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    Akhshitaa Castellan
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    bio project for dash

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    4 views79 pages

    Its Bio Dude

    Uploaded by

    Akhshitaa Castellan
    bio project for dash

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 79
    pp fenkala—the male. gamete far ¥'polten _ganfn _cantafne __| —to the __presence __of _Aparopallentn__and he ‘inner, —fayen | | (frie) whieh nade up al __cettulose anc —pecbose____ Pollen grain —are—mfernspares or male _qarmetophites which | +hwo_tayers “The _ 0: ouker ayer _extne -»—Whith %s __thtck due | j-——-uere__0gef boric aud, 20 mg 24 —_potascium —__} [Bite ,50mq of _magneSum sulphate °va too ml of __] {distilled unten Feoeepure =— |e Preparation of 2st ent medium — mfx log ef __| [—}-_2 Dust the _pallen _gedina joua_ine—steman af a_| make —flemer and “add 4 drop of nubfent medium .__ — 3-het the cavity side be __eept undisturbed + Page No.:| 03, 15-0 mfnukes and then ebserve ik under a__mfcrnscope . _ OBseRvaTion + = — - —}—1-Seme_viable pollen grains have developed pollen -tubes . | a. Pollen oudeus descends to tipo} the pollen. |__| tebe and divides into two male qamebes ——_ Rest 2 ——Mialote grains —_qenminake_tn__pmper nutrient conditions | e And__ainavss variable —lengtfa | pollen tubes. = PapcauTlons ee e F - —__|______41) Flowers sheutd be —presily plucked i) Use clean slides tn _obsewve pollen grata Nat -oterlapping —usbile_ dusting 4ollen grains. ee = Gs -Aveiel air —butbles site , | Ug lo-@o-} cla ps th best Aoi for qrewing plants — because of good aeration. 7 toed rake —wat 21 hadi —§$ a copatity, and being ricln fs rdinerals like loumus.__| Proce DURE» 1s Collect thy il __sample__4rom oligferent areas With Ae —help of _a_digger . ___ -2_ Weigh about LOD oof _s0il. jue _ronh_xample_ | || abe Sea and_add. hte a _ieasuring _cytider half filled with. | Sify the soil water —mixty wil_a_glass rod |__| Jor 15-20 minutes aod__Ahake the cylinder well and leave ik und fate leecl 4+ Th iL__paatices will_qradually settle %> _ atae cy lader ___ |__| be: _®bserve the diff. ‘erent Layers of, il _ancl__nobe ___| dousin =the hei ghis_ef different ayers of tacky aol PageNo.:| oq {Particle and calculate the relative percentages. | Resu.t : — - 7 I — Sample Ais _Jound to be_leamy soil whit ie [ uitable tor plank qminta , wheveas Sample Bard oc ; high _éand content tahien Ts not eee — [Tce plant __grmith - = e | femmaumans : ; —l: Scil__samples should be. eee Seen TeEaS — 7 pe sh ayers formed ayant a 12 Samece | Garven Son 5: || Saney Son ‘ Cavey Con | To__determine tne __pH ef different «cu __éamplea. _| Mareriais __REQuigEn « —— ——— | —|_____“Tesk__tube, Junnel, Jilter paper , pH tnlate , soil _| —|_4amples_, pH of different _Acalee and beakers . | | Page No.:| (3 A+ ‘hen select _o nan range of pit paper and __| 1+ The pit of different ci) _ammples were _alpserved ___ | and tine result wos tabulated | tn te pot 401| depends Ubon tne Yelative "amount | | 0} observed H* ions or metallic i 24 Mg’. ae eee _ Ye] | ont Yay wy Au2wa7 (mem aay, a a oe al | Sb-0b | woo | (WD wos aarsavoy | tw ot whee | | \ wboc on a ew} car] cw | arnainy]|abaney “| (ony 1105 4 Lito 3 awe 4Q) 0 LW 36 | @) | | | | | | | aug acang aware WLW) UNI 04 aM | eq linders oe Se ern eee pi _aoil sample poe gently Anto the nnel bined wit the files paper. _ s = | a> 3 roe tine 1 Gent po wk eaten ore [at “enemas Sa yell = = | ay