Das QUESTION VII FELLENIUS, SWEDEN SECOND CONGRESS ON LARGE DAMS WASHINGTON, D.C, CALCULATION OF THE STABILITY OF EARTH DAMS* Wotan Fexuesrus Professor in Hydraulic Structures at the Royal Technical University, Stockholms “Eicutenant Colonel in tke Royal Carpe of Engineers Sweden To the first Congress on Large Dams, held in Stockholm in 1933, the writer contributed a paper on question Ia, viz: Research Methods for Ascertaining Whether o Given Material is Suitable for Use in the Construction of an Earth Dam (Report No. 23). As the question was not formulated to include calculations on the stability of dams, the writer confined himself to the observation that such calculations were often founded upon the basis of curved sliding surfaces, and « reference to a published work of his (1926-27) concerning such calculations. As some other reports submitted to the same Congress dealt more fully with calculations, the ensuing discussion on question IIa was diverted from the research methods of the materials to the subject of ealculations, and in the first of the resolutions on this question the Congress requested that questions concerning the calculation of the stability of earth dams should be accorded special attention in the discussions at a forthcoming session. Notwithstanding that some discussion took place at the first Con- gress concerning caloulations, the writer considers it advisable to refer here to some of the fundamental prineiples presented in the aforementioned work.' ~“Toteals de stailté des barrages en tere. Berechnung der Slabililatvon Brddammen. Ceado de estabitdad de las peace de era. wa falening, We, Jordtliah, berdhnigar med frikion oh katevion fy ik or Rung. ‘ltenbyognadekivens Tb-irm etat Sutin ond, Bronslatel to German Brdsatache Berechnngen at Fichung and Kohdnion (asin nd unig Annahne hreeupindrachr Ge Hichen’ Bertin 1987." (arth altical coleulationa woth friction and cohesion and ‘pon nupporiion of circular cylindrical eliding surfaces 445 129All calculations concerning stability are founded on the assumption {hat the sliding surfaces are circular-eylindrical. ‘The forces working in theso sliding surfaces are assumed to be cohesion alone—the tangential force independent of the normal pressure—or combined cohesion and friction, In the latter case we have the Coulomb equation T=k+fN; a) the tangential sliding force per unit of the sliding surface; 1¢ cohesion per unit of the sliding surface; ¢ friction coefficient (=tge; ¢ being the angle of internal friction); N=the normal pressure per unit of the surface. ia Set case—pare cobaano-—is special fnetanoe ofthe latter, wit Calculations generally have for their object the determination of the properties of earth necessary for equilibrium in different given sing suriace Tat alin efann wiach Donia in greatest obs: the grentot ane of fsntlon for oqalisio i thn most dangers of all, and the degree of security varies as to the ratio of ‘he existing to the needed strength of the earth. I, Pore Coneston Earri In the case where only cohesion exists in the earth the calculations where are very much simplified, The equation of equilibrium forthe turn, ing movements round the axis of the eylindsieal sliding surface ADO is (see fig. 1): Pa=kar @) and P rok @) where (see fig. 1): @ needed cohesion per unit of the sliding surface; je weight of the mase of earth over the sliding surface per ‘unit of (of the axis); a=the horizontal distance between the axis (4) of the slidi surface and the centre of gravity (E) of the mass of earth over the sliding surface; sliding length of the sliding surface (the curve ADC); (See Fellenius, W.: Koj- ock jordakreden i Goteborg (Quay- and landslides in Gothenburg}, Telanisk ‘Tidskrift 1018, Ve Ur n: 2, p. 17-19, Stockholm 1918.) Yor a plane slope the calculation can be worked out numerically and, only with respect to sliding surfaces passing through the foot ist of Lhe lope, the needed cohesion is homogeneous earth may be expressed pe! " ® where ‘=the unit weight of the earth; 446 130=the height of the slope (=the difference in height between the horizontal planes limiting the slope). =a factor of cohesion that is a somewhat complicated trigono- ‘metrical expression (¢ (¢, a, «) on fig. 2), the value of which is arrived at by trial for difforent angles of slope, Figcas 1—Staitty of slope for cox Genon alone for curved ling st= face through the fo of the slopee = furacocyinraee- gliwement nce evn. de glee Efnversant in eo du talus Sta- HiltiTelner Borehue. nur talon, Fromme Gltehe dureh don Fut: inky der Beane, Batali dr eobeion Sinpie sperticle dre’ So densnmientS qu sts: ‘esa in base dal tala ‘The permissible cohesion, &, being given, the possible height, b, of the spe at diferent angles of slofe obtained from (2): @) On figure 