Novel Fibres For The 21st Century

312 Nova vlakna za 21.
stoletje
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Nova vlakna za 21. stoletje

Novel Fibres for the 21st Century*
Povzetek
Članek obravnava najvidnejše razvojne dosežke "CTUSBDU

na področju vlaken v zadnjih nekaj letih: na-
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Poissonovim številom, Corterra, Sorona, Secu-
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Vodilni avtor/corresponding author:
dr. Tatjana Rijavec 5IF QBQFS XBT ñSTU QVCMJTIFE JO5FLTUJMFD JO UIF 4MPWFOJBO MBOHVBHF JO WPM
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Tekstilec, 2009, letn. 52, št. 10–12, str. 312–327

Nova vlakna za 21. stoletje 313
bio-engineering materials
opto-electrical materials DNK recombination

chemistry and materials biology
(new structures (accomodation
of different materials) to environment changes)
polycatalysis fibres
of unimaginated genomics
possibilities
nanotechnology
cell biology
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tm
lat
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combined methods
at
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information science
er
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ial
(most favorable paths)
bi
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intelligent modelling
structure – property
modelling, simulation information
data acquirement
Figure 1: Interdisciplinarity of science will enable development of new fibres
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314 Nova vlakna za 21. stoletje
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FT BSUJĕDJBM MJHBNFOUT BOE TJOFXT #JP4UFFM®. FOE PG UIF T "MUIPVHI UIF QPMZNFS XBT TZOUIF-
QSPEVDUT
*UJTFTUJNBUFEUIBU#JP4UFFM® sutures will TJ[FE BOE QBUFOUFE BMSFBEZ JO JUT QSPEVDUJPO
JNQSPWF TVSHJDBM TFXJOH CZ QSPEVDJOH TBGFS TFBNT XBT OPU QPTTJCMF EVF UP FYQFOTJWF QSPQBOFEJ-
than those currently produced by using silk, polya- PM UIFCBTJDSBXNBUFSJBMGPS155"UUIFFOEPGUIF
NJEF PS QPMZQSPQZMFOF TVUVSFT CVU TUJMM TUSPOH T4IFMM$IFNJDBMTEFWFMPQFEUIFNFUIPEGPSQSF-
FOPVHI BOECZNJOJNJ[JOHXPVOETDBST QBSJOH RVBMJUBUJWF QSPQBOFEJPM CZ DPOUJOVPVT
'PS UFDIOJDBM BQQMJDBUJPOT #JP4UFFM® ĕCSFT NVTU CF IZESPGPSNJMBUJPO PG FUIZMFOF PYJEF ćF QSPDFTT JT
additionally protected in order to preserve their BDDPNQMJTIFE CZ UIF USFBUNFOU XJUI IJHI QSFTTVSF
QSPQFSUJFTGPSBTMPOHQFSJPEPGUJNFBTQPTTJCMF'PS BOEBUIJHIUFNQFSBUVSFJOBCMFOEPGFUIZMFOFPY-
UIJTQVSQPTFUIFĕCSFTXJMMCFFNCFEEFEJOUPQSPQ- JEF IZESPHFOBOEDBSCPONPOPYJEFJOTPMWFOUćF
FSNBUSJYFTUIBUXJMMQSPUFDUUIFNGSPNVOEFTJSBCMF JOUFSNFEJBUF QSPEVDU IZESPYZQSPQBOPM JT DPO-
FOWJSPONFOUBMJNQBDUT#JDPNQPOFOUĕCSFTDPOTJTU- WFSUFEJOUP QSPQBOFEJPM #JP1%0
XIJDIHJWFT
JOHPGB#JP4UFFM®DPSFBOEQSPUFDUJWFYZMBODPBUJOH UIFQPMZUSJNFUIZMFOFUFSFQIUIBMBUFQPMZNFSEVSJOH
GPSNBOVGBDUVSFPGĕTIOFUTBSFVOEFSEFWFMPQNFOU QPMZDPOEFOTBUJPOXJUIQVSFUFSQIUIBMJDBDJE 'JHVSF
*UJTFYQFDUFEUIBU#JP4UFFM®ĕCSFT EVFUPCFJOHFY-
1PMZNFS DPOUBJOT BMTP o PG MPX NPMFDV-
USFNFMZ UPVHI XJMM CF BMTP VTFE GPS UIF NBOVGBD- MBSPMJHPNFSTBNPOHXIJDIUIFDPOUFOUPGOPOWPM-
UVSFPGCVMMFUQSPPGWFTUTGPSNJMJUBSZQVSQPTFT BUJMF DZDMJD EJNNFS JT UIF IJHIFTU 4IFMM $IFNJDBMT
JTDVSSFOUMZQSPEVDJOH155QPMZNFSBOE155ĕCSFT
VOEFSUIFUSBEFNBSLOBNF$PSUFSSB'JCSFTBSFFY-
USVEFEGSPN$PSUFSSBQPMZNFSCZNFMUQSPDFTTJOH
Figure 10: A polycondensation reaction for synthe sis

polyester from terephthalic acid and diol:
Diol: x = 2 /ethylenediol/, x = 3 /1,3-propanediol/, x
= 4 /1,4-butanediol/
Polyester: x = 2 /polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or
2GT/, x = 3 /polythreemethyleneterephthalate (PTT)
or 3GT/, x = 4 /polybuthyleneterephthalate (PBT) or
4GT.
$IFNJDBMSFTJTUBODFPG$PSUFSSBĕCSFTJTTJNJMBSUP
UIBUPGQPMZFTUFSĕCSFTNBEFPGQPMZFUIZMFOFUFSFQI-
UIBMBUFćFZBSFEZFEXJUIEJTQFSTFEZFTUVČTXJUI-
PVUDBSSJFST4PNFQSPQFSUJFTBSFQSFTFOUFEJO5BCMF
< >
$PSUFSSB ĕCSFT BSF QSPEVDFE BT 10: ZBSOT DPN-
NFSDJBMMZ BWBJMBCMF BSF TNPPUI UFYUVSFE IJHIMZ
Figure 9: Natural spider silk properties in comparison TUSPOHĕMBNFOUZBSOTBOETQJOOJOHNBUFSJBMTćFZ
to fibres BioSteel® BSFVTFEGPSUIFNBOVGBDUVSFPGTQPSUTXFBSBOESFD-

SFBUJPOBM DMPUIJOH DBSQFUT OPOXPWFOT GPS VQIPM- NFUIPEPGDPSOTUBSDIGFSNFOUBUJPO TJNJMBSUPXJO-

TUFSZPGGVSOJUVSFBOEDBST1SPEVDUTNBEFPG$PS- FNBLJOH 'JHVSF
%V1POUIBTEFWFMPQFEUIFCJ-
UFSSB ĕCSFT BSF EJTUJOHVJTIFE GPS UIFJS FBTZ DBSF PTZOUIFTJTPG QSPQBOFEJPMJOBMPOHDPPQFSBUJPO
IJHI TUSFUDI TPęOFTT QMFBTBOU UPVDI BOE CSJMMJBOU XJUI(FOFODPS*OUFSOBUJPOBM"NPOPNFSIBTCFFO
DPMPVST ćFZ DPNCJOF HPPE QSPQFSUJFT PG 1" ĕ- QSPUFDUFE VOEFS UIF USBEFNBSL OBNF #JP1%05.
CSFT HPPEFMBTUJDSFDPWFSZ TJNJMBSCVSOJOHCFIBW-
JPVS
BOE 1&5 ĕCSFT TJNJMBS DIFNJDBM SFTJTUBODF

