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    US8558551B2

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    Christos Apostolopoulos
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2) United States Patent (io) Patent No: US 8,558,551 B2 ‘USO08S58551B2 Mynam et al. 4s) Date of Patent: *Oct. 15, 2013 (64) FAULT LOCATION IN ELECTRIC POWER, 66) References Cited DELIVERY SYSTEMS US. PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Mangapathirao Venkata Mynam, 431316 A VI982 Takagi Pullman, WA (US); Yanfeng G 430201 44198 Siertand Pullman, WA (US); Armando Fooqi604 21991 Schweitzer IL Guzman-Casillas, Pullman, WA (US) S109 A 81992 Schweitzer IE S338061 A 61904 Schwein IL $3646 A 111904 Schweizer IL (73) Assignee: Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Sass76 A _ 101995 Novose Tne, Pullman, WA (US) SROREE A + [011998 Robers x6079 629602 BL 72001 Robes (*) Notice: Suijct to any disclaimer, the term of this a 7 pateat is extended of adjusted under 35 (Continved) USC. 154(b) by 315 days. This patent is subject to a terminal dis- FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS claimer. wo oro 32007 (21) Appl. Nos 197184,700 (Comins) ite OTHER PUBLICATIONS (2) Filed: Jun,7,2011 X.L0o.M.Kennovic Automnted Ansysisof Digital Relay Based on os) Prior Publication Data oy {Us 201110264389 AI Oct.27,2011 Primary Esaniner — Jernele M Vinton Assistant Examiner — Adam Clake 74) attorney, Agent, or Firm — Richard M. Edge Jared Related US. Application Data eee 7 2 (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. c 764342, (57) ABSTRACT. filed on Apr. 21,2010, Accurately calculating locaton ofa phase-o-phase fulteven ‘ona branched, non-homogenous, adil elects power distr. GL) Inc bution system. The calculation includes determining aealew- Goik 3106 (2006.01) Jated reactance to the fault without using positive-sequence (2) US.CL ‘current measurements, and uses the line parameters to deter SPC 43249522; 32476401; 324/765.01; mine locations on the system that match the ealeulatedreae- "702/88; 702/39 tanceto the fault. The calculation may Further include a doer pe eee rmination of faulted phase and eliminate fault location (58) Field of Clasefcetion Search, possibilities based on absence of the fated phase at those USDC ne 324/522, 76401-76501; 700291-298, P 9201-298: ato. See aplisetion efor complete such history 22 Clim, 14 Drawing Sheets 00 1 194 12 te 0 TI ie US 8,558,551 B2 Page 2 66) References Cited USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS 6525543 BL 22003. Roberts e87917 BY 42005 Tomer 7221.166 B2 $2007 Saha 7258153 8262007 Alone 738918 2102007 Sah 734586) B2_ 32008 Schiteiter. T3841 HE S2008 Schwetcrt a 361162 7814933 B2 42009 Altonea 7328600 262010 Wabloos 20080048715 AL* $2003 ubkeman oa 3241509 2oowoos647® AL 22004 Loginor doowonsts20 AL 22008 How aopso17a3i6 Al_ 7/2008 Wablroos BOO8ORLISLL AL* 9.2008 Cho} etal s20isa2 Ddoowonesas7 AL* 11/2008 Wanlroo et ans 20080297163 AL 122008 Wabliooe 200010130099 AL "62009 Baleerek aoooiote72s4 AL_ 7/2009 Kreise 20090295251 AL* 122000 Gainey s0r80 20100013632 AL “1/2010. Slewske 20100053409 AL 32010. Selejan aoro0o102s24 AL 42010 Tremblay sorooisz9i0 AL 62010 Tat ao100179779 AL 72010 Tal sowworr9is AL 72010 Ta 2OLLORG3EE AL* 102011 Gong al rose FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS. wo rowowo1e 12009 wo roosieers 112009 wo 2otoonss2 12010, OTHER PUBLICATIONS DR.Sevik, RB, Lunsford, M. Kezunovie,Z; Galisevs, Ban, T. Popovic Auomatet Analysis of Fault Record and Dissemination ‘of Event Reports May 200, IM. Keanovie,X. Luo Automate Analysisof Protective