Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Bailey Huna Etymology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mehmet Tezcan
    21 views17 pages

    Original Title

    Bailey_Huna_Etymology.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    21 views17 pages

    Bailey Huna Etymology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mehmet Tezcan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 17
    8 HUNA In four passages of the Khotan-Saka texts thereis referencetoa marauding people called Huna. The older spelling is huna in Z 15.9, In older Khotan- Saka u replaces old w and i (as fsuta- ‘gone’ from éyuta-, dura- ‘far’ from diira-) but a was the older diphthong au (as stira- ‘large cattle’, Avestan staora-, Zor. Pahl. stér, Bud. Skt loanword sthora-). Later Khotan-Saka confuses u and @. The passages are the following: 2.15.9 huna cimgga supiya hye na hvatdna-ksiru bajottanda ‘the Huna, Chinese, the Supiya- who devastated our Khotan land’ KT 2.38.17.4 Spita Sudirrjum’s despatch to Simdara: kithi vd _ysamgauiié hua parrya' tothe city the robber Huna have approached’ 89.38 cu jam va gyaité hiya dydma ya ted vglai hincastiihaj- sdmdamda“ what was the queen’s gift for them, that they {the envoys] sent to the Huna’. KT 4.34.20.5 the King of Khotan’s command and message to Spata Sudarrjim: Auna itd khyescd ttumga dem parrya ‘the Huna in that direction among the men of Kafyar have approached to attack Ttumga Sem (Tonga gen)’. “The ston of the ancient letter in Sogdian 11 18 and the Mug document tofiyw yen (= xwn) ZY éyn ‘both Hun and Chinese’ will belong here.*# ‘The Sui-su (circa 600) lists a ibe iF K 508, xun < yum, G4s8b g'zon; Bud, Skt hina- (rendering Chinese Hiung-nu), Kumaoni huniya * Tibetan’, and the Kalacakra hina-deia-s° can be associated with Khotan- Saka huna. ‘The Hiung-nu dominated Khotan in the fourth century.*! ‘The discussion of the Chinese Hiung-nu and Latin. Hunni has in Europe proceeded for some 200 years, As archacologist, ©. Maenchen- Helfen found the Muni different from the Hiung-nu in China.s? He, however, as a result of the analysis of Soviet archaeological reports, recognised the mainly Europoid physique of the Hiung-nu. From some Chinese evidence it seems that the Hiung-nu had long yellow beards, #1 V.A, Livi, Soest) posol © Gace (1960), 102 (A Sogdian encoy in Cat, # J.tlamilton, 74 (1962). 27 ‘© H. Motimans, Kalacakea Studies + Central Asiatic Journal 13 (1960), 6a ¥ B. Pelliot, Note on Marco Polo, (1950), 411, thought no true Hiumgenu were in this region inthe seventh century 9 "The World of the Hun (1933). 26 Indo-Scythian studies quite unlike Turks and Mongols. P. Peltiot held the view that the names Hiung-nu and the many forms of Hunni could hardly be unrelated.®? Words are quoted in Chinese from the Hiung-nu language and there exist proper names. One Hiung-nu verse of the tribe 3 Kie (G 49 ¢'+ 313 r Ridt) is preserved in the Dynastic History with Chinese trans- iation.s ‘Three Turkish interpretations offered ignore the Chinese translation, Ed, Pulleyblank gave no Ket reading, The leader of the Kie tribe is a Xu (hu) & Iranian, ‘The earliest Hiung-nu names of the second century 8.c. can be recognised as being of Iranian type. Thus 388% K rors, 595 t'ow-man < d'pu-mudn, G 118. 