ćFJS HPPE FMBTUJD QSPQFSUJFT NBLF $PSUFSSB ĕ-
CSFTTVJUBCMFGPSUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGDPSFTQVOZBSOT
XIFSFUIFZDPNQFUFXJUIFMBTUBOFZBSOT -ZDSB
CF-
DBVTF UIFZ EFWFMPQ FMBTUJDJUZ BU IJHI UFNQFSBUVSFT
FHEVSJOHEZFJOH
%V1POU JT DVSSFOUMZ EFWFMPQJOH B 155 QPMZNFS
BOE ĕCSFT VOEFS UIF USBEFNBSL OBNF 4PSPOB *O
JU TUBSUFE UP DMPTF UIF QSPEVDUJPO PG QSP-
QBOFEJPM (5
CBTFE PO QFUSPDIFNJDBM SBX NB-
UFSJBMT OBQIUIB
BOE JO JU TUBSUFE UP NBSLFU Figure 11: Biochemical synthesis of 1,3 propanediol -
QSPQBOFEJPM QSPEVDFE CZ VTJOH B CJPDIFNJDBM Bio-PDOTM
Table 1: Comparison of properties of fibres from different polyester polymers: PET, PBT, PTT in bicomponent
elasterell-p (elastomultiester) fibres.
1SPQFSUZ 155 1&5 1#5 5

%FOTJUZPGĕCSFT HDN

%FOTJUZPGBNPSQIJDSFHJPOT HDN

%FOTJUZPGDISZTUBMMJDSFHJPOT HDN

(MBTTUSBOTJUJPOUFNQFSBUVSF o$
o
.FMUJOHQPJOUGSPN%4$ o$
o o o
5FNQFSBUVSFPGUIFSNPĕYBUJPO o$
o o o
%ZFJOHUFNQFSBUVSF o$
o o
4QFDUFOTJMFCSFBLJOHTUSFTT D/EUFY

#SFBLJOHFMPOHBUJPO

&MBTUJDFMPOHBUJPO
o
.PEVMVTPGFMBTUJDJUZ D/EUFY

:BSODSJNQFYUFOTJPO

$SJNQGPSN irregular irregular irregular regular, spiral
:BSOMJWFMJOFTT twisting twisting twisting stil
FMPOHBUJPOBęFSEFDSJNQJOH
%FDSJNQJOHXBTNFBTVSFECZ"45.%NFUIPETLFJOPGMJOFBSEFOTJUZEFOXBTĕSTUUSFBUFEBUCPJMJOHUPEFWFMPQDSJNQT
"ęFSUIBUBMJOFBSEFOTJUZXBTNFBTVSFEBUMPBEPGH -
"ęFSDZDMJDMPBEJOHPGTLFJOUJNFTVQUPNBTT UIBUDBVTFEEF-
DSJNQJOH VQUPH
UIFMFOHUIPGZBSOXBTNFBTVSFEBHBJO -
$SJNQOFTT -o-
-


#JPDIFNJDBM TZOUIFTJT JOWPMWFT UIF VTF PG NJDSP- NPEVMVT o (1B "U UIF FMPOHBUJPO UIFJS
PSHBOJTNT XIPTF FO[ZNFT DPOWFSU UIF DPSOTUBSDI FMBTUJDSFDPWFSZJTćFJSDPOUSBDUJPOJOCPJMJOH
JOUP QSPQBOFEJPM *O UIBU DBTF UIF SBX NBUFSJ- XBUFSJTo BCTPSQUJPOPGBJSNPJTUVSFJTBCPVU
BMGPSUIFTZOUIFTJTPG155JTOBUVSBM SFOFXBCMFBOE ćFNFMUJOHQPJOUPG1-"ĕCSFTJTo¡$
OPNPSFEFQFOEFOUPOOBQIUIB<> BOEUIFHMBTTUSBOTJUJPOUFNQFSBUVSF¡$ćFEFO-
*O .BSDI 'FEFSBM 5SBEF $PNNJTJPO 64"
TJUZPGĕCSFTJToHDNo and their weight is
BQQSPWFEBOFXDMBTTPGĕCSFTXJUIBHFOFSJDOBNF MPXFSUIBOUIBUPG1&41&5ĕCSFT
USJFYUB ĕCSFT UIBU BSF NBEF GSPN 155 QPMZNFS
XIJDICBTFPO#*01%0
*OUFMMJHFOUñCSFT
3.4 Polylactide fibres (PLA)
1PMZMBDUJD BDJE JT B OBUVSBM CJPEFHSBEBCMF PSHBOJD *OUFMMJHFOUPSTNBSUĕCSFTBSFUIFĕCSFTNBEFPGTQF-
TVCTUBODF XIJDIJTIBSCPVSFEJOUIFCPEJFTPGBO- DJBM TUJNVMJTFOTJUJWFQPMZNFSTPSOBOPDBQTVMFTUIBU
JNBMT QMBOUT BOE NJDSPCFT 1PMZMBDUJD BDJE BT TVDI SFBDU UP UIF FOWJSPONFOU CZ DIBOHJOH UIFJS NJDSP-
DBOOPUCFGPVOEJOUIFOBUVSFCVUTIPVMECFJOEVT- TUSVDUVSF BOE QSPQFSUJFT ćFZ SFBDU UP UIF DIBOHFT
USJBMMZQSFQBSFECZMBDUJDBDJEQPMZNFSJTBUJPO-BD- PG UFNQFSBUVSF NFDIBOJDBM GPSDF MJHIU DPODFOUSB-
UJD BDJE VTFE GPS UIF TZOUIFTJT PG QPMZMBDUJD BDJE JT UJPO PG FMFDUSPMZUFT BOE Q) BT XFMM BT UP UIF DIBOH-
EFSJWFEGSPNHFOFUJDBMMZBMUFSFEDPSOHSBJOT 'JHVSF FTPGUIFFMFDUSJDBOENBHOFUJDĕFME*OUFMMJHFOUĕCSFT

1-"JTBUIFSNPQMBTUJDQPMZNFSXJUIUIFNFMU- IFMQSFHVMBUFCPEZUFNQFSBUVSFPSQSPWJEFJOWJTJCJMJUZ
JOHQPJOUBUBCPVU¡$*UJTQSPEVDFECZ$BSHJMM UP*3EFUFDUJPO QSFWFOUTUBJOJOHPGQSPEVDUT JOEVDF
%PX --$ /BUVSF 8PSLT¥
.JUTVJ 5PBUTV $IFNJ- TFMGDMFBOJOH QSPQFSUJFT FH ĘPPS DPWFSJOHT
QSF-
DBM -BDFB¥
4IJNBE[V $IFNJDBM -BDUZ¥
6OJUJLB WFOUPEPVSBCTPSQUJPO QSPWJEFTBGFUZ FHEVSJOHDBS
5FSSBNBD¥
ESJWJOH
QSPWJEFBOUJCBMMJTUJDQSPUFDUJPO UIFZBSFCJ-
PMPHJDBMMZBDUJWF CJPBDUJWF
FMFDUSPDPOEVDUJWF FUD
*OUFMMJHFOUĕCSFTBSFNPTUGSFRVFOUMZNBOVGBDUVSFE
CZDPBUJOHĕCSFTXJUIQPMZNFSTTFOTJUJWFUPFYUFSOBM
TUJNVMJPSCZFNCFEEJOHTVDIQPMZNFSTJOUPĕCSFT
CZVTJOHUIFQMBTNBQSPDFTT
4.1 Fibres with PCMs