Record the __ volume. —fuerecd water _% if | the _measusing cylinder _apben _2.0- mina, when _the— LL {water stops Arippiog. yer te —fynnel — = 5)_Repeak the above _atdps—jox— ad __the __| —|_aeit amples ee [| pesemvaman: —— Water holding capacity siento — aaa eae the nature of iL___paatictes —present Sunt __ | Resurt + }_| 3) Sample A hae owe wastes _haldicicy, |_| capacity and Sa —oot suitable jor pant goa | _| ii) Sample 8 hom _moderabe toa. — {capacity and a snp plant —qreusth ___ PageNo.:| 19 ae | — ph oF waTER SAMPLES Wee Water Rwer WATER Fowure> Wate ie }-Fx:No:n ___Sropy Of PH Of Direrrenr Warer Sampirs | arT8 | Aim : | and study hed pi 7 aa }—|-Mareriars _Requipep: Waten samples jm diferent sites , p paper, _| -}———-pH table and test tatbes THEORY + _— ~4_an_fndicotion ot ei tay ar atk tay —_| p90 —solutima __ancl it fe an -leoperkan t_ factor which | Appecks he planks and th2_agpass unfenad = L |_pepulakien ——{Frockpupe + ,_ phe _clitperent water samples are taken fn _ nd, [-——}-¢pewabe test tubes and are labelled ac _ A,B ~and._< = er —|,r——“—“‘“‘—s™S"CCC wiét(;s —to__each ple ana __ pare th, 2bewa + — [i PH paper wit the pH table . Oscervation_: The—pH_of “diferent —wsakex ample: oe 7 |}-——|tecorded ‘on the Chservatim table pogo Nos| a3 Re6uUT + i) Water Sample __¢_is__poUuted and ts ___tound __| i PageNow:| ag LEx.No 6 est for (iAeity Of Water zee }___| Aim : ; —_ 7 - — To examine the presence _of _paaticulake __| ———-mrattea__Lauspencded —pollitants) in different _waker |__| samples. - | Mareri4rs Reouirep: — -A__cardboard box , an electric baxch or a —_— bulb beaker and diferent _waker sampler — | THepry + | ——}pellukants__jn__the sample of _waten wae aspen = The _particulake matter or Pe 4uspended __| — [tng that Ts essential — for perenne | —| the _duat pasties %n the _usaker are, seen forthe turbidiry a a ee —talled _tyndatt Efeck —— Feocepur€ > rageno:| aq | —4)-Repeat the Same steps 4er—other water samples and compare the results St |__| Opeervation 2 te —The suspended _particulake matter Llitce. clay | |_| pasteles _, organi mother , ete were observed and _| | vecorded $n the shservation table saat PRECAUTION. oe = 1) the bole to the _cardbaard box Shaul __| nok lax _ 2) the __fight aux. auld beef, — — Test for Cearity OF Warer © a ome waren Sample | Ceaeiy | 1 | Pouore Waren (A) | Exmimery Torro | | | | 2. | River Were (6) | CuEae | [| | 3 | Tar waren Ce) | Stsnny Tore + Page No:/ 29 | | Ex-No: 1 ___rupy Or Presence OF Jnr Optmanic me IN __| e818 DiereReNT Warer ampics . l | Aim: - Alle it_tm dry and — paca to, bas = PageNo.:| 3) PageNo.:| 33 | Ex:No:a __ 8) keep thin for one hour This _precess Sx lenoum a fpzation }—__|_ 6) Remove “2 er 2 _Anob _tips anal — hype tte | Ce ea Ae 60% So Ne a PageNo.:| 35 DU) Place _a_alep_e| acetmeammine en a __alide. ——|___«) Pur mme——_tudlmlissed Avot tip em the | dacp and place tne covers Lip it. With tha, _ bint sock of a penetra nesdle—gprznd — uk the thin _tavjen _ 3) Make sure smat there $s no ak burnie 2 | tne coverslip lo) Warm the stode Yer the flame 4p yet tnd 1) Obser! under lew power and -then under | Wigin power of 4 i ape [seventies 4 __ — os ——* nder leur power,rectanguiaa cella woith —_| ~pink_auclei ave __seen acattered — | Uinder high power, $e —olesing tages aa -become __g\&stinct . ERI sh ne eeing_pna j 2} —the cell cycle _hettweer ty auccersi tats the _nuctewms Nucteolus and nuclear py -teelepe are diiep ihe 2+ Peornase’ — Chematih material shortens et and condensz in. oo staxead - Whe