PRINCIPLES

1. Division of Work:
Dividing the full work of the organization among individuals and creating departments is called
division of work.
Division of work leads to specialization, and specialization helps to increases efficiency and efficiency
results in the improvements in productivity and profitability of the organization.

Applicable for firms which have many employees as well as few employees, the principle of division of
work says, that the work should be divided between all people who are capable of doing it and should not be
overloaded to a concentrated few. In the long term, this same targeted division of work helps the labor in
specializing in the work they are doing, thereby ensuring there are far fewer mistakes.

2. Authority and Responsibility:

Authority must be equal to Responsibility. According to Henri Fayol, there should be a balance
between Authority (Power) and Responsibility (Duties). The right to give orders should not be
considered without reference to responsibility.
If the authority is more than responsibility then chances are that a manager may misuse it. If responsibility is
more than authority then he may feel frustrated.
Imagine if you were the marketing head of a company, and you took a call with regards to marketing a
particular product, in the end if the product fails, you have to take ownership of the failure. You cannot pass
the buck. Thus, when the person takes responsibility, he also takes wise decisions. Hence, authority and
responsibility go hand in hand.

3. Discipline:

Discipline means a respect for the rules and regulation of the organization. Discipline may be Self-
discipline, or it may be Enforced discipline. It goes without saying, that management is responsible
for the way discipline is maintained in an organization

A best example will be ad agencies, who encourage informal meetings and conversations so as to
build better relationships with the customers. However, even these ad agencies are known to maintain
discipline in the way the ad executive interacts with the customers or the way they carry out their work.
Discipline is a part of the mission and values of the organization itself.

4. Unity of Command:
According to this principle, a subordinate (employee) must have and receive orders from only one superior
(boss or manager). To put it another way, a subordinate must report to only one superior. It helps in
preventing dual subordination.
When we discussed authority in the above point, we said that authority should lie with only certain people. If
all the people in a political party were directly reporting to the prime minister, he will soon be admitted in
the hospital due to stress. So to maintain command, there is a hierarchy. One person should report only to
one leader and not to 3-4 people. So that the managers and the executives know who they are reporting to,
and they know their responsibilities as well as the performance expected from them.
5. Unity of Direction
All activities which have the same objective must be directed by one manager, and he must use one plan.
This is called Unity of Direction. For example, all marketing activities such as advertising, sales promotion,
pricing policy, etc., must be directed by only one manager.
Once unity of command is achieved and you have a complete hierarchy, where everyone knows who they
are reporting to. It is like the famous saying “United we stand, divided we fall”. The company, from the
CEO level to the executive level should be moving towards one direction.

6. Subordination of Individual Interests

The interest of one individual or one group should not prevail over the general good. The individual interest
should be given less importance, while the general interest should be given most importance.
If not, the organization will collapse. Interest of the organizational goal should not be sabotaged by the
interest of an individual or on group.

7. Remuneration
Remuneration is the price for services received. Pay should be fair to both the employee and the firm. If an
organization wants efficient employees and best performance, then it should have a good remuneration
policy. This policy should give maximum satisfaction to both employer and employees. It should include
both financial and non-financial incentives.

8. Centralization
It is always present to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the size of the company and the quality of its
managers. In centralization, the authority is concentrated only in few hands.
However, in decentralization, the authority is distributed to all the levels of management. No organization
can be completely centralized or decentralized.
If there is complete centralization, then the subordinates will have no authority (power) to carry out their
responsibility (duties). Similarly, if there is complete decentralization, then the superior will have no
authority to control the organization.
Therefore, there should be a balance between centralization and decentralization.

9) Scalar chain
It is the line of authority from top to bottom of the organization. Scalar chain says that there should be a
clear line of authority in the company so that when you have to “Escalate things” then you know the line of
authority. When you are facing emergencies or calamities, you should know whom to go to, if your
immediate boss doesn’t resolve your queries.
Popular companies like Samsung and others have the scalar chain set to a dot. In such companies,
for customer service, if your complaint is not resolved in 3 days, it goes to the local manager, if not resolve
in 5 days, it goes to regional head, and if not resolved in 7 days it goes to national heads.
10) Order
It is the order of “Order vs chaos”. Simply said, if an organization does not work in an orderly manner, there
will be chaos. So to work in an orderly manner, employees need the right equipment and the right procedure
to ensure order is maintained at all times.
Hence, most large companies have specific ways that they calculate the attendance of their labour. Specific
time is given when the labour can go to lunch as per their work stations. Maintenance officers are placed for
any problems in the equipment. Overall, everything works in a well-oiled, smooth and orderly manner.