Relay Data Sun, 6.2005, Mladen Kezunovie, Goran Latisho, Maja Kez, Tomo Popovic Automation of Fait Analysis: Implementation Approaches and Related Benefits ul, 2007 X Luo, M.Kezunovic Fault Analysis Based on Itegatin of Digital Relay and DEE Data Jun 2005. IM. Kezanovic. M, Knezev Faull Location Using Spare IED Record- ings Now. 2007 Mladen Kezunovie PSere Semi: Inegiation of Operational and ‘Non-Operationl Data for lmpoved EMS Monitoring Nov 18,2008. Mladen Keaunovie, Fagun Alleman, Maja Knezes, Ozgur Gonven Salish Nati Opcimizod Fault Location Avg. 19,207, [PL Global Power SG3® Rep Flt Lostoe 2009 Ratan Das Detnminig the Location of Falls ia Disibation Sys- tems 1998, Hashim Hizam. A. Crossley Estimation of Fault Location on Rail isibtion Network Using Fault Generated Traveling Wave Signals 2007 5. Mora, J Melendez, Mar Vinyoles.J Sanchez, Manel Casto An ‘Overview to Fait Location Methods in Distibution System Based ‘on Single End Measirements of Vatage and Cirent Mar. 3, 2008, THEM. El Fouy,C. Abbey On the Computability of Fast Location Appreackes and Distributed Generation Jl. 23, 2003 Dan Ehrenreich Fait Location Intgzated with DA Exances MV Distribution Grid Control fn. 15, 2006, Fengling Han. Xinghuo Yu, Majid AL-Dabbogh Yi Wang Fault Loe tion in Poster Distebation Networks Using Sinsoidal SteadyState ‘Analysis 2005. Rosgo AF Pereira Mladen Kentnove Jose RS. Mantovani Fault cation Algor for Primary Disintution Feeders Base on Vo ge Sags Ap. 2009. ysard Orlowski, Akar Kalam Fault Detection an Location on Distribution Feaders Sep. 22, 199 'Bo-Gun in, Duck'Su Lae Soung-Je Le, Myeon-Song Choi, Sans ‘oe Kang. Bok Shin Aha, Nam-Sun Yoon, Ho-Yong Kim, Hous ‘ae Loe Intelligent Fault Location ad Dingnoss System on Radi Disuibuion Systems Jun, 24,2002 Laureniy Nasi, Anup hatte Distribution System Fal Analy sin, US. Department of Energy: Ofce of Electricity Delivery and Eaergy Reliability, FVO6 Anaual rogram nd Per Review Mesing ‘May 25,2006 ‘Venkat Mynam Fault Location Theory for Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, lc sion Fine Fault Analysis Program May 30 2008, emits Tieuvars, Jeff Robots, Gabriel Benmouyal New Mal Enda Fait Location Design for Two-o¢ Thee: Terminal Lines Nov. 1.2008 ‘Kal Zimmenman, David Coste Inpedance-Based Fat Location Exptience Oe 2008 David Costello, Karl Zimmerman Distance Element Improve: sments—A Case Stay Ap. 2008 Edmund 0. Schweitzer I, Toff Roberts Distanes Relay Element Design Ap. 1993 4. Roberts A. Guzman .0, Schweitzer, lI Z-Vi Does Not Makes Distance Relay Oct. 1093, ‘Danial Sabi, Cristiana Dimi, David Santiago, George Batoudi (Overview ofan Attomatis Distribution Fault Loeaton System May 12010, Edmund 0. Schweitzer, I, David Whitehead, Armano Guzman ‘Yanfong Gong, Mateos Dondlo Advanced Real-Time Synchrophasor Applications Sep. 23, 2008 THanco De Ville, Mafcos Dogo, Armando Guzman, Mani ‘Venkatasubeamanian Mitigating Volage Collapse Problems inthe [Natal Region of South Afi Sop, 16,209, 2M, Radojvi, CH. Kim, M. Popov, G, Preston, V Teaja New Approach for Fault cation on Trimsmision Lines No Regiing Tine Parameters in 3, 2009 Lopez 1. Gomer, R Cimadevilla, Synerophasor Applications of ‘he National Flere System Operator of Span. lst Annual Confer ence fr Proetive Relay Enginers Ap 1, 2008, David J. Lawrence, Luis Z Cabeza Lawscace T. Hochbers, Devel opment of an Advanced Transmission Line Fault Location Systm Parl Algoritim Development and Simsltion, IEE Transitions fom Power Delivery wl 7 No.4, Oct. 1992. Edad ©. Schill Evaluation ad Development of ean sission Line Falt Localing Techniques Which Use Sisusoil ‘Steuy- State nfrmation th Annual Westra Protstve Relay Con Terence, Ot 26-28 1982. ‘.Takag.