CHAPTER 12 BINOCULAR VISION FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OPTICAL DESIGN Clifton Schor University of California School of Optometry Berkeley, California GLOSSARY Accommodation. Change in focal length or optical power of the eye produced by change in Power of the crystalline lens as a result of contraction of the ciliary muscle. This capability decreases with age. Ametrope. An eye with a refractive error. Aniseikonia Unequal perceived image sizes from the two eyes. Baseline. Line intersecting the entrance pupils of the two eyes. Binocular disparity. Differences in the perspective views of the two eyes. Binocular fusion. Act or process of integrating percepts of retinal images formed in the two eyes into a single combined percept, Binocular parallax. Angle subtended by an object point at the nodal points of the two eyes. Binocular rivalry. ‘Temporal alternation of perception of portions of each eye’s visual field when the eyes are stimulated simultaneously with targets composed of dissimilar colors or di {erent contour orientations. Center of rotation. A pivot point within the eye about which the eye rotates to change direc- tion of gaze. Concomitant. Equal amplitude synchronous motion or rotation of the two eyes in the same direction. Conjugate. Simultaneous motion ot rotation of the two eyes in the same direction. Corresponding retinal points. Regions of the two eyes that when stimulated result in identi- cal perceived visual directions. Convergence. Inward rotation of the two eyes Cyclopean eye. A descriptive term used to symbolize the combined viewpoints of the two eyes into a single location midway between them. Cyclovergence. 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Lantage point. Position in space of the entrance pupil through which 3-D space is trans- formed by an optical system with a 2-D image or view plane. Nisualflekd ‘The angular region of space or field of view limited by the entrance pupil ofthe 6 the zone of functional retina, and occlusion structures such as the nose and orbit ofthe eve ‘Visual plane, Any plane containing the fixation point and entrance pupils ofthe two eyes. ‘Yoked movements. Simultaneous movement or rotation of the two eyes in the same direction, 2 COMBINING THE IMAGES IN THE TWO EYES INTO ONE PERCEPTION OF THE VISUAL FIELD Visual Field Optical designs that are intended to enhance vision usually need to consider limitations imposed by having two eyes and the visual functions that are made possible by binocular vision. When developing an optical design itis important to tailor it to specific binculay fare, tions that you wish to enhance or at least not to limit binocular vision, Binocular. views Caruaness sisual perception in several ways, Fist and foremost, it expands the visual field (Walls, 1967). The horizontal extent of the visual field depends largely on the placement and ‘rientation of the eyes in the head. Animals with laterally placed eyes have panoramic vision {hat gives them @ full 360 degrees of viewing angle. The forward placement of Our eyes reduces the visual field to 190 degrees. Eye movements let us expand our field of view. tie slightly more of the temporal than the nasal visual field and more ofthe ipsilateral than the contralateral side of a binocularly viewed object {Visual perception is not uniform throughout this region. The fovea or central region of the fetina is specialized to allow us to resolve fine detail in the central S degrees of the visual tela Eye movements expand the regions of available space. They allow expansion of the sone of high resolution, and accommodation expands the range of distances within which we can have high acuity and clear vision from viewing distances as near as Sem in the very young to opti, al infinity (Hofstetter, 1983). The peripheral retina is specialized to aid usin locomotor tacks {ch as walking so that we can navigate safely without colliding with obstacles Its important {hat optical designs allow users to retain the necessary visual field to perform tasks anded by the optical device, » Perception Space perception includes our perception of direction; distance; orientation and shape of objects; object trajectories with respect to our location; body orientation, location, and motion in space; and heading. These percepts can be derived from a 2-D image projection on the two fetinas of a 3-D object space. Reconstruction of a 3-D percept from a 2-D image requires the use of information within the retinal image that is geometrically constrained by the 3D natine of space. Three primary sources of visual o vsion-related information are used for this prs Pose, namely, monocular information, binocular information, and extraretinal or motor irton nation, Monocular visual or retinal cues include familiarity with the size and shape of objects linear perspective and shape distortions, texture density, shading, partial image occlusion or {ietap. size expansion and optic flow patterns, and motion parallax (Demet & Warm, 1979) Binocular information is also available, including stereoscopic depth sensed from combing tions of horizontal and vertical disparity, and motion in depth (Cumming, 1994). Extraretina ‘ues include accommodation, convergence, and gaze direction of the eyes. Many of these cues