ASSEMBLY AND OPERATION OF THE HEATHKIT ANTENNA IMPEDANCE METER MODEL AM-1 featne mrcoa SPECIFICATIONSDILWWAHDS YalaW JDNVdddWI VNNGINY Page 2INTRODUCTION The Heathkit Antenna Impedunce Mcler model AM-1 is uuSicaily a resistance ivpe SWRA (slandlag waye ratio) bridge. However. one arm uf the bridge has been made variable. thus greatly in- creasiag Lhe versatility of the original bridge circuil. By meansof this mudifieatton, it is pos- sible ta measure radlativu resistance and resonant (requency of an antenna, traasmissian bne impedance, approximate standing wave ratio and aplimum recerver input. ft alsa can be used as a phane monitor and Gy connecting 9 tuned circuit and small antenna io the Gulput terminals, it may be used as a field strength meter where high sensitivity is not required. The AM-t may be operated from any low power RF source not exceeding 1/2 watt. The wide frequency range and portability of a grid dip meter such as the Healnkit GD-1B, make il Ideal for use with Lhe Antenna Impedance Meter. The AM-1 uses a specially lested polemiometer in the variable bridge arnt lu maintain calibration accuracy and to cover a range which will elude the popular 600 ohm transmission feed lines. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION . The Gperation of the Antenna Impedance Meter may be understood by referring tothe fundamen- tal bridge circuit shown in Figure lL. Rl and R2 are of equal resistance and represent the fixed arms of the bridge. RJ represents the calibrated variable arm and R, the unknown resistance of the antenna. When 83 is made equa! to Ry, the current ftowing through Rl equals the current flowing through R2@and the curreni in R3 equalsithe current in Ry. Under these conditions there wil be equal voltage at poinis A and B. Consequently, no current will flew through 1he meter. This represents the balanced condition of the bridge and as RA must equal Rx in resistance, Lhe unknown antenna impedance is read directly from the calibration of R3_ tn the unbalanced con- dition where 83 does nol equal Rx, the potential at point B will be higher or lower than point A depending upon whether R3 is smalleror larger than Ry and the meter will have current flowing through lt. The AM-1lutilizes this basi¢ principle adapted tomeasure impedances at radia [re- quencies. Figure 2 shows the basic schematic of the AM-E. Figure 1 ee Figure 2 Again RL and R2 are of equal resistance, consequently when RS cquels Ry, here will be no poe tential difference between pons A and B, and ne RF current will Clow between points A and B. When the circuit is unbalanced, HF will (low between points A and Band will te rectified by the crystal diode, developine a DC pulential at puint X. This volluge Hows through the meter te round indicating the degree of unbalance of the crremt. As rectibers ol the type used show variallons of resistanre with chuuee in applied vollupe, a relatively large resistunee Ra 1s Placed in Series wilh Lhe meter bo munimize this efleck upon the response liitearity., RA and C2 also comprise 4 Filler viteuil for the meter, By plugging carphanes inka Jack J, the AM-L may be used as a phone nioniter. Buse FThe unit is inserted into the case in such a manner that the dimples on the panel ends en- gage the small holes inthe case ends and the bottom bracket slides belween the bitiding post connections as shown in Pictorial 2. te 4 ) Connect the two ends of the 3 1/2" ground wire to the two tunding post ground luvs (8). See Pictorial 2. ¢ Connect the two bare wires coniing [rom Pl and P3 to the adjaecni insulated binding post i] eB lugs (3). { | Install the rubber feet on the back caver as shown in Figure 5. Neate ( ) Mourt the back cover to Lhe cage by means of two 46 sheet metal screws. . sy ( ) Tarn the insulated shalt extension on the pane! completely coumerclockwise, Figure 5 Mount the dial on the shaft with the zero index on the dial coinciding with the panei index marker, Leave sufficient clearance between the dial and panel toprevent the dial scraping and tighten the Set screw. CALIBRATION PROCEDURE Although the potentiometers used in this instrument have been subjected to Special tesia to as- sure linearity, there is still some variation tn individual units. Consequently only coarse cal- ibration figures are furnished on the dial and one side of the dial is Irosted to facilitate easy marking by the kit builder. { ) Before beginning calibration, rotate the dial through its range at least twenty or more times. This, in effect, “ages” the potentiometer by removing loose material onthe resistance strip and tenda to prevent future changes in resistance. ( } Plugan open circuited phone plug into the phone