2 the factor of cohesion ¢, is shown by ¢ full-drawn line for different angles of slope. The dh part of this line (for #<10°) “| TL et he te ah Pigons 2am toring he acer of sbuon tle ng slp 72 al Sale wears asa ruth ae te ope“ Spee gant the SRE et hatte spect fly de linet iaveranat nase Gu ax —" Die Eee oe oa Dnklonsfaktors bel verschiedenen Bosehtngewinkeln, Sie Wonton Celedache durch den fuspusks der Bacchus Sig Indieando el faator de-eohesiGn ed diferentes Aagulos de la inclinacién: Cohe- slén simple, supertice de deslizamiento que atraviesa la base del talud. hhas here been adjusted in accordance with an observation recently made to the writer by Mr. Ohde, Berlin. On the same figure the corresponding factor of cohesion, based upon calculations assuming plane siding surfaces (eg) is shown by a dotted line. 4st 131_ The difference between the results of the two methods of calcula- tion is clearly shown in this figure. One sees that, the factor of cohesion is always greater for curved than for plane sliding surfaces, ‘The increase for a vertical wall (@=90°) is 44 percent, but rapidly increases at diminishing angle of slope, and is for slope 1 : (G45) about @5 percent, and for slope 1: 2 (0=26°34') about ent. If, for example, one wishes to know the possible height of slope in 430° and the earth hes given unit weight 7=1.6 t/m’ and a cohesion ‘t/m‘, one obtains as ¢»=0.62 (from fig. 2) the fol- 1 pat Figuay 3.—Most dangerous curved sliding surfaces passing through the toe of ‘the slope at different angles of slope; pure cohesion. — Les plus dangereuses ‘surfaces cylindriques de glissement traversant Ja base du talus & des angles de penta dilrents; sohéion simple: — Gefuheienste krurme Glesttcnen durch usspunkt dey Boschung tei cnign verseiedenen’Binehungreintln: ‘ur Kohdsion. —— Las superiicies de dealsgntento' mda peligrosas os ataviwan in hac del flu en diferentes Snguos do Inclinaién cobeton Ier-cylindrical sliding surfaces, On figure 3 the most dangerous drawn through the toe of the slope, are shown for the following slopes: B21 60°); 11 (45%); 1 1.5 (33%41"); 1:2 (26°34’); 1: 8 (18°26"); and 1:5 (11°19). It will be found, in nearly all theso cases, that the sliding surfaces roject, below the horizontal plane through the toe of the slope. azurally, entirely homogeneous material has here been assumed, and the Tesults aro therefore not valid in those most common cases ‘where the ground on which the dam rests differs in character from the dam fill. In such esses one must determine (1) the most dangerous sliding surface that does not touch the underlying ground, and (3) the most dangerous of the siding surfaces that pass through both the dam fill and the underlying ground, and then try to ascertain which of these ‘two is the more dangerous. 132Still more dangerous sliding surfaces may—if the underlying ground is of similar or of looser material than the dam fill—be drawn through points beyond the toe of the slope. (See fig. 4.) . . Tt has been shown that in a homogeneous, pure cohesion material, the most dangerous sliding surface at angles of slope less than Frocax 4—Stability of slope; pur ‘ding suraces pushing outs foe ot the ‘slope. — Stabilité du talus; cohésion simple, surfaces cylindriques de ment traversant des paints em dehors Te ‘base du talus, —"Stabultat einer Boeobung, our Kohision, krumme Glelt- ‘Bache aussethalb des Fusspunktes der Boechung. Estabilidad del tslud; co. hein lnple, superiies ‘eilindricnt ‘de Seslizamjento, que straviesen. puntos fuera ‘ela base del tal. 9=53° theoretically is situated in infinity, that is, as deep as possible, and has a center angle=~133}°=~1% right angle. ‘The cohesion corresponding to this is: bat gin 133°54'=%4 0.728 ©) From this, for a given cohesion, &, a limit value is obtained of the possible height of the slope: k ay © 1. Friction anv Conzsion ComBrve case the calculations for curved sliding surfaces are very com- sd and ean scarcely be carried out otherwise then graphically. ‘One may write approximately—especially at small angles of slope— (Gee fig. 1 and (1) and (2)): Paz(ks+fP)r 6) but often this approximation is not sufficiently close to be permissible for other than preliminary calculations. ‘The graphic calculation is shown on figure 5. The method is as follows: ‘The mass of earth over the supposed sliding surface is divided into vertical elements, having weights P,, P,, Ps, ete. ‘The forces of co- hesion acting at the sliding surface K.,'K., Ks, ete., are calculated ‘upon a certain assumption of the amount of the working or permissible cohesion. With the P and K forces a continuous force polygon is drawn, “Assuming that the other forces acting at the sliding surface have directions at all points making the angle of friction with the normal to the