2662 d'w-mitedn resembles the later Haina name Toraména (of circa 500 A.0.). The first component fara- is an older form *taura- beside tura-, for which a first component t= stands (Old Ind. tuvi-), an adjective from tau-: tu- ‘to increase in size or power". Below sv. Gara the large vocabulary of this base is elaborated. ‘The second component mana- can be variously traced but perhaps the Khotan-Saka ‘mana-* delight’ is more likely than mdna- thinking” or ména- ‘measure’ oor the md- of maya- ‘good fortune’ or the base md in Zor. Pahl, mitak “asic material’. ‘The son of T'o-man, 84 is Maw-tun, K 604, 1144 mau-tun < mdu- tua (and mok), G 1062 b mog, mau, mao and mak, mak, mo, 427 j ton (and tu < d'udk), and a second reading Mo-tu from mok-d'udk.55 If Mdu- tuam is adopted, the word may be feom még-ttem from Iranian *baka- tura- ‘teuly strong’ with Turfan Parth. ’ég ‘unsure’, ‘Turfan Pers. bog ‘sure’, Oss, batt ‘surcly’ and baigidarté epithet of the strong Narta heroes.** ‘The third name 5 Leu-sang, K 525, 855 law-sang < ldu-Sjang, G 035 a, 726 a logediang, can be traced to Tranian either *raux-i= ‘to be bright? or to rauk- "to rule’? The name of the Sogdian leader An Lu-gan also can be connected with either of those two bases. ‘The Chinese reported an unverifiable tradition that the Hiung-nu were ancestors of the Turks, which may mean they originated from the same remote regions. Contact with Turks is shown by the Turkish word tdnri “sky? from Hiung-nu cangli (see below on the Iranian basis, *¢anyaraka-) © JA (920.9), 4 $1 Monumentum G. Morgenstern, (1981), 25-6. 8 G. Maloun, Zur Uests-Prage (0937), 24 © Not with ‘Turkish baydtur since the -ur i secondary i Turkish from Kranian -tr- in Sbahacatra~ “teue hero’, Oss. sovabep and Georgian agatar, See, Monuomentum FH. 8. Nyberd, 1 (1975), Excursus Trano-cauesieus, 35 lorth-iranian problems", BSOAS 43 (1079), 207-8. Huna 27 Words cited in Chinese sources in Chinese syllabic script with inter- pretation can also be recognised as Iranian. The following are selected cases, starting with an assured case of Iranian which illustrates also the important development of the frequent suffix -aka-, common in Iranian and also Bud. Skt and NW Prakrit. It passes by way of -aka- (Khotan- Saka nom. sing. -ai from -akd, plural -d from -aka) to -aga, -aya-,-aya-, ae, diy 65,3. 1, ABER K'S18, 202 so-to < sdk-dak, C770, 790 p sdk-d'éke *boot’ "This is the Iranian word saxtaka- ‘prepared leather’ in the Draxt asbrik 35 miéak saxtak dzdtdn ‘the leather boot of nobles’.s* N Pers. has saxtiydn ‘morocco leather’. By the usual changes the word passed from saxtaka- to *saydé in Ket sdgdi, Sagdi. ‘The Ket has also the certain case of nan ‘bread’, N Pers. nan from the older nikana, nayana-. TThe base of saxtaka- is sak- ‘to prepare” 2, RR K 1208, 527 ty'ang-li < tongelied, G (1076a+746), 519 ong-lior ‘sky’ isto be traced to Iranian *¢anyaraka- with intruded nasal like Bud. Sogd. eonyr’k in the compound éryto-tnyr’k *éaryu-wanyaraka- ‘lion's roar’, rendering Bud. Skt simha-ndda- with eomyr ‘speech’, nasalised from toxr *teaxar- as Man. Chr. Sogd. texr to base va ‘speak’ Iranian ¢axra- ‘wheel, circle, sky” gave to Armenian ¢axarak, and the nasalised