cont “ we us AN IWHRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS raging but cof of te cong, hat se Toul Sd te none, he high and he ow, a eT mature Cerin of is attitude toward being is as vouniesy admniable' he Schur o fs coaguon Sears adatom Fe rue LIMITATION oF nEING us ance to being. On the othe hand, boson aes ‘We conclude ou elucidation of th iccatte 'sppeaie, being Tut ax becoming i the apps ant samstcons hiion of isagpostiog is ath thes of belng. sos poerunceasSppeatog ta babar of ot Hers (Fragment 12):-poa frie! ple bang (emerging appearing) inlet (aos rai concatnent"" SH being ndne emerging Sppeaing, 1 tee forth from concealment consol. coueancl belongs to exenally. Tl orig es he evnce of beng oft, anton ts sci Belgians St toward fe buh i get see ‘nt dtorton and ecelaton, The be Tain betwen ean krypt Gcses both the ite bond and confit baween being and appearance we take te formule “bing st pearance” inthe undid force of the festation eh le Greets won at he byponng ofthe hiking, te Grass ad {citation of ig ove gant epee bese Com pretense, and meeovec xe undetand He iting Sen ih tact een he ad ie ‘What dusted ir becongg ino Tope ntting and iis yet it vile deed To econ HOF it “Sig anf ot yet he ut nalanger this and sot ig Neti ot pcm thing. ith and as such perpetually thr. Consequently Tks Ey Gi ngy and bow ‘ ble ance Thur soe, ecming it an aga Of TH nal dor fe being ofthe etn, wa thefts neon) to oppose bveming Sena et 3ppe" _ tae. This makes it lear hate may not simply reduce the isincon beeween “being and appearance” to that be: tween “being and becoming." or the other way around Consequently the question of the relation between the two dlstincuoss wil have to reriin open for the present. The Answer wil dspend on the radicalnss, breadth, and soiity with which we ground the being ofthe essen, And inthe begining philosophy did notte ssf down to single pop ‘onldons The subsequent accounts of it history create the entrary impression, to be sure, for they are doxogrsphical, ie. a description of the opinions and views of the great thinkers, But anyone who searches the great thinkers for thei opinions and viewpeints can be sure of going astray before obaining a result, La. the formula or Signpost for 2 philosophy. The ihnking and belngthere of the Greeks be gel poke of ‘wee a stugle fora dacisoa bens the ginal p ‘Being and Becoming. being and appeazance.Inalably this uml beeen evera.thshng-an bine a elit om esis s ening © siape eet teed 3, Being and Thinking ‘The eri! importance ofthe ditneion between ‘and thinking” ig Wester exstence has offen boen pointed ‘ut This pr-eniaence mast have is ground in the essence he manuag e aneng Lae Hh ste teas 4 anten yon6 AN eTRoDLETION To mETAruYsIes oft distinction, that, in what sts tof from the fst ‘0 and fom the fourth aswel. Hence I should like Begin by indicating its spocalcharacter, First we shall compare it with those already discussed. Ia them what i distinguished froin being Gomes to us frm the een sel(-We' fd itn the ealm of the esent. Not only becoming Wat ako appr ance coafont us inthe esient as such (ef the Sing ad seding sun, the famous sick shat looks broken when inc mers in water, and soon). Boceining ad appearance are in gt nh ie coal i te ere ee fenton, Nov hw i URE SF i between and’ among the other tzBe-AECAGTS But Seatac Some ee eae IG THE LiMiTATION oF aEHG 7 In the scomingly unimportant distinction tetwoen beng and thinking we must disera the fundamental postion of the Western spit, aginst which our central attack is ik rested Itcan be overcome only by 2 return © its orgs, fle. we rust place i iil uth within te om Tints and 0 ut iton anew foundation. From the vantage point o which our questioning has aow brought us we can survey another aspect, We have shown {hat contrary tothe eorrent opinion, the word “being” Ds a trilly circumscribed meaning, The implies that being isl ig dnderstood in adit way. Thus understood, itis . ‘manifest to us. Hut all understanding, as a fundamental ur af i ng eck for exp omni Sa (SUS nse ve Biot onaog nc tvins stow Set ‘Sng ting chong wae: the meson of Ener ie a spit ttt nl Soecn sone Wes SE ae pouretie™ the wack of leap eVors Neat’ is wet Sot aly tn ig ot Soin in an eerste ony fu that ets tate amrnedng Seay aves a edad pe To Hlove back and forth, to slip and slide slong this tee an te sod nt omic at val ‘ost hve owe nore oer or dee Sot mu Wee ome me a {ota los espe, of ‘Shan ges asa union ea Aa me tore hidden is tat even the Grecks did ot. Sighs pectic top ant er ‘on (oat or esr at Sefeng), Si he [ond of te dentin bse eng asking ajo ax import pet foming asics ths alhe fne AN BeEROBUCTION To METAPHYStES enpesive in which he Grek undesanig of ting ‘Novels we ave code his isin hi a vot pace, We half teapt ec tne Snemsy ste ftw Ne tg api hg chrcerzto of what isqow epport tee Wt oc nan? We "Mn. oven cnn Meno dent, Got et aly aos Sis “han propre, God ‘snpont" Here GataS hin Sara a higession tara Siow ney aad ei; otineet coerhek 5 Fincting se fer elle ay ees caer Wee he Gc aes Ponte Tee kg mers age Semen ape Shou iwi um vt a ih Lee mera of the pion, Tole ft ei ese mec Stok something ves avons plana ee Thinking” serves alo'as'»'mame forthe werk of toss im al nk” In erat sina ae ‘Bn ot sot vey man ner Wat do we nfo is gui wage? Thnk refers the fre aswell the pet, but ag tte poe ‘t—Thinking"bringy-something“blaHEUS repsent_ i thinks, Goa shia f through by dies, and puting et ia ick place someting elo ounces we ot I octbe ke af damemtngg Bi reAceng, we the tng sepa Weedon singly acca happens fal to waa, we undertake, A we 33), (0 ge f ol He LIMITATION OF aEING 9 behind the hing. We Sd ou ow i sas with he hing in gener We From tise cal ing” ‘REretiationoDub a unigucy feat 2 Rereeainssanalya yh, ST thowgpeeataon pie ir whi te epson ir te dere of eto, he sass Tha sian of te Saf, and Ue breadio ie, {Ging ie pg of profound ewpl_of west ‘resyonaBE of compels, lal or seaow Dal is down ya Freon whi hiking ocd ego toi Tandem rlaon {SteigRaE stove, Aloo wis dosing, wig, and Feling king i one of our capac. Not ony ik ingbat al our abies and modes of behavior ele fo the eta: Very tr. Bu the difleeition btwn i td thinking involves somthing more cpa than a mere SRT sgl ou three: acd —sconsidered. a+ relision 19 tie Gwent. The dillerestaion springs from an Tn nee union beiwesn tiaking and.beng Bel—The {oh “sing an ang” dane 2 inion "To be sre, FuEh th Haner onion between thinking and ‘being cannot be inferred feom what we have 20 far said about thinking. Way noe? Because we have not yt gained fn adequate concept of thinking But where are We to find uch concept? In asking ths question we are speaking as thous such thing a5 “loi” had not been with us for centuries. ‘Logi the scence of thinking, the doctrine ofthe rules of thinking and the lors of thought, Moreover, i i the tne philbsopical discipline in which views of the worl, urident it. Wesoek the universal. te LG, be arseternios of what we commonly E-i 120 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS the ends of Weltanschauung, play ite or 20 part. Further- more loge pastes st secure and reliable sietce, It has ‘ph the stme thing from time immemorial, On logan, ite trae, will md the structure and order of the various Lwaditional docties} another wil ntredce adlons from epitemology: still another will provide 2 psychological Underpinning. But on the whole a gratiying agreement pe noe foray. toublesome in ‘San abbreviation for | cg the Tice ot We 1ogor— 8 Loar Were logis gpeser ir tele doctrine, of tnklng, Why Wy Ts ink 0 means self-evident. Previously we discussed “thinking” without reference to satement and dicoure, Refostion fn the essence of thinking fs accordingly of very partic. Lar kind when it endertaken a reflection on lagor and bacomes logic. “Logie” and “the logical” are not simply the only posible ways of defining thought On the other ‘and, it was no accident that the doctrine of thinking should have become "ogi." Be that as may, to invoke logic for purposes of de Iimiting the essonoe of thinking ie questionable approach iH only tersuee logic as such, and aot metly some of its doctrines and theories, is questionable For this reason “logic” mast be put ia quotes. We do 80 not because we wish to deny “the logical” (in the sense of strsight thi ing). To the service of thought we ate trying prccely © ponetate the source from which the essence of thinking E determined, namely altho 408 phy, being as um encealment, the very ting that has Been lat by "loi." ‘Since wha, sve now ask, bas there een this loge which THE LIMITATION oF BEING ma sult dominates our thinking and our dicourse and which trom an cry day hat contrbuted i ge prt to dsteein- ing the grammatal view of langhsge and the base Wes ten atitude tard langage in general, When di he de Aclopment of ogc bei? ft began when, GHEE RaMOSODY ‘ dvig Wt col an Bcoing sa in, equation ge began wn eo, the Sly Pie sis was pesca ae or tar ae ja epee. Lone Tae ee Scant Ais Ponca school Lope am vention of mao of plorpbers. Whee psopess took i ap i wot always uniet more (undameatal pul Sion, ote interest oops nd Ss no acide at SEGRE ee Tver ecg ional pe Kant, and Hegel — TREE Wis able oie aan en ofthe oral Tule of thought oly aller tie avon | toon being-am biking had Been Mleeted Sn TBOEC, only afer chad boen effected 18 2 particular way a 1 particular direction. Consequently logic tet aad is his tory can never throw adeguate Hight on the essence and ‘origin ofthis separation betwen being and thinking. Logic ists in need ofan explanation sod foundation in #e9300 to its own origin and st chim t0 provide the autoriative interpretation of thinking. The historical origin of logic ast school discipline ad the particulars ofits development do not concern us here. Sil, we must consider the fllow- ing questions Te Why was it posible and indo ncossary that such ching gs "Fog SOU athe In the Platonic seoal? 