm u t u a lc o u p l i n g .T h e i n g e d g e o f a r e c t a n g u l a rm i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a ,t h e
m u t u a lc o u p l i n gb e t w e e ne l e m e n t so f a microstriparray r e s o n a n t r e s i s t a n c e i s on t h e o r d e r o f a f e wh u n d r e d
w i t h s p a c i n g on t h e order of X0/2 is a b o u t -20dB, and ohms. T h i s i n p u tr e s i s t a n c ec a n be lowered bymoving
earlyarraydesignscouldignorethiseffectwithout t h ef e e dp o i n tt o w a r dt h ec e n t e ro ft h ep a t c h .F o r
d e t r i m e n tT . o d a y h, o w e v e r w, i t hi n t e r e s it n low- microstriplinefeedsalong a nonradiatingedgethis is
s i d e l o b e a r r a y s ,l a r g es c a n n i n ga r r a y s ,a n da r r a y so n e a s y ,b u t f o r m i c r o s t r i p l i n e f e e d s f r o m t h e r a d i a t i n g
t h i c ks u b s t r a t e s ,m u t u a lc o u p l i n ge f f e c t s a r e more i m - e d g ea ni n s e r ti n t ot h ep a t c h i s r e q u i r e d[ 5 1 . For t h e
p o r t a n t , a n d s o i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o be a b l e t o p r e d i c t lowest order mode of a r e c t a n g u l a r p a t c h , t h e i n p u t im-
t h i se f f e c t . The moment method t e c h n i q u e i s v e r s a t i l e p e d a n c e i s n e a rz e r o a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h ep a t c h .I n
e n o u g h t o d ot h i s ,a n dg o o dr e s u l t sh a v eb e e n p r a c t i c e , i t a p p e a r st h a tm i c r o s t r i pf e e d sw o r kb e s t
demonstrated[21]. There is a l s o workonextending some ( l o w e r c r o s s p o l ,e t c . )i ft h e ya r ep o s i t i o n e d at
ofthesimpler models t o c a l c u l a t e m u t u a l c o u p l i n g [ 2 3 1 . r a d i a t i n g e d g e s , as opposed t o n o n r a d i a t i n g e d g e s .

C l o s e l y related t o t h e above e f f o r t f o r m i c r o s t r i p P r o x i m i t y feeds c a n be v e r y u s e f u l f o r p r i n t e d ar-

