BROADBANDDIRECTTO

HOME/USERWIRELESSSYSTEMS

Abst
ract
:

The demandf
oradv
ancedi
nfor
mat
ionser
vicesi
sgr
owi
ngi
nter
msofbot
hthenumberof
user
sandt
heser
vicest
obesuppor
ted.Voi
ceandl
ow-
rat
edat
aser
vicesar
einsuf
fi
cientf
oruser
sin
awor
ldwher
ehi
gh-
speedWor
ldWi
deWebaccessi
stakengr
ant
ed.Thet
rendi
stowar
dgl
obal
i
nfor
mat
ion net
wor
ks of
fer
ing f
lexi
ble mul
ti
medi
ainf
ormat
ion ser
vices t
o user
s on demand,
any
wher
e,any
time.Pot
ent
ialser
vicesi
ncl
udev
ideoondemand,i
nter
act
ivev
ideo,f
astI
nter
net
access,t
elemedi
ci
ne,t
ele-
educat
ion,and l
arge f
il
etr
ansf
er.The need t
o suppor
tband wi
dth
i
ntensi
ve mul
ti
medi
a ser
vicespl
acesnew and chal
l
engi
ng demandson sat
ell
i
te sy
stemsand
net
wor
ks.Fl
exi
bil
i
ty,
eff
ici
ency
,mobi
l
ity
,andt
heabi
l
ityt
oguar
ant
eeend-
to-
endqual
i
tyofser
vicear
e
atapr
emi
um.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:

Br
oadband i
s def
ined as “
a net
wor
kinf
rast
ruct
ure capabl
e ofr
eli
abl
ydel
i
ver
ing di
ver
se
conv
ergentser
vices t
hrough hi
gh-
capaci
ty access ov
era mi
x oft
echnol
ogi
es”(
Broadband
Commi
ssi
on,
2010)or“
anewgener
ati
onofhi
gh-
speedt
ransmi
ssi
onser
vices,
whi
chal
l
owsuser
sto
accesst
heI
nter
netandI
nter
net
-r
elat
edser
vicesatsi
gni
fi
cant
lyhi
gherspeedst
hant
radi
ti
onal
modems”
(Feder
alCommuni
cat
ionCommi
ssi
on,2010)
.Iti
sst
ipul
atedt
hatt
hespeedofbr
oadband
i
s“f
ast
ert
hanpr
imar
yrat
eInt
egr
atedSer
vicesDi
git
alNet
wor
k(I
SDN)at1.
5or2.
0Megabi
tsper
second”(
Int
ernat
ionalTel
ecommuni
cat
ionUni
on,2003)
.Br
oadbandof
fer
sfast
erdownl
oadspeeds,
bet
tersuppor
tofdat
atr
aff
ic,st
reami
ng capabi
l
iti
es and t
elev
isi
on and r
adi
o si
gnal
s(Si
m,
Gar
ry,
W.H.
T.,Ooi
,K.
B.,Lee,V.H.
,2011)
.InMal
aysi
a,t
her
ear
ethr
ee(
3)t
ypesofbr
oadband
t
echnol
ogyused namel
yfi
xed-
li
ne,wi
rel
essand sat
ell
i
teThe br
oadband mul
ti
medi
a sat
ell
i
te
sy
stemsi
sgi
veni
nthi
sar
ti
cle.Theemer
ging t
hir
d-gener
ati
on(
3G)communi
cat
ionssy
stems,
f
ocusesonmul
ti
medi
ainf
ormat
ionser
vicesov
erI
PandI
P/asy
nchr
onoust
ransf
ermode(
ATM)
.The
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
utur
eIP/
ATM ov
ersat
ell
i
tecommuni
cat
ions(
SATCOM)net
wor
kscanbedi
vi
ded
i
ntot
wof
undament
alcases:
thebentpi
pesat
ell
i
ter
el heswi
ayandt tch.