2. Why wis tis docuine of thinking docsine of logos inghe sent of statement? “SEWER wa ie Ui of the steadily insreasing prestige12 Jot neTmopueTION To ETAPHYsICS ofthe lopiea ultimately expressed in these ods of Hepe “Tae Wiel CH) fe aolute form of-tuth_and, whats mot, its ao the pure truth sal” (Easy. § 19, WW, 6,29) Itis in keeping. with ths domigast postion of Top {Hat Hegel consciously applied the name a Tope” he he lpi” bas nothing “orbink i nelgere La, 1 ste busines ofthe inet: wc to cont itll eu), we ‘must kro our avery. we mar kow tat nl Tuli is ony a impoverished modera.ofehoot.of.e.06 in he making. namely, poston opr wth the help of Wester atopy. ano coal the exeesences of pres Oo sw ook tale oF en eh sign The dange ofa layin, ntelecnlom per ts pel for thee who wih to con A campign Srcod solely again present ileus lends sm ‘ane of Jostein 10 those who atest 2 proper we ‘the wadina inlet They may not be ness ‘ut they come from tbe sme ete Ths spiral com ‘crv, stemming par fom natural nt and pth ffom conscious elon tas Sesme the feting ground of politcal reaction, The miotrpretaion of thought andthe ‘hse fo wbih Heads canbe overcome ony by ate thinking that goes back to the root—and by nating ee The redewal of such thinking requires a return to the ques. ml dake TO BERE a ib ‘nas te folding of the-Gpstion of Bing 4 Bh To AWE LNTATION oF BEING 3 Ale hs geet exposon of he difeeniion te ween lg sed ing, wet a Powe co ‘ats ti anu he oil ony Woe be tng inking eween paid go? tor ad the ogi sparta fun og 204 ph come sont 3 Hom ida seared tet oor ae 0 appear cutie wane wf id te loose, ocala? "effon dis og inthe ee of stsn and unde suningschivedotaon gor told We ag ph cette Oh our sic ging ping ct abive p54) we shal once more bok in eho Le te Escalon of is teparaon, I the pert be tecen ing td Ulin watt nie apt tee, mt have ben oe a2 gal bod bees Sm, Hane om inguin he og lhe sepuraon i ant frst logy nto cent bod be {ver king and bang Teniared tems GE queen: wht was the saae ct is bond he cro tginng, of avers. (spl? How wos hinting undesood in he begining? Thal the Grek dose of taking sould hate cone oats toga, lope ves abn ied, wees Cotmer ax orginal itp seen blog pps, $0 oer. We tec le am he oon tat ouglall td fonda lps logical”) become. the 10 nlp gor in er developed,_oa attempt 018 ig of Gres philosophy can lead.to_ ie is bel | ay| «seo det relation tongue, Lao, a a ft never becomes clear 1) how logos could ever have been separated trom the boing ofthe exent;2) BY this logos had to determine the een of thinking and bring tio ‘opposition with being, Let us tun at once to the decksive pont ara ask: What 4 togot and legen mean if ot thoveht and, to, think? ane The WOR, ESSOURE, and legen means 10 eS Sia, oiueloit But au pes umean speech, discourse. Is fundamental meaning \legere, the sae a the German we colle, read’: "Airen lesen, Holz lech, de (0 gather WRU nage, ne ip Buch lesen” =o, Fultone thing wih another, to. bring topetir in, hot, to Faer Du athe sme Une the ones mare of exalt thgther. That show the Oreck mathematica ued the ‘Sota: A coin colesdon isnot a mere quantity sembles Tne erm analogy atl nd both side by sie the original meaning of “tion” tpi house” Born consecion wih “afalogy” we Have almost ceased to thnk of “Fein while sotery, in connection th oot, he Crests had not yet begun t0 think noctealy of “a= ‘ouine® and “speaking” ‘Asan example oft orginal meaning of legeln 28 to ater” we may take a pussge in Homer, Odptey XXIV 106. Hecopsing the san sutor io the unrwor “Agamenson sj! "Amphinedon, wha datr hs Brows ou hore ude the Back curd l piked men and Yeas- ate? I one wer to gther (exalt) the est mea of 4 ol oe cola make fo oer choice.” Andia Ply, 01,2828 13, Aso say: at 1 pa logs, al onser is a characer of binging 10 filer" We stall not yet atk how the word paed from is cniginal meaning” which ad nothing 1 Go with specth and word, othe sgnifeation of" tay" and “decouee” Here ‘we abl only recall tat long fle the aoun fgot had come to mean dicoune and sntemeat riod te vigil meaning fn the tens f“eaton of leone to he oer Ts tus considering the baie meaning of logs, cle tin, collet, we have not made meh ogre n any ing the question: In what way were bag and logs Of filly nied forthe Grst, eo thet thy cold ee Sven separate a for define reasons bad todo 30? Reference to the baie meaning of logos can give 8 4 hint only If we undentand what “being” meant tothe Gress: namely phys Not only have ne ted fo gun 9 fever understanding of being ts the Gress sw iy we fie ecumserbed i more and more cloely though fs is contrasted with mere hearing, Mere hearing scaler and difuses ill in what is com monly believed and said, in hearsay, in doze, appearance. ‘True hearing has nothing to do wih ear and mouth, bat means: 1 follow the fges snd what is, namely the colet- flnss of the extent ite, We can bear truly only if we tre followers, But this has nating to do with the lobes of our cars. The man who is no follower it removed and ‘excded from the gos fom the start, regards of whethor he has heard with his ears or not Jet Bead. Those who merely hear by Hstning afound and assembling remors130 AN nerxopueTion To MeTarnystes are and remain the anyetl, the vacompreending, They are describe tm Frogneat 34: "Toe who do noting togeter the permanent togetherness heat but resemble the 2a" Tiny hear words and spcches but the} are loved to that they should ge eed or As the prover ap they fret Preset yet abn. Bot la eget hal ae st ince preset and atte same tine absent?) Fragment 72 Gres the anwers "For what they anocite Wit ct Ghost, he ngs oe they tun tel back and wba hey outer every aay sem sange tthe” sen are forever th he loge, et forever rote rom i teat ugh rset ane Ty ane eae oe sh st romped WHET Gsbtr then me's nail to grayp and om- prches whe hy Bear word ut oo Sopp the oe? What the thy ae wih and yet beet i? Men ave ala 0. eg a Sy ae ala ea tebartng Bee edo nl grep tsp tat eens ae only exit and nothing mor Ty ae Sa (GE la to EC) aR J soo them, Thy lp in even the selon ats ro es They tha abeat amid the eens stay sips hl ‘ue untration oF nie at the same, Logos sharacterizs being in.-pew 3a TPS that whic which sands staght ad dina a ul, atthe same tine guteredtogeticmes in fll” ite hel in ach togethers. EE, atl synon, collected presence; no Se ee ee al things aod his hem tngeter. According to Fragment 1A suchen i for example AE Roz or he ple, ‘saute tht constues or puts together, he inne Sue: ture of the pol, ata waiver, no something tht hove ying i J aa Te pai i truth, Fragment 103 says: ing and end ofthe cele are Tos opaatea Wee ony He: aly death, But ia Being i 60 deat enters ito fe aso bepins f0 die 0 go toward ts deat pd ERR atthe Same RE MEH ay Fag ‘Gent fr “Opposite move beck and fort, the one to ther, (ier nt out-of themasTver By gatberthemlves” The whith most tangible i what they mist grasp, and Thus ach man grasps what is closes 10 hin The one folds To ‘hi, the cierto that, cach a's opinion binges geo is opinontedness-” 6 bear cbaren> accordingly. Logos isthe sendy gathering, the intinsie togetherness ofthe ese, fe, boing. Therefore in Fragment kale fon logon means the same as kata physi, Physis ett op a er ce ee ‘aneat a el Wat the Grek meant by “bau” wa restate ing IU TEE aOR, palemas erage (ase ave vey TOG) Te De aE Si sctngspre Fo us modesi Se 132 AN INTRODUCTION TO METAPHYSICS soincu anette 00 prove moral eiicaion. Foe the Grecs onan fale met the same hing (rence ‘is pute ie Teenie vow i Were Tie toperer eas at elena ot the Deal these oe pleng esa Rt Et doco ofthe tig of he ent O8 een Sf areapel pine fon to Blog we pale Serdar ha cy oa WW conde Se Chretn ofthe logs as Hers clio hugh wih to pints ht sl pee ull force, a . " 1 hee ca te re speing and eating only hey are dete in advance Toward being, hele, Oly Stee the logos dows fall dos fe phone und Become wot Only whore the ei ofthe seat ard des ame ctl tesng tome 2 eanng. But tse ho dnt pp the logo atl out epdemena a? Lip “re ht sie oar oto peak” Praga 19). “They cana bring ter beng to sad be bing lt esa Ony tov when dot mast he Won thse af epoca ke The tie ge aout inet sane ag gore: Ty Sa ay oat acs SY kena leer ar ar {Sas Tyan kvog se parla aoa hon i pignoc, “Tor the dogs bark at everyone they 40 not know” (Fragment 97) They are donkeys" onowssyrmat «a feletial_malon £ eheson- "Donkeys ptr chal 10 sa (Grsgient 9),_Altayr and everywhere ey dal Scents But beng resins Hs fd EM eg {baa apt eno’ be head with he eas or Snel [aig & anything but topo Sn Sioa poms to owe Aagmos gent, rhines an dicgnoen "Ie ai casts woot ap in smoke, i the oss tht woul! difreatate od spprtend then” (Faget 7). THE LiTTATION oF BEING 133 2, Because being a8 logos is basic gathering, not mass ‘and tuo in which everything has & much or at Lie ‘value as everything es, rank and domination are implllt Tn being. TF Being is to disclose isl, it mst Hoel! have and maintain a rank. That fe why Heraclitus spoke ofthe many as dogs and donkeys. Tht attkade wae an esentia part of Grek beingshere, Nowadays ate too much fs Js sometimes maie over the Greek pois. If oe is going to concern orslf with the pois, this aspect should not be forgotten o ese the whole idea becomes insignificant spd sentient, What ha the higher rank isthe stooge. There {ove being, the logo a gathering nd harmony, I 20t easily accesible and not accesible tall a the same form: un [ike the harmony that i mere compromise, destrection of tension, fattening itis hidden: harmonieaphanes phanéres Jin, “the barmony_that_does_not_{immeditely_and asl show ig ign than tha whih Cl ‘ine ai ‘Because belig @ logos, harmonia, alttein, phy” phairesthal, it does no show self as one pleases, The true == fs not for every man but only forthe stron. Tes wit aVew to this inner superiority and. hiddenness of being that erate spoke those strange words whic, because they are seemingly 20 un-Greck, bear witness to the Greck ex erence of the being of the eseut al hospersarma ek Techumenon ho kallitoskosmos. "Te most beauifl world is like a heap of rubble, tossed down in confusion” (Frage ‘ment 124) Sarma i the anthesis of logos, that which is merely tossed down over against that which stands in Well, muddle ‘ver againt togetherness, unbeing over against being. "The popular interpretation of Heraclitus tends to sum up hie philosophy in the dictom para rhe, “everything ows” If thew words stem from Heraclitus 0 bepn with, Frigment 50). Weel nome] 5 ST =they do sot ean that everything is mere cominwous and ‘Banbient chang, pure impeenananis; a, they ea tat theesient ara whalers beings haved Bacleand-onh fron one oppsition To aBgUET, beige the gaheing of ‘biscomettad umSt nd ifwe tke ie Basie eaning of ogo a8 gathering and to- ethers, we must poe the following: ‘Gatering is never a mere driving together and heaping ‘up. tmaintin in 3 common bond the coafctng ad ht wich tends apart. It-does not let them fall ino hap- Nard dperion. i tho mainaning a bend, the Logo has the chumcer of permeating power, of ph. It docs not let what it holden is power dislve Into an empty freedom trom opposition, tut by wing the Opposes oantains the fll sharpness of thee tension to distinguish between the Synoptic Gaze aad Wie Gowpel of StJobn. But in principe we may sy ti egos in the Heraeles, mean the being ofthe esent, the gibering i 7 neins one particilar eset, namely the sn f God. And SpeiBlly retest him inte role of ielat betwess, God and men, Ths Néw" Testament notion of the logos THE Jesh philosophy of religion developed by whose doaioe af ereaon atcvtes tthe logos he function