Urban Stress: Growing Inequity & Water

Ecological Sanitation Pros & Cons in Management Problems

Developing Countries
and
OUR ROLE

Dr. Roshan R. Shrestha

Chief Technical Advisor

Water for Asian Cities Program

UN HABITAT

UN Habitat Water and Sanitation Trust

Fund Goals and Objectives
„ In October 2002, established WATSAN Trust Fund on World
Habitat Day „ To support implementation of WATSAN related Millennium
Development Goals and targets (MDGs
(MDGs)) in Urban Areas by
„ In December 2002, UN General Assembly requested UN HABITAT
to further support the implementation of the Water for African Cities
Cities
Programme
„ promoting pro-
pro-poor urban water governance
„ In May 2003, the Governing Council requested UN HABITAT to „ urban water demand management
take actions in the field of Urban WATSAN and invited
Governments and International Financial Institutions to increase „ integrated urban environmental sanitation
support to UN HABITAT WATSAN Trust Fund. „ income generation for the poor linked to water supply and
„ UN HABITAT and Asian Development Bank officially launched sanitation.
Water for Asian Cities Programme on 3rd World Water Forum,
Osaka Japan – March 03

Water for Asian Cities

Wise use of water by the poor
Programme Countries

1
 Urban Water Crisis
Water Use by Urban People

Faecal Sludge Management

Urban Rivers

Investment in Water Supply

Rs.
Rs. Approx. 500 million USD only for 1.6 million people
Conventional Wastewater Treatment
B u d g e t C o n tr ib u tio n fo r D iffe r e n t D o n o r s & H M G in %

D e f ic ie t, 1 5
ND F H M G -N , 2 6
OPEC
JAPAN

S ID A
NO R A D
JB IC 1 3 ADB, 28

„ Approx. 8 % of the National annual GDP

„ 48 % - Loan
„ Only about 3 % in Sanitation
„ only 5 % of total current national population and will be 9 % after
after 10 years
„ Slow Progress may take more a decade to complete

2
 Introduction of Constructed Wetland for
Wastewater Treatment
in 1997

There is no Choice !

Therefore

Huge Potential for Ecological

Sanitation !

TREATED WASTEWATER

1. Dhulikhel Hospital (1997)

2. Septage Treatment Plant, KMC (1998)
3. Gray Water Recycling, Private House (1998)
4. Malpi International School (2002)
5. Sushma Koirala Memorial Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Hospital
(2000)
6. Kathmandu University (2001)
7. Staff Quarter, Middle Marsyangdi Hydro Power Station (2002)
8. Recycling of Wastewater from toilet and laboratory, ENPHO (2002)
9. Kapan Monastery (2003)
10. Faecal Sludge and Landfill Leachate Treatment Plant (2002)
11. Gray Water Recycling, Private House (2003)
12. Shuvatara School (2004)
13. Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction/Rehabilitation Project, BASP
(under construction)
14. Community Scale Madhyapur Thimi Municipality Wastewater
Treatment Plant (2005)
15. Poly Clinic, Ilam (under design)
16. Manohara Land pooling Area (under design study)

3

Wasteland can be converted in to Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Positive Response
„ Able to demonstrate one of the feasible technical
options for decentralized WWT
„ Demonstrate treatment of various types of wastewater
with possibilities of recycling
„ Support from Medias
„ Government Recognition
„ ADB funded Urban Environment Improvement
Programme has planned to build 30 units of CWs in 9
small towns as decentralized WWT
…………..Challenges
• Design consultants are not interested to
reduce the cost
• Communities are not adequately involved
during designing and implementation
phase
• Need to follow procurement guidelines
given by donors and government
• Negligence in selection of filter material
and Negligence in O & M
Demonstration of Community Managed
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
2006
But still many challenges ……
Too slow scaling up because :
„ WWT is still not a national priority
„ No demand from community
„ Reuse of Greywater is not culturally
acceptable
„ Land Requirement
„ Inadequate professionals
Capacity Building on CW
„ UN HABITAT – Water for Asian Cities
Programme is going to conduct capacity
building of Municipalities for better
implementation of ADB funded UEIP project
by :
„ Training on Concept and Skill
„ Establishment of Community Scale CW
„ Demonstration and Dissemination
4

Implementation of Urine Diversion Dry
Toilet in Peri-Urban Setting
in 2001
Facts about
Chemical Fertilizer
• 20,000 MT of chemical fertilizer is importing per
year which is equivalent to 9,200 MT of Nitrogen
• Imbalance use of chemical fertilizer without organic
fertilizer resulted in gradual decline in the soil
productivity
• A person excrete 500 liters of urine per year that is
equivalent to 1.5 to 3.5 Kg of Nitrogen/year. If only
15 % of total population in Nepal start to collect
urine, chemical fertilizer can be totally replaced
(VERY ROUGH ASSSUMPTION).

Cross Section of Toilet

Reduction rate of different indicators

10
9
Log concentration (CFU/cm3)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Log concentration (CFU/cm 3)

Perfect theoretical reduction scenario; Total coliforms; Enterococcus; C. perfringens

• Only about 2 log was observed with E.coli.