1
FUTUREBROADBANDSATCOM SYSTEMS:
Fut
ure br
oadband SATCOM sy
stems wi
l
lgi
ve hi
gh-
speed I
nter
net access and mul
ti
medi
a
i
nfor
mat
ionser
vicesi
nvoi
ceanddat
aandmaybecompl
i
cat
edbyi
ncr
easeder
ror
s,del
ayov
er
sat
ell
i
tel
i
nks.
onboar
dpr
ocessi
ng(
OBP)
,onboar
dswi
tchi
ng(
OBS)
,andi
nter
sat
ell
i
tel
i
nks(
ISLs)
,
whi
l
eot
her
sempl
oysi
mpl
ebentpi
pet
ransponderr
elay
s.Thesy
stem desi
gnchoi
cesdependon
f
act
orsi
ncl
udi
ngcov
erage,cost
,userser
vice,andt
hisTCP/
IPov
ersat
ell
i
tel
i
nks[
9]i
ncl
udest
he
sl
owst
artal
gor
it
hm,
theabi
l
ityt
oaccommodat
elar
gebandwi
dth-
del
aypr
oduct
s.
Thesl
owst
artal
gor
it
hm i
sespeci
all
yinef
fi
cientf
ordat
atr
ansf
er.Lar
geri
nit
ialwi
ndowsi
zes
andby
tecount
ingar
eunderi
nvest
igat
ion[
9].WhenTCPconnect
ionandt
her
oundt
ri
pdel
ayexceeds
t
heav
ail
abl
ememor
y,per
for
mancedegr
adesr
api
dly[
10,11]
.Thi
sfav
orst
heuseofLEOsat
ell
i
te
sy
stemsov
er,say
,GEO sy
stems.Ther
ear
esev
eralpot
ent
ialsol
uti
ons.Onei
nvol
ves“
spoof
ing”
TCP.
SACKv
ersi
onofTCPi
sunderst
udybyt
heI
nter
netEngi
neer
ingTaskFor
ce(
IETF)
.SACK-
based
l
ossr
ecov
erymechani
smscanbeusedt
oimpr
ovebot
hpr
otocolef
fi
ciencyandcongest
ioncont
rol
ov
erl
ongdel
ayl
i
nks[
9].

I
P,ATM,
ANDENHANCEDQOSAWARENESS:
I
P,ATM,oracombi
nat
ionoft
het
wo(
e.g.
,IP/
ATM)i
sexpect
edt
ofor
mthe
backbone ofef
fi
ci
entf
utur
e mul
ti
medi
ainf
ormat
ion net
wor
ks [
9–12]
.The t
rend i
stowar
d
i
ncr
easi
ngl
yfl
exi
ble,packet
-or
ient
ed,QoS-
awar
enet
wor
ks.Mul
ti
pleser
viceandpr
ior
it
ylev
elsar
e
expect
ed,i
nter
ms ofbot
h qual
i
ty and speed.Guar
ant
eed QoS i
s essent
ialt
o mul
ti
medi
a
communi
cat
ion.The abi
l
ityt
o al
l
ocat
e exact
lyt
he necessar
yresour
ces perser
vice cl
ass i
s
i
mpor
tanti
nter
msofef
fi
ciency(
e.g.
,opt
imal
useofr
esour
ces)
.
ATM wasdesi
gnedt
osuppor
tguar
ant
eedQoSper
-ser
vicecl
ass.Bycompar
ison,I
Pcur
rent
ly
suppor
tsonl
yasi
ngl
eQoSv
iabest
-ef
for
tdel
i
ver
y;howev
er,i
nthef
utur
e,I
Pisal
soexpect
edt
o
suppor
tmul
ti
pleQoScl
asses(
e.g.
,I
ETFRFCs2475and2216)
,andt
her
efor
emul
ti
medi
aser
vices.

ROUTI
NGANDATM SWI
TCHI
NG

I
Prout
ingi
sal
ogi
calopt
ionf
ornet
wor
kst
hatcar
ryI
Ptr
aff
ic.I
tisal
soofi
nter
est
becausei
tcansuppor
tmul
ti
castt
ransmi
ssi
onv
iat
hewi
del
yusedI
nter
netGr
oupManagement
Pr
otocol(
IGMP)
.I
Prout
ingpr
esent
snewchal
l
engesov
ersat
ell
i
tenet
wor
ks,
per
hapsespeci
all
ywi
th

r
espectt
omul
ti
castr
out
ingi
nful
lmeshLEOsat
ell
i
tenet
wor
ks.