Atreters [cated ~Shmenesame— Gd thmmeseme —conslata af 5 PageNo:| 37 tie ch. stad s feted aba —peint cated _| |-—+—centre mere Nuclear _@nvetepe and nucleolus ay bs A keqrating and disappear at ting | endo prepnase E ~8-Metaciést = A bipolar _ptnalle develope —_| ~fn_sthe cet chromosomes become. icke ___anch shromatiols ak helm: oe__Qede attached tothe Apindle fibres ar itle | tre mere. A Aneeiase = Tivo chromatide af each | L Chrmosame seperate 4ymen 3 the amen -aod___| | | ete towards ——cte opposite —_polea the daughter _| pe Chromosome (Aeperated dmmmatida) appears _% =a —,T,b,T cha depending the __positian | | {centromere s | —4- Tevopriase = The 4pindle dé, Ppeaxs__and the | _— | ‘daughter —chmmmosemes—uncsil_ta form —_ghmmatic L- pier the two poles Tine auctea? —membrane_| | tet steal — reappears and the tuo laughter —_—_| unre? reappear ap —the eppasite poten ~Cytokinesis ___| occurs oo T— jAatealaker cells = Page No.:| Lsa_] es Page no:| 44 _| kr.No:9 _Erreer OF pH ON Acnwiry OF SarivARY =! eis) Amyease On Stare Ain + || aad, the 2ffeck of different pH on Hae ackivity of, on ne Abarch snavay 304 | anaey ang | ers) cee | sear) 2079 anera7 mig nowy 304 yoory 39002) gary 3079 gnowy 307g | gnowy 18 ee etd | yootey 3098 snore) mg 2 ad 7 | um tery ast sen) oN Yoorey 901g. ynoray 301 aay 0'FE yaaroy 101 anor) 07d snota) 9078 snoop 304 yano) 301 an) 3078 arom) 301d anergy ‘Vi0%@ yor) 9079 S92 Hd BM tack AL aNnidoy, HIM. yer) ano) 20107 400703 aeera) are oe anetey 4ac07 goad WM 94eL aL, Nouway 31g ang, amd aml mg 3079 ang amg ang ang ad ang (ers ot) PageNo.:| 43 Seaaaasaassaassameaa Fimmediabeliy —usith tae help of _o_croppew , take —dmp__from__each teste tule and poi inte one __| |} beats taae of, _ledine. Solution oj ‘tree _sbranda —__ Aeperakelis . Nate the ki ime as _zern minute Page No.: Las | 7 4) Note the time taker. till the —point_ts reached ~8).Keep the test tubes fp tne water bat | PageNo:| 47 | Bx-Morio _Erreer O¢ Swoy Or Poruianon Density Page Now} 57 Gx.Noii2 __Srupy Oe Popmanon Density Ane Percewtie | Beto Frequency Of PANT Species . Aiwa: Te study the _p: fpulcikion —densibig anc | — | Percentage —preayitncig — of — different plant Apeci ta given ave _ . —_— i= Apedes occured Total no .of quadranta o C%#) auisnad Nomwinaay Va @) papas svapor | ry -an) 40 frou re. ov bo Hg HY oN” aney | | sang | | | Nouyinay) — Page No.: | 2) fount |_present th 3) Record the dain %n observation table | “Ha k Peecaurions b. nce tn ff —— The measurement: _of_qwsadrants «ahautol _| Accuxake 7 : vidual must be counted only Spodrant Page No.: [ “| Exo us __&rpy Of Pouworanrs IN aa 5 -lo-18 Am: — = Testy —the presence —o——pasbiculalee matters — [stash at te differen sites — }———|ReauireMents Se [| Meases—eb, plants growing at baa diferent ——_| | Aitea _ + Slides coverslip _erush _and__microsen pe —_ —| Proce pure : [Collect leaves fm the plane | 2) Put a jeu darcy }— glycerine an __th p———4ushace of tne leaves and rub ie with a» I ;—Clean _bruah. 4) Take_a_dmp Ff —glycerim fam trie Leaver | [erik the lide and cover ik suit eae le [-—}-4 Shserve ite under tine miemsenpe = 2) Repeat the experiment — by —tatg a ~yx7em_—a— plank Qreeing ta __glass _hhause__| Page No.: es Conjchusio nN: _ ~The —aii__contathe_a._nunbec af, _particulake —__| Petuusants The —concenbratton af —_polusten te 2, _ i |_Aifferenk alkes _ rage tos| 3 | | Sp-ne:2 Sarvi Frowers ( Ewromorunous) net eeeesea tandrons _witta _hilipped sora __| end have turn pips or lewer mechanism Jb. | ach _stmeen. conn adhich