jack. This isolates the meter circuit {rom the bridge circuit of the instrument which ts necessary during calibration. ( ) Connect an accurate ohmmeter (or preferably a resistance bridge} between the two red ter- minals {the terminals connected across the potentiometer. } Rotate the AM-! dial until the ohrameter reads the desired resistance or the bridge is bal- anced and mark the point carefully with a pencil or pes on the frosted plastic of the dial. The dia] may be marked at only the figures printed on it or these may be subdivided ac- cording to the kit builder's requirements, If an aerylic piastle apray such as Krylon ls available, a light application to the dial alter calibration will prevent smearing of the markings with use. Be sure to mask the rest of the instrument before spraying the dial and apply several light coats rather.than one heavy coat to prevent rung. OPERATION AND APPLICATION The AM-1 may be operated from any low power RF source, not exceeding 1/2 watt. A grid dip meter makes an excellent driverfor it. However, a VFO oran even hither powered transmitler may be used if the coupling. is decreased sufficiently to prevent over-luad of the AM-1. At [re- quencies above 15 megacycles, a one turn coupling loop is usually sufficient for obtaining max- iraum output Irem the grid dip meter. For lower Erequencies, a two or three turn loop will be required. The position of the ioop generally need only be al a point which produces approxi- mately {ull seale reading on the Antenna [mpedance Meter while the umpedanee dial is sei near the expected impedance and whilethe output terminals are open, Secause the variavic potestio- meter is linear, nulls toward the high impedance end of the scale wili not appear as sharp 35 those at the inwer end. In this case, it may be necessary ta increase Lhe coupling Lo Lhe grid dipper. For best accuracy of [requency measurements, 41 is advisable le listen to the Erid dip Page 8Leal inst sume slandard Crequeney while the (ustrumeuts are sett the measured reading buint. Tn the jallowing discussion (ie RF seurre will be referred teas the gor Utherwise stated, the null is considered as Zero meter readiag and it must be kept in mind thar this bs net vbtuiiible gnless the measured inipedance ls resistive which ap the cuse efit dplensus oriny olherqireuit made up of inductance and capacitive reactances, Mens We huisl be resunnt al the frequency concerned, Incomplete nulls indicate Uke measured tmpedanre in rendlve, Before discussing anienna measuremenis, dats on the readings of Lransmissian lines will be first presented because (hey clearly indicate special characteristics of these lines und because cerlaiu detiuite lengths of lines will be used with sume measurement procedures. QUARTER WAVE LINES Tu determine the elecirical length cf the quarler wave line, connect the line lo the output ter- minuls uf the Antenna Impedance Meter. When using twin lead, do nol lel it le on the ground, (he (oor, or un any metalic objects but see that it hangs clear. The case of the Instrument should be ungrounded. Set the impedance dial al zero and leave the end of the line open. By yarying the generator [requency, find the lowest frequency al which the null occurs. This may be initially approximated oy the slandurd formula: Hor, Uiaas F = 246 x V. BL me “Ty The frequency indicated by the generator is then thatat which the line is Gne-quérter wave length Jong, since the quarter wave open line will appear as a short circuit at its input terminals, Shift the generator frequency to any odd number of times the frequency just found and the null will again occur because the above characteristle holds true atodd quarter wave lengths. Now, as of getieral interest, leaving the generator set at (he original Irequency, connect a non-reac- live resistor equal to twice the line surge impedance at the end of the quarter wave section. Rotate the AM-1 dial until a new null is noled, The generator frequency may have tobe slightly relrimmed during this operation, The resistance reading then lound will be half that ef the ting surge impedance: Zs = Zh 5 Where 4, is the input impedance, Z, is the Hne impedance and Z_. is the load impedance. a oO r HALF WAVE LINES Connect the line tothe instrument as above but this Lime short the endof the line, With the AM- 1 dial set at zero, find the lowest frequency at which the null occurs. This will be the half-way frequency of the ling, since the half-wave Hine will repeat whatever is connected at its far end, which in this Case ig the short circuit. Aay multiple length of the half wave will produce the Same resulls. Now connect a non-reactive resistor of any value within the range of