• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Lely Riawati, ST., MT

 LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

• Click
LCA will not
to determine
edit Master whichtext
product or process is the
styles
most cost effective or works the best.
– Second level
The information developed in an LCA study should be used
• Third
as one level of a more comprehensive decision
component
process–assessing
Fourth level the trade-offs with cost and
performance, » Fifth
e.g.,level
Life Cycle Management.
 LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

• Click
Life CycletoManagement
edit Master (LCM) is the
text application of life
styles
cycle thinking to modern business practice, with the aim to
– Second
manage level
the total life cycle of an organization’s product and
• Third
services towardlevel
more sustainable consumption and
production–(Jensen and Remmen 2004).
Fourth level
» Fifth level
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

•• As environmental
Click awareness
to edit Master increases,
text styles industries and
businesses are assessing how their activities affect the
– Second level
environment.
• Many• Third level have responded to this awareness by
businesses
– Fourth
providing “greener”
level products and using “greener”
processes » Fifth level
• Many companies have found it advantageous to explore
ways of moving beyond compliance using pollution
prevention strategies and environmental management
systems to improve their environmental performance.
One such tool is LCA ( Life Cycle Assessment )
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

A Technique that tries to identify, measure and characterize

•different
Click to edit Master
potensial text impacts
environmental stylesassociates to each
one– of the stages
Second of life cycle of a product.
level
• Thirdtolevel
A technique assess the environmental aspects and potential
– Fourth level
impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by:
» Fifth level
• Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs
and environmental releases
• Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated
with identified inputs and releases
• Interpreting the results to help decision-makers make a more
informed decision.
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

“Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the

• Click to edit
potential Master impacts
environmental text styles
of a product system
– Second level throughout its life cycle”
This• Third level an environmental profile of the system!
establishes
– Fourth level
 It encompasses
» Fifth all processes
level and environmental releases
beginning with the extraction of raw materials and the
production of energy used to create the product through the
use and final disposition of the product.
 When deciding between two or more alternatives, LCA can
help decision-makers compare all major environmental
impacts caused by products, processes, or services.
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

• Click
LCA is theto
scientifically
edit Master basedtext styles of a product’s
measurement
environmental impacts throughout its life cycle –
– Second level
from raw materials extraction through manufacture,
• Third level
shipping, use or reuse.
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
• •Click
Someto edit Master
products text styles
have a dominating environmental load
in production,
– Second level some in use, some in disposal:
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Examples: Examples: Examples:

books, furniture, art etc. cars, television, airco etc. Ni-Cd batteries, household
chemicals, fireworks etc.
 Full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
Primary
• Third
Resources level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level

Extraction & Reuse/Re

Production Use Disposal
Processing cycle

Emissions &
Waste
 Life cycle - kapas

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Saling Terkait satu
sama lain
 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

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M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E

– Second
Ma terilevel
Ra w Mat erial al Ma nufac ture Us e & Re tirem ent T reat ment
Ac quisit ion Proc ess ing & As sem bly Serv ice & Rec overy Dis pos al
• Third level
W
– Fourth
W
level W W W W

re u s e
» Fifth level
rema nufac ture

c lo sed-loop recy cle o pe n -lo o p

re cy cle

M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution

W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process,
or distribution
 LCA AIMS

• Understand the flows of matter and energy

• Click to editinMaster
involved the textproduct,
styles material,
– Second level process, packaging, etc
manufacturing
• Third level
• Find out what
– Fourth levelare the environmentally critical
points » Fifth level
• Prevent or remove them using other
materials or systems
 BENEFITS OF LCA

 Develop a systematic evaluation of the environmental consequences

• Click to edit Master text styles
associated with a given product.
 Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific
– Second level
products/processes to help gain stakeholder (state, community, etc.)
acceptance for a planned action.
• Third level
 Quantify environmental releases to air, water, and land in relation to each
– Fourth level
life cycle stage and/or major contributing process.
» Fifth level
 Assist in identifying significant shifts in environmental impacts between
life cycle stages and environmental media.
 Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and
environmental releases to the local community, region, and world.
 Compare the health and ecological impacts between two or more rival
products/processes or identify the impacts of a specific product or
process.
 Identify impacts to one or more specific environmental areas of concern
 WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA?