11. Equity
While dealing with the employees a manager should use kindliness and justice towards employees equally.
Equity is a combination of kindness and justice.
It creates loyalty and devotion in the employees toward the organization. Many a times, the most common
complaint of employees is that a different employee was preferred over them for promotion or better
remuneration.
However, a fair organization is the one which maintains equity amongst everyone. For this, having the right
culture in the organization is absolutely important. If the company is ethical, equity will automatically be
maintained.

12) Stability of tenure

Henri fayol said that an organization has a better chance to grow faster if its employees are stable.
Employees need to be given fair enough time to settle into their jobs. An employee needs time to learn his
job and to become efficient.
The employees should have job security because instability leads to inefficiency. Successful firms usually
had a stable group of employees.

13) Initiative
Without limits of authority and discipline, all levels of staff should be encouraged to show initiative.
Management should encourage initiative.
That is, they should encourage the employees to make their own plans and to execute these plans. This is
because an initiative gives satisfaction to the employees and brings success to the organization.
Google, Apple and Facebook are some of the companies who have implemented this principle. At google,
developers and engineers are given their own sweet time to work out innovative ways that can be developed
as products for google itself. As the employees are encouraged to take initiative, the innovation level of
these companies is high.

14. Esprit De Corps

Esprit de Corps means “Team Spirit”. Therefore, the management should create unity, co-operation and
team-spirit among the employees. They should avoid dividing and rule policy. There are very few
companies who have been able to manage that (Intel, apple, Amazon and few others). Esprit de corps in an
organization gives true competitive advantage to the organization because it means that the employees are
enthusiastic, motivated and will do anything for the company or the management.

FUNCTIONS

Most widely accepted are functions of management given by KOONTZ and O’DONNEL

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Controlling

Planning
Planning is future oriented and determines an organization’s direction. It is a rational and systematic way of
making decisions today that will affect the future of the company. An effective planning program
incorporates the effect of both external as well as internal factors.
The external factors are shortage of resources; general economic trend as far as interest rates and inflation
are concerned, technological advancements, etc.
The internal factors that affect planning are limited growth opportunities due to saturation, changing
patterns of work force, more complex organizational structures, decentralization etc.

Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources to develop productive
relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. According to Henry Fayol, “To organize
a business is to provide it with everything useful for its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and
personnel’s”. Organizing as a process involves:

1. Identifying the tasks that must be performed and grouping them whenever necessary
2. Assigning these tasks to the personnel while defining their authority and responsibility.
3. Delegating this authority to these employees
4. Establishing a relationship between authority and responsibility
5. Coordinating these activities

Staffing
Staffing is the function of hiring and retaining a suitable work-force for the enterprise both at managerial as
well as non-managerial levels. This function is even more critically important since people differ in their
intelligence, knowledge, skills, experience, physical condition, age and attitudes, and this complicates the
function. Staffing involves:

 Manpower Planning
 Recruitment, Selection & Placement.
 Training & Development.
 Remuneration.
 Performance Appraisal.
 Promotions & Transfer.

Directing

The directing function is concerned with supervision, motivation, leadership, communication so that the
employees perform their activities in the most efficient manner possible, in order to achieve the desired
goals.

Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is the act of watching &
directing work & workers.

Motivation- means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive,
negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.

Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and influences the work of subordinates
in desired direction.

Communications- is the process of passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to
another. It is a bridge of understanding.

Controlling

According to Koontz & O’Donell “Controlling is the measurement & correction of performance activities of
subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise objectives and plans desired to obtain them as being
accomplished”. Therefore controlling has following steps:

a. Establishment of standard performance.

b. Measurement of actual performance.

c. Measuring actual performance with the pre-determined standard and finding out the deviations.

d. Taking corrective action.

 LEADERSHIP

The definitions given by some famous authors and management experts are given below:
“Leadership is the exercise of authority and making of decisions.” —Dubin, R
“Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.”—Koontz
and O’Donnell.

