Contabilidade - Intermediária

above the line (adjective phrase) = acima da linha

used to describe accounting transactions that are connected to the everyday
running of a business
Rent is an example of an expense that is above the line.

account (noun) = conta

a category of financial records in which transactions can be grouped
Equipment is an important asset account.

accountant (noun) = contador

a person who keeps financial records and prepares financial reports
Mary is an accountant for a large construction company.

accounting cycle (noun phrase) = ciclo contábil

the repeated step-by-step process used for dealing with a company's financial
transactions
During each accounting cycle, we record detailed information for all transactions.

accounting equation (noun phrase) = equação contábil

an accounting formula based on the assertion that assets minus liabilities equals
owner's equity.
The accounting equation helps us determine how much our company is worth.

accounting model (noun phrase) = modelo contábil

the agreed-upon principles and procedures that form the foundation of modern
accounting practice
If companies didn't follow the standard accounting model, exchanging financial
information would be impossible.

accounts payable (noun phrase) = contas a pagar

the department in a company which keeps records of money that the company
owes
The manager in accounts payable says that we owe the vendor $10,000.

accounts receivable (noun phrase) = contas a receber

the department in a company which keeps records of money owed by other
companies
According to the manager in accounts receivable, that company owes us $15,000.

accrual-basis accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de

competência
an accounting system in which a company records revenues and expenses when
they become known, rather than when they are actually received or paid
Accrual-basis accounting involves some risk because a company may record
revenue that is never actually received.

activity-based costing (noun phrase) = custeio por atividade

a method for accurately assigning overhead expenses to specific products in a
company's product line
Through activity-based costing, we identified two products whose projected
revenues would not cover development costs.
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adjusting entries (noun phrase) = lançamento de retificação

journal entries made at the end of an accounting period that use the most current
information available to bring accounts up to date
Just before the end of the quarter, we agreed to provide additional services for two
customers, so we had to make adjusting entries.

aging accounts receivable (noun phrase) = contas a receber por vencimento

a procedure in which every account receivable is categorized according to the
number of days it is outstanding
Our aging accounts receivable show too many late payments. We need to improve
collections.

allocate (verb) = alocar

set funds apart for a special purpose
We allocated $1.5 million for the new office building.

annual report (noun phrase) = relatório anual

A document that summarizes a company's financial performance for the previous
year and lays out future plans
The annual report worried the stockholders because it showed poor performance
for the year and wasn't optimistic about the future.

annuity (noun) = anuidade

the payment of a fixed sum of money at regular intervals
We chose the annuity that offered the highest monthly payments.

appraisal (noun) = avaliação

estimation of the value of property; an assessment of the value of damage done to
property
The appraisal for our new office building listed its value at $3.5 million.

appreciation (noun) = valorização

an increase in the value of an asset due to normal economic factors rather than
improvements made to the asset
The appreciation of the factory and land that we own in South America was about
20% in the past year.

asset (noun) = ativo

a thing of value that a business owns (usually plural)
We own our office building and all of our equipment. We have a lot of assets.

asset turnover (noun phrase) = giro de ativos

total sales divided by total assets
Asset turnover measures how well a company is using its assets to generate sales.

audit (noun) = auditoria

an examination of a company's financial records to check for accuracy
Our company has an annual audit every March.
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audit committee (noun phrase) = comitê de auditoria

the members of a company's board of directors who deal with internal and external
auditors
We have four board members on our audit committee.

bad debt expense (noun phrase) = despesas com devedores duvidosos

an account that contains records of a company's uncollectible account receivables
during a specific period
We had $4,000 in bad debt expense last quarter.

balance sheet (noun phrase) = balanço patrimonial

financial statement showing what a company owns and owes at a given time
Our balance sheet showed that the company was worth a lot of money.

basket purchase (noun phrase) = cesta de compras

a transaction in which two or more assets are purchased for one price
We completed a basket purchase last month of a factory and 100 acres of land for
$10 million.

bond (noun) = título

a certificate of debt that guarantees payment of the amount of the bond plus
interest
I invested $20,000 in government bonds because they will earn a guaranteed rate
of interest.

bookkeeping (noun) = escrituração contábil

the systematic preservation of quantitative records of financial transactions
Good bookkeeping is key to accurate accounting.

bottom line (noun phrase) = lucro final

net profit, loss, or result
The bottom line was that the project cost too much money, so the CEO didn't
approve it.