• Click
1. Producttooredit
project development
Master and improvement
text styles
2. Strategic planning
– Second level
3. Public policy making
• Third level
4. Marketing and eco-declarations
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 VARIANS OF LCA

• Click to edit: Master text styles

Cradle-to-Grave
Cradle-to-grave is the full Life Cycle Assessment from
– Second level
resource extraction ('cradle') to use phase and
• Third
disposal phaselevel
('grave').
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
Cradle-to-Gate :
Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a partial product
lifecycle from resource extraction ( cradle) to the factory
gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer)
 VARIANS OF LCA

• Click to edit :Master text styles

Cradle-to-Cradle
a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the
– Second
end-of-life levelstep for
disposal
• Third
the product level
is a recycling process. It is a method used to
minimize the– Fourth
environmental
level impact of products by
employing sustainable
» Fifth levelproduction, operation, and disposal
practices and aims to incorporate social responsibility into
product development

Gate-to-Gate
a partial LCA looking at onlyone value-added process in
the entire production chain.
 VARIANS OF LCA
Wheel-to-Wheel :
the specific LCA used for transport fuels and vehicles. The
•firstClick
stage,to editincorporates
which Master text styles
the feed stock or fuel
– Second
production and processing
level and fuel delivery or energy
transmission, and is called the"upstream" stage, while the
• Third level
stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes
– Fourth level
called the "downstream"stage.
» Fifth level

Ecology-based :
a methodology that quantitatively takes into account
regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of
economic goods and products.It was designed to provide a
guide to wise management of human activities by
understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological
resources and surrounding ecosystems
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT SCHEME

 Dalam suatu sistem industri terdapat input (material-material yang

• Click to edit Master text styles
diambil dari lingkungan ) dan output (akan dibuang ke lingkungan kembali)
 akan memberikan dampak ke lingkungan
– Second
 INPUT levelmaterial yang berlebihan akan menyebabkan
: Pengambilan
semakin berkurangnya persediaan material
• Third level
 OUTPUT : hasil keluaran dari sistem industri yang bisa berupa limbah
– Fourth level
(padat, cair, udara) akan banyak memberi dampak negatif ke lingkungan
» Fifth level
 LCA berusaha untuk melakukan evaluasi untuk minimumkan pengambilan
material dari lingkungan dan juga meminimumkan limbah industri.
 LCA adalah untuk membandingkan semua kemungkinan kerusakan
lingkungan yang dapat diakibatkan dari suatu produk maupun proses, agar
dapat dipilih produk maupun proses yang mempunyai dampak
paling minimum.
 SCHEMA ISO 14000

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – ISO 14040

The LCA methodology is standardised by a series of ISO

• Click to edit Master text styles
standards and includes the following phases
–
– Second
1. Goal andlevel
scope definition (ISO 14041)
– 2.• Inventory
Third level
Analysis (ISO 14041)
– Fourth level
– 3. Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)
» Fifth level
– 4. Interpretation (ISO 14043)
 The LCA process

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– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping

1. Goal Definition and Scoping

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 Pada tahap ini mencakup deskripsi dari metode yang diaplikasikan untuk
memperkirakan potensi dampak lingkungan dan dampak mana yang akan
– Second
diperhitungkan level ruang lingkup dan batasan dari pembahasan.
 Menentukan
 Penentuan
• Third
fungsional
levelunit sangat penting bila life-cycle assessment ditujukan
untuk membandingkan produk ( ada asumsi ekivalensi dari kedua produk)
– Fourth level
» Fifth
Pada tahap ini dijelaskan level hal-hal sbb
mengenai
a. Alasan untuk melaksanakan LCA
b. Penentuan produk, proses, maupun pelayanan dari obyek yang diamati
c. Pemilihan unit fungsional dari produk
d. Penentuan pilihan tentang batasan sistem, termasuk batasan ruang maupun
waktu.Batasan sistem menentukan unit proses mana yang tercakup dalam
pembahasan LCAdan batasan tersebut harus mencerminkan tujuan dari
pembahasan.
 LCA of Lamps helps us make SMART decisions

• Click
Using LCA,tothe greatest
edit Masterenvironmental impact by far, is the
text styles
energy efficiency of the lamp, which supplants coal fired
– Second
power level of climate change pollution).
(largest source
• Third level
CONCLUSION – Fourth level
» Fifth level
The best environmental choice
is the lowest mercury, most
efficient, & longest life lamp.
 The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping

1. Goal Definition and Scoping - contoh

• Click to edit Master text styles
 Permasalahan pemilihan antara lampu pijar dengan fluorescent bulb dalam
penerangan rumah tangga  penghematan energi. Permasalahan lain yang
– Second
muncul level bulb tidak sepenuhnya ramah lingkungan (penggunaan
adalah fluorescent
raksa pada bohlam yang akan dilepas ke lingkungan ketika sudah tidak terpakai)
• Third level
 Pembakaran batubara merupakan penyumbang terbesar dalam lepasnya raksa ke
– Fourth
atmosfer (lampu pijarlevel
memerlukan energi yang lebih besar  penggunaan lampu
pijar mengakibatkan lepasnya
» Fifth level raksa yang lebih banyak ke udara daripada
penggunaan fluorescent bulb ).
 Banyaknya raksa terlepas tergantung pada batasan sistem yang dipilih
 Sistem (pembahasan) yang lebih sempit memerlukan sedikit data dan analisis yang
singkat, tetapi mungkin mengabaikan hal sebenarnya penting dalam sistem
tersebut.
 The LCA process – 1 Goal Definition and scoping
Wooden Pencil vs. Mechanical Pencil
Goal = Compare 2 writing utensils for classroom use.
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second
Scope: Woodenlevel
Pencil (T = Transportation)
• Third levelFlow Diagram
Process
T – FourthT level T T T
Lumber Lumber End of
Forest
Manufacture
Mill » Fifth level Retailer Use Life

T
Rubber (Landfill)
T Sharpening
Graphite
T (Electricity)
Packaging
T
Brass
 Scope: Mechanical Pencil
PE = Polyethylene

• ClickPPto= Polypropylene
edit Master text styles
Both materials are plastic polymers (large
– Second
molecules) used to level
make many products.
www.germes-online.com

• Third level
T T T T T
– Fourth level
End of
Oil PE / PP» Fifth level
Manufacture Retailer Use Life

T
Rubber (Landfill)
T T = Transportation
Graphite
T
Packaging
T
Spring
 Function & Functional Unit
• Click to edit Master text styles
Function Example
– Second
Service provided by a
level Wooden Pencil vs.
system
• Third level Mechanical Pencil
What it does!
– Fourth level Function = “Writing”
Functional
» FifthUnit
level Functional Unit = “1 meter of
Gives the function a number writing”
value
Allows comparison between
products
Reference point
FUNCTIONAL UNIT
•• Click
Definitionto edit Master
of functional unit, initialtext
systemstyles
boundaries and procedural
aspects
– Second level
 Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function,
• Third
for example:level
comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a)
1000 –disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison
Fourth level
of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
» Fifth level
 Functional unit is basis for comparison
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

2. Inventory Analysis
• Click to edit Master text styles
 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (misal :
– Second
produk, levellimbah,dan emisi, yang terjadi dan digunakan sepanjang
produk samping,
• Third level
daur hidupnya.
 Langkah ini membutuhkan porsi waktu dan data paling banyak di antara langkah-
– Fourth level
langkah yang lain.
 Satu set data dan» perhitungan
Fifth level aliran bahan dan energi yang mengkuantifikasikan
input dan output dari life cycle suatu produk  kuantitas yang objektif dengan
menggunakan neraca massa dan neraca energi
 Kadang terdapat penilaian subjektif terkait asumsi yang diambil.
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
Environment
• Third level
– Fourth level System Functional
» Fifth level Outputs

Inputs

Emissions/
Wastes
Subsystems
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to
Inputs
edit Master text stylesOutputs
What is needed
– Second levelto make What comes out of the
•the substance!
Third level system!
1. Energy– Fourth level 1. Products (electricity,
» Fifth level materials, goods,
2. Materials
3. Labor services)
2. Waste
3. Emissions
4. Co-products
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• vClick
En ironmental burdens
to edit are thentext
Master quantified
styles for each subsystem
according to the formula
– Second level i
• Third level
B j
– Fourth level
  bc j
i 1
, i x i
» Fifth level
– Where bcj,i is burden j from activity i and xi is a
mass or energy flow associated with that activity
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
Example :

• Click
The systemto in this
editexample
Master has one
textfunctional
styles output and each
activity i from extraction of raw materials to final disposal
– Second
generates level
a certain amount of CO2 and CH4.
• Third level
– Fourth
x1 level x2 x3 x4
Extracti » Fifth Production
level Use Disposal
on FU
CO2 = 0.2 kg/t CO2 = 0.3 kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t CO2 = 0.1kg/t
CH4 = 0.1 kg/t CH4 = 0.1 kg/t CH4 = 0.1kg/t CH4 = 0.3kg/t
x1 = 2t/tFU x2 = 1.5t/tFU x3 = 1t/tFU x4 = 0.5 t/tFU
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click
Using the
to Environmental
edit Master Burdens equation the total
text styles
environmental burdens per functional unit related to the
– Second
emissions of level
CO2 and CH4 are therefore
• Third level
– Fourth level
BCO2 = ∑bcCO2 . xi = (0.2)2+(0.3)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.1)0.5 →BCO2 = 1.0 kg/tFU
» Fifth level