p a t c h a n t e n n a s i s t h e workbyAlexopoulos, e t a l . , On r a y s( e s p e c i a l l yf i x e d - b e a ma r r a y s ) ,s i n c et h ef e e d i n g
p r i n t e dd i p o l e s ,e n c o m p a s s i n gr e s o n a n tf r e q u e n c y ,i n p u t n e t w o r ka n dp o u e rd i v i d e rc h a i nc a n be e i t h e r e l i m i n a t e d
i m p e d a n c e ,m u t u a lc o u p l i n g ,s u r f a c ew a v ee x c i t a t i o n , o r s i m p l i f i e d .T h ea m o u n to fp o w e rd e l i v e r e d to a
feedingmethods,andsubstrate/superstrate e f f e c t s [241, p r o x i m i t yc o u p l e de l e m e n tc a n be e a s i l y c o n t r o l l e d b y
C251, E261, C271. t h es p a c i n gb e t w e e nt h ee l e m e n ta n df e e d l i n e .M o n o p u l s e
a r r a y su s i n gp r o x i m i t yc o u p l e de l e m e n t sw i t h a combina-
t i o n of c o r p o r a t e a n d s e r i e s f e e d n e t w o r k s h a v e b e e n
c o n s t r u c t e d , a s well as p u r e l y series f e da r r a y s .I n
The Monolithic Phased Array Concept
s d d i t i o n ,p r o x i m i t yc o u p l i n gl e n d si t s e l fe a s i l y to the
use of a d d i t i o n a l p a r a s i t i c a l l y c o u p l e d e l e m e n t s f o r i n -
One of t h e more s i g n i f i c a n t d r i v i n g f o r c e s b e h i n d
creased bandwidth.
much o f t h e r e c e n t w o r k o n p r i n t e d a n t e n n a s is t h e
m o n o l i t h i cp h a s e da r r a y .S u c ha na r r a yw o u l di n t e g r a t e T e c h n o l o g yd e v e l o p m e n tf o rm o n o l i t h i cp h a s e da r r a y s
a c t i v ed e v i c e s f o r p h a s e s h i f t e r s a n d o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s
C281 h a s l e d t o t h e idea o f u s i n g a n a p e r t u r e t o couple
withradiatingelements,and s o form a ( r e l a t i v e l y ) low- power from o n e s u b s t r a t e ( a f e e d s u b s t r a t e ) t o a na n -
cosm t illimeter w a v es c a n n i n ga r r a y . Two r e c e n t
t e n n as u b s t r a t e S. u c hc o n f i g u r a t i o n sm a k e more
a r t i c l e s d e s c r i b et h i sd e v e l o p m e n ti nm o r e d e t a i l C281.
[291,and s o we w i l l n o t r e p e a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n h e r e .
s u b s t r a t e r e a l e s t a t e a v a i l a b l ef o rt h en e c e s s a r y com-
p o n e n t s of a m o n o l i t h i cp h a s e d a r r a y , as well a s
number of f i n i t e a n d i n f i n i t e a r r a y p r o b l e m s h a v e b e e n
allowingseparatesubstratesto be used f o r t h e d i s t i n c t
treatedinconnectionwiththisproject;theinterested
reader is r e f e r r e d t o [ 2 8 ] f o r r e f e r e n c e s . f u n c t i o n s of r a d i a t i o na n dc i r c u i t r y . So f a r , t h r e e
t y p e s of a p e r t u r e c o u p l e d m i c r o s t r i p a n t e n n a s h a v e b e e n
d e v e l o p e d ,a l t h o u g h many v a r i a t i o n s o n t h e s e d e s i g n s are
possible.
New MethodsofFeedingMicrostripAntennas
Figure s h o w sa na p e r t u r ec o u p l e dp a t c hg e o m e t r y
A number o f new t e c h n i q u e s f o r f e e d i n g m i c r o s t r i p w i t h two p a r a l l e l s u b s t r a t e s s e p a r a t e d by a g r o u n dp l a n e
a n t e n n a sh a v er e c e n t l yb e e nd e v e l o p e d ,a d d i n g to the [301. One s u b s t r a t ec a nb eo f low p e r m i t t i v i t y , w e l l -
v e r s a t i l i t y of s u c h a n t e n n a s p a r t i c u l a r l y when integra-
t i o nw i t ha c t i v ed e v i c e s i s r e q u i r e d .T h e s e new methods
i n c l u d ea p e r t u r ec o u p l e dp a t c h e s[ 3 0 ] , [ 3 l ] , [ 3 2 ] , [33],
a n dp r o x i m i t yc o u p l e dp a t c h e s [ 1 5 ] , o r d i p o l e s[ 2 7 ] ,
C341. [ 3 5 1 . We c a nt h u sa r r a n g em i c r o s t r i pa n t e n n a
feeds i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : f" 7"
D i r e c tc o n t a c tf e e d s .T h i si n c l u d e st h ec o a x
p r o b e - f e dp a t c h ,a n dt h em i c r o s t r i pl i n e fed
p a t c h .N o t et h a ti nt h em i c r o s t r i pl i n ec a s e ,
t h e f e e d l i n e may c o n t a c t t h e p a t c h a l o n g a
r a d i a t i n g or n o n r a d i a t i n g e d g e .

P r o x i m i t yf e e d s . I n t h i s case t h e a n t e n n a ele-
m e n t( p a t c h or d i p o l e ) is e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c a l l y
c o u p l e db yc l o s ep r o x i m i t y to a microstrip
f e e d l i n e . The a n t e n n ae l e m e n t may b ep a r a l l e l o r
p e r p e n d i c u l a rt ot h ef e e d l i n e ,a n d may b e o n t h e
same l e v e l as t h e f e e d l i n e o r p r i n t e d o n a cover
l a y e r( s u p e r s t r a t e ) .T i g h t e rc o u p l i n gc a nb e ob-
t a i n e d i n t h e l a t t e r case by h a v i n gt h ea n t e n n a
e l e m e n to v e r l a pt h ef e e d l i n e . a
SUBSTRATE

A p e r t u r ec o u p l e de l e m e n t s . Here t h em i c r o s t r i p
a n t e n n a i s p r o x i m i t yc o u p l e d t o a small a p e r t u r e TOP
i nt h eg r o u n dp l a n e below t h ep a t c h .T h ea p e r -
t u r e c a n t h e n be c o u p l e d t o a m i c r o s t r i p f e e d l i n e Figure 2. Geometry of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna with two
i n a v a r i e t yo fw a y s .( S e ef i g u r e sb e l o w . ) parallel substrates.

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 Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter, October 1986

s u i t e d for p r i n t e da n t e n n ap u r p o s e s , while theother

s u b s t r a t e c a n be o f h i g h e r p e r m i t t i v i t y f o r a c t i v e cir-
c u i tf a b r i c a t i o n .C o u p l i n g is t h r o u g h a s m a l la p e r t u r e FEE0
i n t h e groundplane.The b a c k r a d i a t i o n f r o m t h i s aper-
t u r e i s small ( u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n -20 dB) compared w i t h
the forward radiation from t h e p a t c h , s i n c e t h e p a t c h is
r e s o n a n tw, h i ltehaep e r t u r e is n o Itan. d d i t i o n , the RESONANT
g r o u n pd l a nree d u c essp u r i o ucso u p l i n fgr o m
t hfee e d
c i r c u i t r y t o t h e r a d i a t i n eg l e m e n t sa, n rde d u c e s
spuriousradiationfromthefeedcircuitryintothe
front hemisphere.