(Phase Change Materials)
.PTUEFWFMPQFEQPMZNFST XIJDISFDPHOJ[FUIFFO-
Figure 12: A synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) WJSPONFOUBMDPOEJUJPOT BSFTFOTJUJWFUPUIFDIBOHF
PG UFNQFSBUVSF "U B DFSUBJO UFNQFSBUVSF UIFZ VO-
$BSHJMM %PX --$ QBUFOUFE UIF QSPEVDUJPO PG ĕ- EFSHPUIFQSPDFTTPGQIBTFDIBOHFBOEBSFUIFSFGPSF
CSFT GSPN 1-" QPMZNFS JO VOEFS UIF USBEF- DMBTTJĕFEBT1$.TPS1IBTF$IBOHF.BUFSJBMTćF
NBSL OBNF *OHFP5. <> ćF ĕCSFT BSF DVSSFOUMZ QPUFOUJBMTPGUIFĕCSFTDPOUBJOJOH1$.TBSFJOUIF
QSPEVDFE CZ UIF +BQBOFTF DPNQBOZ 5PSBZ BOE UIF ĕFMEPGQSPUFDUJPOBHBJOTUDPMEBOEIFBU TQPSUTXFBS
"NFSJDBO DPNQBOZ 'JCFS *OOPWBUJPO 5FDIOPMPHZ NFEJDBMBOEIZHJFOJDQSPEVDUTćF1$.TUFDIOPM-
*OD '*5
,BOFCPJTQSPEVDJOH1-"ĕCSFTVOEFS ogy has been developed and patent protected by
UIFUSBEFNBSLOBNF-BDUSPO¥<> /"4"ćFVTFPG1$.TJOĕCSFTXBTUFTUFEGPSUIF
ćF ĕCSFT BSF QSPEVDFE CZ VTJOH UIF DPOWFOUJPOBM ĕSTUUJNFJO
NFMUTQJOOJOHNFUIPEćFZIBWFSPVOEPSQSPĕMFE 1$.T IBWF TVQFSJPS DBQBDJUZ UP BCTPSC MBUFOU IFBU
USJMPCBM
DSPTTTFDUJPO BOEIJHIUPNFEJVNMVTUSF UIBO ĕCSFT ćF DBQBDJUZ PG QBSBďO 1$.T UP BC-
ćFQSPEVDUJPOJODMVEFTBMTPCJDPNQPOFOUĕCSFTPG TPSC MBUFOU IFBU JT BCPVU L+LH XJUIPVU DIBOH-
UIF TIFBUIDPSF UZQF DPNQPTFE PG TZOUIFUJD QPMZ- JOHUIFJSUFNQFSBUVSF XIFSFBTUIFUFNQFSBUVSFPG
NFSBOE1-" LH PG TUBOEBSE ĕCSFT SJTFT GPS EFHSFF XIFO POMZ
1IZTJDBMQSPQFSUJFTPG1-"ĕCSFTBSFTJNJMBSUPUIPTF L+PGMBUFOUIFBUJTBCTPSCFE8JUIUIFBCTPSQUJPO
PG1"BOE1&4ĕCSFTćFJSUFOTJMFTUSFOHUIJTo PG IFBU JOUFSNPMFDVMBS MJOLT JO 1$.T CSFBL BOE
D/UFY FMPOHBUJPO BU CSFBL o :PVOHT 1$.TDPOWFSUJOUPMJRVJETUBUF

1$.T IFMQ UP SFHVMBUF CPEZ UFNQFSBUVSF CZ EZ- EVDFECZUIFDIBOHFPGUFNQFSBUVSF"UBDFSUBJO

OBNJD TUPSJOH BOE SFMFBTJOH IFBU XJUIJO UIF TLJO CBMBODF UFNQFSBUVSF UIF QPMZNFS BCTPSCT XBUFS
UFNQFSBUVSFSBOHF JFGSPNUP¡$ UISPVHIUIF GSPN UIF FOWJSPONFOU BOE TXFMMT TVCTUBOUJBM-
DIBOHFTPGUIFJSBHHSFHBUFTUBUFGSPNTPMJEUPMJRVJE MZ DPOWFSUT UP HFM BOE JODSFBTFT JUT EJNFOTJPOT
QIBTFBOESFWFSTFMZGSPNMJRVJEUPTPMJEQIBTF8F 8IFO UIF UFNQFSBUVSF SJTFT HFM EJTDIBSHFT XB-
TQFBL BCPVU WBSJPVT QBSBďO XBYFT MJDPTBOF PDUB- UFSBOETISJOLT
EFLBOF IFQUBEFDBOF IFYBEFDBOF<>'JCSFT UFY- – *POJD QPMZDBSCPYZM QPMZNFST 1""
XJUI CPVOE
UJMF NBUFSJBMT BOE GPBNT XJUI FNCFEEFE 1$.T XFBLDBSCPYZMHSPVQTTFOTJUJWFUPQ)FMFDUSPMZUFT
TUPSFUIFSFMFBTFECPEZUFNQFSBUVSFBOESFUVSOJUUP BSFBMTPDMBTTJĕFEBT4.1T8IFOQ)WBMVFJTSF-
the body as soon as the body needs it in depend- EVDFE DBSCPYZM HSPVQT MPTF UIFJS DIBSHF CJOE
FODFPGJUTQIZTJDBMBDUJWJUZPSPVUEPPSUFNQFSBUVSF IZESPHFO QSPUPO
3FQVMTJPO CFUXFFO QPMZNFST
TP UIBU UIF CPEZ LFFQT DPOTUBOU CPEZ UFNQFSBUVSF CFDPNFTMFTTJOUFOTJWFXIJDIMFBETUPTISJOLBHF
BMMUIFUJNFćFPOMZĕCSFTXJUIFNCFEEFE1$.T PGHFM DPMMBQTF
"EEJUJPOPGTBMUUPUIFHFMNBLFT
XIJDIBSFDPNNFSDJBMMZBWBJMBCMF BSF1"/BOE1&4 UIF FČFDUJWF EJTUBODF PG SFQVMTJWF GPSDFT BDUJWJ-
ĕCSFT(BUFXBZ5FDIOPMPHJFT*ODIBTQSPUFDUFEUIF UZTIPSUFSUIFDPOTFRVFODFPGXIJDIJTBHBJOUIF
1$.T UFDIOPMPHZ *O NPTU DBTFT 1$.T BSF TQSFBE TISJOLBHFPGHFM DPMMBQTF

PWFSUIFTVSGBDFPGĕCSFT UIFQSPUFDUFEUSBEFNBSL #Z VTJOH UIF FYJTUJOH UFDIOPMPHZ 4.1T BSF TQSFBE
OBNF0VUMBTU
'JHVSF
PWFS UIF TVSGBDF PG ĕCSFT BT B ĕMN XIJDI TIPVME
OPUCFEBNBHFEJGXFXBOUUPBDIJFWFHPPESFWFST-
JCJMJUZ
– ćJSEHFOFSBUJPOPGEFWFMPQFE4.1TBSFQPMZFUI-
ZMFOFHMZDPMT 1&(
XIJDI BQQFBS JO B SVCCFS
MJLF TUBUF BOE OFWFS DSZTUBMMJ[F BCVOEBOUMZ 6O-
MJLF1/*1""NBOE1""QPMZNFST 1&(TBSF BT
B SFTVMU PG UIFJS FMBTUJDJUZ DBQBCMF PG XJUITUBOE-
JOHUFOTJPOTEVSJOHTXFMMJOHXJUIPVUBOZSJTLPG
TVSGBDFDSBDLT1&(TBQQMJFEPODPUUPO QPMZFTUFS
PSPUIFSĕCSFTQSPWJEFBEBQUBUJPOUPBQSFEFĕOFE
UFNQFSBUVSF BOE SFWFSTJCMF DPOUSBDUJPO PG ĕCSFT
PSUFYUJMFT
ćF VTF PG 4.1 NBUFSJBMT GPS DPOUSPMMFE EFMJWFSZ
Figure 13: A cross-section of a textile phase change PGESVHT GPPE QFSGVNFTBOEIFSCJDJEFT GPSNFEJ-
material (PCM) with a layer of Outlast in the middle DBMBOEIZHJFOJDUFYUJMFT TVDIBTCBCZEJBQFST IFBM-
JOH VOEFSXFBS XIJDI IFMQT IFBM XPVOET DPN-
4.2 Shape Memory Fibres pression dressings, plasters, incontinence diapers,
1PMZNFST XIJDIDIBOHFUIFJSTIBQFJOSFTQPOTFUP TBOJUBSZUPXFMT TPDLT BHSPUFYUJMFT FUDJTVOEFSJO-
FYUFSOBMTUJNVMJ UFNQFSBUVSF Q) FUD
BSFJEFOUJ- WFTUJHBUJPO "U DPOUBDU XJUI MJRVJET XBUFS CMPPE
ĕFEBT4.1T 4IBQF.FNPSZ1PMZNFST
FUD
4.1TTISJOL FH4.1NBUFSJBMTVTFEBTDPN-
– %JNFOTJPOBMDIBOHFTPGTPNF4.1T TVDIBTQP- pression dressings shrink at contact with blood and
MZ/JTPQSPQZMBDSZMBNJEFT 1/*1""N
BSF JO- CMFFEJOHTUPQT<>
Figure 14: Intelligent fibres Securus for saftey belts and a blockcopolymer PET-PCL