wleeass a _fentile | Leather lobe atthe Upper end anal __aterile plate. Lilee — | pther lobe Qt the lower end 4 The too Aterile anther | —|plates—block the path of insects. ~ 8. L Ider flowers ine stag biog th big fa uch _a__position “Heat it brushes agaist the bacle | o_reseck and eetleck pole __qraine brovaht by the. —_| wae ce fern young, Ateuser — Page No.: | Spe-No:a ___ORNITHoPHitous __ FioweRs . We7t8 | Comments ; Z ft. | The plowers a usualy bright our = red, |__| ormnge yellow or tolue _ | __| ddible _ & Th nectar bed i such abundanme that the Arps of it can te bmught sown by Shaking branches. The flowers a parle or ewithouk | Pogeno.[ 3 | [Spey _Stupy Or Fauen Geaminarton Ano Grown Or | WTB Posten Tore Aina: = To study tn, pal amination and _anouith of oll 4 —Tate Ouk the pou bed -faapel {ymin the flower a} Pi tulace| a mites ox athe aultabie tlerer atrel place it | Om —_a__qlaw hide Sn danp a unten. Gyentt beast ib tutth—the help ef needles or prick up “the carpel 4mm | — ~p the fewer — tind aut 6 _Lengitadinal — ection of it Place | 2. Four a _deop of fran en__the _beased — pel.or ite | ection and tome i wits yuat 2 Put — dyop | :s givcesi and wer +n ti d axpel_or | I ite nection mith coverslin p th bez eine with | of the uh |_| at valent — ned Ant diag of = Page no:/ 4 | ; OBsEpvaTion : Difperent stages of _geern atiag pallens are _abcerved_| in__+tns stigma and seyle regi {tne carpet. | ome pollens ta__theie initial stages of _germinaticn| | Precautioss i Only pollinated caxpele —“slould be selected for — — periment. a a Teasing —csloeutd be dene gently 46 that tine pollen PageNo:/ 1) pee t Oc Tesns 18-745 —| Conaments = [4 The testis of nrouse (mammal) 2s covered by J] tate ~pibres tissue called tunica albuginea “he__teatis toy staf _numerus werniniferrus tubules | PageNo.:| 3 +Spt-Nai6 Vv, Oe Ovary. 18-718 Commenrrs.: [——]gniminalepithetive foliased bay a totee fate“ — ___| ieee The thar —condsts —o|_ouker cortex and inner medulla | 4{—A__mouse— ovary fs _a__satid structure bounded by _| | iemus tissue, the tun H8_alkuginea ——__ j the medulla _eontains many munded er oval _lenddea _ }talled ovarian ar qrafflan tolicle ak Vascus 2 Alages | -o}, development - — es -| Each tollile containe 2 targe ewan vam aural hy | many Langer: a a tla The —corkex ning —yyoung and _raskesre follies _] phe —corkex —anaiy ala contain — 4 tanye tos yellne | | Syrajpjan — ———e a [Gran ylides vayee ee naa en ca —an_émpt4 __] : m Page Nos! 5 | | Spr-nia=7 ee, ———,—— 24 BE L | Anna et = FoAtudy meios’ th onion tud cel thinugh permanent | | Mide _ |__| Re@virements : _ ——— ao ooo Permanent Aude of dipterent trite of meiosis tn = i lee ce ae Frocenure | ||» Fix tne _permaneat aude Aindec_the. microscope ___| +—Birsk _bserve tine Atte cher -e nd __+ten | [nde highs —peuer of tine mifithecobe | | Oaservanioni - p——— Under the —4-erfermscope —jpliensing, ataagea| of mei _wer, Aistincdly ob, wed : }—-A:_|_Meosis_- } 1. | Paophase — Sitka tony duration and trae five stages — : 4) LepToTeNe 1) Cammaseme fibres ndenae, wd_forrm trick thread Bike Abructures, dalled Chymenosame, - —_| pli Nuclear gnvelop and nucleolus are dis Hine —| Up) Xv @orene + a Page No.:| 17 } li) the individual of a pate ave millon In -leng ta arid | it posit 7 tet centromere — —eszimatis of reenact ts rn _| A) bis é | C) The jane cnramasomes bivalent move Away | and hy Lec fred dA —tegtther ak one or move _| ep Le) Diainersis : 4 ; j——__| Ud Hemalaqaus —hmmacemel appear thick. and nin 4 — ha ped : [ily _ntudenlaus —artl__nucleas envelops clisap pear and Mfladie| I jbegeiy be be perm cal . a f—_2 —Metaewse ot (ij The _ pivatent Chomalegaus chremasomes ) arrangé __| | Hhemselves at toe _tayaine vot tre apindl PageNo: /q | | __. 