The a p e r t u r e i s f e d by a m i c r o s t r i p f e e d l i n e , which
can be t e r m i n a t e d a s h o r t d i s t a n c e p a s t the aperture for
t u n i n gp u r p o s e s , a d d e db o n u s with t h i s antenna is
thepossibilityofincreasedbandwidth by o b t a i n i n g a
d o u b l er e s o n a n c ew i t h a l o n g e rt u n i n gs t u b .F i g u r e 3 GROUND
s h o w ss u c ha ni m p e d a n c el o c u s on a S m i t hc h a r t ,w h e r e
t h er e s u l t i n gb a n d w i d t h is a b o u t4 . 6 % - - a t l e a s t twice
whatwouldbeobtainediftheelement were f e d by con- Figure Geometry of an aperture coupled microstrip antenna with perpen-
v e n t i o n a l means. dicular substrates and contacting feed line.

Another aperture coupled patch geometry is shown i n

Figure where the feed substrate i s now o r i e n t e d p e r - t i o nr e l a t i v et ot h ep a t c h .U n l i k et h ep r e v i o u s
p e n d i c u l a rt ot h ea n t e n n as u b s t r a t e . The a p e r t u r e is a p e r t u r e - f e dp a t c h ,h o w e v e r ,t h i sd e s i g nd o e sn o th a v e
f e db y a m i c r o s t r i p l i n e w h i c h t e r m i n a t e s at the theextradegreeoffreedomassociated with a tuning
aperture. The g r o u n dp l a n eo ft h ef e e ds u b s t r a t e is i n stub.
contact with t h e groundplaneof the a n t e n n a s u b s t r a t e ,
s o t h e a p e r t u r e is s t r o n g l yc o u p l e d t o t h e f e e d l i n e . F i g u r e 5 shows a v a r i a t i o n o n t h e a p e r t u r e - f e d
T h i sg e o m e t r ya l l o w sp r a c t i c a l l yu n l i m i t e ds u b s t r a t e p a t c h w i t h a perpendicularfeedthatcombines some of
area f o r t h e f e e dn e t w o r ka n da c t i v ec i r c u i t r y .I n a t h e b e s t features o ft h ep r e v i o u s two designs. Here the
way, t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s a n a l o g o u st oo p e n - e n d e d m i c r o s t r i p f e e d l i n e i s a g a i n o n a s u b s t r a t e mountedper-
w a v e g u i d ep h a s e da r r a y s ,w h i c hm a k eu s eo ft h ed e p t h p e n d i c u l a rt ot h ea n t e n n as u b s t r a t e ,b u t now t h e l i n e
d i m e n s i o n f o r p h a s es h i f t e r sa n d other c o n t r o l runs parallel to the antennasubstrate,passing close t o
c i r c u i t r y .I na d d i t i o n ,t h i sc o n f i g u r a t i o n allows t h e theapertureintheantennasubstrategroundplaneand
a c t i v e c i r c u i t r y t o b ef a b r i c a t e di nm o d u l a rf o r m , as- t e r m i n a t i n gi na no p e nc i r c u i ts t u b . To i n c r e a s et h e
suming that the direct contacts for RF f e e d i n g f r o m t h e c o u p l i n g from t h e m i c r o s t r i p l i n e t o t h e a p e r t u r e , t h e
f e e d l i n e t o t h e a p e r t u r e c a n be made r e l i a b l y . groundplanebeneath t h e m i c r o s t r i p l i n e is p a r t i a l l y
removed, f o r c i n g t h e f i e l d l i n e s from t h e m i c r o s t r i p
Electrically,thisgeometryfunctions much l i k e t h e l i n e t o curve over t o thegroundplaneof the a n t e n n a
p r e v i o u sa p e r t u r e - f e da n t e n n a . The d i r e c tr a d i a t i o n s u b s t r a t e . We t h u sh a v e a p e r p e n d i c u l a r f e e d s u b s t r a t e
from t h e a p e r t u r e is s m a l l c o m p a r e dw i t h t h e p a t c h o f f e r i n g lots ofspace,andanopen-circuitstubfor
radiation,andanimpedancematchcanbe easily obtained t u n i n g ,w i t h o u t t h e n e e d f o r d i r e c t c o n t a c t b e t w e e n t h e
by t h e a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e a p e r t u r e s i z e a n d / o r its posi- microstrip line and the aperture.

Conclusion
This a r t i c l e has r e v i e w e d a number of t o p i c s as-
s o c i a t e d w i t h m i c r o s t r i p a n t e n n a s , c o n c e n t r a t i n g OR some
of t h e more r e c e n t developments. Due to s p a c e limita-
t i o n s , of course, a l o t of good uork h a s g o n e u n r e p o r t e d
here.

%DE

Figure 3. Measured input of an aperturecoupled microstripanten- Figure Geometryof an aperturecoupled microstripantenna perpen-
na with enhand bandwidth. dicular substrates and proximity coupled feed he.
8

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