form is in Hiung-nu. The Hiung-nu word is translated by Chinese % t'ien ‘sky’. From Hiung-nu the ‘Turks took ténri ‘sky’ and "god eeThe development & > f-occursin various languages, Bud. Sktcimara- ‘iron’, known in North-west Indo-Aryan languages,%® Khowar Cumur, Naristint Waigali éimar, resulted in Turkish timir. Within Iranian Avestan éafru- is in N Pers, tasi, tasif, Zor. Pahl. tasik ‘fourth part’, tasom “fourth”, ‘Turfan Pers. pada), ts-kyrb four-bodied”; N. Pers ointment? (aim ‘eye'); Avestan taita- ‘cup’, Khotan-Saka teasta-~.'The “to thirst’, N Pers. tiinah ‘thirsty’, Sogd. én’ ‘thirst’; PaSto tansarai* partridge’, Ormuri cindzarai (é = t3), see DKS 1225 tarp- ‘to steal’, Zor. Pahl. truftak ‘stolen’, Yidya cif caft, Sogd. cf-, but Munjani torif-, Avestan trofya-. 3. HUE ‘Wagon’ K 709, 1316 fon-uon < Biuon-rwon, G 437 8, 426d bsfeon-wn, that is fon-uon. The Iranian for ‘wagon’ is vartana-, M. Unvala, ‘Draxt § sunk 15 ose), 641-85 Ed, Pulley: reverse f= > é also oceurs as in far % Jaroasp-Asana, Pahletd Tests (1897), 109-143 BSOS 2 (ayat-3), 637-78; W.B. Henning, BSOA. blank, 4M, ms. 9 (1963), 243-4 SRL. Tamer, A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan lenguager (1966), a8, 28 Indo-Seythian studies in Sogdian tortn, Oss. Digoron wardun, Iron uardon, Zor. Pahl. vartan {also eaéfrom Avestan edia- < *varta-), Turfan Parth. erdyeen journey”, Romani vardo, Caucasian Ceden vorda, plural vordanas, Abxaz a-toardon, Abaza a-teandyr. In Saka -rt- passed in Khotan to (although in ‘Tumbuq it became -rd-) and *radana- could pass to *ruluna- as Old Pers, wazarka- ‘great’ passed to N Pers. busurg, guourg, for which Hiung-nu *eur-un (Chinese bun-un)i would be a good survival. ‘The laryngal with m in -n-u- might pethaps suit -L- rather than -r-, ‘The changes va- to eu- and bu- can be seen in Khotan-Saka binaa- ‘naked’ from bagnaka-, Oss. béyndg. The -arta- can be seen in Khotan-Saka bada- ‘captive’, Avestan varsta-. 4. SER K 345, 1017 hia-tou < kap-tqu, G 630 8, 117 a Rap (no spell- ing), is from the frequent Iranian base kap- ‘to contain’, as Khotan- Saka haba ‘a measure’, Old Pers. carbs, Zor. Pahl. kapié, Armenian Parth, hapié, N Pers. kafiz, Oss. Rabié ‘storeroom’. With suffix ~Za, ~faka-, occut N Pers. kafé, kaféah ‘spoon’, Sogd. kpchy, Want Rapé (and other words; see DKS 76, s.v. khausa, and TPS (1954), 146-56). Uigur ‘Turkish gapéug ‘small bag’ is from an Iranian *kapcik, as the name Lopéug is from Napétk, With suffix -dta- Bal6éi has kapdtag ‘basket’. Possibly Mongol xattaya-, -n ‘bag, purse’, cited by Rubruquis, cap- targas ‘square bag’ and Turkish gatiryai belong here. ‘The Hiung-mu ‘hap-tgu could be older *kaptava- or *katdava-. The -u- suffix occurs also in the vessel name, Armenian Parth. Kandouk ‘wheat bin’, N Pers. handik, kandi, Syr. kndeg, Arabic kandiff,‘Turfan Pers. kndteg, Oss. Digoron xandug, Tron xindyg, Persian in Greck 4évbv; and. also in Khotan-Saka phaysdce (DKS 250). 