BCH4 = ∑bcCH4 . xi = (0.1)2+(0.1)1.5+(0.1)1+(0.3)0.5 →BCH4 = 0.6 kg/tFU

 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen - contoh

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis
2. Inventory Analysis untuk 1 kg Etilen

• Click to edit Master text styles

– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 Menginventrisasikan input (misal bahan baku dan energi) dan output (
 The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment

3. Impact Assessment
• Click to edit Master text styles
 Kumpulan bahan/material yang terkandung dari setiap bahan yang digunakan
atau yang dikeluarkan.
– Second
 Mengubah level
tiap elemen dalam inventarisasi  kualitatif terhadap kondisi
lingkungan  memperkirakan dampak lingkungan yang merupakan akibat dari
• Third
emisi dan bahan level
yang digunakan
 Memperkirakan– Fourth level
dampak lingkungan dari semua input dan output dari tahap
sebelumnya » Fifth level
 The LCA process – 3 Impact Assessment

• Click
The environmental
to editburdens
Master quantified in “Inventory Analysis”
text styles
are translated into the related environmental impacts. This is
– Second
carried level
out within the following steps
• Third level
– Classification
– Fourth level
– Characterisation
» Fifth level
– Normalisation
– Valuation
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

Classification
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Involves the aggregation of environmental burdens into a
– Second levelof environmental impact categories to
smaller number
indicate
• Thirdtheir
levelpotential impacts on human and ecological
health and thelevel
– Fourth extent of resource depletion. The
aggregation is done on the basis of the potential impacts
» Fifth level
of the burdens so that one burden can be associated with
a number of impacts; eg Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC’s) contribute to both global warming and ozone
depletion. The approach used most widely for
classification of the impacts is known as ‘problem
oriented’, whereby the burdens are aggregated according
to their relative contributions to the environmental effects
they may have
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

•TheClick
impacts
tomost
editcommonly
Masterconsidered in LCA are
text styles
– Non-renewable resource depletion
–
– Second
Global warminglevel
– • Third
Ozone level
depletion
– – Fourth level
Acidification
– » Fifth level
Eutrophication
– Photochemical oxidant formation
– Human toxicity
– Aquatic toxicity
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to edit Master text styles

Characterisation
– Involves the quantification of the impact of interest
– Second
relative to level
a reference substance. In the example we
• Third level
examined we look at the Global Warming Potential of the
– Fourth
Products life cycle
level relative to CO2 emissions. Takes place
using the»formula
Fifth level

j
E k   ec k , j B j
eck,j represents the relative
contribution of burden Bj to
impact Ek
j 1
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to edit
Normalisation Master text styles
–– The impacts
Second level can be normalised with respect to
the total emissions or extractions in a certain area
• Third level
over–aFourth
givenlevel
period of time. This can help to asses
the extent tolevel
» Fifth which an activity contributes to the
regional or global environmental impacts. Should
be interpreted with care due to lack of reliable
data.
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to
Valuation edit Master text styles
–
– Each
Second impact
level is assigned a weight which
indicates its relative importance. As a result
• Third level
the environmental
– Fourth level impacts are aggregated
into a single environmental impact function EI
» Fifth level

k
EI   wk E
Where wk is the
relative importance
k 1 of impact Ek
 The LCA process – 2. Inventory Analysis

• Click to
Valuation edit Master text styles
– A number of problems at philosophical and
– Second level
practical level in the realisation of this and
• Third
there is level
no consensus on the best way to
– Fourth level
aggregate the environmental impacts into a
» Fifth level
single EI figure.
– Some people argue that valuation should not
be carried out at all as it obscures information
and that considering the impact in a
disaggregated form enhances the
transparency of the decision making based on
LCA results
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
» Fifth level
 The LCA process – 4. Interpretation

•4. Interpretation
Click to edit Master text styles
 Mengkaji hasil dari tahap-tahap sebelumnya untuk menentukan dampak
– Second level
utama.
 Menganalisis
• Thirdbeberapa
level alternatif proses untuk mengurangi
dampak lingkungan
– Fourth level
 Pertimbangkan desain proses yang berwawasan lingkungan dan
» Fifth level
mendekatikonsep ekologi industry.
 Interpretasikan dari langkah sebelumnya (bisa disertakan saran
untuk langkah perbaikan)
 Bila untuk membandingkan produk  rekomendasi produk yang paling
ramah terhadap lingkungan.
 Jika analisis satu produk  saran untuk memodifikasi produk
• Click to edit Master text styles
– Second level
• Third level
– Fourth level
SELAMAT BELAJAR
» Fifth level