sliding surface at corresponding places and, therefore, are tangents to a circle having the same center as the sliding surface and a radius=sing X(the radius of the sliding surface), « plan of forees, and a corresponding line polygon is then drawn. ‘The loci and the directions of the forces working in the surfaces between the different elements are not previously known, but in 449 133drawing the plan of forces and the line polygon one may, within given limits, make certain assumptions concerning them. If the calcula- tion is based upon reasonably similar assumptions it will not influence the result to any great extent. In the case of equilibrium, the line polygon must be reasonably situated and the force polygon must close itself. Should the force Polygon not close itself, new drawings must be made and the origi- nally assumed values of » or k, or both, must be changed until equilibrium is obtained, ; In order to detormine the premises for equilibrium of « given slope, one can either assume that the cohesion is known and the angle Figumn 5.—Stability of slope; friction and cohesion, curved sliding surface ‘through the toe of the slope. — Stabilité du talus, frottement et cohésion, surfeces eylindriques de glisement traversant le bag du talus. — Stabilita tiner Be ; Heibung und Kohision, Krumme Gleltfiche durch den Puss- bunk der Boschung. — Eetabtldad de alud, Fosament y cohen, supercles ‘ilndrleas de deslinamiento que atraviesan Ia base del tala. of friction necessary for equilibrium, or that the angle of friction is known and seek the amount of cohesion necessary for equilibrium. This generally gives an infinite number of combinations and poss es. With the object of subjecting the problem to a systematic invest gation and of obiaining« general result, the writer has chosen, ceriain slopes and has treated them according to the following method. ‘This is founded on the fact that the constructions at a certain angle of slope in slopes of different heights are exactly uniform, if one assumes 450 134‘values of cohesion proportional to the corresponding heights of the slopes. In all the cases considered herein it is assumed that the slope 3s just in equilibria. ‘or a certain angle of slope, one must first, assume that the earth material is a purely cohesive, and calculate the corresponding value of the cohesion ky, necessary for equilibrium. k, is calculated as in the preceding chapter (fig. 2 and (43): CO} (valid for a cireular-cylindrical sliding surface through the toe of the slope). Fhe next step is to try to find, for the same slope, the most dan- gerous sliding surfaces for the cohesion=0.75 k,, 0.50 k, and 0.25 k, find to determine at the same time the corresponding values of the angle of friction, ¢.7s, vv. and y,x just necessary to assure the equi- 6 jo connestion between ande of slope, ange of f te slope. -~ Diagramine dimontrass 1 rapport ene Tangle de ents, foe 0 = ontrant Te rapport entre langle de ent Hingleds frotement eta velouscoreepundante de enktson, sttees ey: driques de glissement traversant Ia base du talus. — Diagramm des Zusam- Garheoges swischen, Boschungewinkel, Reibungrwinkel sd Relaivwert det Eohisiogy Krumme Cletiiche durch den Fungpankt dee Btwchung, — Dig rama demostrando Ja felaciga entre el kagulo do lnclinaclén, ef ogulo de FPzamlanto el valor do cohen ceregpondient; supercedes Ge Geaizamlent9 que atraviem In base Gel tua. librium of the slope. How this is done is shown in figure 5. For a certain value of &, that sliding surface is the most dangerous which needs the greatest angle of friction If one draws a curve for the greatest values of friction obtained, Pom) tnd ¢o2 68 abscissas, and the corresponding Teltive vals of cohesion, I-00, 0.75, 0,50, and 0.2, as ordinates, curve will be typical for the angle of slope in question. Owing to the ustlormity ready manton, this curve i evidently quits independent of the height of the slope and of the gravity of the earth and is valid for any slope of the chosen anglo which is just in wuilibrium, “azure 6 illustrates some curves obtained in this way for different ‘angles of slope. 