calendar year (noun phrase) = ano civil

the time period from January 1 to December 31
Many companies use the calendar year as their fiscal year.

capital stock (noun phrase) = capital social

the part of a corporation's owner's equity that comes from money paid by
stockholders for shares of stock
The company sold 100,000 shares of stock at $10 per share, so it now has $1
million in capital stock.

cash equivalents (noun phrase) = investimentos líquidos

liquid investments that can provide a quick source of cash for a company
Companies often use money market funds as cash equivalents.

cash-basis accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de caixa

an accounting system in which a company records revenues and expenses when
they are actually received or paid
Companies that use cash-basis accounting have a good sense for how much
money they actually have.
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chart of accounts (noun phrase) = plano de contas

a list of all the accounts used by a company
A chart of accounts helps people understand the accounting system used by a
particular company.

classified balance sheet (noun phrase) = balanço patrimonial classificado

a balance sheet that shows important financial information broken down into
categories, such as current assets and long-term liabilities
Classified balance sheets provide extremely important information for judging the
financial health of a company.

closing entries (noun phrase) = lançamentos de encerramento

final bookkeeping entries made at the end of an accounting period that transfer
income and expense items to the balance sheet accounts
Our quarterly accounting period ends today, so we need to make closing entries in
order to prepare financial statements.

comparative financial statement (noun phrase) = demonstração financeira

comparativa
a document that includes more than one period of financial information for a
company to show changes over time
Comparative financial statements can be complicated, but they are very useful for
judging a company's performance over time.

comprehensive income (noun phrase) = lucro abrangente

a measure of the change in a company's value during a period of time
Comprehensive income consists of a company's net income plus changes in the
company's wealth, such as investment losses or the effect of currency exchange
rates.

conglomerate (noun) = conglomerado

a large company whose various divisions operate in completely different industries
It is common to compare the financial performance of top companies by industry,
but it is difficult when the companies are conglomerates.

consignment (noun) = consignação

an agreement in which a retailer receives and sells another company's products,
paying for the goods and retaining a commission only after they are sold
Our consignment arrangement with the dress manufacturer means that we keep
10% of the price for each dress we sell.

contingency (noun) = contingência

an uncertain circumstance that involves a potential loss or gain for a company,
depending on a specific future action
Lawsuits are common contingencies companies face, and their unpredictability
makes it hard for companies to plan for them.

control activities (noun phrase) = atividades controle

policies and procedures put in place by management to assure that the financial
reports are accurate and that the company's objectives will be met
Strict control activities are necessary to prevent fraud.
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controller (noun) = controlador

the highest-ranking accounting official in a company
The controller objected to the high cost of the project, so we had to revise our
budget.

cost principle (noun phrase) = princípio de custo

an accounting guideline that requires amounts listed in financial statements to be
the actual amount spent rather than the current value, such as that of an asset
which has appreciated
Because of the cost principle, we had to record the actual price of the machinery
that we bought, even though it was worth more than what we paid for it.

current ratio (noun phrase) = índice de liquidez corrente

current assets divided by current liabilities
A company's current ratio gives a good idea of its liquidity.

debit (noun) = débito

an item of debt, typically entered in the left-hand side of an accounting ledger
This month, we had more debits than credits.

debt (noun) = dívida

money that someone owes
Consumers in the United States have a lot of debt.

depreciation (noun) = depreciação

the decreased value of property over time, because of physical age and wear, or
according to a pre-determined schedule
We calculate depreciation based on the assumption that our facility and equipment
will be productive for five years.

dividend (noun) = dividendo

money from a corporation's profits that is distributed to stockholders
Last year, I received $515 in dividends from the stocks that I own.

double-entry accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade em regime de partidas

dobradas
a system of bookkeeping in which every transaction is recorded in at least two
accounts, once as a credit and once as a debit
Double-entry accounting makes it easy to quickly confirm the accuracy of the
bookkeeping.

entity (noun) = entidade

anything for which separate accounting records are kept
An entity can be a person, a private company, or a large corporation.