of mei, tke mediator. How so? Because in the Greek translation ofthe Old Testameat (Septuagint) egos signifies the word, and what is more, the “wor” in the irom Herein Sire ped toot fh the een bond be cwcee Epo Hs pape fo on he tsi of se Sete ow er Secon cad OC ep aor Se hem ° Bato pina objcion ses wa gun this etanteatn of bo Mesias logo: log and Bo ign inanty sod coemtalyUnie, how, one woe sean sunt nd dentty of py and logos re ‘sce oppor tetwoen Wing Sd thong opr? ‘Rhuraty Gea econ 4 quion with we do ot ‘an to mae foo cay for outvesongh er et {Feat tcopatin to dos. Forte ponte may ony Eph th nly of ps and logos so undartena 2 sparaontesren then mt Oe oso moh 0. tt salons stron tetoen Blg dng Slaten im na abd econ tem to feng die fit mt sbo howe aren ina diet wy. Toe Soe a toe hae siento erp cor nepn of (este a nc alestion ad to odetand treigh the ence of ph we mat a endeavor to ietand ibe separation aps and grin rely Gree aay, beta he bass of ply a lgor on it CSCy the separton and Spoon of ye and era etki and winking. we te exe! fan ale Ire pera ange of dra fakiendon tani om ‘ns ie ui How ot Fn defining the opposition between being and thinking, ‘ve ove i a familiar schema, Beings the objective, Be” yest objec. Thinking i the subjective, the SUB). The vel of thinkin 1 bing hat of subject objet. The Greeks ae,136 AW INTRODUCTION To steTAPHYsics is supposed conceive this elation in am extremely primi ve way, for his was he begining Of PIGS a0 they play. A furher spon hat there UE Oppesis Between being aod ‘inking to, demand RSBtion Ani yt we TE Pagutre ‘What i the esentil aw govesning the separation of ‘hysis and logos? Tn order to dla this law we rust con ve the bond between logoe and phys tei unity, more shacply than befor. This we shall aterpt to do with the help of Parmenides. We do so advised because the ci teat opinion is that however the doctrine of the logos may be interpreted itis peculiar tothe philorophy of Herc, Parmsns sooonthe.sane. ound as-Herai tly appearance home and many de ees the indpensbl ay tobsng i trectld and lend trough ‘unconcealment, ~ “But where dies Parmeides speak of the loos, otto mmenon what we are now seco, tho separation bomen teing and the topo? Tt we nd ying watever in Bit pect it would seem be the wey opps of 2 ier {foe The toh oan tat ht Cone avn {nwo venons. Fragment 5 pts ths Yo gor ato soc esin te ka eat. The crude translation pest tong tadion rum: "Thinking and being ae the sme 4 misinerprtation ao less ua-Grsk than the fstion ote Heacteandotine of be ges Noein undceood a haking a activity of. ab- jet. The thinking of the sujet determines what hing HE LoerTaToN oF BEING a7 i, Being is nohing other than. the object of tinkng, that ‘whigh ought ur sine 3 re spl the same nesording to Farmenides, everyting bos Jgetve Nothing isin ibe. But such a doe fe found in Kant and toe German idelite, Exentally Parmenides ancipated the teachings, He is much praised for this proresive achievement, particularly in comparison swith Antol, later Greek tinker, Over agains the Heal fm of Plat, Aristotle advocated a varity of realism and ‘was therefore the presuror ofthe Middle Aes. ‘This famlisr Garman view requ special mention hese, rot only because it works is mise in all historca! a counts of Greek philosophy, not only Beeause reest phi Tosophers have interpreted the carly story of pilosopty in this way, but above all becouse the dominance ofthese vows has made it dificult for ws to understand the authentic teuth of the primordially Greck words spoken by Par smenides, Its only by understanding them that we shall be fable to appraie the change that las taken pice, sot only fn the modem era but beginning with Ite aniguity and the rise of Chrisianity—-a change that has aflcted the ‘whole spiritual history ofthe West, that isto 28) ite tory pure and simple "To gor outo neem etn 1 kl cna. Tn ordet to under- stand this sentence we must know thee things 1, What is the meaning of to auzo and te kal? 2, What isthe meaning of non? 3. What i the meaning of einai? Tn regard tothe thi question we seem suicienty ine formed by what has been suid about physs inthe forego ing. But nocn is obscure unlese we simply tranlate it 3 “thinking” and deine i inthe logical sense, as analytic statement. Nocin_means vernehien , oe= = 138 AN INTRODUCTION TO METAPHYSICS ‘nous means Vernehmune inthis twolotdrense means to let something come to on8, rot metely accepting i however, but taking a receptive atnude toward that which shows isl. When toops pre- pare to receive the enemy, i i inthe hope of sopping him, tthe very leat, of riagng him to stand , This receptive bringingtostand ie meant ia socin It is this apprehension that Parmenides sayy to be the same as being. This Brings us to a clarieation of our fst question; What the meaning of to aut, the same? ot us two Using that ae the sume are interchangeable ‘one and the sme. What sort of unity is meant inthis ale simencee? We canoot determive this ax we peste, Here, in speaking of “being.” the unity mest be undersiod as Parmenides understood the word hen. We Saw that tis nly Is never empty inference te ot samenes i the sense of mere equivalence. Unity i the belonging-ogeth Gf antagonisms This sonia! oneogs. Wig dos Parent ay fa? Because being end canny Ws omnia Sr ae eos ea SSS wRengE me wae esos Teor Maeve andr Scent ect dy ona eee eee eee Ea wh inne WO Ems ee apa ee ee oe a ap Se te ae a a rus LIMITATION OF BEING 139 ‘hi Cet os stat om being which poss has besos cles 10a several pits Being. mens fo sand ine ght to appear, ener morenconceaiment. Whe this Tapes Le wiser being-prevai eppretemion Be ‘Sand appent witb. Reake to Belong coin, ADP Denson is the reeeptivebriging to stand ofthe itrisially ppemanent tat manifest itl armenides sates the same proposition still move sharply in Fragment, ine 34: Tauton est noe te kai houneken ti nota, The same e apprehension and that forthe, sake fof which apprebension occ. Apprebenson occurs or ‘enides giver uta tll more fundamental cesence Of ppsTO belong inis power. TAT NSspht the statement saye nothing about man, stil Le a at Sam a subject which cancels out ovecything objective, taasfor ig Tne mie Haber paoposon 98 the op- [OAT Gran tis being dominates, but because and insofar S51 doinsley and ppearspPETRG and WTALILApe- hension must alo ooeur. But if man is 1 wk 8 = “Tit sppeting belong to beng s ph, then man as ar ESSN wt Delong fe appeaig. Nace alge ek evden parla ae of bring. be parelat)-o-bng hurl gow Tithe partcaliy-f iy tongng bing dosnt ‘pang And ans appretensons—ascplngsppreben140 AN merRoDUCTION To METAPHYSICS Son of what shows iell—belongs to such appearing, it may e presomed that this prcely what Gterines the esece of beingsoman. ‘Thus, in interpreting Par rene” proposition, we must aot read some ler ide nd above allot a present-day ide, of being haa into i Quite on the cotray. the propstion itll hat rust tl us how, acealing to and tat, according to the eence of being. tenghumaa Is dried “Acoming Jo erative yhatan fe fist manieued (ete saws sl polos saan [HOHE in the pion of being Hel. For phony ‘at nan i nt whiten sewer aan We Bat her s8; 7 SL The decmintion of te ecce of ma never anaes « inn, 292 ths hing a hh goon td the deiton in his dean we wsbsea tb a mercy pnd se eet con's ter care en wt gus e ha man bt avs be ken rr sean to at te gun thw tsi eth zF being, The qvestion of man isnot an anthropological ques. tenbar’s Snutealy mesial que tise Se 12t Sot te niqeaty tine din of Sa sip vc tra yp ete sequclly we mst nak Tebinteped Bur Sad neki in popailon of Parmele accep sore ot me's by ott ms ae ea be I rt yt enema longo opeaer of ng talaga A kan tere lg and apeenion eg Toe begining af Fogect 6 Sch aes tae oy Steer heave Cr ee tena etn Ne ut Bosh ae acd th gins wall ashe apponson— Bike in big Naam ny ot ee inerpsed sinking. Nor dss, inet code as Verehmangi we ake he wal ontting vow af "Vercinung’ se ayo an of {har thom we cone a cordance wil «plan tap logy and pycology or epteunngy, ad is Sr even ohn we ao nt pela noes ssh o coon TAprtensin. 5 Parmesies ys snot afc be longl ta na iad aed speek ce ne totoner ata Sioa is (nie ital amy ae "pment ne neice Dat asf als bot er ote ney at pcan te eet ee a eee Fe SSA py ot en af appretenon, What aca Hie ncn wh Peau fan tral log (ae arial FW Ti, or WOR he ers de Noel brgteman an tte sone tne nbd a ‘Sewn cacti of Seg Toe ep tee Seng and bg human comer Heh btn pee fev ann loge er hi sprain Oe pat and apy dttomy e "ing tuning” wich Tis You Cade of ous ge ns we go back 0 ites "The mode and diction ofthe opposition betwesa being andttog seen Catach at man comes te fis bukser mae he faowag Cerentsataan he hate bong I ony at tren Bec tran asthe steal eect tha Be Was ban comet munty set logon con ae {la AN MVTRODUCTION To METAPHYStes the ration imal In this defnton of man the logs 0 curs, tins tly unrecognizable for and in ery 048 company. ‘This defntion of men is fundamentally » zologcl one. The zaln o this zology fin many recs er tionabl, Hat the Western dctioe of anal pycoloy, Stic, theory of knowledge and athrpology™-as been fed nt the frame of ts defnion. For years we have been thrashing arovnd ina confosed mista of es and concept dan fom thee disilines. Bol since the definition of an supporting the whole serectre Was in el degeneration aot to mention the inerpeetation tat was pt on I lter—we sal see neh ing of what isi, and of what happens in Parenides sain, a long awe think and ingite slong tenes aid down by tisdeiniieg But the erent concepon of man i ll ts variants is cal oa fie Barter the. om ee wre {he manifestation of bal fiat sabia The ober Bare tha _ esi SORETNE mn Fema alien “To-be tre, tere are ooks Yoy eatiled: What & sas?” But the tle merely stand ints onthe eee, ‘There sno questioning Nov nly beests people bake bean to busy writing books hat they Bave frp how vo ques ton, bu Decne the writers lend poses ens nd shat is more an answer that forbids questioning Tt» an Dates the propositions of Cathoe dogma, thats his indvidual concern; we shall at discus hee. Bt bow can we be expected to take @ man seiosly who wits "What f man? on the cover of ht book although be dos, to lpr, becuse he wing td unable to gue. ‘And when the Franfrter Zeitng, song ches, pass ‘ch Book, which questions merely on is cove, £5 "an —— "AIR LIMITATION OF BEING 143 ctraordinary, magnificent and courageous work,” even the fest among vs know where we stand ‘Why do T speak of such irelevancies in connection with the exegesis of Parmenids’ dictum? Tn ise hi sot of sceibling is unimportant and fsiniicant. WBat isnot un important is the paralysis of all pasion for questioning that bas log been with us, The consequence of this paralys is that all standards and perspectives have