the AM-1 at the far end of the line, Rotate the dial for the new null, slightly readjusting the generator frequency Lf required. The indicated value shown on (he impedance scale should be that of the lest resistor, because as already shown, a hall wave line will repeat is ioad. TRANSMISSION LINE SURGE IMPEDANCE Connect a section of line, apen at its far end, to the AM-1 und find the frequency at which it is one-quarter wave length long, as described above. With ihe ganerator irequency left set, con- hect a non-reactive resistor at the far end of the line and find the new nul? by rotating the im- pedance dial. Using this reading, the line impedance may be calculated from Zy Bs x Zr. The inverted impedance may [all oulside Lhe range of lhe instrument if Lhe test resistor vatue is tog [ar dillerent from inal of the line impedance. A different size lest resistor must then be employed. Suggested resister values when the line impedance is approximately known are 30 or 100 ohms for lines of near 50 Lo 70 chms, 50 or 200 ohms for these near 100 ohms, and 200 or 600 ohms for those near 300 ohms. Page 9ANTENNA RESONANCE AND RESISTANCE It may seem strange te consider finding antenna resonance by any other means than the grid dip method when a grid dip ia already on hand to use with the Antenna Impedance Meter, However, there are cases where a reading by the grid dip methed.is difficult to obtain, especially when the antenna is of low Q, or when the element diameter is large. In other situations it may be physically impractical to reach the point at the antenna required for accurate measurement. It is also often impossible to obtain sufficient coupling to a long wire or low frequency antenna, evenif it were accessible for measurement, The AM-1 may be employed directly at the antenna or at a convenient point removed from the antenna, Resistance and resonance measurements may be made in one operation because the antenna impedance is resistive at resonance. Oc- casional reference io the standard antenna Jarmula will materiaily aid in correlating readings. From the following data it will become apparent that the AM-1 may be used in several different ways, either separately or in other combinations to achieve the same paramount end result of Betting the antenna tuned up and the transmission line matched for optimum results. The pro- cedure to follow is a matter of convenience and depends upon the problems in each individual vage, HALF WAVE DIPOLE If the center of the antenna is within reach when it is in its normal position, ihe AM-1 may be connected directly at the. center, ag shown in Figure 6. The center of the antenna must be open in order to connect it to the instrument. The leads at this point should be absolutely no longer than is necessary to make the connection. The binding post can be screwed down tight on the connecting leads and will be sufficient to hold the instrument, In any event, do not support the instrument by holding the case by hand because this will produce serious unbalance. The fre- quency range to employ al the generator may be ascertained by first approximating the antenna frequency according to the standard formula: Finn = 08x .98 Longin in feet Set the AM-1 dial near 50 ohms and vary the generator frequency until the best null is indicated. Then rotate the impedance dial until thecomplete null is realized. The generator frequency may have to be slightly readjusted before the complete nuli is found. The antenna resistance will then be indicated by the dial reading of the AM-1 and the antenna resonant frequency will be that at which the generatoris now set. Resistance readings will vary between 10 and 100 chms being ANY IMPEDANCE LINE MULTIPLE OF & MAL F- WAVE LONG Page 10tainly dependent upon exact height above ground and upan nearby elements ar other objects, Tesis on hali-wave antennas al various heights above ground have indleated eluse adherence to the slandard curves of resistance versus height when the measurements were made under sim- ilar conditions. De not expect indoor antennas to behave in the normal matmer as their char- acteristics vary t0 a surprising extent. At [requencies above 5) mc, the readings are apt lo be effected by the presence of the instrument at the center of the antenna and/or the presence of the person making the measurements, Readings will thenhave tobe ubtained al a paint removed from the immediate proximity of the antenna. This will alsa be necessary when an antenna ig inaccessible for direct readings. It was demonstrated earlier that a half wave line repeats its load as seen from the sending end. Thus a half wave line or any multiple thereof may be con- nected ta the center of