2
The gr
oundsegment(
e.g.
,geogr
aphi
cposi
ti
on,hostI
DandMACi
nfor
mat
ion,suchast
heCDMA
code,TDMAt
imesl
ot,orFDMAf
requency
)isr
equi
red[
12]
.I
Prout
ingi
susedf
orcombi
nat
ionof
t
unnel
i
ngandMPLS,whi
chappear
stobewel
lsui
tedt
osuppor
tIPr
out
ingov
erATM-
SATCOM
net
wor
ks[
12]
.Mostoft
hepr
oposedbr
oadbandcommer
cialsat
ell
i
tesy
stemsar
eexpect
edt
obe
ATM-
based.Swi
tchi
ng/
rout
ingwoul
dbeaccompl
i
shedv
iapr
opr
iet
arypr
otocol
sincombi
nat
ionwi
th
ATM,I
P/ATM,encapsul
ati
on,andt
unnel
i
ng.Forexampl
e,Tel
edesi
cisexpect
edt
oempl
oyi
tsown
pr
opr
iet
arypr
otocol
sforbot
htheI
SLsandt
hespace–gr
oundl
i
nks.SpacewayandAst
rol
i
nkuse
ATM-
basedcommuni
cat
ionf
ort
heI
SLsandear
th-
spacel
i
nks,aswel
lasacust
om MAC/
LLCand
cust
om si
gnal
i
ng.SkyBr
idgeempl
oysATM i
nthegr
oundsegment(
i.
e.,t
her
ear
enoI
SLsorOBP,
OBS,
orOBR)
.Eachoft
hesesy
stemsi
sexpect
edt
osuppor
tIPv
iat
unnel
i
ng[
12]
.

I
nabentpi
pesat
ell
i
ter
elay
,thesat
ell
i
tet
ransponderper
for
mssi
gnalampl
i
ficat
ionandf
requency
t
ransl
ati
on (
e.g.
,at650 MHz
).The sat
ell
i
tei
s,essent
ial
l
y,i
ndependentofsi
gnalf
ormatand
t
ranspar
entt
othepr
otocolsui
te.I
npr
inci
ple,anyuser
,wi
tht
heappr
opr
iat
eter
minal(
i.
e.,power
,
bandwi
dthandout
-of
-bandr
adi
ati
on)
,coul
daccesst
hesat
ell
i
te.
Thi
scasewi
l
lber
efer
redt
oast
he
sat
ell
i
ter
elay
ATM (
SR-
ATM)
.I
mpl
ement
ati
onofa“
swi
tch-
in-
the-
sky
”requi
ressubst
ant
ialon-
boar
dpr
ocessi
ng
(
OBP)
.Thecaseofasat
ell
i
tewi
thaf
ull
ycapabl
eon-
boar
dsat
ell
i
teswi
tch(
SS)wi
l
lber
efer
redt
oas
sat
ell
i
teswi
tchedATM (
SS-
ATM)
.Al
thoughr
aret
oday
,theuseofOBP,OBS,andOBRi
sexpect
ed
t
oincr
easei
nthef
utur
e,si
ncet
heyaf
for
dpot
ent
ial
l
ysuper
iorper
for
manceandmor
e capabi
l
iti
es
t
hant
hebasi
ctr
anspar
entpi
per
elay
.UOQoSmai
ntai
nsami
nimuml
evelofuserr
equi
rement
satal
l
t
imes,
incl
udi
ngt
hoseadapt
ivecl
assesaswel
lasUGSt
raf
fi
c.UOQoSbal
ances
t
her
equest
smadebyal
lser
vicecl
assesi
ncl
udi
ngt
heBE
ser
vices.Ther
esul
tsi
ndi
cat
ethatt
hecombi
nedACandBAofUOQoSmi
nimi
zenew connect
ion
bl
ocki
ngandhandov
erdr
oppi
ngr
ates.Newconnect
ionbl
ocki
ngpr
ob-
abi
l
iti
esar
emi
nimi
zedbydy
nami
cal
l
yreduci
ngal
l
ocat
edbandwi
dtht
oact
iveconnect
ions,t
hus
f
reei
ngr
esour
cesf
orf
utur
econnect
ions.Handov
erdr
oppi
ngr
atest
akeadv
an-
tageofr
esour
ces
f
reedbydy
nami
cal
l
ocat
ion,
aswel
lasbandwi
dthr
eser
vat
ionusedt
oensur
eresour
ceav
ail
abi
l
ity
.

UOQoS successf
ull
ypr
ior
it
izes handov
erconnect
ions ov
ernew connect
ions,whi
ch meet
sthe
r
equi
rementt
hatact
ivehandov
ersar
egi
venpr
ior
it
yov
ernewconnect
ionat
tempt
s.
3
I
tisal
soshownt
hatUOQoSmaxi
mizesbandwi
dthut
il
izat
ionwhenev
erpossi
ble,showi
ngsuper
ior
per
for
mance
t
oQTBR.Maxi
mum ut
il
iz
ati
oni
snecessar
ytoal
l
ocat
e
asmuchr
esour
cesaspossi
blet
oact
iveandi
ncomi
ng
connect
ions.
Pr
oposedwor
k:
BASEBANDPROCESSI
NG

