Propositional Logic 1) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is a President of the

Philippines.
(logic behind) – Logic don’t often use pronouns,
2) Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is a daughter of a
resulting to redundant statements.
President of the Philippines.
- Sentential logic or statement logic 3) Therefore, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is both a
- Branch of logic that studies ways of joining and/or President of the Philippines and a daughter of the
modifying entire propositions, statements, or President of the Philippines.
sentences to form more complicated propositions,
*make it sequential
statements, or sentences.
*don’t ask the truth value

And/or – one word makes a big difference

2 Major Classifications of Statement

1. Affirmative – positive
GRAMMAR LOGIC
2. Negative – negative (not)
Simple sentence Statement
Compound sentence Complex statement
Logical connectors or
Conjunctions Logical operators
logical operators
- Any word/phrase used either to modify one
Statement (Simple sentence) statement to make a different statement or join
multiple statements together to form a more
- Can be defined as a declarative sentence or part of complicated statement.
a sentence that is capable of having a Truth Value - and, or, not, if, then, because, necessarily
(True or False) or cannot be determined (need to
justify), determiner – the cause or why it is Example:
True/False 2+2=4

Someone is reading an article on Wattpad.

Complex statement (Compound sentence) *If you add necessarily before each statement, it can be
- With logical connectors or logical operators an absolute truth, true, or false.
(either/or, neither/nor, if/then)

Example: History of Logic – Aristotle

Either Ganymede is a moon of Jupiter, or - Law of Excluded Middle (every statement is either
Ganymede is a moon of Saturn. True or False)
- Law of Contradiction (no statement is both True and
One sentence is True and one sentence is False. False, at the same time)
If it is compressed (removing either/or, or any
connectors/operators), then the sentence is wrong. Example:

Boy: I love you.

Conclusive statements (therefore) Girl 1: (L.O.E.M. – if the boy said “I love you”
to the two girls)
- Third statement is a conclusion
Girl 2: (L.O.C. – if the boy mean it to only one
Example: girl)

Winona Rose M. Linchoco BSBA-FM 2 | DWCL Business Logic