Leadership Styles or Types of Leaders:

The term ‘leadership style, refers to the consistent behaviour pattern of a leader as perceived by people
around him. Every leader develops a pattern in the way he handles his subordinates or followers in various
situations. The leadership style is the result of the philosophy, personality and experience of the leader. It
also depends upon the types of followers and the conditions prevailing in an organisation.

1) Autocratic Leadership
Autocratic leadership allows autocratic leader to take the ultimate control of taking decisions without
consulting others. An autocratic leader possess high level of power and authority and imposes its will on its
employees. This type of leadership proves to be useful where close level of supervision is required. Creative
employees morale goes down because their output is not given importance and is often detest by employees.

There are three types of autocratic leader:

 Hard Boiled or Strict Autocrat:
 Benevolent Autocrat:
 Manipulative Autocrat:

2) Laissez-Faire Leadership
Under this type of leadership, a laissez-faire leader do not exercise control on its employees directly. Since
employees are highly experienced and need little supervision, a laissez-faire leader fails to provide
continuous feedback to employees under his or her supervision. This type of leadership is also associated
with leaders that do not supervise their team members, failed to provide continuous feedback resulting in
high costs, bad service, failure to meet deadlines, lack of control and poor production.

3) Participative Leadership
Also known as democratic leadership style, participative leadership consults employees and seriously
considers their ideas when making decisions. When a company makes changes within the organization, the
participative leadership style helps employees accept changes easily because they had given a big role in the
process. Participative Leadership may be required for tasks that are non-routine.

4) Bureaucratic
This type of leadership emphasizes the rules and regulations of an organization. The behavior of a leader is
determined by the rules, regulations and procedure to be followed under his leadership. The leader and the
subordinates both follow these rules and regulations. Therefore, there is no difference between the
management and the administration in this type of leadership. The employees, themselves cannot do
anything in this regard. It is the rules that determine their performance

5) Paternalistic Style Leader:

This style of leadership is based upon sentiments and emotions of people. A paternalistic leader is like a
father to his subordinates. He looks after the subordinates like a father looks after his family. He helps
guides and protects all of his subordinates but under him no one grows. The subordinates become dependent
upon the leader.

Role of a leader:

 Leadership uses non-coercive methods to direct and coordinate the activities of the individuals of an
organization.
 Leadership directs the individuals to attain the tasks assigned to them
 A leader possesses qualities to influence others.
 Leadership gives the individuals, a vision for future.
 It encourages liveliness in the group.

Importance of a leader:
a. A leader should act as a friend of the people whom he is leading.
b. A leader must have the capacity to recognize the potentials of the individuals and transform them into
realities.
c. A leader should have the confidence of the individuals of the organization.
d. A leader must be able to unite the people as a team and build up team spirit.
e. A leader should be able to maintain discipline among his group and develop a sense of responsibility.
f. A leader must be able to build up a high morale among the individuals of the organization.
g. A leader should motivate his people to achieve goals.
h. A leader should try to raise the morale of the individuals and should maintain ethical standards among the
individuals.
i. A leader should act as a link between the work groups and the forces outside the organization.

MEDIA ORGANISATIONS
Introduction
Organization is a process which integrates different type of activities to achieve organizational goals and
objectives, to achieve these goals there must be competent management providing them all those factors to
perform their job efficiently and effectively. Organization is nothing but is a process of integrating and
coordinating the efforts of men and material for the accomplishment of set objectives.
For example, in a particular area, there are staff reporting to manager, who may report to another manager,
or directly to a CEO (depending on the complexity of the structure or the size of the organization). Each of
this group of persons has their own distinct task(s) to complete that contributes to a main goal(s).

Nature
A set of five processes in commonly accepted as five functions of organization which represents nature of
organization, they are
1. Subdivision of main work into small groups
2. Based on principles of equality division of different activities ties
3. Selection of suitable personnels and allocation of jobs according to suitability
4. Allotments of rights and authority to those who have been assigned the job so that may be able to
accomplish their job satisfactorily
5. Determination of positions at different levels

Importance of Organization
Any effective organization
1. Makes the management simple and efficient
2. Encourages specialization
3. Improves techniques
4. Encourages constructive thinking
5. Increase productivity and
 6. Accelerates the progress

Organizational structure of media organizations: Print/Electronic and their functions