ThegoalofbasebandOBPi
stoenhancel
i
nkper
for
manceandef
fi
ciency
.Enhancement
smaybe
appl
i
edt
oreducecostori
ncr
easecapaci
ty,t
hel
att
erf
avour
edbycur
rentt
rends[
14]suchas
br
oadband communi
cat
ion.
The combi
nat
ion ofbaseband OBP and OBS can i
ncr
ease ov
eral
l
net
wor
kef
fi
ciencyandf
lexi
bil
i
ty.
Toi
ncr
easeS/
Nrat
ioweuseBERi
e byusi
ngsi
gnalr
egener
ati
on
met
hod.ATM hast
heabi
l
ityt
oachi
eveBERof10–8orl
ess[
10,
11]
.OBPcanf
aci
l
itat
edy
nami
cbeam
f
ormi
ngaswel
lasnul
l
ingani
nter
fer
er.f
lexi
bleal
l
ocat
ionofsat
ell
i
teef
fect
ivei
sot
ropi
cradi
ated
power(
EIRP)byi
ncr
easi
ngant
ennagai
nandcov
erage.

OBPANDSATELLI
TERESOURCEALLOCATI
ON
I
npr
inci
ple,
thecombi
nat
ionofOBPandOBSenabl
esr
esour
ceal
l
ocat
iont
obe
per
for
medbyt
hesat
ell
i
te.Resour
ceal
l
ocat
ioni
smor
egr
anul
art
hanov
era
conv
ent
ional
time-
div
isi
on
mul
ti
plex(
TDM)
/FDMAl
i
nk,
wher
e
capaci
tyi
sei
therav
ail
abl
e.
Wi
rel
ess br
oadband t
echnol
ogy
i
s a net
wor
k concept t
hat
pr
ovi
des hi
gh-
speed wi
rel
ess
I
nter
net and dat
a access
(
Youel
l
,N,2008)
.Ther
ear
eFOUR
(
4)t
ypesofwi
rel
essbr
oadband
t
echnol
ogyi
nMal
aysi
anamel
yGPRS,
UMTS/
HSPA,
LTEandSat
ell
i
te.

4
 ATM swi
tchest
imat
eoft
hecapaci
tybasedondel
ay.
Thecombi
nat
ionofSS-
ATM andabi
l
ityt
o
suppor
tfl
exi
blebandwi
dthal
l
ocat
iont
oget
herwi
thadapt
ivebeam-
for
mingandt
heabi
l
ityt
ofocus
pr
eci
sel
yther
equi
redgai
nont
hear
ea(
s)ofi
nter
estal
l
owbandwi
dth,
power
,andEI
RPar
etr
eat
edas
apoolofr
esour
ces.Cont
rolmaybeei
theraut
onomous,i
nwhi
chcasei
tisper
for
medonboar
dthe
spacecr
aft
,orper
for
medont
hegr
ound.Al
thoughf
ull
OBPandOBSar
enotcommont
oday
,theymay
bei
nthef
utur
easpr
ocessi
ngpoweradaynet
wor
kingdemandsi
ncr
ease.Oft
her
elat
ivel
yfew
sat
ell
i
teswi
thOBPt
oday
,most
,ifnotal
l
,ar
egr
ound-
cont
rol
l
ed.TheNASAACTSandI
tal
satar
e
exampl
esofsat
ell
i
teswi
thgr
ound-
cont
rol
l
edbasebandOBS[
14]
.ser
vice-
enabl
i
ngpl
atf
orms,al
so
knownasmi
ddl
ewar
e.Ser
vice-
enabl
i
ngpl
atf
ormsmaybev
iewedasal
ayeroff
unct
ional
i
tybet
ween
t
het
ranspor
tsy
stem andt
heunder
lyi
ngnet
wor
ksuppor
ti
ngt
hemul
ti
medi
ainf
ormat
ionser
vices
[
15]
.Mi
ddl
ewar
eisusedf
orshar
ingcomput
ingandcommuni
cat
ionsr
esour
ces[
15]
.

Di
scussi
onAmongCount
rybyusi
ngbr
oadbandt
owi
rel
esssy
stems:

Mal
aysi
a‟st
elecommuni
cat
ionsandbr
oadbandnet
wor
khasadv
ancedsi
gni
fi
cant
lycompar
ed
t
oot
hercount
ri
esi
nSout
h-EastAsi
a.Br
oadbandusagehasi
ncr
easeddr
amat
ical
l
ybutcur
rent
i
nfr
ast
ruct
uresar
einsuf
fi
cientt
ocopewi
thmar
ketdemandandt
heneedofnext
-gener
ati
onmobi
l
e
t
elephony
.