EPS (noun phrase) = LPA (lucro por ação)

earnings per share; the amount of net income that corresponds to one share of
stock; calculated by dividing net income by the number of outstanding shares
Stockholders were very pleased that our EPS was $20 per share last year.
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expense (noun) = despesa

a cost or charge, usually in exchange for a product or service
The new marketing strategy increased our advertising expenses.

financial accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade financeira

the part of accounting that involves preparing and reporting financial information
about a company
Solid financial accounting is crucial for preparing annual reports.

financial ratio (noun phrase) = índice financeiro

a numerical relationship between amounts on financial statements
Earnings per share is an important financial ratio.

financial statements (noun phrase) = demonstrações financeiras

reports that give information about the fiscal health of an organization
Financial statements include information about income and cash flow.

financing activity (noun phrase) = atividade de financiamento

financing activity
Last year, we had a great deal of financing activities going on because we were in
the process of acquiring a company.

finished goods (noun phrase) = produtos acabados

completed products that can be sold
Companies try to move finished goods from the factory to the sales floor as quickly
as possible.

fiscal year (noun phrase) = exercício fiscal

financial year
Our company's fiscal year ends on January 31.

foreign currency transaction (noun phrase) = transação em moeda estrangeira

a sale in which the currency from the seller's country is not used
Because of fluctuations in currency values, foreign currency transactions can be
complicated.

GAAP (noun phrase) = GAAP (princípios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos)

generally accepted accounting principles; a set of accounting guidelines that
specify accepted accounting practices
Although many countries have developed their own generally accepted accounting
procedures, GAAP usually refers to the American accounting guidelines.

gain (noun) = ganho

a profit from the increase in value of an investment
When stock prices go up, shareholders enjoy significant gains.

gross profit (noun phrase) = lucro bruto

the total amount derived from products sold minus the amount that the company
paid for them
We paid $230,000 for those automobiles and then sold them for $600,000. Our
gross profit was $370,000.
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gross sales (noun phrase) = vendas brutas

total sales before any deductions are made for returns or allowances
Gross sales were good this month because not many customers returned
purchases.

IASB (noun phrase) = IASB (conselho internacional de padrões contábeis)

International Accounting Standards Board; an independent organization based in
London that is developing and promoting a set of accounting guidelines for all
countries
The accounting guidelines of the IASB are gradually being accepted by more
companies and countries.

illiquid (adjective) = sem liquidez

used to describe an asset which can not easily be converted into cash
We are trying to sell some land to pay the company's debts, but transactions
involving illiquid assets can take a long time.

in the black (prepositional phrase) = com lucro

profitable
After sales increased and we reduced our expenses, we were in the black.

in the red (prepositional phrase) = com prejuízo

unprofitable
Our expenses are higher than our revenues, so we are still in the red.

income statement (noun phrase) = demonstração de lucros e perdas

a financial statement that gives information about a company's net income during a
set period of time
The net income reported in last quarter's income statement was about 20% less
than we had expected.

inventory (noun) = estoque

a list of property owned by a person or organization
Our recent inventory showed that we had over $100,000 in supplies.

investing activities (noun phrase) = atividades de investimento

the buying and selling of long-term assets
Investing activities often require significant resources because of the complexity of
the transactions.

journal (noun) = diário

an accounting document in which all financial transactions are entered in
chronological order
A journal provides a company with a complete record of all its financial
transactions.

lease (noun) = contrato de arrendamento

a contract that specifies the terms under which the right to use an asset belonging
to one party will be transferred to another party
My company just signed a ten-year lease for an office building.
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ledger (noun) = razão

an account book in which financial information is categorized and summarized
Computer programs make it easy to post transactions to a ledger because
everything automatically posts to the correct accounts.

management accounting (noun phrase) = contabilidade gerencial

the part of accounting that involves preparing internal financial reports to help
managers make decisions
Management accounting was very helpful in guiding the CEO in her decision to
build a new factory.

market value (noun phrase) = valor de mercado

a company's worth derived by multiplying the number of shares of outstanding
stock by the current price of the stock
The market value of that company is $40 million.

net sales (noun phrase) = vendas líquidas

gross sales minus sales discounts and allowances
Net sales were quite a bit below gross sales this month because of the allowance
made for a damaged shipment.

nominal accounts (noun phrase) = contas nominais

temporary accounts in which the balances are returned to zero and the amounts in
them are transferred to a permanent account
Nominal accounts are useful for gathering revenue and expenses before placing
those items in permanent accounts.

noncash items (noun phrase) = itens que não passam pelo caixa
in the calculating of net income, a category of things that does not affect the
amount of money
Depreciation and amortization are important noncash items.

nonprofit organization (noun phrase) = organização sem fins lucrativos

an entity that provides services but does not have earning a profit as a goal
Public universities are nonprofit organizations.