451 135,Figure 7 shows the loci of the centers of some of the different sliding surfaces, varying according to changes of angle of slope and of rela tive value of cohesion. In this figure the toe of the slopes, A, is assumed to remain fixed. The center loci radiate from the centers of the most dangerous sliding surfaces in case of pure cohesion, ‘These sliding surfaces are drawn in the figure. These curves of center loci are asymptotical to the normals to the slopes at their midi points. “For k=0, that is, pure friction earth, the most dangerous slid- ing surface evidently is plane and lies in the slope itself, that is the slopes "Lay eenires den erdaces ds glusersent 1 det angles do ponte oe Le entree de surfaces de ginvement pent Sinton es vane onan iftresensemenpondasin ute do ‘eaversant a base Gu talon. -~" Die Mitiapunitngen der Gleit= ice’ balvewchindaoen Bigchngavinklo und vercledoen elves ‘Kobislon; Gletgehen durch ng. = Coston de ist sper de dnnans en dtr nun de eno Sot “ferenten valotes de calaign corespondioatas) superdele de. detcaaeato ave atravicean Ta base dl talud Figure 8 shows for the slope 1:3 the loci of the different sliding surfaces intersecting the toe of the slope for the relative values of cohesion: 1, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0, and the coordinates of the corre- sponding centers of the sliding surfaces. ‘We now return to figure 6, in order to show the use of the drawn curves for the calculations of different cases. If in a given case, the angle of friction, ¢, and the height, h, up to which the earth is just standing in the angle of slope, 8, ere known, and the value of the co- hhesion of that earth must be ascertained, the proportion between the desired value of cohesion and the value of ky, valid for the case in question, may be obtained from the corresponding @ curve in figure 6 and from the known value of ¢. 452, 136Ez. ¢=10°; h=10 m; 0=33°41'; From (9) and figure 2 one obtains: and from figure 6: ky 0.54 k=0.542.54=1.37 t/m? If, however, # is not known, but it is known that the earth is stand- ing at the angles of slope= i sis038 af te siding race by changing the rele alae of Ee'daplecemeat de fs eurace de ploctmenttpar clangenest Ge la vleas de eat erase dp giant par at de lv ‘cheston correspond Te surfaces de sliemeat traversan fa bass ‘in 'taion “Bho Vershisbung der Cleitfache bet Veranderang den Reise: Heres der Konan (Beachng 0); leeacn, Gur den Fospankt dey Bischung — Despnsamiontg Se in fupertele de dealaamiento al eunbar of valor do cobeidn correspondiente’ (inciaucién 1:3); supertcles Je desi tmlenis que atreviesan In bao dal tlud. and fy, the maximum height hy at the angle of slope é may be ascer- tained’in the following manner: ‘From figure 2 are obtained for 6,, 6, and 4 the values of tee Cy Cy and C5; vk the ey and kam? 10) Tn fre 6 the yy andy curves may now be sought or drawn by interpolation. now, the unknown value of ¢ the still unknown ordinates of the 6, 6, and & curves are named b,, b; and by, the ‘cohesion of the earth is evidently: Fa bky bkybiken ay from which, as a beginning, with the aid of (10) one obtains: ke fim pe— fi and bf, a2) 1 now, in figure 6, in the, vicinity of the place where « can be supposed’ to be located, an aid curve is drawn the ordinates of which 458 137at eve int have the relation to the corresponding ordinates of the dy curve=hyes: ys this eurve. will evidently ‘soa the % curve at the desired ¢ value, and the ordinate of the crossing point will be=b,. By drawing this ordinate line, 6, and 5, are obtained as the ordinates for the intersection of that line and the 6, and 6, curves. From (11) and (10) are obtained: bina, by haa! and from this the desired height, bre, ay Baca (bi, by ey, and ¢ now being known). ‘it is certainly possible to determine the greatest angle of slope, 4 that can be reached at a given height, fs, in the same way, but it will 2 or miscible heights of the Frovas 9 relation between ‘slope for diferent anes ot slope , and for & vera slope; frict heaton combined: cireular-cyindrieal sliding surface intersecting the toe of the slope. Diagramme smontrant ie rapport entre lea hauteur Ge alin {oleréer pour de divers angles de penta, et pour le talus vertical; combinalson de cohésion et do frottement, surface eyllndrique cireulaie. do. glesement traversant la base du talus. — ‘Diagram ‘des Zusammenhanges swischen mog- Iichen” Boschungshohen bei_verschiedenen “Bosohungrvinkeln, vod bel seukrechter Wand unter Annahme sisammenveirkender Relbang’und Kohtsion tebe Eresxylindriacher Glelidche Gurch den Fusspunkt der Bosehung. — Diagrama mostrando ia relacign entre la alturas de los taludes permitidas para 2 baa lta verial eombinaion de 0. hesidn ye ronammiente, superset lindrion elreular de oslizamiento que afraviedn la base del tal. require many tests involving a great expenditure of time. For this reason, in figure 9 a diagram has been plotted over the proportion ‘6 : hy for different angles of slope, 8, as this proportion has been caleu- Jated upon the assumption of circular-cylindrical sliding surfaces intersecting the toe of the slope. ‘The ordinates in this diagram have been calculated by the aid of figure 2 and figure 6 in the following manner: 454 138For # certain, value of 6, cis obtained from figure 2, and from the same figure ¢»=1.044. For the same value of and a certain value of ¢, one gets by» from figure 6 and from the same figure bee. le now bata