*UJTFYQFDUFEUIBU4.1ĕCSFTXJMMCFVTFEGPSDMPUI- QBOUTDIFTUBOEBMTPPOUIFIFBEPGTNBMMFSQFSTPOT
ing which will not need ironing as they will revert, BOEDIJMESFO
BUUIFQSFQSPHSBNNFEUFNQFSBUVSF UPUIFJSJOJUJBM
TIBQF BOE EJNFOTJPO BęFS IBWJOH CFFO TUSFUDIFE 4.3 Fibres sensitive to UV rays (chromic
BOE TVCKFDUFE UP EFGPSNBUJPOT ćF DPNQBOZ &V- materials) and to X-rays
SPQFBO4QBDF"HFODZIBTEFWFMPQFEBTIJSU XIJDI ćFHSPVQPGDPMPVSBDUJWFJOUFMMJHFOUĕCSFTJOWPMWFT
SFDPWFSTGSPNXSJOLMFTBUCPEZUFNQFSBUVSFEVSJOH UIF ĕCSFT XIJDI DIBOHF UIFJS DPMPVS SFWFSTJCMZ JO
XFBS<> EFQFOEFODF PG FYUFSOBM DPOEJUJPOT DIBNFMFPO ĕ-
1BUFOUFE 4FDVSVT ĕCSFT )POFZXFMM
< > BMTP CSFT
ćFTFBSFUIFĕCSFT XIJDIDIBOHFUIFJSDPM-
CFMPOHUPUIFHSPVQPGTIBQFNFNPSZĕCSFTćFTF PVS BOE UIF ĕCSFT XIJDI CFDPNF JOWJTJCMF ćFZ
ĕCSFTBSFUIFĕSTUIJHIQFSGPSNBODFĕCSFTXJUIFO- DBO CF TFOTJUJWF UP IFBU <> MJHIU WJTJCMF PS 67

HJOFFSFEQSPQFSUJFTPGUIBULJOEćFZBSFEFTJHOFE BOE PUIFS FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPOT <> FMFDUSJD
GPSDBSTFBUCFMUT 'JHVSF
FOFSHZ QSFTTVSFBOETPMWFOUTPSPUIFSMJRVJET
4FDVSVT ĕCSFT BSF CMPDL DPQPMZNFS ĕCSFT NBEF PG – 'JCSFTUIBUBCTPSCWJTJCMFMJHIUBOEDIBOHFUIFJS
polyethylene terephthalate and polycaprolactone DPMPVSBDDPSEJOHMZDPOUBJOTQFDJĕDPSHBOJDEZF-
1&51$-
ćFZBSFFYUSVEFEGSPNB1&51$-DP- TUVČT QIPUPDISPNJD EZFTUVČT
ćF 67TFOTJ-
QPMZNFS NFMU CZ VTJOH B TQFDJBM SFBDUJWF FYUSVTJPO UJWFTQJSPQJSBOFJOEVDFTUIFĕCSFDPMPVSQFSDFOU-
UFDIOPMPHZ *O BEEJUJPO UP IJHI TUSFOHUI BOE IJHI BHFQIFOPNFOPOJOEFQFOEFODFPGUIFBCTPSCFE
:PVOHTNPEVMVT UIFTFĕCSFTBSFDBQBCMFUPRVJDL- 67MJHIUXBWFMFOHUI
MZ BCTPSC JNQBDUT 4FBU CFMUT NBEF PG 4FDVSVT ĕ- – 'JCSFT NBEF GSPN TUBJOMFTT TUFFM UIBU BSF DPBU-
CSFTDBOBCTPSCUJNFTNPSFFOFSHZUIBODVSSFOUMZ FEXJUIUIFSNPDISPNJDJOL XIFODPOOFDUFEUP
VTFEDPOWFOUJPOBMTFBUCFMUTćFiJOUFMMJHFOUwSFBD- the power supply, can change their colour in de-
UJPOPG4FDVSVTĕCSFTQSPWJEFTUIBUTFBUCFMUTFYUFOE QFOEFODF PG UIF IFBU SFMFBTFE CZ DPOEVDUJWF ĕ-
UPBEFUFSNJOFEWBMVFXJUIJOBQSFEFĕOFESBOHFPG CSFT 8BMM DVSUBJOT XIJDI BSF QSPHSBNNFE UP
MPBEJOH 4FDVSVT ĕCSFT EFMJWFS UISFFTUFQ SFTUSBJOU DIBOHF UIF DPMPVS PG UIF JOUFHSBUFE DPOEVDUJWF
SFBDUJPO UP UFOTJPO XJUIJO UIF UFOTJPO SBOHF o ĕCSFT BSFUIFFYBNQMFPGTVDIVTF
D/UFY PS XJUIJO o FYUFOTJPO "U MPXFS UFO- – "DPSEJT 4QFDJBMJUZ 'JCSFT IBT EFWFMPQFE B 11
TJPOT UP BCPVU D/UFY UP BCPVU FYUFOTJPO
NVMUJĕMBNFOU ZBSO OBNFE .JDSPQBLF XIJDI
IJHI :PVOHT NPEVMVT PG ĕCSFT FOBCMFT UIBU TFBU JTNBEFGSPN11XJUIUIFBEEJUJPOPGBDPODFO-
CFMUIPMETPDDVQBOUTUJHIUMZJOQPTJUJPOćJTGVOD- USBUF DPOUBJOJOH NPSF UIBO PG #Z40 'BC-
UJPOPGIPMEJOHPDDVQBOUTJOQPTJUJPOJTWFSZJNQPS- SJDT NBEF GSPN .JDSPQBLF BSF iWJTJCMFw GPS 9
tant in a traffic collision as it triggers the seat belt SBZT ćF ZBSOT QSPQFSUJFT BSF TVQFSJPS UP UIPTF
MPDLJOH NFDIBOJTN *O UIJT ĕSTU TUFQ 4FDVSVT ĕ- PG17$NPOPĕMBNFOUUIBUIBTCFFOVTFEGPSUIJT
CSFT CFIBWF TJNJMBSMZ BT DPOWFOUJPOBM QPMZFTUFS ĕ- QVSQPTFTPGBS
CSFTćFTFDPOETUFQSFQSFTFOUTUIFSBOHFPGIJHI-
FSUFOTJPOTGSPNoD/UFY oFYUFOTJPO
4.4 Optical fibres
XIFO :PVOHT NPEVMVT PG ĕCSFT JT FYUSFNFMZ SF- 0OFPGUIFBQQMJDBUJPOTPGPQUJDBMĕCSFTJTGPSPQUJDBM
EVDFE BOE FOBCMFT CBMBODJOH PG MPBE *O UIJT TUBHF TFOTPST VTFE UP NFBTVSF UFNQFSBUVSF TUSFTTTUSBJO
BOPDDVQBOUTDPOUSPMMFEGPSXBSENPWFNFOUJTQPT- HBTFT CJPMPHJDBM TVCTUBODFT BOE PEPVST <> 4JODF
TJCMFCZXIJDIUIFGPSDFJNQPTFEPOUIFPDDVQBOUJT HMBTT PQUJDBM ĕCSFT BSF DBQBCMF PG USBOTNJUUJOH MJHIU
SFEVDFE*OUIFUIJSETUFQJOXIJDIUIFUFOTJPOFY- TJHOBMT PWFS MPOH EJTUBODFT UIFZ IBWF CFFO VTFE GPS
DFFETD/UFY BCPWFoFYUFOTJPO
:PVOHT PQUJDBM ĕCSF DBCMFT JO UFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPOT GPS RVJUF
NPEVMVT TVCTUBOUJBMMZ JODSFBTFT BOE IPMET UIF PD- BMPOHUJNF0SHBOJDQPMZNFSPQUJDBMĕCSFTBSFNBEF
DVQBOU JO QPTJUJPO BT MPOH BT UIF ĕCSFT TVDDFFE JO GSPN QPMZNFUIZMBDSZMBUF DPNNFSDJBMMZ BWBJMBCMF
BCTPSCJOHUIFFOUJSFFOFSHZSFMFBTFEBUJNQBDUJOB GPSBCPVUZFBST
QPMZTUZSFOFBOEQPMZDBSCPOBUFT
USBďDDPMMJTJPO ćFZDBOCFVTFEGPSEBUBUSBOTNJTTJPOPWFSTIPSUEJT-
ćF 4FDVSVT TFBU CFMUT XJUI UIFJS QSPHSBNNFE CF- UBODFTVQUPGFXUFONFUSFTBOEDBOCFJODPSQPSBUFE
IBWJPVS QSPWJEF IJHIFS QSPUFDUJPO GPS PDDVQBOUT JOUPDMPUIJOH/PWFMQFSĘVPSPQPMZNFSTIBWFMPXBC-
than conventional polyester seat belt restraint sys- TPSQUJPODBQBCJMJUZBOEBSFBTTVDITVJUBCMFGPSNBL-
UFNT CZ NJOJNJ[JOH UIF GPSDF FYFSUFE PO BO PDDV- JOHPQUJDBMĕCSFTGPSDPNNVOJDBUJPOBQQMJBODFT<>