the antenna and the measurements may be meade at the lower end of the line. See Figure 7. These readings will then be a duplicate of those obtainable directly at (he amenna, regardiess cf Lne impedance 4s long as the line is an exact electrical hall wave of the antenna frequency, Now the question may arise-as to how the correct hall wave length may be determined in view of the fact that the exact antenna resonant frequency is one of the unkaewns tc be measured, Although measurements of existing antennas may be desired, it is resom- mended thal the antenna system be iuned or adjusted to a prescribed [requenry in order 10 as- sure peak performance, This will generally be the eventual step anyway and it will simplily remote readings because the half wave line may be first cut tothe specified frequency using the antenna impedance meter method, deseribed earlier, following which Lhe antenna may be trim- med tothe correct frequency according tothe readings obtained with the instrument at the lower end of the line. The best procedure for existing antennas is te cateulate Lhe antenna {frequency approximately by the standard formula and then use this as the basis for ascertaining lhe fre- quency for the half wave line. The alternative méthod is to use a line cf impedance near that of expected value of the antenna resistance. The mismatch will probably not be Loo great and the error willbe slicht. If the antenna is within reach and if a grid dip measurement is pussibie, the frequency may be found accordingly. It is obvious thal this will apply mainly when the re—- sistance only 1s to be read or when the resonant frequency is to be confirmed, Several pre- cautions must be exercised whan making remote measurements, The half wave line should run ala right angle away from the antenna for a distance of at ieast a quarter wave length to mini- mize unwanted coupling tothe antenna. If open wire or twin lead is utilized, twist ihe line about One turn every twofeet, This witl tend to cancelout line unbalances to ground which may effect khe reading, particularly since the AM-1 is in itself an unbalanced device. The case of the in- strument should always be insulated from ground and i1 should be placed 30 as to minimize ca- pacitance between the case and nearby grounded objects, Line unbaiance may be checked by reversing the connections at the output terminals. Little change, if any, should he noted in the readings, With high frequency antennas it ig usually best to employ a Line several hull waves Jong lo reduce the effect of personal body presence. If the AM-L meter should read above zero when the antenna or line is cannected ta the instrument, and when no generator signal has yet been applied, most likely RF energy is being picked up from some nearby broadcasi station or other high power source, This has been experienced with several cases involving 3.5 ou an- tennas. Often just reversing the line is sufficient to dropthe reading down to zera. Hf this does not rectify the situation, about the only other remedy is ta wail for the interference to cease. By using headphones in the phone jack, the interfering signal may be identified. FOLDED DIPOLES Measurements may be made in the same manneras with the normal dipole. See Figure 8. The AM-1 or the hali wave feed line should be connected to the normally open section at the center. Hany frequency check is tobe made by the grid dip method, the open center must firsl be short- ed. Resistance readings of folded dipoles will generally run between 150 and 350 uhms. In some cases it may be pessible to oblain a second null in the 500 ahm region ata slighlly dif- ferent frequency. This is due to the following, Refer to Figure 8. The overull lenpth A deler- mines ike natural pertod af the antenna. However, each hall of lhe antenna, sections Band C, are lines quarler wave long al a frequency which may differ slightly from the overall frequency depending upon the height avove ground or upon the presence ol other elements. With open wire Oriubing this is gsually not pronounced and isof Uttle consequence bul with a folded dipole made of twin tead, this effect wili be quite apparent with a wider frequency dillerence due ly dhe ve- Page Ldluvity of propagution Iuctoy of the twin lead. The frequency of the quarter ware section's being about 86; tower from thatal the averall natural period. The net result of this situathon narrows the frequency versus impedance response and the twin lead folded dipole then no longer embadics as broad a characteristic ay that of the open wire type. The correct antenna impedance meter reading will be the one found at the higher grequency. The usuai suggested method of altering