been contused ‘and that most men have eneed to Know where and between ‘what the crucial decisions must be made, i a sharp and ‘tginl historical Knowledge js to be combined. with greatness of historical wil Sbch ints as we have thrown fou ean only suggest Row far questioning as fonda- ‘mental element of historical being hes receded (0m us. ‘But we have even let our understanding forthe question, For this reason let us forth the extent point that must bbe bore in mind if we are to think thicugh the ening srgument FAST dcteination of the esence of man is never ‘an answer but esentily a question. ‘5.2. The asking of this question is historical in the fonda: ‘ental sense that this questioning Best creates history 1x 3 This so because the question as to what man scan nly be asked as part of the inquiry about being “ea. Only where being discloses ill in questioning does Astoy happen and with ithe being of maa, by virue of ‘which he ventares 1 eet himielt part from the eseat as Sch and contend with it 1S. Ie & questioning contending that fist brings man ‘bck tothe esent that he Bea rand mst be 5. Only as «quertioning historical being does man come 10 himset only as such be a sell. Mats selfbood means this: he mast teansorm the being that dzloss tcl 10 him into history and bring himself to stand in it Selfucod“4 AN murnopvcTion To METAPHYsI¢s docs not mean that he i primarily an “ego” and an ind ‘ius This be sno more than hei we, a community 7 Bzsause man a4 ahistorical being i himself the quer- tion about his own Being must be eeforulated, Rather than “Whats maa?” we should say “Who is as?” Wha is expressed in Parmenides' maxim is.0.dfaion ‘man from out ofthe esience of. being t= ‘We still do not know how the essence of man is here efned. 1 was ist necessary to mark of the real ia which Panmonides speaks and which in spesking he helps to di close. But thee goneral pointers do not sufce to free {hom the cient notions of man and the current concepts in which be is defined. In order to understand the maxi, in order to grip its truth, we must gin some postive ides of Grook being-thore and Greck beng From the Heraciean fragment several des quoted we ‘know thatthe separation Between gods and men took place joaly in polemos, inthe confict which sets (bcing) apa Ie te only sch conflict that edeize, that shows, that brings forth gods and men in thet being, We do not ears who maa is ty learned deiniions; we learn it only hen man contends with the esent, striving to bring I ito its being, ie. into limit and form, that i to say when be Projects something new (not yet present), when he creates Cigna poetry, when he builds postal ‘The thinking of Parmenides and Heraclitus was stil poste, whic Seite Bi hs peorty, tbe thowght about tna Eng olla it airsction and proportions. This poste thinking forms 4 body. sri the enatraryappect, the thinking poezy’ of the ‘Gresks and particularly tt poetry in which te beng and (closely relay beingbere of the Grocks Was in the wee) ata un unmraTion oF DENS ux SS as ‘pus seme crested: the apy. Let of onl the tag iy TOP bei underandag OF Gre poste pens m P(e are seckng to understand the origin of the diferetis- sion beeen “big and tihng” Ths difercataton ha name forthe fndhent atte ofthe Western pr. In Accordance wth this ade beings defined rom tend Poin of thing and resce, Ths tv even where the ‘Westers spt sme the domination of eson by seeking the anal ad “log” Tour gut forthe source ofthe dieentationtetwcen ~osing tnd inking? ne hove some aces Paneer train: gra noe extn tale, Aecrding 0 the ual talon ad nerpetaion fans Ting fd being ae sane "We ay cal his maxim the guiding principe of Wet ern piecpiy, but onl if we append ts note “the marin teame the guidng pine of Western, philowpy only shen it ceased to by underond bocase es ovigial ruth coud ot be held fas. The fling sa rho his main began wih ch Cis ‘She someday ley Parade, Mn can ean base ‘cele of sah mapas ony yang bem como nlldng ot merely by seeing lyf never lows the posbiiy-o€ beng what its ofgin-a-emergsace (Hom the concealment of the eSeme). We are toying to regain the asic and of ‘ial eth of the maxim. We have sven the st hat of & ? Sifernt interpretation by ost translation. The Tone way or another it is man who speaks in his maxim,6 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS enc itis ative tat the revaling eof an {Poul be cared in te mai, Bot this probee fal szeserencd byte Geis. disci mat eee toa ple and fied minnse eho tw ‘SEP tar aritirenton ine neon of + son Creek notion of man ihe ser ev “here aaron i be sought ttl sre to andes the th of he maxim, For in his marin the srl dcfsiton of being man wat asomplse Hens in intepeing two mist ss tot onl al napropite eas of an bat all ess of ‘man whatsoever, We must attempt f0 hear only what i id, ‘But because we are inexpeiened at such hedring, and because moreover our eae ae fll of things tht prevent ts fom bearing properly, it has been nccesary to sate the conditions for a proper ingury a6 10 who man is— though we have done lite more than st them, ‘And because the Gefntion of benghuman wend by Parmenides is strange and hard ' approach sirely, we Shall rst seek help and counsel by coneling the postc projec of being-human among the Grests, We read the fist chon from the Antigone of Sophocles (ines 332-78), Fist we listen to the Greek words inorder to get some of te sound into out eas. The transation fuss “There much a GEG weg tht ures na in ranges Me a on hing was Zine south wide of wer texing treogh te cual Sn ori hsm oh me. He wears eee te ote ~“ rie EIMITATION OF BEING at fe gods the Earth, fnasocucbe nd wtling, tvetring ber Herm Yes ty, ving the plows is way and hat ‘And an, pondering nd poi fours te gang We ido the uote eres {ble cts of ‘it gale he overpowers he beast ta rams the owas by mgt as by dey Seyete pete mck sine Tale united ou 1 ‘And te has fous his way {ihe rneaace of he werd, finde wiedswih henaertnding, : dno te courge of rule ovr is. He nas covered aso ow Yo ee | ftom exposure tothe 7008 \, ‘ot unpropiiousweahe and ost i Everyterejouoeyng, nexpeinsed ant without ie, te cove to nothing “hvu og can be sit the oot anal of deat, Beak Ge tac sel inlet evdlng pa aekoes Corn, msi SeSiret tl ee as chine mangle, “rl he oe et j Sea sy esses ath Me moa! beet Magione Ha148 AN INTRODUCTION to METAPHYSICS be who for the sate of aduetae takes the mouestent for xen ses. 1s plas i th nd May sch an pve rquent ny hearth; May my mind meter share the prvampion of hi who dos tis ‘The folowing commentary is neces nado i nly fue itcanot be bt up fram the post ene ‘otk or een fom the whl trapey. ete Tall notte able to go into the chic of reangs or the chang tet have teen made inthe tet. Or interpretation fas fro shee phases in each of which we shall Sone he sos er from fren pin of cw Inthe fist phase we tall st fat the inns nang fhe pom, tbat wich sate the eas of wards mod ‘save Te the second phase we pas through te whole sequence of srophes and anther and nite aes tat opened up by he pom Tn he thie phese me atempt to take our sand inthe cent ofthe poo, wth view to jing ho man coring he posi dou. First phase. We sk tht hich sssias the whole and towers above it. Actual we have ot far to see It ret bu oon whe» ee aah shag 2 the very cube all crea standnas of colony and definition, ey ae * "heft the besaning Ther is much thot f sng, bt nothing that sarpesses man in stngenes In these first wo verses the poet anticipates He will ‘spend the rest of the poem in catching up with hinsell. THE LIMITATION OF BEING 149 n,n one word 6 deintton, the sang. Tis one word cvotiase ie extone Uni-and abipe shyt Eh bsing Thi spect ofthe linate and abysmal can over be dcerned trough the mere description tht et Tes dat, even though thousands of eyes sould examine tan searching for atiibotes aod sates, Such beig is die Close only 0 pet insight. We indo portal of ens. ing specimens Gt man; or do we find any sort of Bind and fatuus ition of human cance from Below, lasted by posven yearning for some unatnined glory; hee there i no suggeion of «preeminent peony, Among the Cet re rma prone (do i exo sopra penonaliy). Man ist deaotaton, te strangest ihe sung, Here we st atcpate a eile he Geek word denon and of our tandlton. This als for 8 tac ghnce ver the whole poem, wbich sone can peo tide en propia inerpretion of the fit tro vores 36 Grech wo dein has he strange ambiguity with “WHI Gresk course cut acrosthe contending separ tions but les iseeT 150 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS far asthe ust of power isthe base trait not only of his faction but also of hi Being-hete, Here e use the word violence in an esentil sete extending beyond the com ‘mon sage ofthe word, as mere arbitrary Brutality. I this ‘Sammon usage vilence is seen from the standpeint of tealm which draws ts standards from conventional com promise and mutual aid, and whic accordingly disparages Si violence asa distorbance ofthe peace. ‘The eaet asa whole, seen as power, i he oterpower- ing, denon in tho fet sense. Man is delnon, Fist Doease ho remas exposed within this overpowering power, be- cause by his esence he belongs fo being. But atthe Same fime man is deinon because he 4 the violent one in the seme designated above. (He gates the power and brings into manifestnes.) Man i the violent one, not aside from and alongwith ter atslbutes Bat Sley in the sense that in his fundamental violone he uses power against te overpowering < Uber aigende>. Because hee twice deinon in seme that "s orginally one, he is fo deinoaton, the mort power violent in the midst ofthe overpowering ‘But_why do we tanslate-deinon as “strange” nota posterior notion derived from the impresion that the powerful makes on vs, whereas the ‘sential ere isto understand the denon os ‘what i iti Sealy is? That ie eo, Put we are not taking the seange in {he sense of am impression on us tates of fein We are taking the strange, the ogcanny dss Une we LIMITATION of BEING 1st eile, 5 tht wich ei oe omy ie (Ge gunning tpilan, cee Toe ations Ue feimsche’ overs 0s ron making ouseves 6 bone SGormreart ie epowenng ot mas he angst of Eiger i Toone We ftes bis He ami the range cond nth sense but Cease he dep fom bs Estomary, fan Hint beste he the olen ob ‘tor toning ovard the song in he sve ofthe over owerngsepuses the lint othe fami as Hein- ee Te rtd the all inpleaion ofthese words ofthe Spor we mt bea this midst sata 10 tino, te stanges of, oo Pte apart Steinem, a though be mre la smetbing eo, ihe ve sae ta to ete strangest fl isthe basi ait ce Boman esene, within which all tbe tals must Shier ace Tncaing man the sages ofa hes the suits Greck definition of mo We shal fll p- vee his phonomenon of ranges cay if we ek ‘ince the power of pperance ad the rg with