Tensor Analysis For B.A. & B. Se. Students of Ail Indian Universities } Sharto By: Prof. P. N. CHATTERSI Formerly Head of the Department of Mathematics D. N, (Post-Gradoate) College, Meerat. 2000 - 2001 Published by: Rajhans Prakashan Mandir EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS DHARMA-ALOK, RAM NAGAR, MEERUT (U. P.)Meerut Phones : Office: $1775 Depot Eéwearlnal Publishers, Mat Dharma-Alok, Ram Nagar, Pankaj : peat Resi: ights Reserved with the Author First Edition 1992 Second Edition 1994 Third Edition 1996 Sole Distributors Fourh Edition hans Agencie: ee 40, Ram Nagar, Reprint 2001 eatin Price : Rs. 40 Only BY THE SAME AUTHOR Set Theory & Numbers Dilfereatial e. Spherical Modera —lgebea Spherical Ti Real Analysis Mathemat ilferential Geometry Ce-ordinate Geometry joear__ Programming So Geometry aloes eye mS Computer Systems (In Press) = Printed by : Rajeev Goel, M. Com, E THIRD EDITION 1g out the Third Edition PREFACE TO It gives me great pleasy book ané no claim readers for care, might h:OF Formulae And Detin ions, 's Som { Properties of Kronecker Prop. 6} 4, Prop. Prop. Prop. IV. Prop V. Prop. VI Prop VitTensor Analysis 5, Cofsctors of Determinants, ‘The cofactors of the element oj inthe determinant (, is denoted by 4} hopiee cen 6 Diterestindon of Dee 1. 4 [as given above in 5] be the func: tions of the independent variable x. 7. Cramer's Role Let there be a system of ai ax, x given by Qpxteah ty ta! eek, inc@r equations in n variables abe bal xt ta! eek, whee = A= 8. Coatravariant Vector : Mra set d', 4%... Av of n functions of coordinates x’, x°, x" be related to another set 4, A°. of m function tates eke aceordingtorne iw neon af soon Re eN lp iy) AE MEE nj List of Formulae and Definitions ( hen the functions 4 are called components of a contravs tor of contravariant Censor of frst order (or of rank one). 9. Covariant Vector : . dsc An ot mfontion of coordinates 28 be related to another ty, Ae of functions. of coo "ae according te law FB As, babs 2e I thea the fundtione are called components of a covarisot veer Gr covariant tensor of firs order (or of rank 0) ag ncaa 4, Aim 2H, 11, Temsors of second order (+) Corariant Tensor of order (or rank) aX (where i's take values from of the coordinates 24, x*, WAG anere Pande 1 Suneions ofthe 60 2 Gih ponding fnctions 4" form according tothe law im adh a oie pled seas gcd aghh age PBs se ie aio ‘tensor of order (or rank rant of order s in the coordinate system x.ensor AETSOE du has at tne most ix (n—1) imensional space Vs. rie Tensors, rie covariant tensor of second order and al! unt tensor of second order such that ay dads, and a), are said to be reciprocal to each other aS conjugate tensors, hn e components ofa symmetric tensor of the Herminant a=. ay| 4 0, then the functions a a! q* Where Ai is the cofector of element ay in the n Xf according to the law ae creme:464)6 ive vector ang ax be aal@ ea ‘the points Ps are not coincident. Such Beak yore Ve 41, Theorems on Magni ‘32, Reciprocal Tensors : |p) and gy are catfed reciprocal (or metric) tensors since meat We ae | oe p=, | where g=| go | and Gy is the cofactor of gy in g. 34. First fundamental tensor in matrix fo | and ¢- a fu 25. Sead fundamental tenor fu mae form = fe oe) &] i eee 43, Angle between Two Vectors If # be the angle between two ve aw) mponents of vectors u and v. iix) Tensor Analysis Conn of orthogonal eda “where vy is covariant component of vector ¥ and wis contr: comer E {ital at of An (i j,k) Se defined as an nai (5 +98 - 4). where gy are the components of the metric tensor, ij) or Fink { Christoffel symbol of second kind. Note 2. Christoffel symbols ofboth kinds are symmetri and j. Note 3, 45, teasor of rank a Fy (oe Ve)m4 25 (log s) F istoffel