NSF check (noun phrase) = cheque sem fundo

not sufficient funds check; a check written by a person or a company that is from a
bank account that does not have enough money to cover the check; often called a
bad check
Banks charge penalty fees to companies and people who write NSF checks.

operating activities (noun phrase) = atividades operacionais

actions that are part of the normal daily business of a company
Paying rent, taxes, and utilities is a major part of our operating activities.

overhead (noun) = despesas gerais

the expenses of an organization that go to maintaining its facilities, such as rent
and utility bills
Our overhead is very high in this office because of the expensive rent.
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owners' equity (noun phrase) = patrimônio dos acionistas

the net assets of a company, or the amount available to the company's owners
after liabilities are subtracted from total assets
The accountants calculated that current owners' equity was $5.5 million.

patent (noun) = patente

a set of exclusive legal rights to an invention that a government grants to a person
My company holds several patents on drugs.

pension (noun) = pensão

a benefit program in which a company agrees to pay benefits to an employee after
the employee retires
Pensions can be a major expense for a company.

physical safeguards (noun phrase) = salvaguardas físicas

equipment, such as door locks, used in a company to protect assets and
information
Some companies keep heavy metal safes or vaults as physical safeguards for their
assets and confidential information.

posting (noun) = lançamento, contabilização

the process of transferring information about transactions from the journal to
appropriate accounts in the ledger
We made a posting of the recent stock sale to the cash and capital stock accounts
in the ledger.

prepaid expenses (noun phrase) = despesas pré-pagas

advance payments that would normally be counted as an expense
Our insurance premiums for the coming year are prepaid expenses.

price-earnings ratio (noun phrase) = índice preço/lucro

the current market value of a company's shares divided by the company's net
income
A company's price-earnings ratio is used to estimate its potential for growth and its
revenue stability.

principal (noun) = principal

amount of money borrowed
The principal on my loan is $10,000.

raw materials (noun phrase) = matéria prima

the basic substances used to manufacture products
About 30 percent of my company's expenses are for the raw materials for our
drugs.

real accounts (noun phrase) = contas reais

accounts in which the balances are carried forward from one accounting period to
another
Assets, liabilities, and owners' equity are real accounts.

receivables (noun) = contas a receber

a company's claim for money, goods, or services
Receivables are the results of a variety of financial transactions.
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revenue (noun) = renda, receita

money that is made from a business or an investment, before expenses and taxes
are paid
Many film companies generate revenue by merchandising the characters in their
movies.

revenue recognition (noun phrase) = reconhecimento de receitas

the procedure of recording a company's income
Revenue recognition can be a complex process when payments are received over
a long period of time.

sales discount (noun phrase) = desconto de vendas

a reduced price that is offered when payments are received within a specific time
period
The equipment manufacturer offered us a sales discount if we paid 100% of the
cost by December 31.

sales returns and allowances (noun phrase) = devoluções e bonificações de

vendas
an account in which a company records the return of merchandise or a price
reduction of merchandise that has already been sold
Sales returns and allowances include discounts for goods damaged during
shipping.

secured bonds (noun phrase) = títulos garantidos

bonds that are backed by a company's assets in order to guarantee repayment
If a company cannot repay secured bonds, it can sell the associated assets to raise
cash.

shares issued and outstanding (noun phrase) = ações em poder do mercado

shares of a company's stock that are held by investors
Shares issued and outstanding include restricted stock and stock owned by the
general public.

statement of cash flows (noun phrase) = relatório de fluxo de caixa

a financial document that shows how money came into a business and left to pay
for expenses during a set period of time
Last year's statement of cash flows showed that our expenses were much too high.

stock option (noun phrase) = incentivo para compra de ações da empresa

a legal agreement that gives you the chance to buy part of your company at a
specific price during a specific time
With his stock options, Joe can buy stock in the company at a low price.

stockholder (noun) = acionista

a person who owns a part of a corporation
The rights that a stockholder has vary somewhat from corporation to corporation.

transaction (noun) = transação

an exchange of goods or services
Some companies conduct thousands of transactions every day.
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trial balance (noun phrase) = balanço de verificação

a list of all account balances that is used to check whether or not the total of all
debits equals the total of all credits
A trial balance is an important method of checking the accounting equation, but it
doesn't guarantee that there are no errors.