ćFVTFPGPQUJDBMĕCSFTJODPNCJOBUJPOXJUIFMFD- UJMF DVSUBJOT FUD

XJMMCFMFTTOPUJDFBCMFBOENPSF
USPOJDT BOE JOGPSNBUJPO UFDIOPMPHZ XIJDI JO- DPNGPSUBCMF
DMVEFT DPNQVUFST UFMFQIPOF TFUT FUD JT DPOOFDUFE
XJUIUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGJOUFMMJHFOUUFYUJMFT4FOTB-
UFY<>XBTUIFĕSTUDPNQBOZ XIJDINBOVGBDUVSFE "VYFUJDñCSFT OFHBUJWF1PJTTPOT
BOE NBSLFUFE iB TNBSU 5TIJSUw 'JHVSFT
SBUJPñCSFT
XJUIJOUFHSBUFEPSHBOJDQPMZNFSPQUJDBMĕCSFTDPO-
OFDUFEUPBQSPDFTTPS"TNBSU5TIJSUFNJUTMJHIUJO 8IFOBYJBMMZTUSFUDIFE ĕCSFTFYUFOEJOMFOHUIXJTF
DPMPVST JO EFQFOEFODF PG DSJUJDBM MFWFM PG WJUBM EJSFDUJPO ͅMM
BOEDPOUSBDUJOUSBOTWFSTBMEJSFD-
MJGFGVODUJPOToCZNFBTVSJOHCMPPEQSFTTVSF QVMTF UJPO oͅEE
BU UIF TBNF UJNF 1PJTTPOT SBUJP Ϫ

CMPPETVHBS FUD FYQSFTTFT UIF SBUJP PG MPOHJUVEJOBM TUSBJO UP USBOT-
WFSTBMTUSBJO"DMBTTJDBMFMBTUJDJUZUIFPSZPGJTPUSPQ-
JD NBUFSJBMT QSFEJDUT UIF WBMVFT PG 1PJTTPOT SBUJP
WBMVFT GSPN o UP 4JODF UIF WPMVNF PG ĕCSFT
does not change or perhaps only slightly increases
Ⱦ7ȴ
BUTUSFUDIJOH UIF1PJTTPOTSBUJPJTMFTTUIBO
UZQJDBMMZ GSPN UP 'JHVSF
.PTU
ĕCSFT CFIBWF JO UIJT XBZ XIFO TUSFUDIFE 0OMZ B
TNBMMOVNCFSPGOBUVSBMBOETZOUIFUJDNBUFSJBMTFY-
IJCJU UIF PQQPTJUF QIFOPNFOPO XIJDI NFBOT UIBU
UIFZ CFDPNF UIJDLFS XIFO TUSFUDIFE BOE UIJOOFS
XIFODPNQSFTTFE 'JHVSF
ćFTFNBUFSJBMTIBWF
Figure 15: Smart shirt – scheme BOFHBUJWF1PJTTPOTSBUJPćFZBSFLOPXOVOEFSUIF
OBNFBVYFUJD BOUJSVCCFSPSEJMBUJPOBM FYQBOEJOH

NBUFSJBMT<>ćFXPSEBVYFUJDJTEFSJWFEGSPNUIF
(SFFLXPSEBVYFTJTNFBOJOHiJODSFBTFwćJTUFSNJT
VTFEJOCJPMPHZUPEFTDSJCFUIFDFMMWPMVNFFOMBSHF-
NFOUBUHSPXUIQSJPSUPJUTEJWJTJPO
&YBNQMFTPGBVYFUJDNBUFSJBMTDBOCFGPVOEBNPOH
QPMZNFST NFUBMT BOE DFSBNJDT 4PNF OBUVSBM NB-
Figure 16: Sensatex: a smart shirt
*OPSEFSUPBDIJFWFWBSJPVTDPMPVSFČFDUT UPUSBOT-
GFS NPUJPO QJDUVSFT PO UFYUJMFT FUD MJHIU FNJUUJOH
EJPEFT -&%T
QPXFSFE CZ VOOPUJDFBCMF CBUUFS- Figure 17: A model of stretching a fibre with a posi-
JFTIBWFCFFOEFWFMPQFE'JCSFTBSFJOUFHSBUFEJOUP tive Poisson’s ratio
DMPUIJOH UPHFUIFS XJUI NJDSPDIJQT BOE TXJUDIFT
<>"U'SBODF5FMFDPNTVDIPQUJDBMĕCSFTXFSFBE-
EJUJPOBMMZ QFSGPSBUFE BMPOH UIF MFOHUI TP UIBU UIFZ
FNJUMJHIUPWFSUIFFOUJSFMFOHUIBOEOPUPOMZBUUIF
FOET
ćF VTF PG UIF NFOUJPOFE PSHBOJD QPMZNFS PQUJDBM
ĕCSFTJOUIFĕFMEPGUFDIOJDBMUFYUJMFTXJMMQBWFUIF
XBZGPSUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPGTPQIJTUJDBUFETZTUFNTJO
XIJDI UIF JOGPSNBUJPO UFDIOPMPHZ JOUFHSBUFE JOUP Figure 18: A model of stretching a fibre with a nega-
UFYUJMF NBUFSJBMT ĘPPS DPWFSJOHT BVUPNPUJWF UFY- tive Poisson’s ratio