Symbols. aces of tensors of Product of Twe tensors, ax axe te. Fam SE 4, » where As,Tensor Analysis ee AHF a covariant vector: x gee of vector fa Tensor Notation. elite Note. div. 4=civ £6, Carl of a vector ial Curl A= i Ab = ad 7 Bt ‘Note. Curl 4 isa skew-symmetric tensor 57, Some Important Theorems: ‘Th I. The coveriant derivatives of ‘gi, g@and & all vanish th. A necessary and sufficient condition scotall ides tat tbe wctor eld Be aad ide the curl of uM dv tm J pa te), where Fa] BH 58. Laplacian Operator in Tensor Novation. if be asealar fonction pf the coordinate 2) then Laplacian of édiv (grad = 9 (V9) Dd see 54 Page si =s' _.See 55 (b) above foe fake Fats [ete {ite aa ous 9, dv Mad = Teeg AV ve a 108) Vise VHV9 (HEAT) CHAPTER I Preliminaries 101, Introduction. sis was developed by Ricci and Levi-Curta in “This branch of Mathematics in its present form would sisted had there been no 1 905) and fory of Relativity (1915). This branch came into pro- ‘was found indispensable in the Theory of Relativity ferential Geometry of Hyperspaces. It is also fou the equations in. Mechanics and Theoretical jortance of tensors lies in the fact that a tensor equa systems of coordinates. deals with the effect on vectors of transfor- §102, n-dimensional Geometry. ‘ordered set of m real variables *) denotes the coordinates of a point and Ox'y | Ox® are the axes. “The space generated by all points corresponding to various values of the coordinates is known as n-diménsional space and is denoted by Va ‘Note : 2,3, .. m serve as mere labels only to mm another and these do not have any Bobs are the coordinates of Vix: A curve in satisfy the m equations xia! (1), I= the collection of points which 4a)Tensor Analysis Speer at Set fer aman symbole = ow it a8 a 4 shove the maio symbol and some be! US afixes, ember | iuen an aff is written above symbot fas ipt and when an sfx is written betow subscript ‘ammation Convcation. $1.04 Biastei’s S “Oa We know that the expression oa" hag" +ay2" +. a, sax Einstein's convention, which is a shorter nota whenever an affix is repeated, thea that means there with respect to that ailx and there is no need of putting ©. ter used for the dummy $106, Real Sati ( Definition sigma siga) a free suffix or a ee a from 1 to min the case Ze We write the above expression § a, x! a8 a, x For example in of x/ or , Mier is the rea} sux ‘But tbis is not the case when the affixes ate aot repected Note. A reat gufix canact be repla ee ax (Note) Hence by summation convention we mean thst if en ait, fe occurs once in a subscript and once in the superscript (i, then that affx implies sum over the given range, If ‘dbge is not given we assume that the range is fro case ‘of wedimeasional space ie.in the mdimensional space, ast means the sum 2 0, tage of is from 1 to n, Mhenever af alit occurs twice in term, then that tefi is to be summed over For crampie 2 hich represents m expressions for y= $105. Dommy suffix (or index), If Sufix (or an affix) occurs twice In teem ubscript and once as a superscript, thea that sili (p the dummy safc (or 80) or amr suf gf Ba]Hat a ag oe By f+ Re Be tot ae oe Se‘Tensor Analy sotation. (i) cape tte? dpngy atten Gete9 G2 nyteiga det dst 3. an pdt, ,2f de LE TT a «of dt_ if dE gu “EE a (oy EB, sade dag de ae no he ‘Ex.S. Waite io fall each of the following :— o ies | ora Gh ere athe anny sui and 80 sung aiateeten ewe ieeaneale ne a Benes sesh jak ae Gunny sus, sanction ion soweane ox te * ae ax? ene. f| axa" +e} a ast int Be on ee, loving brietly ‘ety sig the summation afm Solution As sowe have df=S. Examples on Kronecker Delia Walls the subscripts ars separately distinet and the subse Same set of numbers as the superscripts then the tas have the values. fr gi senile te tigate ‘even or odd. num! areas fn A or(Kronecker delta th which the subscript of cript is «for each term, AC the nt quantities), are connected (), by equations of the form ay! tem axl Boh chy gor ey 2am ext that Bg ty BeDeterasinants lue of 1 inate system under 4 transformation of coordinates then Fis called anmnipant wheresy git Monte fo the product of ie ‘ ofa determinant,_Iecobians of Functional Determiaats See § 1,07 Prop. III Page 9 a ae+ fepltcing “dummy sufi! by another dummy suffix # not used in thiExercises on Chapter 1Contravatiant Vector iven by (Ii) and (ii) are equivalent as Some authors use the rule (ii) instead of () contravariant vector, Important Theorem, ment. The law of transformation for a contravarlant te ‘Kangsr BS, 88)me be! Bi As bm,2, 0. To prove that Brie) ae Ae Te Ae Am 4 We know the covariant law Arm 2S dy on Page 28. uliplyiog both sides of i) above by 3, Fi .20d summing(iv) exactly the law of transformation of components) of the tor when the coordinates. are, ditectly trans- : Hence the theorem. The above theorem can also be stated as , ing the dummy sufixaa oe ts) (vi) we conclude that both the laws define there exists no distinction between contravariant and vectors under given type of transformations, f Paalohistaema sees)he 45 above and also = + by chain rule of patil differentiation. wired components. of i 1,2) be the rectangular car- 8, $) be its spherical coordi- ‘coordinates are connected by the Problem a covariant tensor has cum~ » Ay Ay in rectangular ci Somponents of the same covariant tensor Ja then. by covariant Fa, forlal,2, & 28} ve have aime ‘ra he required components ate given by BAe tS ty, 0m (taking le], jl 23 Bes oyna sh igathS. Examples on Components of a Te “Ay be the components of given covariant vector es (x, ), then according to the proble the above problem we find that if'a=A, then =A! and =A © (Students can verify forRank of » Tensor {zample Ai are componcts of « contraralat ttmee of. are componeats of s covarlant tensor of rank tro and xed tensor of rank two. [See § 203 above} ‘can say 4 is a second rank conteavariat teasor, di, rank covariant tensor aod 4! is x second rank mixed tea-ciel {See § 203 (ii) Page 39) G; be the components of the same tensor when thethe component lues of /*s and j Hence the theorem. the components are. identically#3 det bee aye BW ae 46 hee and covariant of ‘ot a tensor even through’ 4, is a (Kranpur 8, Se. 93, nsor of rank one, so we yet th respect to X/, we getsor of. rank three. ‘of order one, tensors of the same rank and type (as defined in § =-08 Aa be added or subtracted.(7,3) and B be a tensor of the Product is denoted by 4B and js a tensor of [For proof See Theorem below] tensors Or whose rank és the in the coordinate’system x'. Sorresponding components of these tensors in thei Product of @ contravarint vector end i 4 mixed tensor of the second order, The above corollary can also be stated as rare the components of é contravar a then C)=4°B, are components rank two. +2, From the three corollaries given SAY and BY ae tensors of the type (2, 1),: - Hence proved. _ Show that the open {or cater) ‘Product of feasor 4,’ Se temor of order six, contavaiaat of order Thee and is temor-of order tor rat)Bagh ‘a a oe ae oe i eA ete BB fiank three and so-€2) ez) Aug BY OP “ENE)one TE te, 2 ae ae (5 (Ae) 0or ae Bie as Moe) 99 oxe ed Gab Oe = ae Mad,e) eth sie 92 2d saing ort b ns Bit _ ae oe a a | i axe ~ axe oe ax: AO) ‘ ‘replacing the free suffixes j and k by qand r respectively,Theorems on Symmetric Tensors os ae am 55 Aon FO in a similar manner prove that “if; -A/ is syrametric in one coordinate system, tric in another coordinate system x, IL. Aa arrangement we observe that !