this situation is that of inserting = fixed capacitor in series with each shorted end. The capa- pH ofp B52 CT dal OF a I -. SHORT CONE Figure 8 HALF WE LINE HERE Sext Figure 10 A- _— fme earns 1 Pd pe ee Figure 9 Figure 11 eiladce is dependent uponfrequency, beingapproximately Tul permeter. An alternalive meth- od which is more practical is to connect another shart across each seelion at approximately 86°] of the distance from the center as shown in Figure 10. The quarter wave sections will (hen be each nearly tuyed to the overall natural perjod of the antenna and the impedance characleristle -wil! be broadened. A corrected twin lead folded dipole may be easily and adrurately sel up through the employment ol the AM-1. First cut a jength of twin lead to an electrical lengih of a half wave at the desired Irequency, using the instrument as described earlier. Then place per- manent shorts across each end of the line and at the exact center open one side wf the line for the (ved point. Now add equal lengihs.of wire at eachend of the twin jead sethat the total length of the anlenna wil! be slightly longer than caleulated by formula. See Figure 11. Then using Lhe Antenna Impedance Meter, connect il directly or remotely at the cemer, trim the end wires equally until resonance fs indicated at the desired [requency. If remote measurements are tu be made, and if the half wave line to be used 1s made of ihe same type twin lead, its length will naturally be the same as thal of the section installed in the antouna, The properties of this an- tenna will be approximately the same as those of ihe ordinary dspole. HARMONIC ANTENNAS Antennas made up of any cultiple lengths of hali waves may be measuredut the desired operat- ing frequency by connecling the AM-1 either directly ar remotely at any high current print, As an example, Figure 12 indicates the correct points when using 2 three half wave antemma. The resistance readings will be only for thal at the particular pointol measurement. Resonanee far this antenna when measured at X1 will be that of the third harmonic, while readings taken wt the center point X will be those of Lhe fundamental or any odd harmonic. Readings of other har- monics may be made at points determined by the theereticat Incation of current Jonps. ‘ x ra L go'+ Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Page 12 x a %QUARTER WAVE VERTICAL AND GROUND-PLANE ANTENNAS Cunnect the AM-lor half wave line at the normal feed point between the base of the autenna and ground or radial as the situation may require. See Figure 13. The resistance reading will be approximately $5 chms. Since the resistance at the feed point of the ground-plane anienna may be raised by dropping the radials .o form a larger than 90° angie wilh the vertical element, the AM-lLis a handy device for determining the correctangle for the desired resistance in any spec- ie case. gee Figure 14, The limit obtainable is about 70 ohms at which point Lhe radials wilt be Folded all the way down so they too are vertical and the system then resolyes into a form af coaxial antenna. Resonance of the vertical antenna may bé adjusted by varying the length of the vertical portion and that of the radials if involved. MOBILE ANTENNAS Quarter wave mobile antennas may be measured for resonance and resistance in lhe same man- ner as entployed with the vertical antennas. See Figure 15. The average antenna of this type will have about 45 ohms resistance providing a sufficiently close match for a 50 ohmline. Base ar center loaded antennag may be likewise checked. Resistance readings will be In the 20 to 35 ¥ Figure [5 Figure 16 chm regions. Refer to Figure 16. By correctly proportioning the antenna length in the ratios of Land C, the system may be adjusted so the feed paint will have a resistance value to match either a 50 or 70 ohm line. Thé correct adjustments may be determined according to readings found with the AM-1. PARASITIC BEAMS Connect the AM-i or half wave line at the center cf the driven element as with any half wave antenna. Resistance readings will usually lie between 10 and 100 ohms, being dependect upon the exact spacing and tuning of the other elements. Resonance will also be dependent to some extent upon these factors which will make ii difficult to calculate exactly the length of the half wave if needed for remote measurementa. For this situation, the antenna system may be tuned up to a prescribed Erequency with the line cut accordingly ag previously suggested. However, in most cases the center of the driven element will be accessible, so ihe instrument may by used directly. Occasionally one or two slightiy different frequencies may be indicated by the AM-3. This: is due to reflections irom other elements and must be analyzed in each individual case, With the beam correctly tuned, only one frequency will be indicated by 2 complete nuil at the true resonant frequency. 