UFSJBMTIBWFBOFHBUJWF1PJTTPOTSBUJPBUBNPMFDVMBS UFSJOH 1&QPXEFSQBSUJBMMZNFMUFEBOEHBWFSJTFUP

MFWFMćJTVOUZQJDBMQSPQFSUZIBTBTJHOJĕDBOUJOĘV- ĕCSJMMBUJPOćFPCUBJOFE11ĕMBNFOUTIBWFEJBNF-
FODFPOUIFJSNFDIBOJDBMQSPQFSUJFT TVDIBTTIFBS UFSTUPNNBOE:PVOHTNPEVMVTSBOHJOHCFUXFFO
NPEVMVT QVODUVSFBOEJOEFOUBUJPOSFTJTUBODF JN- BOE(1B<>
QBDUSFTJTUBODF UIFSNBMTIPDLTBOETPVOEBCTPSQ- ćF EFWFMPQNFOU PG B DPOUJOVPVT NBOVGBDUVS-
UJPO JOHQSPDFTTGPSTVDINBUFSJBMTJOĕCSJMMBSNPOPĕMB-
*O34-BLFT<>NBOVGBDUVSFEUIFĕSTUTZO- NFOUPSNVMUJĕMBNFOUGPSNBTXFMMBTGBCSJDTXPWFO
UIFUJDNBUFSJBMFYIJCJUJOHBOFHBUJWF1PJTTPOTSBUJP PSLOJUUFEGSPNTVDINBUFSJBMT IBTDSFBUFEUIFPQ-
#ZVTJOHIJHIQSFTTVSFT IFTVDDFFEFEJODPNQSFTT- QPSUVOJUZUPVTFVOJRVFQSPQFSUJFTPGBVYFUJDNBUF-
JOHTUBOEBSEQPMZVSFUIBOFGPBNDPOTJTUJOHPGIPO- rials, such as pull-out resistance, toughness, energy
FZDPNCTIBQFE BJSĕMMFE IFYBHPOBM DFMMT JO TVDI B BCTPSQUJPODPNQSFTTJPOBOEJOEFOUBUJPOSFTJTUBODF
XBZUIBUJUBEPQUFEiSFFOUSBOUwCFIBWJPVSBOEXBT JNQBDU SFTJTUBODF SFMFBTF PG FOUSBQQFE QBSUJDMFT
XIFOOPSNBMMZTUSFUDIFE DBQBCMFPGFYUFOEJOHUPB XFBSSFTJTUBODFBOENJDSPQPSPTJUZćFĕCSFTDBOCF
DFSUBJOFYUFOUFWFOJOUSBOTWFSTBMEJSFDUJPOćFCF- VTFE GPS DPNQPTJUFT QSPUFDUJWF DMPUIJOH IFMNFUT
IBWJPVSPGTVDITUSVDUVSFXIFOTUSFUDIFEJTQSFTFOU- KBDLFUT TQPSUTXFBS
ĕMUFST GPS NFDIBOJDBM MVOHT
FEJO'JHVSF NJDSPQPSPVTIPMMPXNBUFSJBMT
SPQFT DPSET ĕTI-
OFUT VQIPMTUFSZ JO CJPNFEJDBM JOEVTUSZ GPS NFEJ-
DBMCBOEBHFTBOEĕCSPVTTFBMT
/PWFMNBONBEFQSPUFJOñCSFT
6.1 Soybean fibres
4PZCFBO ĕCSFT <> 'JHVSF
BSF UIF POMZ DPN-
NFSDJBMMZBWBJMBCMFNBONBOQSPUFJOĕCSFTćFSBX
NBUFSJBMGPSTPZCFBOĕCSFTJTTPZCFBOQSPUFJOTUIBU
Figure 19: A model of hexagonal structure (a) that at SFNBJOBęFSFYUSBDUJPOPGTPZCFBOPJMBOEBSFQSP-
high pressure lead to a structure with a negative Pois- EVDFECZBOPWFMCJPFOHJOFFSJOHUFDIOPMPHZ'JSTU-
son’s ratio (b) MZ UIFQSPUFJOHMPCVMJOJTEJTUJMMFEGSPNUIFTPZCFBO
DBLFBOESFĕOFE BCPVULHPGHMPCVMJOBSFPC-
*O ,&&WBOT GPVOE PVU UIBU UIF UIJDLOFTT PG UBJOFEGSPNUPOOFPGTPZCFBOT
BOE TFDPOEMZ VO-
DPOWFOUJPOBM QPMZUFUSBĘVPSPFUIZMFOF 15'&
ĕMN EFSUIFGVODUJPOJOHPGBEEJUJPOBMDIFNJDBMSFBHFOUT
JODSFBTFEXIFOTUSFUDIFE*UJTUIFTPDBMMFEOPEVMF BOECJPMPHJDBMFO[ZNFT UIFHMPCVMBSBOETQIFSJDBM
ĕCSJM NJDSPTUSVDUVSF XIJDI XIFO TUSFUDIFE JO UIF structure changes in such a way that it can be proc-
EJSFDUJPO PG ĕCSJMT DSFBUFT B MBUUJDFMJLF TUSVDUVSF FTTFEJOUPĕCSFT'JCSFTBSFFYUSVEFEGSPNUIFTQJO-
XIJDIFYQBOETBMTPJOUSBOTWFSTBMEJSFDUJPO 'JHVSF OJOHTPMVUJPODPOGFDUFEGSPNTPZCFBOT CZVTJOHUIF

&WBOTBQQMJFEUIJTNPEFMPGNJDSPTUSVDUVSFUP XFUTQJOOJOHNFUIPE$BCMFTIBQFESFHFOFSBUFEĕ-
PUIFSQPMZNFST JODMVEJOH1&BOE11< >4DJ- bres are stabilized by acetalizing in acid bath prior
FOUJTUT BU UIF #PMUPO *OTUJUVUF QSPEVDFE BVYFUJD ĕ- UPCFJOHDVUJOUPTIPSUTUBQMFT"OUJCJPUJDT BHBJOTU
CSFTCZVTJOHQPMZFUIZMFOFPGVMUSBIJHINPMFDVMBS
XFJHIU 1& 6).8
JO QPXEFS GPSN ćF QSPDFTT
XBT CBTFE PO DPOWFOUJPOBM NFMUTQJOOJOH NFUI-
PECVUXJUIOPWFMQSPDFTTJOHDPOEJUJPOTSFRVJSFEUP
QSPEVDFUIFOPEVMFĕCSJMNJDSPTUSVDUVSF"ęFSTJO-
Figure 20: A model of nodule-fibril microstructure af- Figure 21: Soyabean protein fibres – raw (left) and
ter Evans bleached (right)