— 2 components of the form un, dsm etc. is= — Aji, which shows that 1 the tensor Ai is skew-symom= et to suffixes j and j the coor iF manner prove that if is skew-symmetric 1n one coordinate onents in the ndimensionat space We Know that 41 is a covariant tensor of rank two fond order) in the n-diinensionalM Land j, ao) BB, from (i) 7740 BB inerctangiog. the dommy suftaes fand j “4tensor of second scond order such that,Pe values of fExs, on Reciprocay ‘SYmmettic Tensors then we have, ing over j 8 telprocal tensors, ‘Hence proved. be reciprocal symmetric tensors of the(From (viii) and ( on bmepalah Relative Tensors See §216 Th, | Page 75 ae ~~ eu $— trom(i). Exercise on § 246 ind g'" be recip O, Tor tj, then prove that ence proved, tensors of the second order Hence proves Of the second ‘if the relative tensor is of weight one), then the feasor densit absolute tensor andTensor Anaiyss Jaw of transformation of @ relative conte, Also, the law of transforma ‘ eetor of weight w is 7 Gao tensor of ‘sovariant of8. EXs, on Relat Z, 61-39 ative Tensors ss fn the care LW posees, eH lax fein elm scalar product gives BoM OK | ae la we Ws alas! A pealgel ax ex! ox eG ET ae ' Bal 3E ("A.B replacing the dutamy suflxe shows that the scalar product 4, +0). [See ‘Re Exercises on § 1-27 TAY and Ay are components of symmetric relative tensors respectively of weight w, thenMiscellaneous Solved Examples Fohanging sufizes and k is skew-symmetric Le, BM —B™ Be, (given) and Cis 4 tensor, Generalised Quotient Law [See §2'13 Page 8 is fensor if an inner product of these ince we have proved o Hence proved 1 free sulin, mace ectively. covariantive rt. ei Alou hhc J—r 6 sin 8)'+(; sin 0+r 6 cos 8) : =P (cost 0+ sin® 6) +r? 6° (sin? @+-cos* 8) 4 GPa Cuil)CHAPTER Mt 80 are com, Tone), Algebra of Metric Tensor $301, Rlemannlan Metric and Space. a)and (x+tdr, y+dy, +2) ce between two neighe 1 by the quad. Ativided into three 's' second rank m (aa ~ We kaow which can be res (Note) | | x between two neighbouring P i "ME he! ate eae 25H | two neightbouring poi Riemannian space of arte) ines), de, de? ate conteayariant vectors Je ae-0 bon and the corresponding sage 2 as ap Ses ~ Baggs tu=0,. *> dts arbitrary « + ER, be ae fae OR. & 89" Geen (seas), is known as Encli- physical space is assumed to emai co-ordiniate system employed ‘multiplying both sides by 28 2° of order zero, BaeSolved Examples on Metric Tensors ‘pensor Analysis ‘| mG Haier); sprocal tensor £4008) ATC given ee resi ° Ge] 8 0 | Jetncn: : Re on sint @ | Ba SSS Eg OF (20-6, peera : t | Gabe THEN, ej 00 Lr Poy. and Gur =| aiat—) 0 |=0=Gn » < Oe ko Now the components of the reciprocal tensor #” of £1 Ste given by e/=Gulg as in Ex. 5 above, ani 129, xia, then from above we get Gano ot Le ah bP 2ti de do “en de b+ 2800 40 46, the given metric, we have oh eee @—r); eu O= st aie—r) 0 0 |, no tej Ans. 0 rsinte dt =§u (G2) 480 (dP He de) +260 de 4 G det do 42g, det de 0) i w See Ex. 102-4. The cofactors ate given by Bees } See Ex. 5 Pages 6 ° “Comparing this metric with the ti ae | ddma dih-b dette dw? +2f ds dw +2g dw dut2h du deSolved Examples on M | Hote .se=1.t =| to the problem, the cofactor of gi« in this deter- ip is denoted by Gy, “Then expanding thi zy| wer. to the frst have £=f Gav 5 wuthor’s Algebra 0) wa to any row of 2 (Note) fu fn Ba 8 ‘gn Bs zero, as first and second rows tical. to the first row, we. : it isp n definition of gi a) ‘we conclade that i j=p (Note) * hhas been used fur the cofactor of gy. im cy di! dx! is an invariant. + the transformation fromthe system of to the system of coordinates #. ovariant tensor of order {wo, so from tensor‘Tensor Analysis 4647 ide) of a vector. magnitude L of a contray, Similarly the length or magntede Loft covariant vector, defined as, A vector of magni