4s already stated, partial nults indicate reactive impedance which will be the incorrect point to consider. ft has been found generally good practice to resonate the driven element while the reflector is set at a length aboul 5% longer than this element and the director set about 5% shorter. The beam adjustment may then be lelt set since onty little improvement will usually be gained over this arrangement by retuning the parasitic elements Page 13through the customary lengthy process of checking against field strength readings. But, if fi- rte adjustments of the other elements 1s desired, it Is suggested that the AM-1 be employed as a means ef initially tuning tha driven element. The parasitic elements may then be tuned in their usual manner with ceeastonal checks being made for antenna resonance, This lalter step may be made with the AM-1 used as a 5. W.R. meter a will be subsequently explained, ADJUSTING @ BARS @ bars, as quarter wave transformers, often used as a matching device between an antenna and a transmisgion line, may be adjusted by connecting the AM-1 at the line end of the bars, wilh the other end being connected to the antenna. The spacing between the bars should then be ad- justed to obtain the necessary impedance. They must first be cul to the correct length and the antenna must be resonant al the frequency to be used. STANDING WAVE RATIO If the meter indicates a complete null when the AM-1 is inserted into the transmission line, the indicated &. W.R. will be unity or 1:1. Ratios higher than, 1:1 may be determined Uf the line is a multiple of a half wave tong at the resonant frequency involved and if the antenna is resonant. Just rotate the AM-1 dial while slightly adjusting the generator [requency if required, until the null is fgund indicating the resistance of the termination, The §.W.R. may then be determined by: §.W.R. = 2 load Zine The instrument itself may be calibrated for various ratios but the readings will be inaccurate unless the above conditions prevail. Lines of other lengths will reflect an impedance different than that found at the termination and this impedance will be reactive particularly if the antenna iS nol resonant. The same difficulty of obtaining an accurate reading of 5. W. R- other than 1:1 may be found with many current types of &, W. R. meters. As with cther measurements, the ideal procedure istotune up an antenna to a prescribed frequency while matching the line. This may be readily done with the AM-1 connected at the sending eod of the tine. in order to avoid confusing nulis, due toline resonances, it ts suggested that the length of the line be held shorter than one wave length, Set the instrument dial at the line impedance and vary the generator fre- quency near that calculated for the antenna, until a nuli 1s observed. If this occurs at a point other than at the desired frequency, adjust the antenna until resonance is obtained at the correct frequency as indicated by the AM-L null. If the null is incomplete and a variable matching de- vice is being used, it should be adjusted untii a complete null is realized at the resonant tre- quency. When a matching system such aa the T match is employed, an antenna will often have to be resonated witheach subsequent change In the setting of the T as the antenna will be affected by these changes. [f no variable matching arrangement is used, and IE the line is atherwise correctly terminated at the resonant antenna, the meter will indicate a complete null and [he $3. W.R. will be unity, Stress is again placed on the fact that the unity ratio cannot be obtained unless the tine is not only terminated by an Impedance equal to its own impedance, but alsothat this impedance must be resistive which in turn is not possible unless the antenna Is resonant at ihe frequency involved. When the complete null is realized indicating a 1:1 ratio, the length of the transmission line should be altered by £/8 or 1/4 wave length to verify the reading. U the §.W.R. has been correctly adjusted to unity, no change should be noted in the meter null, RECEIVER INPUT IMPEDANCE Connect the AM-1 to receiver input terminals'and tune receiver to the frequency at which the Impedance is to be determined. Set the generator at the same frequency and rotate the Imped- ance dial until the complete nuli ia found. Retrim generator frequency if necessary. As with antennas, the input circuit must resonate at the [requency employed in order ta read the