coli bacillus, staphylococcus aureus and candida al-

CJDBOTCBDUFSJB
BOUJJOĘBNNBUPSZBHFOUTBOE67
protection agents are added during the spinning
QSPDFTT
ćF DPNQBOZ 4XJDPĕM <> JT DVSSFOUMZ QSPEVDJOH
TPZCFBOĕCSFTXJUIMFOHUIoNNBOEĕOFOFTT
oEUFYćFJSTQFDJĕDCSFBLJOHUFOTJPOJOESZJT
oD/UFY BOEJOXFUoD/UFY FMPOHBUJPO
BUCSFBLGSPNUP FMBTUJDSFDPWFSZ EFO-
TJUZHDNćFZIBWFĕOFMVTUSF
"U JODSFBTFE UFNQFSBUVSFT UIF QSPQFSUJFT PG ĕCSFT Figure 22: Turkey feather
TVCTUBOUJBMMZ DIBOHF "U ¡$ UIFJS DPMPVS UVSOT
UP MJHIU ZFMMPX BOE BU ¡ UP JOUFOTF ZFMMPX 8JUI
UIFSJTFPGUFNQFSBUVSF UIFĕCSFTCFHJOUPDBSCPO-
JTF BU ¡$ BOE CFDPNF CSPXO "T UIFTF DIBOHFT
PDDVSBUSFMBUJWFMZMPXUFNQFSBUVSFT UIFĕCSFTNVTU
CF USFBUFE BOE EZFE BU UFNQFSBUVSFT CFMPX ¡$
"UUIFUFNQFSBUVSFTBCPWF¡$UIFĕCSFTCFDPNF
hard to the touch, however, washing in soap water
BU UIF UFNQFSBUVSF IJHIFS UIBO ¡$ NBLFT UIFN
TPęBHBJO
*OCPJMJOHXBUFSBOEIPUBJSUIFĕCSFTVOEFSHPDPO-
USBDUJPO CZ *SPOJOH PG QSPEVDUT NBEF GSPN
TPZCFBOĕCSFTJTOPUOFDFTTBSZ4PZCFBOĕCSFTIBWF Figure 23: A magnified fibre taken from a turkey
good resistance to electrostatic charging which con- feather
USJCVUFT UP IJHIFS XFBS DPNGPSU PG DMPUIJOH ćFZ
IBWF IJHI 67SFTJTUBODF 4PZCFBO ĕCSFT DBO CF EUFY TUSFOHUIBCPVUD/UFYBOEFMPOHBUJPOBU
VTFEFTQFDJBMMZJOUIFCMFOETXJUIDBTINFSFĕCSFT CSFBLBCPVU
TJML DPUUPO CBNCPP BOE FMBTUBOF ĕCSFT ćFZ BSF "EEJUJPO PG NBYJNBMMZ PG UVSLFZ GFBUIFS ĕ-
VTFEGPSQFSTPOBMVOEFSXFBSBOECFEMJOFO TIJSUT CSFTUPPUIFSĕCSFTJNQSPWFTIFBUJOTVMBUJPODBQBD-
FWFOJOH ESFTTFT DIJMESFOT DMPUIJOH UPXFMT BOE JUZ PG UIF QSPEVDUT 4P GBS UIF VTF PG UVSLFZ GFBUIFS
TQPSUTXFBS ĕCSFTIBTCFFOJOWFTUJHBUFEJOUIFCMFOETXJUIQPMZB-
NJEF QPMZFTUFS BOE DFMMVMPTF ĕCSFT GPS IFBU JOTVMB-
6.2 Feather fibres UPSTBOEGPSOPOXPWFOTVTFEUPSFEVDFTPJMFSPTJPO
6TJOH CJSET QMVNBHF QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIBU PG UVSLFZT <> ćF QPUFOUJBMT PG GFBUIFS ĕCSFT BSF BMTP JO UIF
BOEDIJDLFOT BMTPNFBOTTPMWJOHUIFQSPCMFNTSFMBU- ĕFME PG BCTPSQUJPO PG IFBWZ NFUBMT EVSJOH UIF XB-
FEUPCZQSPEVDUTPGGPPEJOEVTUSZXIJDIBSPTFBęFS UFSBOEPUIFSTZTUFNTDMFBOJOHQSPDFTT4JODFUIFBC-
UIF#4&PVUCSFBLXIFOQSPDFTTJOHPGCJSETQMVNBHF TPSQUJPOPGIFBWZNFUBMTEFQFOETPOQ) QSPUFJOT BT
JOUPTUPDLGPSBHFXBTGPSCJEEFO0OMZJOUIF64" CFJOHBNQIPUFSJDTVCTUBODFT BSFIJHIMZBQQSPQSJBUF
UIFQSPEVDUJPOPGCJSETQMVNBHFBNPVOUTUPBCPVU ćF DPNCJOBUJPO PG OBOPĕCSJMMBS TUSVDUVSF BOE BD-
oNJMMJPOUPOOFT'JCSFTGSPNCJSETQMVNBHF 'JH- UJWFGVODUJPOBMHSPVQTJOCJSEGFBUIFSĕCSFTQSPWJEFT
VSFT BOE
BSF SJDI JO LFSBUJO IJHIMZ DSZTUBM- ideal biosorption capacities in technologically highly
MJOF XJUIHPPENFDIBOJDBMBOEUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODF EFWFMPQFEĕMUFSTGPSBCTPSQUJPOPGIFBWZNFUBMT<>
5VSLFZGFBUIFSTHJWFĕOFEPXOZĕCSFTBOESPVHIĕ-
CSFT %PXOZ ĕCSFT PSJHJOBUJOH GSPN UIF CBTBM QBSU
PGBGFBUIFSRVJMMTIBęBSFBCPVUNNMPOH UIFJS 1PMZFTUFSñCSFTXJUIMBUFOU
ĕOFOFTT JT BCPVU EUFY TUSFOHUI BCPVU D/UFY FMBTUJDJUZGPSTUSFUDIQSPEVDUT
BOE FMPOHBUJPO BU CSFBL BCPVU 3PVHI ĕCSFT
PSJHJOBUFGSPNUIFVQQFSQBSUPGBGFBUIFSRVJMMTIBę ćF EFWFMPQNFOU PG MBUFOUFMBTUJDJUZ ĕCSFT XIJDI
BOE BSF BCPVU NN MPOH UIFJS ĕOFOFTT JT BCPVU BSFDBQBCMFPGEFWFMPQJOHPVUTUBOEJOHFMBTUJDQSPQ-

FSUJFTXJUISFDPWFSZBęFSFMPOHBUJPOFYDFFEJOH QBO QPMZCVUIZMFOF UFSFQIUIBMBUF ĕCSFT XFSF VTFE

EVSJOHBĕOJTIJOHQSPDFTT FHEZFJOH
IBTDSFBUFE QBSUJDVMBSMZ GPS UIF NBOVGBDUVSF PG TXJNTVJUT BOE
UIFPQQPSUVOJUZGPSOPWFMBQQMJDBUJPOTćFJSFMBTUJD- ĕOF MBEJFT VOEFSXFBS *O UIF 64" UIF ZBSO XBT
JUZ BOE FMBTUJD SFDPWFSZ SBOL UIF UFYUVSFE NVMUJĕM- QSPEVDFEGPSTUSFUDIKFBOTBOETQPSUTXFBS/PUMPOH
BNFOUZBSOTNBEFGSPNUIFTFĕCSFTBNPOHIJHIMZ BHP *UBMJBO DPNQBOJFT .JSPHMJP BOE .POUFĕCSF
TUSFUDIBCMF FMBTUBOF ĕCSFT &-
BOE MFTT TUSFUDIBCMF TUBSUFEXJUIUIFQSPEVDUJPOPGBNPEJĕFE1#5NVM-
QPMZBNJEF 1"
BOEQPMZFTUFSQPMZFUIZMFOFUFSFQI- UJĕMBNFOUZBSO.JSIPO8&GPSTQPSUTXFBS