5. Bi ‘stone’, K73 hie, (486+73) Ait, G hiat. Iranian has deriva- tives of Indo-European ak- and ak- ‘sharp’ to name ‘stone’. From ak-, Tranian as-, Avestan asan-, asanga-, asman-, Khotan-Saka samgga-, "Turfan Parth. "sng, Zor. Pahl., N Pers. sang and without -n- direct -aka Zor. Pahl. sag, adjective sagén, beside sakén ‘coralline’, Khotan-Saka saka-, samka- ‘coral’ rendering Bud. Skt pravdda-, Sogd. snk. The base ‘ak. is in Lit. akmué ‘stone’ beside afmud. From ak(/t)- Khotan-Saka has chaskdmn‘ pointed top, forehead”, chaska- ‘barley’ (‘the pointed grain’), connected with N Pers, kaik and Armenian Parth. R'aikén barley-bread’ (DKS 107), Greek dxoory, Here kata- will be from ak: ke with suffix sata- as in Avestan urvata-, Old Ind. vrata-. With -t- note also Latin cite, nom, sing. cos ‘whetstone’. For Chinese -n 219, against contea foreign -- and --, see Ei. Pulleyblank, ANI, ns. 9 (962), ‘pinion Huna 29 6. (9.8 ‘sword’, K 391, 577 king-lu < kieng-luo, G831f, 7661 Rieng= gldg, That is *heng( Jlag with Sogdian ymyrh *xangara-, Chr. Sogd. “xg” (assuring initial x-), Waxi xingar, Yidya xugor; with Arabicised > j,N Pers. xanjar, whence loanwords Lakk xargan, Russian xinéal. ‘Phe ‘Turkish form is gingirag ‘knife’. The Iranian base is (s)kharg- 7. BIR ‘tent’, K 471, 579 Miung-lu < Kiung-lievo, GC got e, 69.4 ‘ing-lio, This is *kung(ajra from *kunakaraka-, Bud. Man. ‘Sogd. dron’h’r Mhunakar ‘bier’, Pali kitagara- ‘bier’, more generally a‘ pinnacled building’, Bud, Skt kitagdra-, pseudo-Tokhara A kiirekar, Khotan-Saka hulatira-, kulira-, klira-. The suffix ~ from -aka- occurs variously in Indo-Aryan, Bud, Skt kremerue, hremeruka- “red”, ‘Tibetan kekeru,*! Chinese # i pomegranate’, K 938, 565 z0-liu < ssialiu (but without radical 69) G'777, 1114 p siiak-lidg, Sogdian nr’ *ndraka-; Zor. Pahl andr, N Pers, andr, nar, ndrcdn; Khowar vesni ‘garlic’, (from uma- “sharp"), Sarga ‘dung’, isperu ‘white’, and participles in -da and «rd from -taka-.*? For Sogdian keen'k’r with -n wr from -r .r, note also Khotan-Saka sv. candarno, mamgara-, ysamgar 8, IRBE ‘excellent horse, mule’, K 440, 890 hile (but without radical 183), 11 < hitcet-d'ei, G 312, 866 Rivoat-d'eg.* That is, Hiung-nu *havataka- (> -2) to Old Iranian kavdta- from kau- ‘young, vigorous’ and ‘small’; a royal name Kavidta-, N Pers. Qubd8; Zor. Pahl. kavah “small cattle’ contrasting with stor ‘large cattle’, Pizand kafladah young animal’, Wayi kudt “young ass", Bal6ci Racodt ‘camel of three years’. ‘The base an- had similar meanings. In pseudo-Tokhara wire ‘young’ belongs with franian eira- ‘man’. ‘The reading kavadt- for Chinese kitat recalls the Chinese ff i for the Iranian ka- of Qamul, Sogd. Ancient Letter 112 Am’yé, Turkish Qamil 9. 6 ‘son’, K 426, 1133 Ructu < kuo-d'uo, G 41 ¢, 82d" keo-d'o is preserved in the phrase REPU fs'ang-ti ku-t'u ‘son of heaven’ translating the Chinese & f rien-tsi, Bud, Skt deva-putra, Here the ‘Turkologist could only suggest qut ‘fortune’. For is'ang-li see no. 2 above Here ku-t'u can be taken for *kudu- or older *kutu but it may be either zhu with suffix -tu oF kut- with =f from -aka- ‘The Iranian base is kau-: ku- ‘to be small’, in meaning like Indo- European (Pokorny, 842-3) pou-: pil pu, in Got. fawai ‘fev, Latin © “Hhanahana’, Asistica, FetchifePredrich Weller (vos), © G. Morgensierne, Report on a lingitic minian to Afghanistan (1926), 72,74 *Khowar morphology", NPS 14.0049)... "TPS (1954), 148; BSOS 7 (1035-6), 69; Zatspram, Viditakihd (1964), 243 Pahlavi Riva accompanying the Ditastin | dénik, ed. B.N. Dhabas (1913), 160 3e Indo-Scythian studies paucus, Greek rapes, Got. fula ‘foal’, Old Ind. putra-, Avestan pubra- ‘son’, Latin puer. Thus Avestan has hutaka- ‘small’, Zor. Pal. Kotak, ‘i (see above on kavata-). With -r- Zor. Pahl. has kurrak, Armenian Parth, Moutak ‘foal’, N Pers. kurrak ‘small animal’, Kurd kurr ‘son’ (rr from -rn-), Sarikoli Gur, é6r ‘strong young man” (é- = Old Iranian A-), Old Ind. kudaka-, NW Prakrit kudaga- ‘boy’. Sogdian has tokwr- “kinsman? and Ossetic has the verbal Digoron igurun igurd, ‘be born’, Iron gitryn, Dig. iguréa ‘birth’, Iron gids ‘embryo". Ormuti has -[- in uldn''son’, kuldk “boy. P. Pelliot proposed to compare ‘Tungus xutw “child” but that is traced to huté and words commencing with p-.** For the form ku-t'u, note the Indo-European seu-: su- ‘to bear young” (Pokorny, 913), Old Ind. siitu- ‘act of bearing’, Celtic Old Ir. suth (*sutu-s) ‘birt, fruit” beside the derivatives with -n- Old Ind. simu, Got. sunus, Avestan hunu-, and with -f- Greek viés, pseudo-Tokhara B soyd, Ase. Possibly the verbal base is in Avestan hatkurana- glossed by Zor. Pahl. ham-kartarih ‘acting together’. Thus ku-t'u with suffix -u- has support in preference to *Rutaka- (as Avestan kutaka- ‘small”) to. AB ‘fermented mare's milk’, K grt lo, law < Idk, Jap. raku, G 766 p gldk. Ed, Palleyblank rightly rejected B. Karlgren’s connexion with the entirely different distilled spirits Arabic “arag with initial laryngal.¢6 ‘The connexion has been noted in Khotan-Saka of ragai (DKS 356) with Ossetic rong, older rang, in the Kartvel languages Svanetian, Mingeelian and Georgian Raginskij dialect rang-i. ‘This rong was the favourite drink of the Narta heroes in the Ossetic epic tales. ‘The Khotan~ Saka ragai is still conjectural in meaning, but it seems to be an intoxicant drink, hence for nomadic Saka peoples ‘fermented mare’s milk’, the Avestan hurd-, Zor. Pabl. hur, glossed by asp-pém ‘mare's milk’, the later ‘Turkish qumis, Ed, Pulleyblank did not identify the word outside Chinese. The Khotan-Saka retained also the word hurd- (DKS 492) “The etymon of ragai is not established. It could be from a base rak-, rank- or rangaka- from a base rang-. ‘The Ossetie rong eould derive from rank- or rang-, but not rak-. If the archaic Chinese gldk had retained g- from Indo-European glak- as in Greek ida ‘milk’, the Iranian *ranke could have lost initial y- and so be connected. 64° Rueeow, The language of the Kharoytht documents from Chinewe Turkestan (1937) 83 , 2 Saving) sacar” tunguto-man’éSuckisfasyhou, 11 (1973), 387 AM, ns. 9 (1963), 249-50. Huna 3 11, if ‘dried curds, hard cheese’, K 613 (no radical 86), 1136 ‘mi-{li] < mick-(liei] (no lud), G 859, 1241 0 miek-lud (and miek-lie). This can be traced to an Iranian *milaka- from *miéaka-, older miy-, Khotan-Saka bi, bei? (b < m) ‘curds’, Yayndbi (New Sogdian) meiin, Oss. Digoron mesin, Old Ind. dmiksd. ‘The -I- derived from --as in mila~ “rat” from *mizéa- from miié and in the loanword bal-samgha-, Bud. Skt dhiksu-sangha-. Kroraina had bhighu-samgha-, but had also bhuaju which is in Uigur bur- in bur-sang, Mongol bur-sang “community of monks’ (misinterpreted by bur ‘Buddha’; there is of course no ‘Com munity of Buddha’ or ‘Buddhas’). An -l-also replaced -- in Bud. Skt