First above media org intro,

DEPARTMENTS IN A MEDIA ORGANIZATION

Departments in a media organization are based on specialization; where different job descriptions are placed
together or set apart depending on the specific target. It is also determined by the job description; with those
that are related being placed undergone department e.g. Editor and a writer
Departments vary from one organization to another depending on variables such as the type of structure and
the size and success of the organization.
Generally, whether in a news agency, television or radio station, newspaper or magazine, the structure is
similar and a typical day is identical in content. There are several departments in every media organization -
administration, engineering, commercial/advertising, editorial. For the purpose of your communication
campaign, the editorial may be the only important department because it is this department that is directly
responsible for what is read, heard or seen on the media. It is the department whose partnership is important
for the successful construction of public goodwill and support for the vaccine trial. It is therefore useful that
you have a sense of the structure of each media organization

Structure of a Typical Newspaper/News Agency

 1. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT
The editorial department forms the backbone of any newspaper organization. As the name implies, this
department is the one responsible for content creation in any newspaper establishment. The main
responsibilities of this department is the gathering of news, selecting which news and features get to be
published in the paper, editing the news and features that have been selected for publication and then laying
them out for print.
The management team found here include: Publisher, Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor, News editor, Sub
editor and chief reporter.

Publisher- The publisher is responsible for all of the operations of the newspaper, both editorial and
business. The main job of the publisher is to see that the newspaper remains financially healthy.
Editor-in-chief- Manage the editorial team since they have the most experience. However, they do little
writing and may from time to time contribute to an editorial pieces or editing content. The editor-in-chief is
directly responsible for the management and publication of the organizations materials such as books,
newspapers, magazines etc. Some publications have no overall Editor-in-chief. They are responsible for
motivating and developing the editorial team. They may also help settle disputes and problems.
Managing editor- This is one of the top editorial positions, ranked at the same level as the Editor-in-Chief
position. In some organizations, they are at the same rank. In others, they are lower or highly ranked. In
most media organizations however, an Executive editor and/ Managing editor manage staff, is in charge of
liaison, determine coverage and set and enforce policies. The managing editor also makes daily decisions
that affect the entire editorial department. Such decisions include adjusting deadlines under special
circumstances, including during elections, and deciding whether to run controversial content, such as images
of dead bodies at a crash scene.
News editor- He/she is one of the most important persons in the editorial team. Any slip on his part can
land the newspaper into trouble. Hence good newspapers have highly experienced and intelligent news
editors. He/she is in charge of planning for a daily newspaper. E.g. deciding which story item is to be
covered. They are also responsible for a steady and continuous inflow of up-to-the-minute news into
newspaper office. The news editors are also responsible for selecting stories that have real news value and
which may be deemed important by reader.
Sub-editor- A Sub-Editor is a presenter of news and reports. More often than not, a sub-editor has to deal
with the reports of different reporters. In such cases, he has to get the main points from all the reports and
then present them in a logical and interesting narrative. He/she identifies important points from the large
information given to them by the news reporters and condenses them, giving a shape in a logical and
interesting way.
News reporter- A news reporter gathers information about news stories in the local area. There are generally two
kinds of reporters: i) a beat reporter, and ii) a general assignment reporter. A beat reporter covers the same subject
or location all the time. The subject is generally of interest to the reporter. Various beats include legal reporting,
parliamentary reporting, political reporting, etc. General assignment reporter, on the other hand, covers any story
assigned by the city editor or assistant city editor.

Photographic Section:
Pictures have great importance to communicate a message. All big newspaper groups have established photographic
section. Many photographers are engaged to perform their duties. Every important news is visualized by using
photographs.
 2. ADVERTISEMENT DEPARTMENT
Advertising department is the one which is critical because it gets in the revenue necessary to sustain the
newspaper. Getting in revenue through advertising for the newspaper happens through various means. There
can be several sections in this department one to look after local advertising. The Advertising department
will accept and process orders from advertisers, to book space in the newspapers, as well as create ads, give
agencies statistics and information about the circulation and readership of the newspaper as well.

3. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT
The circulation department takes care of everything after the newspaper is printed. This includes delivering
the publication to homes through their own or third-party carriers, newsstands, vending machines, and other
places it's circulated. The circulation manager may have any or all of the following subdivisions under his
supervision:
(i) City Circulation:
(ii) Area Circulation
(iii) Sales Promotion
The main responsibilities of the circulation department are-

 Selling the newspaper-

 Delivering it and-
 Collection from subscribers.