sete coon prt of tongere a Te cond psp tat ase te pati tee an end ne 160 The [Soph suaphes Pantporar pros evoudey_erche “reper m,n a ws, te cee te Sos Tiy etal word ae panto: econo Therword pores means: passage trough raion 10 pth. Exeowhere man mates ‘ian paths even ga no ea {bE oveqeriag power andi 30,0 Tg. Ay RE Warn Use! the cae erangeen of ie ‘tabbes al Ear, tony. tae hese ind aot offi stangepes: not oly bat in 0 Jae AS {icasvoleaione.stving. beyond is ER om aOO —— 152 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS eyo all tis he tecomes. the sranget of ll be ‘aie iow ine omalpih he cast oto Sy avon o the tamara bean by at ray ek tosh sania snd Seven ct in 11s oot hard to see that ss ponopores apres consis an inferretaton of deintton fee ntepreation i competed in the hr salen Phe ine 37: hype apt. In constuction ft Sine w pantoporo pos adi sation inthe mide othe antsrope presets noter parallel Butt moves in 2 iret diet It spes ot fpr bt tpl at a the path toa he reine the sent Dual te fous, “Hn audatsae of aus beogdbee ite plo ath ‘espe mest be-ps Poli weal Gamlted Shy of esate, Tis doe oot sapere the ful aalng Polis means, rather, the place the there, whercin and 3s which hisorkal blngtere Te pols the tral ple, the therein wich ou of ch and for which sory happes. Tots place and scene 9 oy Selon the gods, the tonpls, the pret the fvasy the games the poet, the tinker, he rler, the coun ef elders the stem ofthe people the army and the fet hr doce aot fat belong to he pol, doce oot become olla by Cetring into asaton witha sttanan ands fens en the bane of these, No, ite poli at the se of iaory provided thee be (le sxampl) pets sone tex hen relly poets, pit lone, Bu then rallye Tes alone but ten realy rls Be but is ely a violent men to wie power, to become preeminent In fis” a Beg asset men, Peo mtv place they begomg athe sine ine pol, ay ad pie aes sang i ie isu sid US Sab sea we ot he se et [IE LIMITATION oF BEING 153 state and fn, without structure and onder, ease they ‘Hemsives ar crits mt Sst create all hi Thevfist-phase-shows-ur the Hiner GESigIOt the essence of the srangest fall ings, the realmt and scope of hi ower and his doiny. Now me g0 back tothe Begining {nd atempt the second phase of Interpretation. The second phate ithe ight of what has Been aid ove we no fll the sequence ofthe stops and hear how the bing of maa, the strangest of being, unos. We shalt to determine shea the deinon teat inthe ft sent, Now the deinon in the second sense ener om Cortety and how in the ceipoalslation berwecn fhe ‘wey the being of the strangest ein i buil wp before ins esent for ‘The fst sophie name the sa and he eamh, each of ‘hem overpowering (denon) ints wat docs no peak ‘ofthe inthe manner of os moderns wha experience er BW mere-geographicar emt pevtgieal phoma andl Cen, “Gs hough 8a terion AO eor nee ITER int and Meng enone, Hers “an akl-though ‘GTS ST Te Foc peaks the ancy macht eae oi uteesnly teas open depths ani uncesingy Bigs Tlf fo then. Trmediaely ater ihe main, guiding Saetient of the first verses, the song eins, had and powerful, with outa kat potion Man ene tarks on te grounds dup forsaing te sl lind, He ‘ets nt upon bright, wih waters but anid he soe ‘of winter, The account ofthis Jopactate concerts with the movement ofthe prosody; the word chien ie 336 Stunted atthe polat where the meter sis: che, he Aandons the pce, besarte outand entre itd the Preponderant power of the pacelese waves, The word Stands lke ilar i the ees of thse vere1st as werRoDUCTION To METAPHYSICS Yeuch>” pon the overpoeting sea the nevesesthg incunion « into the Indeeutie power of the earth, Here the earth the highs of the gods. Vi len, with ae of power man dtr the srangullity of grow, te nortring and matrng ofthe odie 9 ler wibow efor. Here the everpoweing ‘gas nt in sellconsuning vedas byt witout flo nd fag; fom oat of te supetie tangy o eat fiches, produces and bestows the ints treanre that sues al 2a. To this power Bus the vile one; ye afer year he Beaks it Gpen wt his plows and die he lf earth nto el endeavor. Se snd carb departre and ypteaal ae jie bythe Kali ne $34, in which conesponde the tein line 338. ‘And now 19 all ths she antopbe: iL names the bids in he ais he denizens of the water, balan lon in the moubjie—The ving Tings, ihly reaming, Ung ts own shythm and ther ev prosnet,popetaly overtowing ino new forms yet ronaning fa tet ont chanel, Enow the place where they wander snd pase the hight As lvng things, hey ace, embedded inthe poser ‘tthe sea andthe earth of di ite a tells long sl onan, extirtinacy in en sphere and stuctre Sand ground, man cots hi snares and nose acs the ving features out of thir err shuts them pit Bs pens and caclowire, and forces them ander his yokes. On Ihe one hand eruption and ypheavel. On te or espe and contri "AV this point Before we as othe second stophe and ie andsvop, ts ecusary ofser a note aad to tata of mination ofthe whale poco msi. teptetaon to which roserm wh ext ieins and ‘lh indeed rguent We Hae eady potted ot sk THE LIMITATION OF BEING 155 this is no description and exposition of she activites and Gets of ati tran, an eset among oer eset bata porte ute os el, dawn from i extreme posses and lis, This im ie petodes the its Fesaon'of ths chorus ava narrative of man's devep- Fret from the sage hunter and pie sailor fo the Belial buler of hice. Soch a nvan i he product of Sthnolngy and psychological anthropology. It ses om fhe unearned application of a ature sence—and = fale ane a hat as being, Te base alley unde Iping se moder of thought cons nthe eb that bi oF sina wih the primitive abd Backward, the weak of them The srsigeacer, ‘te eames of these. powers resides. in their seming famiaity. ircly thy Jed thamgcuestoman ony Le onesence< Davesen>, so dvag him and ollog Sina of ee nth ay he oct ees {is fundamentally more remote and oveipowery an say andeanaslsestof alliobim. “How fat man fom beng a hore i his own esence is repealed by, hit opinion of hinslf ashe who invented and_could_fave invented fanguage and_ndestanding boing. and poetry. ~ How could man Sret ave invented the power which [pervade ha, which alone enables hint fea man? We {sl Be wtolforgeing tha this Og Spe of be power, ful (dein), the Senge and uncanny if we suppote that {he poet makes man invent such things as bulging and language, ‘The word eddaza dose not mesa maa i vented, But: he found his way to the overpowering ad THE LIMITATION OF BEING 137 therein fist found himself: the vine one, the wide of power I view of what Bas bon si, the “hime” ears once he who breaks oat and breaks up , he who eure and bj ps TU tie breaking out and tresking up, caping snd subjogtng that pene up the escat ar Sear eah ot Bimal. I happen only inate jowers of lenge, fundecand,o& crnerement oo ing se hem {She matured” cbewfiges ia vole, The ile oiepete seh, of lt proton, of bul fpaton, ee sti that cre ate nea fton selena bots Taming and ordering of iro wich te een op up a such when Eunmovs itt Tis dire of exe th pover (Garman teri er econ aan oe clay [erin GREP Whe occa! mean by deinen Weis ite weond stop mun nt be mille preted invention or asa mere facily erate ot ‘nly if we understand thatthe use of power in a ge in undontandng, in forning nd boing bl Eat (Le avays tng fon) the violent ct Cea tat> of laying oot pats nto the enioning power of he fenton) then sal we understand the nengees, the Shensine fal ven. For mis he fans ei ‘tat ot without tue inthe tera! seme Be aes Op squint ouvard Baie and fan go on. In ete HE Hu ie beatae, says then ‘Scop he pasta be bins os aid Cathe BOSE i, aie fa ck in ugh be compussr Ue tle of Ne Wo -cnIps Yr penran aNE wo excludes Ram from elee | 138 ax INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS ns round a 0nd ins own cl. He an ward Joe, itr sarge pie He ca ey oe SSe every sil nfs ple. Te leet aia sree tert cehe ate egies air abet of eal oaks so Cia ceo mah oa lo ie Spans inane A ace shel ga one i Tha ea yok, linen Sond sl cmon Valens ont ei al ere te bralng oe — om og bret m0 capi orsbjguion. Bui ange “Rand alan ting tha Bases wane and WW Maral from evening ia which west at home is n0 pat rs pear een dat mos be rane along ees None 2 tom, timely bappens. sno aly when he coms to weirs wie but always and Cony shat an ie wabout hoe in “AS We fae of death Tsar as man he standin the ue sae of sec ‘singer the happening of stangines. (Fortis happeting ofa sang mast ge be billy rounded in human being-there,) “Pp With he ming of hi song a pow hing. te of oe poetic project of being and huraan essence sts is own fmt EP To tat TARY TF mt nt a BE” cater panos bt gues tne sendy aned into el 297 £6 Taner iy, The cncadng Sopcast woe tek 125) toi ba eB rw have eed In the ft pa NG th bse ine of wha italy ate cer of he tng (te dentro) resides prey fo the unity wok Serwen he to meaning of dino. According the Sl stop, n suman, mies tres ngs Tr The power, Oe power in whith the actin ofthe violent one move seen tape of the mahintion “Ehactenchaft>, mashonen, eos o im. We 89 THE LIMITATION oF BEING 159 sui ey al Be ee ee to Kao ce that nands tore in el) to stand, sales Ki some: ing ame aise eg ate et is at ot at cece tO ete eae ’ x— 160 is knowlege, The paston of knowlege i nguy. Arts nowledge and therfore fchne, Att tc beouas itimolves “etnias oo materi “Ths techne provides the bata of denon, the Mio. imo Cova ef pome agin the overpowering. Uber valigende>: tough Knowdge i was Sing fom con Lieto he manfen arte esent 7. fst as din us vlence colts is esnce inthe fupdaneatal Geet word tect, 10 deinon ae te Over powering is manifested inthe equal fundamental dite. We wane iss Fup" ere we enertand Fog ist in the sense of joint 2 famework“; then as dere, dispensation 2 cive tat he overpower ing impos oni ig; Sally, athe govering scare whit compet adaptation and compliance Hie rtd oy joice taken a ji, moat seme the word lei finda etapa mean ig These appl erptaon of da nr nll sean hd dominions te ovepowerng aro 10 domination, Fog, Ben, pls poe ae fd orignal topthermee? fogs ® goremig, det “tigers Fuge die, Thus the denon asthe overpivering (ke) and the deipon athe violent (techn) coutont oe Sterbe, hough fo ato given thing nis confontaton leche bar forh pint ak, wh in tra 8 Pug the Commanding wishes bere tht word does not cco moder teary ermas ‘Seep ib she canon "it Poy uot Rech™—"th Fe Inter eomeye to reste messing ba mgm peter {ee vnge aye ptr Sd 161 onder, spses ofall techn. The reciprocal onlromation i.e onlyinor atthe avangest hing of SU teing-human, is scutzed, solar a6 man is preset shiny 3 'The Dstt ofthe denon lis in the nee tion beeen the two meaingsof dino. The spit man Sik Ito the very middle of the dominant oder ; he tari open and vnleny caries beng ito te ent yet he can never mater the