Aim-

Report on “Excavation Equipments”.

Theory-
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper, bucket and
cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage
with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often
mistakenly called power shovels.Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their
mode of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which use
winches and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.

Types of Excavation Equipments-

Following equipments are used in excavation for different purpose-
1. Backhoes
2. Power Shovels
3. Bull Dozers
4. Tractors
5. Draglines
6. Scrapers
7. Clamshells
8. Angle Dozers
9. Dredgers
10. Rippers
11. Motor Graders

1.Backhoe
The backhoe is hydraulic excavator with a bucket attached to the hydraulic controlled
boom and stick. In this excavator, the excavation bucket moves in downward and
backward direction during excavation.

Diagram-
Working-
Basically, the backhoe is a big, extremely powerful version of your arm or finger. It has
three segments:
1. Boom
2. Stick
3. Bucket
The backhoe segments are connected by three joints, comparable to your wrist, elbow
and shoulder. The backhoe moves in pretty much the same way as your arm.This
design also provides extra space for the bucket when the operator curls it in with a full
load.
The backhoe can dig all sorts of holes, but is especially suited for digging ditches.

Advantages-
1. The device can be enlarged.
2. It can be configured with a variety of new devices, such as combination boom,
telescopic boom mount, bottom-dump bucket, etc.
3. The operation is simple, flexible, energy, improving the driver's working
conditions.

Disadvantages-
1. Determine the cause of the accident and troubleshooting more difficult.
2. Maintenance repair and technical requirements are high.
3. Assembly demanding is also more difficult.

Application-
1. Retractable-bottom loader buckets are also often used for grading and scraping.
2. Enhanced articulation of attachments can be achieved with intermediate
attachments such as the tiltrotator.
3. The backhoe bucket can also be replaced with powered attachments such as a
breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder.

2.Power Shovel
A power shovel is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for
digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction. Power Shovels
are a type of rope/cable excavator, where the digging arm is controlled and powered by
winches and steel ropes, rather than hydraulics like in the more common hydraulic
excavators​.
Diagram-

Working-
The shovel operates using several main motions:

1. Hoist - pulling the bucket up through the bank (i.e. the bank of material being
dug)

2. Crowd - moving the dipper handle out or in to control the depth of cut and when
positioning to dump

3. Swing - rotating the shovel between digging and dumping

4. Propel - moving the shovel unit to different locations or dig positions.

A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:
1. Digging
2. Swinging
3. Dumping
4. Returning

Advantages-
1. Power shovel can dig far more easily and faster.
2. They are capable of excavating all classes of earth.
 3. If the project time is such that it needs high hourly output, large shovel should be
used.
4. Suitable for close range of work.

Disadvantages-
1. It does use lots of gasoline and pollutes the earth.
2. It is hard to get to one place to another.
3. They are not capable of excavating the solid rock without prior loosening.

Applications-
1. Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in
open-cut mining operations.
2. Suitable for close range of work.
3. Capable of digging very hard materials.
4. Can remove big sized boulders.
5. To excavate the earth and to load the trucks.
6. It is used in various types of jobs such as digging in gravel banks, clay pits,
digging cuts in road works, road-side berms, etc.

3. Bull Dozer
A bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a substantial metal plate used to push large
quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion
work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device to loosen densely
compacted materials.

Diagram-
Working-
A large blade (metal plate) attached to it, allowing it to push large quantities of matter
during construction, earthworks and quarrying projects.
Bulldozer has unique features such as a decelerator pedal which slows down the tractor
but does not stop. It has two joysticks which are used to steer the bulldozer and the
other to control the blade.

Advantages-
1. It delivers greater attractive effort especially when operating soft grounds as
loose or muddy soil.
2. Ability to travel on rough surface, which may reduce the cost of maintaining the
hauling roads.
3. A bulldozer blade is multi-functional, and is available for other uses on the job
site after felling trees.

Disadvantages-
1. Bulldozers are only effective for clearing land, however, when the topography
and soil conditions are suitable.
2. Bulldozers increase erosion on sloping land by disturbing the soil considerably.
3. Because of the weight of a bulldozer, the soil is compacted, which causes
irrigation problems on stony and shallow soils.

Applications-
1. Bulldozers are sometimes used in conjunction with backhoes and other digging
machines.
2. Bulldozers are also used to smooth the fill that is used to build the road.
3. A bulldozer pushes away the topsoil, creating an opening for the road that can
then be filled with gravel and clean fill.
4. Bulldozers can also push waste, brush and other materials into one location for
burning or disposal.
5. Bulldozers can strip off surface vegetation in preparation for the digging of
foundation holes, and can move materials such as gravel, fill and topsoil from
place to place.