• A lower reduction – TC 1.6 log and Enterococcus (1 log).
• No change was observed for any of the three stages of C.perfringens

5
6
 Development of IEC materials

Need Intensive Software Porgramme

for Social Mobilization and
Community Awareness

7
 Experiment on crop production

Recommended dose of NPK (National Standard)

Potato : 150:100:30 kg/h

Rice : 80:40:30 kg/h

Radish : 100:60:80 kg/h

Chemical fertilizers :

Urea (46 % N)

Single Super Phosphate (16 % P)

Murate of Potassium (60 % K)

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 Urine Application mode for potato
1. Full dose of urine at basal only
2. Chemical only but nitrogen at 2
split
3. Full dose of urine and PK at basal
4. Urine at 2 split and PK at basal
5. Urine at 3 split and PK at basal

Time of urine application

Basal dose before planting
1st Split dose after 25 days of planting
2nd Split dose after 50 to 60 days as
foliar application diluted with water in
the ratio of 1:3

Research finding
Potato production with application of Urine
• Human urine can be as effective as chemical
20
fertilizer if nutrient loses during handling and
15 storage can be minimized.
T /H a

10
11.24
15.08
11.62 • Need to increase urine dose as nutrient can be lost
5 10.25 11.24 12.2
during handling, storage and transport of urine
0
National Average • Need more research to know if this growth pattern
Urine only
Chemical Fertilizer only change.
Chemical ( P & K) & Urine ( basal)
Chemical ( P & K) & Urine ( 1/2 +1/2) • P and K might be reduced from soil in this case, P
Chemical ( P & K) & Urine ( 1/3+1/3+1/3)
& K can can be supplemented by application of
Faeces together with urine

Issues
• Need behavioural Change
• High capital investment compare other toilet
• Need better orientation on application of urine and drying
or composting of faecal matter.
• Storage of Urine ???
• Need regular supervision, motivation and monitoring
• Need to demonstrate the best agricultural practice with
application of excreta
• Scaling up at Urban areas are still a question
• Need to orient larger financial institutions like World Bank
and Asian Development Bank, Donor Communities and UN
Agencies for scaling up.

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 Demonstration of ECOSAN SYSTEM built
in 2002

What could be our Role ? 1. Rain Water Harvesting

2. Groundwater Recharge
3. SODIS and Solar heating
4. Greywater Recycling
Be an Example ! 5. Dry Toilet (Urine Diversion)
6. Application of urine and faeces as
fertilizer

Area occupied by house : 135 NO CITY WATER SUPPLY

m2

Rain Water Harvesting

Groundwater
Rainwater
recharge
catchment area

Underground
tank &
rainwater
• Rain water for 7-8 months (April to October/November) flushing
Biosand filter
• 116 m3/year of rainwater harvesting potential as it has
90.4 m2 of roof area

Feaces & Urine Separation Dry Toilet

for drinking water treatment

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 Greywater Treatment & Reuse

Combination of Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater WATER SUPPLY & DEMAND

Recycling
to self sustain water at home lit/fam/day
Month Monthly Collection Water Water (4 family
Precipita
of water in
Demand at surplus member
90.4 m2
tion ECOHOME and 35.0
s)
roof area
(m3/month) 30.0
Type of water use and requirement lit/month %
(mm) (m3/month) deficiet
NOV 19 1.4 5.4 -4.0 25.0
DEC 0 0.0 5.4 -5.4 Drinking & cooking 20 600 7
20.0
JAN 107 7.7 5.4 2.3
m3

FEB 20 1.4 5.4 -4.0 15.0 Dishwashing, bathing, showering, &

MAR 68 4.9 5.4 -0.5 10.0 laundry 160 4800 53
APR 75 5.4 5.4 0.0 5.0
MAY 87 6.3 5.4 0.9
0.0
Toilet flushing, cleaning vehicle &
JUN 403 29.1 5.4 23.7
JUL 449 32.5 5.4 27.1
NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT gardening 120 3600 40
AUG 458 33.1 5.4 27.7
SEP 240 17.4 5.4 12.0 Total Water Demand 300 9000 100
OCT 198 14.3 5.4 8.9
Total 2124 153.6 64.8 88.8 Reuse of Treated Greywater 120 3600 40
Clean Water Requirement 180 5400 60
November 2004 to October 2005

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Home Compost Bin for Kitchen Waste

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 Mass Education & Awareness
„ Act as a demonstration Center
„ World Water Day & Earth Day
Celebration Perception from
„ 2003 World Water Day & Earth Day – Visitors
Demo to public
„ 2004 World Water Day – Orientation
to Representative & Technicians from
all municipalities in Nepal
„ 2004 Earth Day – Demo to Public and
Institutions
„ 2005 World Water Day – workshop to
policy makers and Government
Department Professionals

Eco Community Eco Village

* RWH systems
successfully installed
and in smooth
operation. It has been
an ideal
demonstration and
learning site at
Kirtipur (08.06.2006)

Value Based Water Education in School

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 Graywater RECYCLING

Water existed long before the coming of

humankind, and water will exist long after
the going of humankind.

However, how we treat water during our brief

passage on Earth will determine whether we
and our children pass time in a dying world
or a living heaven.
Simply – the choice is YOURS
The Holy Order of Water – William E Marks

„ Cereal crop require 100:30:30

kg/hector of NPK

„ Vegetable crop require 70:50:40

kg/hector of NPK

„ NPK values of urine – 8.06 g N,

0.24 g P & 1.10 g K per liter

„ Urine for Vegetable

1 hector = 8750 liters

1 m2 = 1 liter

„ Urine for Grain

1 hector = 12500 liters

1 m2 = 1.2 liters

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 Bio Sand Filter Components

Diffuser Basin

Lid
Brick chips
Container
Iron Nails
Water

Fine Sand
Pipe

Coarse Sand
Gravel

Accumulation Sludge in Settling Tank and

Clogging of Bed due to selection of clogging of bed
inappropriate media

15
 Fecal Sludge and Land fill Leachate Treatment System
in Pokhara Municipality

• Large CW system – built with several conflicts

• Concentrate more on construction rather than socio - technical
matter
• Operate without having proper training and O & M guideline

Application of urine in compost Compost with urine application

Greywater RECYCLING

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