overpowering, Hence be is {oud back and fort between suture and these ies, order and ithe , between the tv andthe noble, Every vont rubing of the powerfl Beiter victory oF dest. Both, cach ine ferent wy, fing hin ot of home, and ths, each in is diferent wy, {nL the dngeroumcs of achive rot being. Bots ‘ferent ways are menace by dias! The olen! one the crave an, who ses forth Ino the unsaid, wo breaks into the unhought, compels the eakappened to happen and maker tbe ensen appear—thi wolent one Stans tal nes in vetare oi, line 371), In vet ing to mater elg, be mu tbe ask of the 2o0- exit, md lon be rut sk dapersion, inst, de order mci, higher the summit of histories! bing there, the deeper-wil-be.the,sbys,the more abrupt the Tal tipi aphidorcl, which merely thashes ara ia susie an places confsion ‘Arie tthe ead ofthe econ phase, we may wonder wnt purpose cant seried by thi "The rd phase, Te ental ath ofthe song was st forth in the fi phase. The secnd. phase has Ted ot through ll he scat eats of the powerfl and violent ‘Theil trope pulls the whole opeter iat the exeace of him who i steangs ofall Catan details might 8 con ‘herd and elicited fly. Bo this wold prvise x162 aN IvrRopUeTiON To METAPHYStes 4 mere appendage 1 what hs sey been sd would fo recentate new phsse of cterpretaton. I oo tem ours wh what the poem det 598, he ne pretation is tamed, Actually thas jst mgm. The atl Ierpresion est show what doesnot sadn the words ands nevertheless. To ssconplah ise wage must tee vineace He mus eck te esental wher nothing ‘nor to be found by the sete Inorpetation th brands as uneatie everything tat wanes Unis But ere, where we man sift curves (a lage pou, we can tdci th thd pate ony rom Uy ed point of tw imposed by ou mi tak, and ove Bere te must cone outlet a fe tp. Bes in mind “at he bon si ithe et phase we start fom the Teil of cur explanation of he deal Seopbe iste sand pase, "Thc dinteton of th dino, the sang of the sang, es inthe onic Between ai and ecg. The ranges {eno the oxteme rectincar Inteaeton ofthe strange It special the uniquely sang. The conc between the oncoming prsene ofthe «sent 36 8 whole and ‘a's lon el there creates te posibilty of down fang te ssl and pacts deawer But disaster tthe posi dar do ot GET hly athe end, ‘then angle act ower fal, wes the vile oe ae, 2 fale move; no the dunes B fundamental, govee nd walt inthe cont btwoea lees ad te ore oveting. Violence agtnst the preponderant power ol Ting mt stator aptt being i Blog reins or sine, esp, ab emerging power "Bt i oc of deat can only subsist naar #8 ava nat shar riven int sich Belg here an forced into sacha benguhee, Mule ithe afin ‘we tiatrration OF BEING 163 “ (inthe sia cen) he cant be mali or appeased By sts oF protge, To all isthe vont, ereae man see oly the Mintance of fallinet, and this he dsp. In wing the unprecsdeted, he east aide al help, To him diater {Fite deepest and broadest irmation of the overpower ing Ine sstering ofthe wrought work, in te know ie hat mht snd ora (a dni, fetlwes the overpowering toi oder . But al this not the form of pujelic experiences" in which the ‘Sot de credive man allows, and il es inthe frm pay felings ot infor, bot wholly in terms ofthe ie Setry meslgs ofthe German wor Not” a ee, went si hn en poy, tt ot st eds bese be ar ed ior “NOl” a 8 etic ihe sth fap f Pare. Bu he cy samt sent Posy cas fina) Tpit of dams teoble mtn166 AN inrnopuerion To MBrAPHYSIES accomplishment isl, the puting imosbe work. As the overpowering, being it confinmed in works “Thus the being there ofthe histor through which the being enbodied in the essent ea open, "As such it isan incident as esentally bringing togeter and order fs contending « .." Dike a8 the governing structure be- longs to contending seting-spart. This contending sting, patie abo plyts, which in emerging, cauees he eppoat Ing to shine (10 be present), and accordingly it 6 being (Fragment 23 and 28). Finally, Pamenides hinself is a crit witness t0 the plilbsophical us ofthe wor dik in speaking of being. For him Ditz i 2 goddess. She guards the alteratly closing nd opening kaye to the gates of day and night, to the paths of being (that discos), of appearance (that dis forts) and nothingness (that class). Ths means thatthe ssseatdiclowsisell only insofar as the structure fof being s guarded and preserved. Being as dike is the ey to the essent in is stucture, This meaning of dike follows ‘ueyond « dovbe from the thiety mighy opening verses of Parmenider Giisatie poem that have come dow tos. Tt becomes clear that both tke poetic and the philosophical ‘THE LIMITATION OF BEING 167 siscourse on being name, ie. create and dein, it with the Same word, dite “The other general consideration necessary for the proc cof our assertion i this, It has already been pointed out how in apprehension as accepting antiips- tion eVorsachmang> the essent as such is disclosed and So comes forth from conceslment. Foe the poet, the assalt inst dite i the happening whereby man ceases fat home, In is exile om hose the home i ist di ‘ose x suey, Bur Tiron wth it and only tus, al, the owerpontring,& dsclosed as seh, ‘Through the event i oe of ie eset dies Tis ‘i@losire nconczalment aes plce Bot ibs & nothing Ste than, he happening of th tenia "Yes, be sare, one might answer, Chat te of what the poet says Bit wat we mis in the sober maxim of acmenies the srangnes which we Bave been speak ing *cccordngly it Is icumbent upon ust show this whee though in tr light, Ts we shal do by a detailed iter ptaon Te vance we sy ic shoul ir ost hat ap Frchension < Vernehmung’> ip its bond with being (die) [fgandh violence and ag wolence & need red only in srg in the ease of plemes and eri Ca the course of ths demonstation i further tums out dat [pprebenion i expressly flated 10 the logos and that this TER proves to be the round of bein-human, then our ‘teoron of the innee Kinship between the pilosphical toanim and the por wil have been conned "We stall show thee things sc Approtenson is no mee proces, but a decision, Sa ApBchenion stands in an eseaial Kinship” with Ibeog: The Togs is 2 need fhe Ings the exci foundation of language. AS168 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS sch itis. strugale and the ground on which mans tise whole. — ~ wii Paeee a ees tg gh rik ten Nee a ‘cette eee ei mine ead sees ok ie er sence te sn ee pT Ero Cr aa te et preg sr inn ee fn cea eata eee ore shall we be fortified aga the fallacy that cons ir so ery a ee © be el ton Nba se Se ae ness we cnn 5 i a Sera ae ne we ‘Tip timrrAtiox oF ENG 169 iy a ig ee No dn rt ae ny ae en She: of ice aa a Sr enn or ec ea ae ea SE a ar eaten ree, De ae sat oh ee ete Be rs Oe orth cE ‘Tt remains to be asked why the legein is mentioned before * eta mine oa ey Se ato sow VEPoREG Being (exh): bee "pummel (gah. Pay gue Send ta dese Sin” ee tha Sind CD Se"170 AN neTRODUCTION To METAFHYSICS beginning of Western philosophy i not accomplished by seizing upon any autibutes in the living creature called ‘man’ as opposed to other living exetutes. Being human tsa fom oot of a relation to what asa wo at priced og Dene ee, om te esence of logos a gathering thee follows an extent consequnce fo the share 6 the lee: Be aus legen ab gating thus deine y reed tothe ".oigialfoetheraess of bel, and Pesatze being mans coe iio uncoacealment th gathering Baer Tegdononal hart otopeing making mane. Let thus ene into clear and s¥apoppostiont,concelin and iin “THER diet and unminakably ateed by seas of Heraclius Fragment 93 cays: The rast whe 5 osus at DSi oe lige one rye ets sien positon Big To pth. 80 make mans. nen eokev ence) ere I think we may ask the simple question; whence can he word genet. Rave bane the cing 4e make manifest (or-conceal) in oppolion to conceal, 4€ not on the strength of Hs extental elation to logos fn the sense of phi? The power which emerging shows it sali unconesent Acroringly legen mas Yo Pro. duce the unconceled as such 1 produce the esent it is unconcealnen. That the logos, not only in Heraclitus but sil in Plato, bas the character of déloun, making manfe. Acie characteris the Tegln ofthe logas pop restha 0 bring-to-sbom-ist (8 Sein und Za §8 7 and "Here gatistng ero dic THE LIMITATION OF BEING m eee semanas pete ae eae eer Sere ao oe ee ees teeta eee Soe ease | ee ese inet aerec Sees alate enone!rt poetry. by hich Pe istry nates ‘he molding of its-langaage: The Greeks crested and ex 7 this poetey through Homer. Language was ment fest 10 thelr bein he lection, But we understand 5 logos when beingshere of the Greeks, the In which closed itself to them and in which they bevghe it (0 stand, sabliod it, i the exert, The word, the Aue, restores the emerging seat from Tallman know, an act of sense: the word pre al fe op Teun ig, the, poner tangs the un annest thing ofall. Implled by tolma, daring: man os necessary 0 ev aswell at to the brave and sob. Whe language speaks as volat gathering, ab a curb ‘overpowering, and as safeguarding. then abd then alone will here necessarily be a Braking of bonds ~ and los. Consoquenly language, spol iat the same time ile talk, © conceslment rather than disclosure dpersion, aiorder and. mischief , Now at lat we understand the full content of Panmenides ying Wal “noir” < apprehens incwhie CEng) ill you find (attain) apprehension.” relation tthe logos ‘and makes ap Collected, ms urn away from say, all mouth ing and gltoes. A armenides hms mas & sharp contract exw en, fn 348). The pi . inning of Fag ‘ment 6, which, referting to the fist, indispensable path to says that i i needful pnesel, 10 £00 m the being ofthe esen, Here in Fragment nies gives counsel forthe traveling path, the path into appearance. I leads thovgh th Sic also san Tels the eutoray path7p 1% AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS ‘Therefore the sepient man must vnremitingly put hinselt Seek from thi pa it he ee oc of be fing of the eet a ad let nt caning habit dive yoo somal hs pb, tat fle iad del cas ea veg to "eae In one, the cone of mate -iven by: me “Logarta in thous connection wth rel, te spate = Seheidn in th soe ef decide Eat seheiben> i caletngoward te collctedaesy beng Seldon the foundatce And prot of th pusit of being and the ttle gana Sppenanc. The moaning oki ind To isk ou tos tts mur ler a i thes pos chy oo nepeation of ie a sent far enough to show that Parnes oo spel sential espe of logos. Lop ba need CNS and ininsalyeques sence fo ward lowing 2nd dispersion, Logo 5 ee ppc pss ins dekion les as guering comer the tad of beng hme, “hat shy we were abi say er he Scan don cf mai ence was ccnp fore vy et ee thssayig Tabeaman meant aero one sl to undetake a gating ppicnion of Bg 9 the sieneae-spencincepon a appara Tee otk and 50 amininer “yeaa cones, to preterve CARATS and conceaimesee ‘Thus