TheNat
ionalBr
oadbandPl
anhadsetat
argetof25%househol
dpenet
rat
ionby2006and
50%by2008,
butt
her
atei
slesst
han3%i
n2006,
andamer
e5%i
near
ly2010.
Thebr
oadbandspeed
i
sper
cei
vedsl
owwi
thcost
lyser
vicescompar
edt
oot
herdev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.

Thepr
oduct
iondecl
i
nedby20per
centi
nthef
our
thquar
terof2008,ashi
gh-
incomeand
dev
elopi
ng count
ry act
ivi
ty pl
unged by 23 and 15 per
cent
,respect
ivel
y(Wor
ld Bank,2009)
.
Dev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esf
aci
ngt
hechal
l
engeast
ohow,wi
thf
ewerr
esour
ces,t
oest
abl
i
shpol
i
cies
t
hat
canpr
otectorexpandcr
it
icalexpendi
tur
es,
incl
udi
ngoncr
it
icali
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
inor
dert
osust
ain
gr
owt
hforwi
rel
esssy
stemsMi
nist
ryofNat
ionalEducat
ioni
sexecut
ingani
mpor
tantpr
ogr
am of

„
blockgr
ant
s”t
oqual
i
fyi
ngschool
stohel
pfundt
heest
abl
i
shmentofI
CTCent
reswhi
chdr
awand
hel
pconnectnei
ghbour
ing(
mai
nlysecondar
y)school
swi
thi
nadi
str
ict
.
5
 I
n I
ndi
a,t
heDepar
tmentofEl
ect
ri
calEngi
neer
ingofI
IT-
Madr
as(
www.
ii
tm.
ac.
in/
)andi
ts
r
esear
chgr
oup(
www.
tenet
.r
es.
in/
)isdedi
cat
edt
obr
ingi
ngI
CTser
vicest
oal
lofI
ndi
a‟sv
il
lages.
Thei
rwor
kcov
ers:
i.Dev
elopmentofappl
i
cat
ionst
hataddv
aluet
otheI
CTexper
ienceofl
ow-
income
r
uraluser
s;andi
i
.Incubat
ionofbusi
nessent
erpr
ises,basedont
hecommer
cialexpl
oit
ati
onoft
he
t
echnol
ogi
esdev
eloped.i
.Wi
rel
essconnect
ivi
tyCor
DECTt
echnol
ogydev
elopedandcommer
cial
l
y
expl
oit
edbyMi
dasCommuni
cat
ionTechnol
ogi
es(
www.
midascomm.
com/
).Cor
DECTf
unct
ionsas
at
elephoneexchanget
odi
str
ibut
eWi
rel
essconnect
ions.i
i
.Low bandwi
dthv
ideoconf
erenci
ng
sy
stem t
hatenabl
es medi
calconsul
tat
ions,agr
icul
tur
alt
echni
calassi
stance onl
i
ne,di
stance
l
ear
ningandi
nter
act
ivecommuni
cat
ions;i
i
i.Medi
caldi
agnost
icki
tst
oser
ver
uralcommuni
ti
es
r
emot
ely
;iv
.Banki
ngt
ell
ermachi
nesi
ssui
tabl
eforr
ural
ser
vice.

Accor
dingt
oast
udybyt
heAsi
a-Paci
fi
cCar
ri
ers‟Coal
i
tioni
n2010,I
ndi
atopped4outof5
cat
egor
ies–di
ff
erent
iat
edbynet
wor
kspeeds–cov
eri
ngEt
her
netbr
oadbandmont
hlyr
ent
aland
i
nst
all
ati
oncost
s(Meer
man,
2007)
.

Wi
rel
esssy
stemsar
efor
medusi
ngacombi
nat
ionofmul
ti
-hopbackbone,
APsandot
hermul
ti
ple
cl
i
ent
saswel
las,
MRs,
MCsandRF(
Zhu,
etal
,2010)
.Agar
wal
andWang(
2010)ar
guet
hatt
hemul
ti
-
hopcommuni
cat
ionf
eat
ureoft
heWMNsmaket
hem mor
epr
onet
oawi
derv
ari
etyofsecur
it
y
at
tacks.
These gi
ver
ise t
ofourcommon secur
it
ychal
l
enges namel
y:conf
ident
ial
i
ty,i
ntegr
it
y,
av
ail
abi
l
ityandaut
hent
icat
ion.