hy and further one obtait ie eae ee aa Ez, What angle of slope, @, should be given to a 10-meter high quite stable earth slopo k=0,5 f/m", 10" =1.0 tim? hicha ‘From figure 6 we obtain (for e=10* and @=90°): “0.88 From (6) we then obtain 595 iy 10 fog #9598 0955=1.425 m; - fm MS, from which (from fig, 9, for ¢=10*) we obtain 6=17°, "This angle of slope is only & little greater than the half of the angle of sone obtainable by e corresponding calculation based upon plane ding surfaces. Up to now we have assumed that, in the case of combined cohesion tna fiton, the ling marae intact the ono the nape the ‘ease of dams imposed upon fairly good un groun erally be the ease, but in special cases, surfaces situated leoper must also be considered. Yor pure cohesion earth we have already found that the most dan- ous aiding surface is situated very deap (Uheorelically infinitely jeep). However, the cohesion needed in the most dangerous sliding Surface through & point a little under the toe of the slope is only slightly less than ‘that needed in the infinitely deeply situated sliding v surface (k= 0.7235 see (6)). As soon as there is only a very little friction in the earth, the most dangerous sliding surface is located relatively high and génerally as high as it can be developed, consider ing support construction, such os shout piling ete,”Thus, while in ure cohesion earth nothing is gnined by pressing the sliding surfaco lownwards, it is in friction earth, or in earth with cohesion and friction collaborating, that stability can be increased in just that way. For the further study of this and alied conditions the writer would refer again to his work ‘‘Jordstatiska berikningar eto.”,* as well as to an atticle in Telmisk Tidekrift 1920 V. 0. V.n- 6 and 62 “Tee 9, HS. “ESLitllie seca fst Manag be mth de antagande ov cirkulareyfindrska glidyior.” (Barth atalcal cafeutations for veric fad‘om Kortzontal earth upon supportion of circvlar cylindrical aliding nufares} 455 139The method of calculation here outlined based, upon. eireular- cylindrical sliding surfaces is, of course, approximate, but it gives a {good insight into the conditions of stability. Other methods, more zsot_and more theoretical, have been employed (for example, by Mr. Frontard in report no.'28 at the first Congress and by Mr. F. Jonson at the second Congress on Large Dams). ‘These methods Inay have certain advantages for entirly homogeneous earths, but to heterogencous earths, which are of frequent occurrence, such methods are scarcely applicable. ‘The properties of the fill in earth dams are very often different from those of the underlying ground, and the dam fil itself often Figuaz 10—Caleulation of a dam with layers having diferent properties: the ed ‘rtmtbarage donk des conch ponrsent den crncartiques Alreses i face ampont supponce ing séablo; combinalson de eohéeion et de frottement. ~ Berechoung elnes tit Erdlagern |versobledener Elgeneehatten; die Wasserscite iet wanserdicht angenommen} susammenwit- Eefea'Renaiin tad Mesbuap. "Clete euse prem ney taper en sede fers a ca aguas abate impensestie combine Bion de cobesion y de torsmientor feusints of ‘Jere Possessing diferent properties, | When tho dam ‘is partis and partis saturated with water—practically a general condon with earth dams auch "methods are completely ‘unsuitable. On the other hand, the method assuming circular-cylin- drical sliding surfaces is equally applicable in such cases as when the material is homogeneous. However, the more theoretical methods are recommended for comparison. "Figure 10 shows e graphical calculation of « dam, where the earth is of different kinds, not only in the dam fill itself, but also in the underlying ground.’ For the sliding surface here shown the water pressure against the upstream slope ‘of the dam is considered. This slope is supposed to be waterproof. 456 140In this case, equilibrium is realized for: ky=1.5 tm; = 159; (uy part of dam fill). fy=20 tint! $2=12°% (lower port of dam fil). Ay=2.5 t/m?; ‘8°; (underlying ground). Figure 1} shows a corresponding calculation for, the sme dam, and the same sliding surface, u ie assumption that the dam fill is saturated up to the line DEF, The earth weights of the elements are calculated without taking into consideration the uplift, and the ‘water pressures in the si are assumed to be working in directions perpendicular to the elements of the sliding surface. rasan of ane em ec bt hi he te oan aiae te meate leer ttt i te {foe do saturation’ DEF; In eolsion ef Ye frodtement néctaaires moat supe sieares d’environ 60% & ceux de la gure 10. — Berechntng deselben Dammes isis SAA SARS ior pa ee aoa Hail ates Rae en ee ge, es an ee Pagan ge ee ‘eable, gen de aaturacién DEF! in eohedon ye Tosamiento Recesarion 400 aproximadamente 