4» cach pele ras hay ‘ve numberof,” clhmmasemes __| | | + _|_with two __chunmaticia each) 4. | TepprAse 1: | 1 (i)_The _Cchmmosome —_at—___gacdn_pole urcil , and ___| SS reappear. Coen seas —tase eal daa cells SINTER MINES _ rey 4 A: Teropuase St: = —— — | —____(i)._ The _chremosames__beq dn ko _uneoi | _and become thin | |__|. (i) The nuclear envelope and nucleus are necorutituted |_| dytnisinests cone amd Jour daughter cells are formed uit | |____haplotd __mamiser af edrormsomes 1 = - = = Page No. SpeNea TS. OF Beast ig-r19 |b} Tk ts _ spherical nase of almout —aixty four tlle — | Tk “ts composed of an _euber _anvelope a}, cella The. bmphoblast or _ treophoecttderm and inner well mass. | ( cembrueblas a | |a. | With ia ttve envelope there _i5 oo _qjuid_Jited cavity called | binstocoek a Spi-no:9 ANAysis Or Seep Samere To Srwpy _MenpELiAN RATios . | 27-718 T Awa: ___Ta__Atudy —Mendellian lhurnnce ung ead different _| | colour [ai of, ony plane. —_____ —$$___— “|____| Reqvieements : oe | ——Pea need sample enamel _brouy “polishes, | nebeleanke penal J pen | Rocepupe: « freee eee eee eee | take aff att ton_ peat Sr_anonamel bray |2. | Aeperate out epund and __corinisled emdg ond put treet —_| || fn_ _scperate petiidishes ag (| 8: | Note down tne nukes of Apund and —_tovinieled Aenea —__| | ahd calouiabe toca appropumake rote - 4 Repeat the proce per the other contrasting tralt_of_the | eck i yeliaa and green coleae | Resor « a |__| ____The Contrasting Jorma in _totta tne traits ef pea vals | liz seed vhape and s00d colour} inal pproAinna be |} —by--Mendel fpr snonahy lend _crmsaes and indicate tak. the _| | dsminant ard veces errs | colour exist ‘to the ratio of 3 Sa the _poputaticrs —af | raseno:[ a7] FREPAVTION S _ . a = jt: | Takes a aayfcien tty —darye noo —_aseade Lat jor eanadipa ts. - tp minimize —enco ~ __ — }_2. | Observe the contrasting Jorma af, the brett —earepulliy | pase tos| aa | Spenavo _Pepigeee Cuanr Or Grewerie ‘Tears - RowiNer 2178 Or _Tonewe |_— GMMENTS = 7 — = — The trait % present “in__the _Jathar parent duet» _| L lneeeaat aera -genes C1 =aaa) the. trait can | |__| appear fo_tne_prngeny only een it “beverned —_bermiye Cuts) {—__ a ince only ene of the progeny carter the |traat , the mother parent —ravst be _hekercayqous (teste | brs: = Aa roa =D} heters sy qeus 5d recesses), be LA aa, =2 = tero7 desk nas) and danse, The__¢rss__ between 1 —f and her | | husband also produces 4 ‘ ij =2 220) | This ts_yossible only te the utsider is _heterozuysous (Aa). Naturally i = 1s al -herermaya, LAa) eee nelcronijyeut Cha) .Herhushand con | [alter — it — rater (A0 Bea AA 2 ya)oe porns inant (AaxAA 2AA i 4 tne _pregeny LS ies oil trons the _possibitey “a tha, prevent pollination 2-_| these bags are _made up of, .polythens paper, rmousli —farchmenk _papen - ——8.___The bags are punctured er race __Jpenforated 20 as to__previde aeration ts the flower [-—4~| The flowers aj rade parents ere Olio _aprotebed So __| _ bags be. prevent _mixing af thcke pole quai iusith _ —jfpecige pater ——_______] S Atte: dusting i, tis. desired —policn qratias sn —‘the —_| PageNo.:| 39 | Spe =o le —_____£nramoesA —_____] 58 [ |__| Commensis -_ : 7 be Tt _a__duuman_-parasite that resides in tne. E418

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