resis- tive component, If the input circuit ts lightly coupled as it is on many sete, two impedance readings at slightly diflerent frequencies will be noted. One reading will be low between 10 and 20 chms and the other reading will be anywhere from 50 to 500 ohms. The reaaon for this is that the reactance of Lhe coupling loop between the generator and the input side of the AM-1 re- flects upon the tuned input circuit of the receiver, the very low impedance reading being evi- denced at this point. Although the loop reactance may be tuned out, moderate accuracy may be had by relying upon the higher reading. Page 14PHONE MONITOR By adding a short length, 6 to £2 inches, of wire to either the "hot" input or output terminals of the AM-1, asc plugging a pair of earphomes inte the phowe jack, the AM-1 may be used to mon- itor radio telephone transmissions, thus giving the operator an indication of the quality of his modulation, FIELD STRENGTH METER By placing a circuit tuned to the frequency of the transmitter across the output terminals of the AM-1L and adding a suitable length of antenna, the instrument may be uged to a Limited exten as a fleld strength meter, Although it has no built-in amplification, the high sensitivity of the AM-1 will allow it to be used as a relative field strength meter where the RF field strength is fairly high. With approximately a 100 uuf variable condenser and a suitable plug-in socket, the nor- mal grid dip meter collg may b¢ used as (he parallel tuned circuit for the field strength meter. A unique cause of TVI has been found to be rectliication and re-radiation from natural objects such a6 furnaces, drain pipe spouting, etc. The AM-1 used as afield strength meter either with or without the tuned circult, may be used to locate radiation from such objects. Ground- ing or bonding of the joints in these objects may then eliminate the source of TVL IN CASE OF DIFFICULTY Due tothe extreme simplicity of this kil, there is very little chance of trouble, However, afew possible indications of improper operation and their causes 2re outlined below. INDICATION CAUSE Meter reads backwards, 1. Meter mounting on panel reversed. 2, Crystal diode connected backwards in cir- cuit. Low sensitivity. 1, 200 2 resistor to ground open. Meter will not indtcate a nuli 1, 200 Q resistor [rom potentiometer open. when properly operated, Meter will noi indicate under £. . RF source in-operatlve, any conditions. 2. Crystal diode defective. 4. Phone jack shorting blade net making con- tact. 4. Phone jack wired incerrectly. 5. Open £0 Kf resistor. Portions of this manual have been reprinted with permission from September, 1950 C.Q. REPLACEMENTS Material supplied with Heathiits has been carefully selected to meet design requirements and ordinarily wili fulfill ita function without difficulty. Occasionally improper instrument opera- tion can be traced tox fauity cormponent. Should inspection reveal the necessity for replacement, write to the Heath Company and supply all of the following information: 4. Thoroughly identify the part in question by using the part number and description found in the manual parts list. B. Identify the type and model number of kit in which it is used. S. Mention the order number and date of purchase, D. Describe the nature of defect or reason for requesting replacement. The Heath Company will promptly supply the necessary replacement. Please do not return the Sriginal component until specifically requested to do sc. De net dismantle the component in question ag this will vold the guarantee. This replacement policy doés not cover the free re- Aiacement of parts that may have been broken or damaged through carelessness on the part of che kit builder, Page [5PARTS LST PART PARTS DESCRIPTION PART PARTS DESCRIPTION No, Per Kit No. Per Kit Resistors~Condensera- Rectifiers Hardware 1-20 1 10 KP? resistor 250-8 a W6 x 3/8 sheet metal screw 2-83 2 200 % resistor 1% 250-10 6 6-32 2 1/2 screw 10-44 1 600 t potentiometer 250-16 1 8-32 x 3/16 set screw 21-27 2 -005 ufd ceramic condenser 252.3 10 6-32 nut 56.4 1 Crystal rectifier 252-7 2 Contrel nut 253-10 z Control nickel washer Meters-Knobs-insulators 264.1 6 #6 lockwashet The6 2 Polystyren¢ insulator 255-2 2 66 x 3/16 spacer 75-14 1 Polystyrene mounting plate 259.1 5 #6 solder lug 100-M1§B 2 Binding post cap, black 259.8 2 Solder tug, amall t09-MI6R 2 Binding post cap, red 100-M35— 1 Dial Miscellaneoug 407-24 1 100 pA meter 261-1 4 Rubber feet 453-7 1 Insulated shaft extension 340-2 1 length Bare wire 436-4 1 Jack Sheet Metal Parta 427-2 4 Binding post base 90-28 1 Cabinet 508-79 i Manual 203-52F65 1 Panel 26-M60 1 Bracket froot 264-M6l = 1 Bracket beck Page 18