UIBMBUF 1&41&5
UFYUVSFEZBSOT BOE GPS UIF CMFOET XJUI QPMZFTUFS 1&5
WJTDPTF
QPMZBDSZMPOJUSJMF ĕCSFT DPUUPO ĘBY BOE XPPM *O
7.1 Polybuthylene terephthalate fibres (PBT) BEEJUJPOUPIJHIFMBTUJDJUZ UIF.JSIPO8&ZBSOFY-
1PMZCVUIZMFOF UFSFQIUIBMBUF 1#5
ĕCSFT BSF QPM- cels at good dyeability at the boil with disperse and
ZFTUFS ĕCSFT TZOUIFUJ[FE GSPN UFSFQIUIBMJD BDJE BMTP BMLBMJOF EZFTUVČT XJUIPVU DBSSJFST BU TJOHMF
BOE CVUBOFEJPM CVUZMFOF HMZDPM
1PMZCVUIZM- CBUIEZFJOHPG1#51"/BOE1#580CMFOETBOE
FOFUFSFQIUIBMBUFXBTTZOUIFUJ[FEGPSUIFĕSTUUJNF BU BDIJFWJOH UXPUPOF FČFDUT JO 1#51&5 CMFOET
JO"CTFODFPGMBSHFTJEFHSPVQT ĘFYJCJMJUZPG <>
TFHNFOUT CFUXFFO CFO[FOF SJOHT BOE SFHVMBSJUZ PG
DIFNJDBMTUSVDUVSFJOUIFNBJODIBJOQSPWJEFHPPE 7.2 Elasterell-p (USA) or elastomultiester (EU)
DSZTUBMMJ[BUJPO PG NPMFDVMFT TP UIBU 1#5 JT DPO- fibres
sidered a highly crystalline substance, which sig- &MBTUFSFMMQJTUIFOBNFPGBOFXDMBTTPGQPMZFTUFS
OJĕDBOUMZ BČFDUT JUT QSPQFSUJFT $POUSBSZ UP QPMZB- ĕCSFT XIJDI IBWF IJHI TUSFUDI QSPQFSUJFT JO DPN-
NJEFT 1#5 NPMFDVMFT BSF MPXQPMBS BOE BCTPSC NPO *O UIFZ XFSF DMBTTJĕFE CZ UIF 64 'FE-
POMZ B TNBMM BNPVOU PG XBUFS -POHFS FYQPTVSF PG FSBM 5SBEF $PNNJTTJPO BT QPMZFTUFS ĕCSFT GPSNFE
1#5 UP IPU XBUFS PS TUFBN MFBET UP EFQPMZNFSJ[B- PG UXP PS NPSF DIFNJDBMMZ EJTUJODU QPMZNFST PG
UJPO PG NPMFDVMFT %VF UP IJHI DSZTUBMMJOJUZ 1#5 XIJDIOPOFFYDFFETCZXFJHIU
DPOUBJOJOHFT-
IBT FYDFMMFOU DIFNJDBM SFTJTUBODF UP NPTU PSHBO- UFSHSPVQTBTUIFEPNJOBOUGVODUJPOBMVOJUT BUMFBTU
JD TPMWFOUT *U JT BMTP XFBS SFTJTUBOU 1#5 ĕCSFT BSF CZXFJHIUJOUIFUPUBMQPMZNFSDPOUFOUPGĕCSF

wear resistant, they can be dyed at the boil without BOEXIJDI JGTUSFUDIFEGPSBUMFBTU RVJDLMZSF-
DBSSJFST UIFJSDPMPVSGBTUOFTTJTHPPE UIFZEPOPU WFSUUPUIFJSJOJUJBMVOTUSFUDIFETIBQFBęFSUIFUFO-
DIBOHF EJNFOTJPOT BOE BSF DIMPSJOF SFTJTUBOU FWFO TJPO JT SFNPWFE <> *O &VSPQFBO 6OJPO UIFTF ĕ-
JO XFU ćFZ FYDFM BU WFSZ TPę UPVDI NVDI CFUUFS CSFTBSFDMBTTJĕFEBTFMBTUPNVMUJFTUFSĕCSFTUIBUJTB
FMBTUJDJUZBOEFMBTUJDSFDPWFSZUIBO1" 1BBOE OFXHFOFSJDOBNFGPSNFECZJOUFSBDUJPOPG
1&4 1&5
&MBTUJDJUZPG1#5ZBSOEFWFMPQTEVSJOH UXP PS NPSF DIFNJDBMMZ EJTUJODU MJOFBS NBDSPNPM-
USFBUNFOUTBUIJHIFSUFNQFSBUVSFT FHEVSJOHEZF- FDVMFT JO UXP PS NPSF EJTUJODU QIBTFT PG XIJDI
JOH4PNFQSPQFSUJFTPG1#5ĕCSFTBSFQSFTFOUFEJO OPOF FYDFFET CZ NBTT
XIJDI DPOUBJOT FTUFS
5BCMFTBOE HSPVQT BT EPNJOBOU GVODUJPOBM VOJU BU MFBTU

%FTQJUFIJHIQSJDFTPGSBXNBUFSJBMTBOEIJHIQSP- BOE XIJDI BęFS TVJUBCMF USFBUNFOU XIFO TUSFUDIFE
EVDUJPODPTUT XIJDIXFSFIJHIFSUIBOUIPTFPG1&5 UP POF BOE IBMG UJNFT JUT PSJHJOBM MFOHUI BOE SF-
ĕCSFT 1#5 ĕCSFT EVF UP UIFJS TQFDJBM QSPQFSUJFT leased recovers rapidly and substantially to its ini-
TVQFSJPSFMBTUJDJUZ
XFSFTVDDFTTGVMMZVTFEGPSĘPPS UJBMMFOHUI<>
DPWFSJOHTBMSFBEZJOUIFTPGUIFQSFWJPVTDFOUVSZ %V1POU 5FYUJMFT *OUFSJPST %5*
UPEBZ %V1POU
*O&VSPQF UIFDPNQBOZ)PFDITUQSPEVDFEUIF1#5 */7*45" IBT EFWFMPQFE UIF ĕSTU FMBTUFSFMMQ ĕ-
TQJOOJOH NBUFSJBM #PEFO 5SFWJSB¥ GPS ZBSOT GSPN CSF 5 QSFWJPVTMZ OBNFE %1 ćF ĕCSF
XIJDIDBSQFUTBOEDBSQFUSVOOFSTXJUIQFSGFDUFMBT- JT NBSLFUFE VOEFS UIF -ZDSB¥ CSBOE 5 ĕCSF
UJDSFDPWFSZXFSFNBOVGBDUVSFE JT B CJDPNQPOFOU UFYUJMF ĕCSF NBEF PG QPMZFUIZM-
5PEBZ 1#5 NVMUJĕMBNFOU ZBSOT BSF QSPEVDFE CZ FOFUFSFQIUIBMBUF 1&5
BOEQPMZCVUIZMFOFUFSFQI-
(SVQQP #POB[[J "RVBĕM 5SFWJSB &MJUF¥ ZBSO CZ UIBMBUF 1#5
*UEJČFSTGSPNBQVSF1&5ĕCSFBMTP
/ZMTUBS &MBTUJM¥ ZBSO CZ .JSPHMJP (SPVQ &MBT5FS¥ JO UIF EFHSFF PG QPMZNFSJTBUJPO BOE SFMBUFE QSPQ-
ZBSOCZ5FJKJO FUD FSUJFT BT XFMM BT JO IFMJDBM DSJNQ XIJDI JT JOEVDFE
ćF VTF PG &MJUF¥ ZBSO JT EJWFSTF GPS VOEFSXFBS CZEJČFSFODFTJOUIFTISJOLBHFPGUXPEJTUJODUQPMZ-
TXJNXFBS TQPSUTXFBS BOE SFDSFBUJPO XFBS *O +B- NFSTQSFTFOUJOBĕCSF"TBSFTVMUPGUIJTQIFOPN-

Table 2: Elastic elongation of the yarn T-400 in comparison to other polyester yarns.
1&4 1&5

1SPQFSUJFT 5 1&4 1&5
1&4 1#5
FMBTUBOF
:BSOFMBTUJDFMPOHBUJPO

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Novel Fibres For The 21st Century

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Novel Fibres For The 21st Century

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312 Nova vlakna za 21.

Nova vlakna za 21. stoletje

Članek obravnava najvidnejše razvojne dosežke "CTUSBDU

Tekstilec, 2009, letn. 52, št. 10–12, str. 312–327

opto-electrical materials DNK recombination

(most favorable paths)

modelling, simulation information

Figure 1: Interdisciplinarity of science will enable development of new fibres

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Tekstilec, 2009, letn. 52, št. 10–12, str. 312–327

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Tekstilec, 2009, letn. 52, št. 10–12, str. 312–327

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Figure 10: A polycondensation reaction for synthe sis

Tekstilec, 2009, letn. 52, št. 10–12, str. 312–327

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4.1 Fibres with PCMs

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Figure 16: Sensatex: a smart shirt

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coli bacillus, staphylococcus aureus and candida al-

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