uusnisa- ‘tuft’, Khotan-Saka usrila-, Uigur Turkish unr. The Khotan- ‘aka wla- camel” is also from *uda-,to be compared with Old Pers. wi. 12, Wf fat, fatty matter, butter’, K 70 su < suo, G (434.2+46 d’) 50. Clearly it is connected with Iranian fiau-: fSu- ‘to fatten’ in Avestan ‘Siutd-, patuta- ‘cheese’, glossed by Zor. Pahl. pani, Suyni jue in Xu-mab “stale buttermilk to ferment cheese’, (from *fiu-madya-) with dialectal Xfi ke-mid, BajGi &i-md. From fiau- Avestan has ffaoni- ‘fattening’, verbal féuya- ‘to feed’, fiuyant- “fattener’, Zor. Pahl. fiinénitan. The Aiuyant was developed to express ‘husband’ in Khotan-Saka kyundaa- ‘rom feuyaka- came Vidya jf, sfi‘ husband’, Zor. Pabl. wy *y. The Sioniin is glossed by Parsi-Skt sphitayitum. Ossetic has Digoron sojnd “fat', adjective songun, sondigun, Iron s0j, gen. sing. sofy, sojdzym. If this thas older son- itis ambiguous since -dn- passed to -on-, and -aun- passed to -un-. From ~dure one could expect -on-. Wanetsi has éuk ‘butter? and possibly é has derived from ti from fi-, as Khotan-Saka replaced fé- by ai- (written As-). Ossetic has s- from various older sounds (Indo- European he, t5-, hse, hi-, ku) ‘The failure to note the dominance of Iranian till the year 1009 in the “Tarim Basin is shown (Ed, Pulleyblank, AM, ns. 9 (1962), 254) by the citation of Mongol fosun, Turkish yay, pseudo~Tokhara B salype, A salyp, "Vib. mar for ‘fat’, without any inquiry as to Iranian. 13. B26 ‘clarified fermented mare's milk”, K 890, 91 f'-au < d'iei- -yuo, G 866 i, 49 a’ tieg-g'o (and variants). In this d'iei-guo can be seen atonce Avestan fayu- familiar in tyuri-, thir ‘sour milk’ glossed by Zor. Pahl. tyl *tér “cheese” from the base fau-: tue ‘to swell’; Pato tomna, toma ‘rennet’, Oss. Digoron tdudg, Iron tudg ‘sour’, Dig., Iron dntduun, ntud ‘make sour, brew”, Dig. dnéducin, Iron dntudn ‘ferment’. Khotan- Saka has ttavamdya ‘bile’, rendering Bud. Skt pitta-, and has ttira-, itaujai *cheese(?)’. are listed under feu- by Pokorny, 1083, with Greck ropés ‘cheese’ and Old Bulg. tvarogit ‘coagulated: milk". Ed. 32 Indo-Scythian studies Palleyblank proposed to trace the word also in Mongol éige, éigen from (*tigdn) ‘fermented mare's milk’. 14. iff, (ERS, 1% ‘milk uid’, with uncertain readings. @ 1188 ¢ tung, tung, tung (not tung), K 411 lo, lau < lak, G 766 p gldk; K 1150 tung < d'ung, G 1176 h d'ung, K 592 ma < ma, G 402 ma. That will give tung, tung-lau, tung-ma from dung, d'ung-ma. The Iranian words for “milking” and ‘milk? are from the base Indo-European Pokorny, 271, dheugh-. Ossetic has Digoron dony, Iron dong, doy ‘a once milking” showing a nasal intrusion, ‘The verb is Oss. Dig. doéun duyd, Tron duéyn, dyyd ‘to milk, Zor. Pabl., N Pers. diz, daxtan, Avestan duyda-, The in is dauga- in'Turfan Pers. and Parthian darog, Zor, Pahl. dag, N Pers, diy, Waxi diy. Old Indian has dohati, dogdhi, dugdha-, doha-. The Oss. rrimyi, Iron rng, ray ‘row, line’ shows the same variant spellings. ‘There are six Hiung-nu titles which have survived in Turkish and ‘Tibetan, Titles with x-are not originally ‘Turkish, which had g- but no x-. 1. ‘The supreme Hiung-nu title was ¥F K 968, 1317 tan-i, and san-ii (san is assured by an old gloss) from tén-jfu and.

    You might also like