Fi
rst
ly,conf
ident
ial
i
tyconcer
nspr
eser
vingsecr
etsorcer
tai
ninf
ormat
ionandmustonl
ybe
accessi
blebyt
hosepeopl
ethathav
ebeenaut
hor
izedt
oaccesst
hem.Thi
smeanst
hatunaut
hor
ized
accesst
opr
ivi
l
egei
nfor
mat
ioncoul
dleadt
oser
iousconsequences.Secondl
y,
int
egr
it
yreassur
es
t
hatanuncor
ruptmessagei
sbei
ngt
ransf
err
edov
ert
heWMNs.
Siddi
quiandHong(
2007)ci
tedby
Mal
i
k,Mi
tt
al,
Bat
raandKi
ran(
2009)ar
guet
hatat
tacker
scancompr
omi
sei
ntegr
it
ywi
thamal
i
cious

al
ter
ingat
tacke.
g.al
ter
ingabankaccountnumber
.

6
Thi
rdl
y,av
ail
abi
l
itydespi
teDoSat
tacksensur
est
hesur
viv
abi
l
ityoft
heWMNbyensur
ingav
ail
abi
l
ity
ofi
nfor
mat
iont
oal
lnet
wor
kmember
sal
lthet
ime(
Mal
i
ketal
,2009)
. Fi
nal
l
y,aut
hent
icat
ion
mayent
ailahostofv
ulner
abi
l
iti
esexi
sti
ngi
ndi
ff
erentaut
hent
icat
ionpr
otocol
susedi
nWMNs.
Someexampl
esofar
eunaut
hor
izedaccess,spoof
ingat
tacks,DoSat
tacks,andcompr
omi
sedor
f
orgedMRs.
Thr
eesecur
it
ythr
eat
sthatmayl
eadt
ounaut
hor
izedaccessi
ncl
ude:WarDr
iver
s,
Hacker
sandDoSAt
tacks.Fi
rst
,wardr
iver
sinv
olv
eusi
ngascanni
ngdev
icet
olocat
ecel
l
ularphone
member
stoexpl
oit
.Second,hacki
ngi
sweaknessi
nWMNsecur
it
ysy
stemst
oexpl
oite.
g.auser
mayi
nnocent
lyi
nst
allAPsi
ntendedf
orhomeuseont
heent
erpr
isenet
wor
kandendupcr
eat
inga
secur
it
yhol
eint
henet
wor
ke.
g.t
heman-
in-
themi
ddl
e(MI
TM)at
tacki
nwhi
cht
heat
tackersel
ect
sa
hostt
argetandposi
ti
onhi
m/her
sel
flogi
cal
l
ybet
weent
het
argetorr
out
erorgat
ewayoft
het
arget
.
Theai
mist
ocapt
ureandr
eaduser
name,ser
vername,cl
i
entandser
verMACandI
PAddr
esset
c.
(
Lewi
s,2008)
.Thi
rd,i
nDoS,WLANs useunl
i
censed2.
4GHzbandwhi
char
ebei
ngusedaswel
lby
mostconsumerpr
oduct
s,maki
ngt
hem easyf
ori
ntr
uder
stoov
ercr
owdRFbands.

Mor
eov
er,anat
tackercant
urnt
henet
wor
kint
ernetcar
d(NI
C)i
ntoanAPt
huscr
eat
ingaDoS
at
tackusi
ngaper
sonalcomput
erasanAPt
ofl
oodt
hebasi
cser
viceset
ti
ng(
BBS)wi
thr
equest
-t
o-
send/cl
ear
-t
o-send(
RTS-
CCTS)
messages,hencedef
eat
ingt
hef
unct
ionsoft
hecar
ri
ersense
mul
ti
pleaccess/
col
l
isi
onav
oidance(
CSMA/
CA)pr
otocol
.Far
bodandLi
ang(
2008)i
ntr
oducea
swi
tchv
irt
uali
ter
ati
on(
SVI
)al
gor
it
hm andst
ruct
uredupdat
edv
aluedi
ntegr
ati
on(
SUVI
)al
gor
it
hm t
o
addr
essqual
i
tyofser
viceQoSchal
l
enges.
Muni
randWong(
2008)suggest
edt
hatal
oosel
ycoupl
ed
sat
ell
i
tecel
l
ularWi
MAX-
WLAN (
LCSCW2)and at
ight
lycoupl
ed sat
ell
i
tecel
l
ularWi
MAX-
WLAN
(
TWSCW2)i
nter
wor
kingar
chi
tect
ureswi
l
lmaxi
mizeav
ail
abi
l
ityofQoSi
nhy
bri
dar
chi
tect
ures.Zhu
etal
,(2010)cr
ypt
ogr
aphyf
orsecur
ear
chi
tect
uret
oal
l
owf
orsecur
ecommuni
cat
ionsi
nlar
gescal
e
mul
tidomai
nsoft
heWMN,t
husal
l
owi
ngf
orMCs t
oconv
eni
ent
lygai
nsecur
eser
vicesev
enwhi
l
e
r
oami
ng.Ger
kisandPur
cel
l(2006)
summar
izedt
heWLANandWi
Fi