af the very beginning of Waste philosophy it became evident that the question of being, necess embraces the foundations of beingthere, * ‘This connection between being and being there (and ue uintiTaTion of neINe 175 the coespondingingury nto Ht) ints much 5 ouched ty spitemologeltomblalens ofthe queon, and tl 12s By the spoil ebsvaden tat ry vw of sing is dependent on a view of man. (Am inguty tte being that concerned na onl wth te being Sf te eset but with being tlt nt eteace calls enpiily To «pound ingofbelnghere inthe question of being. Por thi reason fn only for ths reson we have en this pounding the tame of “fundamental ooiogy.” Se Sin nd Zeta trocion) ‘We sy ial his nal dactovire of the exes of being suman war deca, Bt i wat not preserved ad held a ithe great beginning It had an enely diferent conse uence” the dation bh later pine currency inthe ‘West and which remains shaken the dominant opinion {nd attide-of man athe aon anal By way em oastating the gl beween his efinton andthe til di Glonure of mas esece, we ls forte embodying the fegionng and the end; The en! diclows el the formula anthvgpr = ation logon echon an, the animal Sguiped with reason. For the beglaning we improvise a iSrmalawhich atthe sre time sams up our refetons up {0 mis points pyle ogo antrdpon een: being. over powering appeaing, acetates the altering Wieh pe. ‘aks and grounds big-homan “The en to be sre aie vtige of the connection between ges and began, bitte logo hs long since boenettnaed info a acy of understanding and ‘enon The laa tele tsed on the exitence << Vor andesta™> of animals ofa special kind, on the ion Betton th ail ht as ures out best (enopon) uit onthe conta, being uma was illaly rounded in he done othe being the event Inthe pespectine ofthe common pevaling defini.* Sieg caret got a cae orate aa ee ase ay a le el hee sro za ale ed ne ieePepa uaa tie cy pene a Se oesant ni Sig arin Rie ean wea iatcayanctiwen repre tae ie ese el i ar THE LIMITATION oF BEING in ing power, whos exece is og the coltadnts of the condicting-~rinply preserved, ns ee ene exry pessity of appearing of mansion, dosh The Molece Of the sang: of al beings comps ts pr: Sino (och scl inp se ige sgntin {ooverpoer the appearing power by dein al opanes toward to withstand Hy Sey Hs omeiptees the cn wich omnia, n BU or banger such fefwsal of opeuns tov beig mene td reeoure it enemy whch, dt mete tom tag or never eat into beng thee, his SS epreed by Sopot n a chorus rom the tage) of Oedipus th Coto ies 12282 me pra tom hapanta IAs tagon, never to bate entered ino beige P= {alls vers togehees ofthe eset asa whole= ‘Never 10 fave taken ‘beingiere apon enell, me yas sid of man of an who se alee of phy {e Coentalygutered wit Here ps, hyn ar ad in regard to mom’ ein, wile lgos ed Inthe Her cliean sen at he ighing ore ofthe esent as a we ‘Tse poste words eres ie inde rltion of telng there w bung and I esclonure they do 30 by taming hat remota rom Bing, namely noxing tee, Here the svangest and most tre post o Blogster foveal the posblliy of beaing the prpendeant powcr af being by 3 spree at of wolence agua tet. Being-here ha this postibiity aoc ae an empty vei, no, Inara bln there spent for beng thee ut, in every at of voles cater aps eg “Tis foots lke pas. But k woud be wrong f apply is term to Greek eingtere, Not ola the eck weietasely optic but Becase thee tems fave ao ilevancs (0 Greek fe. The Gress were more sie tan ptt ca eve be. Bu they were aoa ae 8 Jor yTRODUCTION To METAPHYSteS ens there preceded optimism and pescimisn. * "ek oftepliai ek me a ee Shae es ‘mysterious 10s. —— sae nd eo al ns being of.the_essent.-Here_begins_the_cofitest_between_ “Ta ceaeaictoy tes. Iatioaln is only the obvi Sor and fave of rationalism ané hence tel a kibé of "ibaiiggs Mtatonalsm isa vay out of rationalism, an Goh does oot Tenino the open but-merely Sistas ws mote rationalism, because gies re to the onan tat we can ovrcoic rationals by eily ing oto Wereashicony ake its machinations he Ibore dangros by hiding the rom ve Tihs lecture we do not propos © describe the interior toy of ts domination of heueh (2s the aio of log) ‘ve the being of the eset. Ase fom the inset ih uly of suc an snderaking, such an account can Bave So Kista! copeny unt we ouelves have awakened {he coe. of independent guestoing from out of, and forte ke ol, ou Own history ins present hou "Neverthe tis ncenay (0 show how the inl spe ration baween logos and pt le tothe seein of the Togon ich became the Maing poet fr the dominion bron. “This secession of the logos whch started logos on way to becoming a cout of Justice over being oscured JrGreck plosophy iselt Tadced, trough about the tnd of Grek philosophy. We sal only maser Grsck ph toophy asthe eainning of Western posit we leo, shderind th teinning a he ben sting. pera wont me th ‘Regina wo muchos that sceoncaled the oa sinning. Batis ging of the end of the great be iningthe philosopiy_ of Pato and_Asbtou, eat enn if we ttlly dicount he gestae: oC eamsequences. Ron we asked: How did this secession ofthe logos, this priority of logos over being, come about? How did the parton between being and thinking enter upos i 6e-sisve form? Here we can only sketch this history in afew bold strokes. We stgt from the end and ask 1, What was the relation between phys and egos at ‘he end of Greek philosophy, in Plto and Aristotle? How was phys understood? Wha fm and function had laos sesumed? 2. How did this end come aboct? What was the actual round of the trinsormation? a, eldon, ide,” eamet0 eminant name for bei ion of igs eas Western hain iy of hea, beng rhe aolie. as-"He"-EndeRpely 0 called, Bot what der rican that phys shout have ten interpreted at ea in Pst a our fis inuoductory characterization of the Greek cxpeince of being, we lied den, ear among ter ‘ame for tf renting the pilsopy op Heel oof ay ether modern thinker, or in Wadyng wedien Scholae cism, we Reguely fu tro te tae ofthe word de for being. Thy i we are 8 maken, is comprehen on the bess of caret ies, But we understand i ely it we str from the Bepiaing of Gree phlomopty, Thea we ean instantly mesure he dstune Between te nee {ion of ting an phys and a ea des es that which i ee i he vale, rs is fs hn heen rd 5, sich is preset ein the ie. nthe appearane, he Sa at hom. Te ape it propery . In the appearance there li uing-out-of-unconcealment, the simple extn, Tn the appearance & dselosed second that which appears ‘Thus the idea constitutes the essent. But here idea and sare used in an extended sense, not only for that be tothe physical eye but for everything that be perceived. What an essent isles in its appearance, can be ps but the appearance presents (makes present) the wht. ‘But, we shall have asked by now, i this interpretation of being as ‘genuinely Greek? Afterall, it arises with undeniable necessity from the experience of being as physis, as emexping power, a appearing, 3s standing inthe light. What does that which appears stow in its appearing182 dx INTRODUCTION TO METAPHYSIES if not is apperincs , the dea? In what way des the Interpretation of beng a dea ier rom he nerpetain a physi? Ite ton ot perc ight in seing Grck philosophy a it bas done for cenunee—in the ight of Plone pilosophy? Far {tom represeaing an opposition tthe beginning, nt to soy a decline, Pos Serpretaton of ting atoll de- ‘elope and sharpens iis beginning and grounds 8 the “neoy of ideas’ Pst is the compicton ofthe begining. “Actaly cannot be dead thatthe interpretation of ting asides els rom the base experience of bing Pyne. Hi, as we sy, 4 Docu conse of the ‘Senco bing emerging Scenes ecg, appear ing rdiane'>. And herein there is 20 Sparta, ot to ‘mein a faliogf, fom the beponing. No, hat fe ve ‘But tthe estentl consequence eexaked 0 the level ofthe esence isl abd takes the place ofthe estas, xt then? Then we havea algo which sms in tar Pros lve strange consgucnces, Ad that i what happened “The cru of the matter not hat phys sould have oon haste at idea but that the ea shoul hae Bese the vole tnd decisive interpretation of being. "Wercan easly appraise the tance between the Wo ix terpeations if we consider the diference betwee the et: ‘Fre we he 0 dfs of ng, Pe hd idea, move, Phys he emerging pone, he and thereinse, ably. den ppenance as what is ec, {25 determination of the stable instar and oly infer a it sacouner sion. But pis as emerging per & by the sme token an appeaig. Except that te sppesing i ambiguous. Appesting means fra: at which gathers ial, whish beige tl tostand ints ogethemess and 0 sande Botseond t means: that which, already standing there, presets a front, a sfc, offers an appearance #9 be loked at. THE LIMITATION OF MEING 183 From the standpoint of spac, the diference between appeating and appearing i his: appcoring inthe frst and authentic sense a bringingitsel/tostand in togetherness ‘anoles spac, which i et congocs; as it stands there, it crates space for itself it prodvees space and everything pertaining to iti is ot copied. Appearing in the second fense emerges from an already tisha spac; iis situated inthe gid measures ofthis spce, and we se i by look ing toward i. The vision makes the thing, Now ths vision becomes decisive, instead of the thing itsell. Appearing in the Bist sense opens up space. Appearing inthe second Sease merely eeumserbes and measures the space that has already teen opened ‘But docs not Parmenidss maxim say: Being and appre- henson-—that whic is en ané the act of seeing—belong together? Yes, to be sare, the thing seen belongs to sexing, but from this it does 0 follow that being-seen alone de- texmines, or could determine, the presence of the thing ‘en, Parmenides’ marim docs not say that being should bbe undemond on the sis of apprehension, Le as some ‘hing merely spprohendeds it sye rather that apprehension ‘Should be considered for the sake of being. Apprehension ‘Should so dseloe the esent as fo petit back its being: ie shoulé consder that the esent presents isef and = oat, But in te iterpretation of being a idea, not only [San esentol consequence twisted into an eseace but the fasisation i once again misinterpreted. Aad this too 0 curred in the course of Grock experience and interpreta- "The ides, asthe appearance of the eset, came 10 cone site is what. Thereby the whaines, the "essvee,” Le the conoept of extence, also became ambiguous ‘an eeent arent ibelf, has authority, i summons sad brags into being whatever pertains 10 1, including precely contet AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS ©, an estent ast tl this and that as tis wat deseminatenes We have shown bey how i the course ofthe change from phys to Hea, et estn(quiy, vhatnes) emerge ad the ho estin (quad, te-nes)* came to te dtngvsbel fom i Weve th inated the on een and extent. Here