vector anda vector of magnitude one ‘unit vector. #5307, Unit Tangent Vector. We know dst=gy dx! dx! Leo) Wk as he, L=1) is known ay 29 Sas OS Cote) From here we conclude that $= is a contravariant vector” op magnitude one ie. an unit vect is"unit vector Sig called unit tangent vector 0 some curve Cin Fe: § 308, Theorems on Magnitude of a Vector. Theorem I. a Statement: The square of the magnitude of a vector isthe scalar product of the vector and its associate, Proof: Let w'and ube associate vectors, then by defitition we have wig uy and u=gyw) Now if L be the magoitude of the ‘contravatiant vector v/ then by deGaition [See § 3:06 above] we have , Bagy u ulm( Suu from. fe Bemus ie, Square of magnitude of on Angle between two vectors 13 definition of magnitude then by an itude [See'§ 3:06 Page 112), we nave % 4 Now from (i), we have mgs if wl =e ‘And from ( ii) D we get Days pay, magnitudes of the associate vectors u and uy, are equal f Henke prover s*Note 1. From (ii) and tee ’ ds th re the contravariant and cova- fe act et enn ad $309. Scalar Product of Two Vectors, Let there be two vectors A and B The scalat product of these vectors A aad B i ee es is denoted by ABad' 2, ly see that Bagi Al Bag 4, B, Bx In particular AvASA! Aimy! 4; Ay, See § 3.08 (iv) above =i, if A be the magnitude of A: he. Aaa Note: The scalar product of the vectors A and Bis also = written as g(A,B) fe, AsB=g (a, B)= } iv’ 94 3:10. Angle between two vectors. The cosine of the angle @ between two vectors u and v at a Point O of Vm is given by aut wl ee CT “Proof: If wand v be two vectors at a point O of VY, and é be ‘then we know that v1 cose, (See Author's Vector Algebra] oy ell) ‘above and § 306 Page 112fee 4 Jeu) Ven)BeAr sere. - El S. Exs. om Christoffel Symbols = ‘ sey _fR- ‘catrrERTY CHRISTORFEL SYMBOLS 4yp ie Bhatt OARURE DEFERERTNoy PO (2 sanecnl hay a. «eis {oe este) solved pean i angea. © ae harm of two Binds and re dfineg 4, etx 1. Show that 2 ce nary ean ‘ S Sol, R.H.S. a \ = nied is denoted by (7), Kang , a eae : one “(BE E) nee) delined ten , 24 ‘See $401 (() Page 120 = 28, remembering gum tn Gar remembering guns Hence proved. fad gu=gn etc.‘Tensor Analysis Syma teu MB ot (and k ee EX. 1 Pape 12) +L Jem =-en (in. ene 7 {awn fen Cu, piano ree J or =Gu, 08 Gu doesnot‘Tenor Analysts m4 ‘Again toking (=20)= we caneet ae ee nee tip () from pak we can get (33, 3]=0. Ans, 2, 2)=4 [282 4. 2 Q 4 [fea 2 ~8y] ye,» eum16 “Tensor Analysis nat, Bt, (2, Ne cane ata of tn ei etora = (02, 28 fat 3 os 1 mh Gymr ba 12,2)S.EXS, on Christo, Symbots be {See Ex. 3 Page 101) 22,3) 1 Apts" 22, P.124 a (i) &Ex. 60) =1(-n_ Tensor Analysis k=3 in (i) we have Pt (23, Ne" 23, 2+e" 23, 31 =0 (0)+(1/r*(0)-+0 (0, from (i) & 2 & faboe-fihs Patting '=2, j=3=k in (i 'S. Exs, on Christoffel Symbots 00400, “0 from (il) & Ex. 6 (by P, 126-26 =") meet in Ex. 4 Page 102, we have fi fu galt 0 0 Bu 0 ges ga é of 0 0 rsigte a) fee 11,2)¢ e013) =1 (0)+0(0)+0 (0, from (i) & Ex. 6 (6) P. 126-28 pnt isinasTensor Analysis iyrast . $. Exs, on C! ny fel Symbols 13S i Putting (=2=/ =k in (ii), we have « ioe ae ; sj jotek in i ¥e BE Fe ial +8? (22. 2149" (22, 3) sadhana ay gamete ge P29 i HILDE), rom i) E60) 1628 140040. Hom (i) E62) P1625 Z . (23, 2142" (23, 3) (0)+0 (r* sin 6 cos 6), 2 from (ii) & Ex. 6 (6) 126 Putting 12, j=3-h in Gi, we bave q jz -- Fishmer 3,149 09.2440" 03.31 =0 (—r sin? 6) +(/r*) (—r* sin @ cos 6)+0 (0: from (ii) & Ex. 6 (¢) Pa 28 = sin cos 6 J, we have: ste" (11, 3) : Be vai 3 n f3 fiero =0 (0) +0 (0). (12, M+ g® (12, 2+¢8 (12, 3) DAA) sin* 6) (0), from (i), Ex. 66) P 126-28Bim 5 Peer Agus jai [et ee | king [2 1=/=k in (¥), we get, (ie sist 8) (0), 6 (©) P. 126.25 a HHH 9g (from () fe. (It, 2— ‘Taking i=1, j=2, ), we have ein] oy Aen — 222] 126.00 0 et Pel see |a3 2, fiom () tha tas pee fsa” ot sin SH TOE, Omg, 168 bintCl a! Laws of Transformation of c, Symbots Tensor Analysis: aking i=2=jack in (iv) we get Rea wa ze4 [i ee a1 Ze sit, om, fe, [22,21=0 . 