50% superiores que los de la figura 10, In this latter case, cohesion and friction needed for equilibrium are about 50 percent greater than in the former case (fig. 10). ‘The writer has not had the opportunity of ascertaining the most dangero\ surfaces in these cases, but it is evident that the same sliding surface cannot be the most us in both cases. He is, however, convinced that tho relation between the cohesion ‘and friction really needed in both cases will be about the same as stated above. s004s—28—20 407 141Ii. Secuniry For, determining the degree of security two somewhat diferent methods might be used. ‘One of these is to ascertain, by calculation, the cohesion, ky) and the friction coeflicient, fa, respectively, needed at the boundary of equilibrium, and compare them with the existing cohesion, f,, and friction coefficient, j,, respectively. ‘Tho degree of seeuity is then: oats apf ‘The second method is to choose in advance a certain required degree of security, s, and then to test the sliding surfaces upon the Js and a permissible frietion cocficient=t, respectively, and make sure that these values are in no case being exceeded. _ ‘In case of a homogeneous material it does not matter which of these Frothods wed, but in the case of slic woriacee Passing through ayers having different properties—especially with regard to cohesion and faction combined, the ‘second reed is moe gonrenient f. Terzaghi, in his interesting report (no. 18) at the first Congress on Large Dams, introduced the expression “instal iy aan i German: Rutschneigung). This could be defined as the proportion between the values of cohesion and friction, as obtained and verified by laboratory fest, and the ones really existing in the material, ‘The writer would suggest that such an “instability factor” would evidently depend upon the methods of testing employed. As it must be hoped that it will be possible in due time to determine success- fully the real coefficients by laboratory tests, this factor ought not to be confined to the different kinds of earth, except in connection with certain method of testing. For that reaton one may trust that this factor will gradually disappear. By exact calculations, ‘or example, on landslide which has occurred, one can obtain relatively exact values of the coefficients. Compare, for example, the calculations in “Erdstatische Berechm 1” con- cerning landslides in Gothenburg Harbor. In such eases the“instabil- ity factor’’ is to be considered as included in the calculated coefficients. ‘But it must also be noted that in laboratory tests the difference between undisturbed and disturbed samples of the earth must be taken into consideration, as well as whether the testing (that is, the determination of the resistance to shear) has been carried out rapidly, before the eroentage of rater pas tad fine fo adjust. isall fo 16 normal pressure, or slowly, that is, after the percentage of water hhas diminished in response to the normal pressure. For the dam fill, evidently the results of tests on disturbed samples from the earth fill are to be used, but for the underlying ground the results from tests on undisturbed samples are indicated. “In the latter case it is generally best to use results obtained from rapid testings as— especially in the case of clays—one must suppose that the alterations assumption of a permissible cohesion: 458, 142in the loads will occur before the water percontege has adjusted itself to the normal, pressure. Whether the results from rapid or slow testings are to be employed for the dam fill depends upon how rapidly the fill will be executed, and upon the percentage of water it is expected to contain at different'stages of loading. If one works along the above lines, no special “instability factor” sooms to be needed. » Nevertheless, because the test results are some- what uncertain, it is convenient to claim a somewhat higher degree of socurity (>1.5 at the most inconvenient load). But if there is reason ‘to regard the test results as accurate and decisive in & particular case, fone can confine oneself to a somewhat lower degree of security; although generally it should be 1.2 for the most inconvenient load. SUMMARY ‘The writer refers to the methods of calculation with the assumption of circular-cylindrical sliding surfaces by I, pure cobesion, and II, combination of cohesion and frietion. . ae I. The calculation with the aid of the equation of equilibrium 2 for the turning movement is shown (fig. 1). Further, a diagram for ascertaining the degree of cohesion necessaiy for different angles of slope (Gig. 9) and some typical sliding surfaces (figs. 3 and 4) are given. In " ?) the limit of height ible for a given slope is obtained. TL. An approximative formula (equation 8) for this ease