¥ Yamaoshi, M.Yanaur, R. Kondow, T. Matsushima, Development ofa New Fault Type Locator Using the One-Tenninal Voltage tnd Curreot Das, IEEE Transaction on Poser Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-101, No.8, Aug. 1982, pp. 2802-2898 D. Novosel, DG. Har E. Uden 1, Gait, Uasyacronizal Two ‘Teminal Fault Location Estimation, IEEE Tagsction on Power Deliv, vl, 11, No 1, 1996 pp 10138, A. Guzman, V. Mymam, G, Zeigle. Backup Transmission Line Protection for Ground Tals and Power Swing Detection Using ‘Synchophasor, th Anmual Westen Protective Rely Conference, et, 2007 IL Vargas A Gueman, J. Robles, Underground Submarine Cable Proicction Using a Negative Sequence Dicetonal Comparison Scheme, 1990 Claude ect, Accurate Ful Location Algorithm for Series Come pemsled Lines Using Two Terminal Unsynchroized Measurements ts Hyro-Quebee's Fick Experience, Research Insitute of Hyer (shoo, 3nd Aanal Wester Protetive Rely Confrence, Ot 19,2006 Siemens Oscop P Fal Locator, Manual, Mar 2007, ssion ines 2007, Profile Transm US 8,558,551 B2 Page 3 66) References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS SE. Zochol, Thre-PhaseCiruit Analysis andthe Mysterious ko Fact, 2nd Annual Westem Protective Relay Conference, Oct. 24.26, 1098 CT internacional Search Report and Write Opinion ofthe Inter ‘tuional Searching Authority for PCT'US20111020488, May 31 ot ‘Yanfeng Gong, Amando Guzman, Distibion Feces Fault Loea- tion Using IED an FCI laformation, 2011 Texas A&M Confrence {or Proestive Relay Engineers, Feb 8,201 ‘Yanfong Gong, Mangspthiruo Mynam, Armando Guzman, Gaby! ‘Beamouyal Boris Slim, Real-Time Muliteeminal Fault Location ‘System for Trnamision Nebwors, Sep 7, 2010, * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 1 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 & 4 o a ke 8 8 1 ' ~ ' 2 3 aft 5 | 2 ' a I I 1 el sf “lio 130 T 104 102 U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 2 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 2ts + yzt 200! \, + au aR, 216/| 225 ve 20 22, Sih > ale 20s 20 : 20, a Figure 2 U.S, Patent 2s US 8,558,551 B2 Oct. 15,2013 Sheet 3 of 14 300 02 vr »| 34 [\s04 + rh Re Re Ry Pa Bs Be ata Figure 3 22s U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 4 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 20s ae 3R, 225 Data “} * 2 3 g ¢ ir &] | Bl | 2 * tn ve g g g = ey} el] be z a| Le 215 U.S, Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 5 of 14 ig zh R US 8,558,551 B2 04 Figure 5 U.S, Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 6 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 600, Nie ei Px oy Oat Le NB Na Pete, Pe, bes Pete PO, Lee ST Figure 6 abo nu 74 650 Fault Locator Pete, Pas Lae Peta. Os Las % Pete, Pe Lae st | voz pa Nso Figure 7 200 ee ed st D202 850 Figure 8 Fault Locator U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 7 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 y ‘Select Current and Voltage Measurements During Fault 904 ¥ Identity the Fault Type P.o06 + Calculate Reactance to the Fault ggg 912 ¥ Detailed line model Calculate Possible Fault Locations P\ gig ¥ Report Possible Fault Locations 14, Figure 9A U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 8 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 ¥ Calculate Total Reactance D208 912 t Populate List of Possible Faulted Line Segments for Segments that Meet: 1) ee 2X0 2) Xear>Xoce 1X» and; | \e09 3) The Segment Contains the Faulted Phase. Detailed line model ¥ For Each Line Section