19 Hece neve Fea “Christoffel symbols of second of transformation of Christoffel symbols. ist not tensor quanti Puttiog ¢=2, fa, ka fuf-« =(1,'o Analysis ae Tensor pera: ot tes Ct suffixes) 414, k ang we have bore, iiige * Sot ag) Oe Om ‘xt 03” 2a, OX" + ag ost Oe ER (iii) ransformation and so is not a tensor. ) we conclude that Christoffel symbols Hence proved. axt ing both sides of (vii) by Zea We bAVE tip liom x) above expresses the second partial derivative on ester ne bs pial rete econd kind, insformation of the type TY _ fa ae ant 920 Cte ce‘pensor Analysis Covariant Derivative of a Covariant Vector M3 Multiplying both sides. by z, we get For this transformation from ( mes WS axe ax jy wo can rewrite (ii) 88 axe ap age ox! 08 2 BOE a5 ast Bin BB ote ax! noe, te ost ee De 2 ga aR Ea ‘ | eR aw ax replacing dummy sufix by m in rst term on LHS. eS ag or a Bu arta tame oe at| Tensor Analysis 464, 5402 Ca) Feee ad Covarian: De vari 145 ‘Also we know from ive of Contravariant Vector fee -{3 Ve gar ae. wig {ahaa eae ae axt a . oi ane tana cing ies suffix 2 byg in Grst term on Ry, Fi ordinary derivative of a covariant vector ve to the transformation (vii) above. Note 3. Some authors have used the notation Vy A, instead Of Ans. “Note 4. A vector 4, whose ‘covariant derivative vanishes ive of a Contravariant Vector. .ot_vector, then by tensor law of trans- peeee flim pa Jobe ae Be otmation wehnve = 2 “Bae +H] le “hota a « : = Aiea es (Note) gun HO 0H ‘ #90 8 one | ‘Also we know from § 4 02 (vili) Page 141 that : far] axe _ fq |e asd ase i {i base tae bp tae @ ii) aa axe 738! + apae slits}‘Tensor Annlysis jes FOYE PBST ony ax, , ON) wee art poe hs 1) &/ XJ Ox STA om, aaa axt axe otf an Now Covatiant Derivative of a Covariant Tensor Phy Oe ax | Bie ats O38 ao ag) ae OR on hE erage 4 Eig 2? O30 ax on i OF oy aaa aaa And + ax Galan ag A “Tie fm axe axe a4 Ox xt ax” oa ey Hees 4i~{4 i it xs axe mY fa lexean8 de , at oe ae oe ete axe ax a ox! (ibs thts Si Be a avr (ote) « iii) (Note) (Note) hast Bar xs te from (i)154 ‘Tensor Analysis _ Note, We can prove the above result by taking two covariant ortwo contravariant, tensors of rank two in particular oF of any rank in general with the help of § 4°09 Page 152 (b) Covariant Differentiation of Product of two tensors. — ariant grad g (or V4)— 34, cr ere 2 isa covariant vector‘Some Important Theorems go See Ex. 1 Page 121“rensor Analys'® terchanging # and J =a fot ) ib te mt otved Examples on § 404-8 416 epg, te Mt contravariant and. covariant ‘comport same vector A be A! and rely, then prove that ints of the necessary and sufficient condi ‘ariant vector to be symmetric is that the 1 vector, then its covariant derivative curl Aim 0 Now proceed further as in Theorem II on § 4"15 Page 157. *¥Ex 3. Show that the metrle tensors are covariant cons pect to Christoffel symbol Sol. Here we are to show that gi For these proceed as in Th. Lon § 4:15 Pat : Fo a 156. Ex. 4. If ecu coariat roster, Ca peo ana (6) 244 2B _ 2B - 3 - ie 2B, 2B : Gi) eee ae Now Ais= 540 i ed {ii ~ . BBB eat -(2-F tit: substituting the value of Avs from (iii) oc dn am (Satha ~ av) {ah Ge— a) oa Mae 2 ae 2 jaf Yar ~ Ox! Jn a similar manner, we can get dave (sets scan) {fit (eB . - fe} GR - ) od (2a — seta) {es} Ge Fe -{"} Ge ae a ‘Adding (iv), (v) and (vi) we get Ais wt Aa Aa -0- f}o-{5,}0-{6 oi oThis shows that the components of the covariant derivative of the tensor Af at Py ace the same as ordinary derivatives. Hence the problem.TENSOR ANALYSIS by : PN.CHATTERdI