is given and graphical method of calculation (fig. 5) is shown. Moreover, systematic investigation intended toarriveat ageneral resultisreferred to. This is based on the fact that the graphical constructions at « certain angle of slope in slopes of different heights are exactly uniform, on the assumption that values of cohesion are proportional to the gorresponding heights of the slopes. In all oes herein considered it is assumed that the slope is on the border of equilibrium. The results are given by figures 6 to 9. In figures 10 and 11, the two cases of an earth dam, with layers having different properties, are treated on the basis of diferent ascumptions concerning satiration It is demonstrated that fr this dam the cohesion and friction needed are about 50 percent greater when the dam fill is saturated than when the upstream side of the dam is watertight. Finally, methods and calculations for determining the degree of security are dealt with. In this connection, some reflections are made concerning thi ility factor” which is supposed to be gradually becoming unnecessary. Special consideration must begiven to the difference between undis- turbed and disturbed samples of earth, also to the differences in results of tests made rapidly or slowly for the shearing resistance to various normal pressures. Lrauteur expose des méthodes de caleul en supposant des surfaces eylindriques et circulaires de glissement pour les deux cas: I. Cohésion simple, et II. Cohésion et frottement combinés.' 1 Fellondur, W. rdattiache Berechaungen mit Reibung und Kohasion (Adhaio und unter Atnahme brelasjlindrischer Gletjtdchen. Berlin, 1987. 459 143,Pour Je cas I on présente le calcul fait a "aide de l'équation d’équi libre @) pour le mouvement basculant (fg. 1). En outr, on éelairit 4 Velde dm faotanr do eohdcion ie cle ge cohésion névessire - 2). Quelques surfaces typiques de glissement sont, mont (Gigs. 3 et 4). Par I’équation (7) on arrive a Ja limite de hauteur permise pour une pente donnée. Pour Je cas II on donne une formule approximative, équation (8) suivie d’un calcul plus exact en forme graphique (fig. 5). Ensuite on présente une étude eystématique du probléme faite dans le but qarriver & un résultat général. Cette étude est basée sur le fait que les constructions graphiques pour des angles de pente donnés et des différentes hnuteurs de pente sont uniformes, si Ton se base sur des valeurs de cohésion qui sont proportionelles aux hauteurs de pente respectives. Dans tous les eas envisagés on suppose que le talus touche a I’équilibre, Les résultats de ces calculs sont reproduits (figs. 6.49). L’emploi de ces diagrammes est expliqué d'une fagon plus détailée dans le texte. ‘On donne ensuite deux calculs graphiques d’un barrage, dont les matériaux de terre de diverses sortes ne se trouvent pas seulement dune lo corps mtme du barrage, mais aul dans le socs-aol (Sgs.'10 On demontre que dans ce cas la cohésion et Ja friction doivent avoir des valeurs au moins 50 pour-cent plus grandes lorsque la barrage est seturé dean que lorsque la face amont a un parement étanche. En fin, on expose les méthodes de calcul du facteur de sécurité, ce sujet on présente quelques réflexions sur le “‘facteur d'instabilité.”” On croit quan facteur spécial d’instabilité deviendra de moins en i i suite du développement des méthodes d’inves- tigation des échantillons de terre. I] faut apporter une considération tout spéciale a la différence entro Ia terre sans détérioration de Ia matiére (A son état naturel) et avec détérioration (travaillée), ainsi qu’aux différences entro Jes résultats donnés par des essais de déter- mination de Is résistance au cisaillement. sous diverses pressions normales, selon que les essais soient faits rapidement ou len tement ‘ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Verfasser berichtet aber die Berechnungsmethoden der Stabilitat Yon Erddimmen unter Annahme kreiszylindrischer Gleitfldchen in folgenden 2 Fallen: | . 1) Kohasion. (II) Zusammenhingende Kobision und Reibung.* (1) Die einfache Berechnung mit der Gleichgewichtsbedingung (2) der Drehmomente wird in diesem Abschnitt gezeigt; dabei ist eine krumme Gleitfliche durch den Fusspunkt der Boschung angenommen. Weiter wird die Berechnung der erforderlichen Kohision mit Hilfe eines Kohisions-Faktors er! ie Grosse des Kohisionsfaktors ist diagrammassig bei verschiedenen Boschungswinkeln dargestellt; einige typische Gleitflichen werden gezeigt. Weitere Abbildungen ‘zeigen jchste krumme Gleitflichen durch den Fusspunkt der Boschung feieinigen verschiedenen oschungswinkeln (nur Kobasion) tnd die Felenius, W., Erdstatische Berechnungen mit Reibung und Kohision (dha ion) ‘und unter Annahme hreiszylindrivcher Gletfdchen. "Berlin 1087. 