weal ot go i ore Glsely (The queton fs ced in an unpubl le tore dered inthe Sune Senetr of 1927) Buta soon athe exence of being reid whates Cen, whats, she bng of he exe, becomes hat ‘ich i moa being nn ees Becomes the ata tse, ons on Being sea exalted, becomes oe ‘ming ile cng ie, prevouly daminany, i depale to what Pato cath mi om wha ely shuld ot be and tally tnt, beac inthe reaiaton i aways dlorms the Wea the ere appearance, by incorporating iin mater ‘The ides 0 becomes paradelgna, x model A he sae fine, the sea seer Somes a el. The py fctualy "hot, tr meey paraka of Being, bt imethes, The chrsmoy, be let, Bas opened between {heen a what realy ithe prota aad achetype, aad ‘what actually i ot, the copy and mage om ihe sain of te Wes, appeatog now takes on s new mening, Wist 3ppeit-—the phesmenon —i > lager pet, the energy power, aor thes ‘anientaton ofthe appearance; =ppearing is now the emergence ofthe Sop. Siace the copy never equal Ke es what appears is mere apenrance atl an som 2 deiency. Now the on becomes tine om the phunomenom. Abd ts development ings with si tober ial comoqunce,Besate tte acta repstony a bein the lena is the preety, all Galore ee ht omalg THE LIMITATION OF BEING 185 of being must aim at assintion tothe mael, accommo hoo Hen, The tuh of phys leet asthe ene like the animal; it ean onl di Astoria ‘But what happened, what most have happened to sing Grech philosophy to this incipient end, to this transforma tion of ps and logos? Ts fakes ust the second ques “Ad 2. In the change we bave described, two factors must be noted, 2, Te begins inthe very etence of pss and fogos, oF more precisely in a consequence of tis esence: what p- fas Gini chining forty Ie seesing) shows an aspect; ‘ina a boem said eis forthwith Sato the realm of talk nd statement. Thus the change does no come {rom out Ste but tom “within” But what does “within” mean here? The uesion doesnot reside in psi for Isl and logos for idett We see from Parmenies thatthe two are ‘Seeniatly connected. Ths relation between them is the ontning and governing ground of ther esence, “thir ‘part an core eventhough the grou of the reliton i fells primarily and actually contained in the essence of phys ut what the naare of ths relation? Tas we at se by sesing a second factor inthe change under Alsou, In each case 2 consequence of the change is that,190 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS eS ean eet ene alert Fre i ay me ne ssh ctech ptt el eae Sioepalyreaitraeiepaerpramaee: 4st Shandy thar could only. be PanghCoeneem Alan Na Ship whichsitell hada ‘character of alan mada felt Yet a last glimmer = al enence ST alee War Pe SEGeH. (The aleady-there necesarily comes forwan iS ‘unconcealent, and just a nevesaily the statement that represents It advances into the same uncon- ealmeat.) But the remaining semblance of aléhela no Tonge has sufcient sustaining power or tension to be the more tleepy than ever from its souree And it only by repetitive thinking of being and the gresnes ofits beginning are no object of a merely bisrial observation, fxplanaton, and evaluation. This does not preclude but father requires thatthe historical course ofthis ellapse be {far as posible elucidated, Here In this lecture a singe decisive Indication must sfc. ‘We know from Heraclitus and Parmenides thatthe uncon czalmeat of being i not simpy given. Unconcealment o- ‘hts only wie tis achieved byork the Work of he word SZ pocty fe ork of sone in empl and ae, The work or le weet tng ne of he poles the ‘Sl pice vhih al is F grounded and pesened. ln Sainee Wi win has teen sid atv "Wo" 10 SStnen ete inte Gresko of ergo, the ceaon Sat ung Us washer Unetorenbe er Shea cesomatiag tat present) The Se ywr Ax meraopuerion TO METAPHYSICS the unconcealment ofthe extent and hence for being itself inthe work, this suugele for enconcesinest, which even in self is continuous cont, is atthe same time a combat against concealment, disguise, fale appearance. “Appearance, daxa, snot something beside being and un- concealment: if belong to unconeealment. But doxe is islt ambiguous. IL means the view which somedhing presents fief and af tie aime Teievlew-thal-men-ave, ‘Balagthere dais Fae in these views, They are sad and pbc on TH ona ki a logs. The prevaing ‘iBWS Ht Block men's view ofthe essent. Tho essent is dee prived of the possibility of appearing spontaneously and Turing toward apprehension, The view that ssvally tors towand a distorted into an opinion . The rl of opinions perverts and distor theese. ison something" prendesha. Th 5 gfe tat winter 4 Contestant wins oc loses he becomes dependent om bis 93 ‘erny, Boca the ate agai utrth sa bate agaist. the prado, the tale for the uth become rom the aadpoin of the combaledpeudas—a. bate for te epreuer, the uadtone, anpereed With this he oil experience of truth as uncon seen i endargeed. For the Undiortd ie only shoved It apprsnson and compretensca are tamed, without distortion, seught toward the een, bo this means that they are esed cic ian > by The way © UU fonts ies open ‘Tac atlomationo¢anconcalment by way of ior von fo whdstonion and ene to, correcta mute een il the wasormation, ofp to, es, ot Togos i 6 Togo sterst_On te asso all Ms, ‘Tne LimrrATioN oF BEING 193 the deine nterprgatin of being. sa Gated inthe Word ou nom engages i Tess tts lathe sere esac, ‘ay tenes, Wa acta ne corde) "airs tal ord SEER cu on Pernentyprowsts what ve Beare irconpeksaing an. prodelng, the SRG ie ee Prmanialy poate A 0 Weiter teen srr lore, Hyp ‘inenae ieee om: te vandpoit_of pn, See sie a easter the pote, Te Ethession Son ofthe bring ofthe ent comes fo artis al comprehension ad semen othe ese SPotypotsimenn the eine f the sbsequen a Tepes of the soar objet. Appreension, noe SEEcn oer hy ts logo nthe ses of statement. Ths {Eheomes the apictsion whieh in determing so ares ene thinks throug , it iin a sense an xen (On), fad a such demand intra a determination of tng ie one ain ae vi. Aes oP te He eas, the supreme ies, be Ua tou aero, he Ke othe god, i Here the “goo” docs not mean the moraly proper but the valiant cls Wackere>, which sccomplates tn can lccomplsh what appropriate, The agothon i he stand- ard as such, what fst endows being withthe power to become & prototype, The besower of sich power is the at poteney. But sofa a the sas consti THE LisGTaTION OF BEING 197 ‘being, sia, the dea fw apathou, the supreme idea, stands petcina ts cuss, beyond beng. Thus being itself, not as Such but ar ide, comes ino opposition to someting ober, Gewicht ir dependent-THesuprene 1a has ‘come the model of the mode ‘No daborste discussions aze pow needed to show that in tis difereiaton, a ithe ots what set apatt emcee su PEs a ing om See aioe oe OES He expe he TORE any an Pecos nated a Wen TTA to SEES pom ealing Copano bag War by 20 ti Somme ony soe ae eg Aang at Seige ye Baluops nga Eira pae ihc nly tse the carnal on oc be saan betcen beng and the oop ot What ataay th same is Bstorea pining We sal 9" $0 acti oor ofits developmen and tansormatons WWE who make oly one eset) poit In conection Mi"WT ue Getrmintins of sing 20 tines SEE Monona, we most br oe hing i mid SATS nly psy the power bat emerges and Giscloses, it discloses itself as eidos and ideo. This interpre. ‘esc ree esha ocevea-pomadly- on ple "SETS eta he ought oppo to being ssn sq betag defines Tell ge Misa. Wilh this definition, thooght Eibe logos of tatement (dalegeshat) assumes cra fois This i isin the moderm era, when this very same Thowght becomes dorsinaat in the form of selsuicint {eoson, that the dstincion between being and the ovght fray comes into its own, The procests completed in Kant ‘For Kant the sstent i naire, ett hich canbe. de ‘mined is determined ia mathematical-physeal think198 AN INTRODUCTION To METAPHYSICS ing, To nature is opposed te categorical imperative, ao dstrmined by reason and as renon, Ta flaing 10 he sor event itive nator Kant ells i np. the Ought . Fle prceedd to make the oppison beineen being and the ought the express founation of Bis system To the core ofthe nneeeth century the pony sed 10 the excnt inthe Kantian sense-ie epieal World ofthe sclnces which now fk in he hii and onomle sciences, ‘This predominance of the esent eh angered. tbe ouph je lear MMe and cision, ‘Toe ought was camped wo bleep claim by sing is grosd inlet The moral lim - ta fo present evn junestion.OBigulen tbe ou could emanate ony fro something Shishi el aed nal cla whieh had a ue value, which ws tia vue, Tels as uch bow RTE Ee ‘i of oral Ub oop -BOCSTEE else a op posed 10 the being of the-essnt in the sence of HCE, They these canoe, Ter! Teeaee and have alii. The valet Rene he ced sett Toe aD ‘alm one eure Le of aod the Hot (Soe regarded ava real ioe ‘Spits conesTea baig as Hea. The HG was a prototype and atch atthe mrasre, What seems moe plac than eae Pla ew in hess of ae anda prc thet ofthe en fom the dpa of vac? “Ie ves have wy, But vaiday Bs too sug geste of what brid fora sajo. Exava, te ‘ght was agua iy need of elssing ap Tes eat $ Bip ac atcDa fo te airs nce a one {Hs beng men ee mts aor loa a he greence eiumolinedicciice: taugh at ms wigs aad dys sensoteiaizant ute Wine eager ae pki of conn a epoednes aes ‘Sige the tm “vale™ was Gradually begining to look THE Limitation oF BEING 199 wom, paticularly as Halo played a patt in eoonomle i te a wee now eel “aT Cae ‘eeu Bat pis tm ont he Teter had chang, (Gough ic cue at fo ell em Tolls Brings out thet fac ehaater a have, Tequacir But esse a mao PEEP OTE MOTT Car an the 29 “egadebrnhingnese TE THERE appETET STAT pat ‘fe pecrlbiblogaphy en the coneep of valve Ini 66 ties ae sted, Ne coupe te umber has meses ten to one thound. All hee works call Semsives pi Tbnphy. The works ht a being pele stout nowadays 1 te pesophy of National Soa but have ming Shute odo oy te fer trth and grein of ti Tnovement (namely te encounter betwen global ec tology and toders man)—have all bien writen by men fanny inthe outled mater of "alee and “oan” Hewson te ies of value ingrained ivan the nineceth cenny cin be seen from fhe fot that efen Nicusche, ad preiely he, never departed fom ths pe {peste The subtle of his projsted magnum opus, “The Witt Powcx is “An Atenp fo Re-cravate Al Value.” “Tue tird book sealed: "Am Attempe to Exablish New “Vver His eoanglemeat in the thicket ofthe Sc of ites his Tale to understand ke quesonable origin, rte reason wy Nicasche Gi nt atl othe tro cee te plsopy. Even i a fare plloroper should reach thi centre ofthe posent dy can ony work toward ieee wil ov ecape entanglement, bt wil tea dir: ti enanglament No one eat jump over his ova shadow. su We have inquired our way though the our distinctions: being and becoming, being ad appearance, being an chink ing, being andthe ought. At the Beginning of out discusion