Pr
otect
edAccess(
WPA)802.
11iand802.
11secur
it
ytechnol
ogi
es,whi
l
ePat
tat
hupar
ambi
letal
,
(
2013)i
ntr
oduceahy
bri
dcl
ust
erbasedgat
ewayl
oadbal
anci
ngmul
ti
cast
ing(
GLBM)al
gor
it
hm,
f
ocusi
ngoni
mpr
ovi
ngQoSandt
heon-
demandmul
ti
castr
out
ingpr
otocol

7
 (
ODMRP)wi
thsecur
it
yfeat
uresi
ntendedt
oincr
easedt
hroughputandhi
ghpacketdel
i
ver
y
r
ati
oandmai
ntai
nrel
i
abi
l
ityi
nthemul
ti
castr
out
ingi
nWMN.I
slam, Hami
dandHong(
2009)
pr
oduceasecur
ehy
bri
dwi
rel
essmeshpr
otocol(
SHWMP)ai
medt
opr
ovi
dehi
gherpacketdel
i
ver
y
r
ati
o.Deng,Mukher
jee,andAgr
awal(
2004)asci
tedbySen(
2013)pr
oposedadi
str
ibut
edkey
managementandaut
hent
icat
ionappr
oachi
nmul
ti
-hopwi
rel
essadhocnet
wor
kusi
ngt
heconcept
s
ofi
dent
it
y-basedaut
hent
icat
ionandt
hreshol
dsecr
etshar
ing.
Thi
srev
iewi
nvest
igat
edf
ourcommon
secur
it
yissuesandchal
l
engesi
nWMNnamel
y:conf
ident
ial
i
ty,
int
egr
it
y,r
eli
abi
l
ityandaut
hent
icat
ion.
Toachi
evegoal
sandobj
ect
ives,
fir
stl
y,t
heWMNwasdef
inedanddescr
ibed.

Basedont
heanal
ysi
sint
hiswor
k,t
hewi
rel
esst
echnol
ogyar
ebasedont
hebasi
cpr
inci
plet
hatt
he
wi
rel
esssi
gnalcar
ri
esi
nfor
mat
ionabouthumanact
ivi
ti
esduet
osi
gnal
propagat
iont
hati
saf
fect
ed
byhumanact
ionsi
nthewi
rel
esssi
gnalcov
eragespace.Ther
efor
e,t
hewi
rel
esssensi
ngt
echnol
ogy
coul
dbr
ingef
fect
ivet
echni
calsol
uti
onst
omanyf
iel
dsi
nwhi
cht
her
e ar
erel
atedt
ohumanact
ion
r
ecogni
ti
onwasdet
ermi
ned.Howev
er,
allpr
otot
ypesandr
esul
tsar
eonl
yint
hel
abor
ator
ytestst
age
wi
thonl
ythei
nit
ialcompl
eti
onof
theconcept
ualmodeli
nasmal
l
-scal
econt
rol
l
abl
espace.
Toputi
t
i
ntoacompl
expr
act
icalappl
i
cat
ionenv
ironment
touse,t
hef
oll
owi
ngcat
egor
iesofpr
obl
emsmust
beaddr
essed. (
1)Al
thought
heyhav
ebeenpr
ovent
ohav
esat
isf
act
ory
accur
acyandr
obust
ness,
t
hecur
rentwi
rel
esssensi
ngsy
stemsar
eonl
ydi
rect
edatexper
iment
alr
esul
tsi
nal
i
mit
edcont
rol
l
ed
space.Exper
iment
alr
esul
tsdemonst
rat
ethatt
hepl
acementschemeofdet
ect
ionequi
pment
,the
r
elat
ivedi
stancebet
weent
hedet
ect
eduser
sanddev
ices,t
hemul
ti
-per
soncompl
exenv
ironment
,
andt
het
hrough-
wal
ldet
ect
ional
lser
iousl
yimpactt
heaccur
acyoft
hesy
stem.Ther
efor
e,t
hef
ir
st
i
ssuet
hatmustbesol
vedi
sthatwi
rel
esssensi
ngsy
stemsar
erequi
redt
ohav
ether
obust
nessand
r
eli
abi
l
ityi
ncompl
exr
eal
-wor
ldenv
ironment
swhi
l
eensur
ingaccur
acy
.(2)Thei
nnov
ati
onoft
he
wi
rel
esssensi
ngsy
stembasedont
heCSIhel
psr
eal
i
zet
her
ecogni
ti
onper
cept
ionf
unct
ionusi
ng
t
heubi
qui
tousWi
-Fisi
gnal
.Howev
er,
Wi-
Fisi
gnali
stheonl
ycur
rentopt
ionf
ort
heseschemes. As
ment
ioned,mor
e adv
anced wi
rel
ess t
echnol
ogy
wil
lopt
imi
ze and i
mpr
ovet
he per
for
mance
of
wir
eless sy
stems.Ther
efor
e,t
he second i
ssue i
s sol
ved wi
tht
he compat
ibi
l
ityi
ssues of
pr
otocol
vst
andar
dsf
orWi
-Fisi
gnal
stomakef
ull
yuset
hei
rper
for
manceadv
ant
ages .
Ther
api
d
dev
elopmentofwi
rel
esst
echnol
ogy
,theWi
-Fii
squi
etl
ychangi
ng.Bot
htr
ansmi
ssi
onr
ateandsi
gnal
bandwi
dthofmoder
nmai
nst
ream Wi
-Fidev
icest
hatcompl
y11nst
andar
din2.
4-GHzand5-
GHz