460 144‘Stabilitat einer Boschung (nur Kohision), wobei krumme Gleitfldchen ‘ausserhalb des Fusses der Béschung angenommen sind. ‘Unter I wird erst eine Annaherungsberechnung, Gleichung (8), ‘angefihrt und dann eine genaue graphische Berechm _ (Krumme Gleitfidchen durch den Fusspunkt der Boschung.) Danach wird eine systematische Behandlung des Problems zur Ermdglichu eines allgemein galtigen Engebnisses angegeben. Diese grindet sic darauf, dass die gr en Konstruktionen bei festgestellten Boschungswinkeln und verschiedenartig hohen Béschungen voll- kommen gleichférmig sind, wenn man mit Kohasionswerten arbeitet, die proportional zu den entsprechenden Boschungshohen sind, In allen hier behandelten Fallen wird vorausgesetzt, dass die Boschung sich im Gleichgewicht befindet. , Die Resultate dieser Berechnungen werden in den Abbildungen 8 angegebeny die’ den Zusammenking zwischen Béschung und Reibungswinkel und Relativwert der Kohésion darstellen, weiter die Mittelpunktslagen der Gleitfliche bei verschiedenen Béscht winkeln und verschiedenen Relativwerten der Kohdsion, ferner die Verschiebung der Gleitfliche bei Verdinderung des Relativwertes der Kohision. cht 1:3.) Ausserdem wird der Zusammenhang awischen méglichen Bdschungshdhen bei verschiedenen Béschunge- Winkeln, @, und bei senkrechter Wand unter Annahme zusammen- wirkender Reibung und Kohision nebst kreiszylindrischer Gleitfachen durch den Fusspunkt der Boschung veranschaulicht. ‘Die Anwendung dieses 1e wird naher erliiutert. Danach folgen 2 Baphisehe ‘hnungen eines Dammes, unter der Annehme, dass die Erde nicht nur in dem Dammkorper selbst, sondern auch in dem Untergrund verschiedenartig ist und dass die Wasserseite wasserdicht ist. Schliesslich werden Methoden und Berechnungen fir die Besti mung des Sicherheitsgrades behandelt, Hierbei werden einige Ansich- fen betreffend die “Rutschneigung” ausgesprochen. Es wird behaup- tet, dass ein besonderer Faktor fir die Rutschneigung mit der Zeit bei entwickelten Untersuchungsmethoden fir die Erdproben unnoti werden wird. Der Unterschied zwischen ungestérten (gewachsenen} und gestorten (ausgebreiteten) Erdproben muss besonders beachtet werden und ebenso auch der Unterschied zwischen den Resultaten bei schnell und I: ausgefihrten Préifungen des Scherwider- standes bei verschiedenen Normaldricken. RESUMEN EL autor expone los métodos de céloulo asumiendo superficies cilin- dricas y circulares do deslizamiento para los dos casos: I. Cohesién simple y, TI. eohesién y rozamiento combinados-* | ‘ara el caso I se presenta el eéleulo hecho usando Ia ecuscién de oquilibrio (2) par el movimiento deossilacién (Gg, 1). Par otro Indo el céloulo de Ie cohesién necesaria queda esclarecido usando un factor le cohesion (fig. 2). Algunas superficies tfpicas de deslizemiento se muestran en las figuras 3y 4. Porla ecuacién (7) se llega al limite de altura permitido para una pendiente dada. Para el caso II so da Fellenivs, W., Brdslatische Berechnungen mit Reibung und Kohtsion (Adhé- sion) und unter Annahme kreistylindrischer Gleitfldchen. Berlin 1927. 461 145‘uns férmula aproximativa, ecuacién (8), seguida de un eélculo més exacto en forma grifica (fig. 5). idamente so presenta un estudio sistemétioo del problema hecho con el objeto de ll un resultado general. Este estudio se basa en el hecho de que las cons- ‘rucciones gréficas para los dngulos de inclinacién dados y las diferen- tes alturas de pendiente son uniformes, si uno se basa en los valores de cohesién que son proporcionales a las’ alturas de las pendientes respec tas. En todos los casos previstos se supone que el talud Lege al equilibrio. ‘Los resultados del ofloulo se dan (figs. 6. 9). El empleo de estos diagramas se explica mAs detalladamente en el texto. continuacién se dan dos cfleulos grificos de una presa, cuyos materiales de tierra de diversas clases se enouentran no s6lo en el cuerpo de la presa sino también en el subsuelo (figs. 10 y 11). Se demuestra que en este aso ln cohesion y la friién deben tener un valor cuando menos 50% mayor cuando Ie press esta saturada de agua que cuando el paramento aguas arriba es impermeable. En fin se exponen los métodos de cfleulo del factor de seguridad. Sobre este sujeto se presentan algunas considersciones respecto “factor de inestabilidad.” Se cree que un factor especial de inestabi dad cada vez ser& menos necesario como corolario de los adelantos en los métodos de investigar las muestras de tierra. Se debe dar una consideracién muy especial a In diferencia entre ln tierra sin deterioro de la materia (en su estado natural) y con deterioro (trabajada), asf como también a las diferencias entre los resultados dados por los ensayos de determinacién de la resistencia a la cortadura bajo diversas resiones normales, segrin sean hechos los ensayos répidamente o famente. 462 146