Structure of a TV Station
There are many different staffing arrangements in Television stations. Some big city stations employ 300-
400 people and may be divided into dozens different departments. Small town stations may have 20-
30 employees and only a few departments.

General Manager: The top decision-maker at a station is always its General Manager. This individual
supervises the station’s management and operations tasks. In addition, they are a sort-of binding agent for
the station, meaning they work across departments to ensure the news, sales and production teams are
working together efficiently and running smoothly.

Under this manager there are some managers which look after the various departments:

 The Sales manager is responsible for selling time to local and national advertisers,
scheduling advertisements, sending bills to customers.
 Maintaining all the equipment is the responsibility of Engineering Department.
 The Administrative Department supports the General Manager in running the station.
 Those involved in Programming decide what programmers should be telecast and at what time they
should be presented.

Producers: They are found in electronic media companies. The producers are in charge of the entire
production process in an electronic media house. This production process includes Pre-production,
Production and Post-production of programmes. They are in constant communication with members of the
news department such as reporters and anchors before and even during the airing of programmes.

News editor- He/she is one of the most important persons in the editorial team. Any slip on his part can
land the newspaper into trouble. Hence good newspapers have highly experienced and intelligent news
editors. He/she is in charge of planning for a daily newspaper. E.g. deciding which story item is to be
covered. They are also responsible for a steady and continuous inflow of up-to-the-minute news into
newspaper office. The news editors are also responsible for selecting stories that have real news value and
which may be deemed important by reader.

News reporter- A news reporter gathers information about news stories in the local area. There are
generally two kinds of reporters: i) a beat reporter, and ii) a general assignment reporter. A beat reporter
covers the same subject or location all the time. The subject is generally of interest to the reporter. Various
beats include legal reporting, parliamentary reporting, political reporting, etc. General assignment reporter,
on the other hand, covers any story assigned by the city editor or assistant city editor.

Camera Department
This is a sub department of programmes production Department. It is headed by chief cameraman & is
supported by cameramen, light men, still photographer
Presenters: A presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programs. Nowadays, it is common
for minor celebrities in other fields to take on this role, but some people have made their name solely within
the field of presenting, particularly within children's television series, to become television personalities.
Importance of entrepreneurship

The word “entrepreneur” is derived from the French verb enterprendre, which means ‘to undertake’. This
refers to those who “undertake” the risk of new enterprises. An enterprise is created by an entrepreneur. The
process of creation is called “entrepreneurship”.
Entrepreneurship is the tendency of a person to organize the business of his own and to run it profitably,
using all the qualities of leadership, decisions making and managerial caliber etc.

1. The importance of entrepreneurship in developing countries: – We need more jobs for fresh
graduates and degree holders. Entrepreneurs starting a new business they need highly skilled people
for jobs. They are selecting skilled people. Else, if there is no entrepreneur then there is no business.
And no jobs for people that’s why entrepreneurship is important.We need high-quality products and
services at lower prices due to the higher inflation rate. When new entrepreneurs come they bring
new ideas to the market. They create new solutions to old problems, that’s why entrepreneurship is
important.

2. An importance of entrepreneurship in economic development: – Entrepreneurship is a source of

income for the government. Entrepreneurs small and big all pay GST to the government. If there is
no tax and then there is no government. Entrepreneurship involves creation and use of innovative
ideas, maximisation of output from given resources, development of managerial skills, etc., and all
these factors are so essential for the economic development of a country.

3. Improving standards of living: By creating productive organisations, entrepreneurship helps in

making a wide variety of goods and services available to the society which results into higher
standards of living for the people.Possession of luxury cars, computers, mobile phones, rapid growth
of shopping malls, etc. are pointers to the rising living standards of people, and all this is due to the
efforts of entrepreneurs.
4. Creates Job Opportunities: Path-breaking offerings by entrepreneurs, in the form of new goods
and services, result in new employment, which can produce a cascading effect. Entrepreneurs not
only give employment to the entrepreneur but also a source of direct and indirect employment for
many people in a country.

5. Innovations in Enterprises
Business enterprises need to be innovative for survival and better performance. It is believed that
smaller firms have a relatively higher necessity and capability to innovate. The smaller firms do not
face the constraints imposed by large investment in existing technology. Thus they are both free and
compelled to innovate