bandswi
th.
The5-
GHzbandi
semer
gingwi
thi
tshi
ghert
ransmi
ssi
onspeedandwi
derbandwi
dth.

8
Meanwhi
l
e,i
near
ly2016,
theWi
-FiAl
l
iancer
eleasedt
hest
andar
dHaLow,andt
hebet
terdi
ff
ract
ion
capabi
l
ity
makes t
he t
ransmi
ssi
on di
stance t
wice t
he cur
rentst
andar
dwi
tht
he l
owerpower
consumpt
ionandt
hebet
tert
hrough-
wal
labi
l
ityi
nthe900MHzband.Ther
efor
e,t
oimpr
ovet
he
adv
anced wi
rel
esst
echnol
ogy
,theper
for
manceoft
hewi
rel
esssensi
ng sy
stem wi
l
lbef
urt
her
i
mpr
ovedi
nthenextr
esear
chphase.
Alt
houghwi
rel
esssensi
ngt
echnol
ogyi
sst
il
lint
hel
abor
ator
y
r
esear
chst
age,i
nter
msoft
her
esul
tsobt
ainedi
nthi
sfi
eld,t
hewi
rel
esssensi
ngsy
stemhasagr
eat
pot
ent
ial
appl
i
cat
ioni
nthecont
extof
art
if
ici
ali
ntel
l
igence.

Aswi
rel
esst
echnol
ogy
,di
git
alsi
gnalpr
ocessi
ngt
echnol
ogy
,andmachi
nel
ear
ningt
echnol
ogy
ar
econt
inuousl
yimpr
oved,mor
enov
elandv
aluabl
eappl
i
cat
ionsi
nmanycommer
cialar
easwi
l
l
becr
eat
ed.Thenet
wor
kcompr
isesagr
oupofcel
l
s,wi
thaBSatt
hecent
erofeachcel
l
.EachBSi
s
connect
edt
otheCNusi
nga40-
Mbpsbackhaull
i
nkwi
tha25-
msdel
ay.I
ntur
n,t
heCNi
sconnect
ed
t
otheI
nter
netwi
tha100-
Mbpsl
i
nkwi
tha25msdel
ay.User
sconnect
edv
iat
heCNandt
heI
nter
net
t
oadat
aser
verwi
tha100-
Mbpsupl
i
nkwi
tha25-
msdel
ay.Foeachuser
,theconnect
ionl
ast
sfora
f
ixeddur
ati
ondet
er-
minedbyt
heappl
i
cat
iont
ypeandi
ndi
cat
edi
nTabl
eI.
Int
henet
wor
k,user
sar
e
r
andoml
ydi
str
ibut
edati
nit
ial
-i
zat
ion.Whent
hesi
mul
ati
onst
art
s,eachuserassumesal
i
nearpat
h
andt
rav
elsataspeedofei
ther3or60km/
h,dependi
ngonwhet
hert
hepedest
ri
anorv
ehi
cul
ar
env
ironmenti
sengaged.Thegener
ati
onofconnect
ionr
equest
sfol
l
owsaPoi
ssonpr
ocesswi
tha
meanr
atespeci
fi
ctot
hecel
linwhi
cht
hecal
lisor
igi
nat
ing.I
ngener
ati
ngt
hecal
l
request
s,t
he
appl
i
cat
iont
ypei
ssel
ect
edbasedonapr
ob-
abi
l
ity.

9
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10