in List, Calculate Fault Distance from the Measurement Point to the Possible 9,4 Fault Location Equal to: | \o14 Figure 9B U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 9 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 12 ¥ Detailed line Build Lookup Table with Most Recent 1 model Line Model ea ¥ Calculate Reactance to Fault ~— P\ ggg. * Search Lookup Table for Reactance Closest to Calculated Reactance | \ 920 ¥ Populate List of Possible Fault Locations from Lookup Table Search | ‘922 ¥ Report Possible Fault Locations 14, Figure 9C U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 10 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 | Calculate Reactance to Fault | \oos ¥ ‘Search Lookup Table for Segments with Reactances at the Nodes Straddle the Calculated Reactance ¥ 912 Populate List of Possible Fault Locations from Lookup Table Search | Detailed line model Remove Possible Fault Locations from Populated List Using Detailed Line Model I For Each Segment in List, Calculate the Remaining Reactance by Subtracting the Calculated Reactance from the Reactance at the “To” Node. | \os2 y For Each Segment in List, Calculate Length Along Segment to Possible Fault Location Using the Ratio of Remaining Reactance to Segment Reactance and the Segment Length [\o34 y Report Possible Fault Locations | \o36 Cee Drive Figure 9D U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 11 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 Figure 10 Fault Locator 104 Figure 11 U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 12 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 ‘200 sar ot Select Current and Voltage Measurements During Fault 1208 ¥ Identify the Fault Type 4206 z Calculate Reactance to Fault 1212 | 208 ¥ Detaled line Mosel [> Calculate Possible FeuitLocatons 5.4 No 7 FCI Reporting Faut 1218 Condition? 1200 ¥ 1216 Remove Line Segments that Have No Remove the Line FCI(s) Associated ‘Segments that Have Associated I FCK(s) Keep Line Segments with Associated FCI(s) Reporting Fault Condition that 1222 are Furthest Along the Possible Fault Paths Report Possible Fault Location(s) 1226/| Figure 12A 1228 a> U.S. Patent Oct. 15, 2013 Sheet 13 of 14 US 8,558,551 B2 1201 Ay FCI Reporting Fau AD Condition? on ¥ ¥ 1217 Do Not Include Line Segments that Have No FCl(s) Associated in List of Do Not Include the Possible Fault Locations Line Segments that Have ¥ ee Keep Line Segments with Associated FC\(s) Reporting Fault Condition that 1223/| are Furthest Along the Possible Fault Paths Pt y ‘Select Current and Voltage Measurements During Faut_ “1208 7 Identity the Fault Type a x ons Caleulate Reactance to Fauit on ¥ Detailed line aad Calculate Possible FauttLocatons jog, x Report Possible Fault Location(s) 1227. Figure 128 US 8,558,551 B2 Sheet 14 of 14 Oct. 15, 2013 U.S, Patent €1 eunbi4 OZET uoneua}eg uon2007 11ne4 coel 3INPOW uoyeso7 yney Leh "04 204 -bzeL over 10d ‘INpOW XEIKL aay J Z aa, zzeer z bel4 7) d0eT Gal US 8,558,551 B2 1 FAULT LOCATION IN ELECTRIC POWER DELIVERY SYSTEMS. RELATED APPLICATION ‘This application is a Continuation-in-part of US. patent application Ser No. 12/768,342, fled on 21 Apr: 2010 titled Fault Location ia Electric Power Delivery Systems" naming YYanfeng Gong and Armando Guzman-Casilias as inventors, Which is hereby incorporated by reference in is entirely. TECHNICAL FIELD ‘This disclosure relates to protection of electric power delivery systems. More particularly, this disclosure relates 10 ‘determining fanlt location on an electric power delivery sys= BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS. 'Non-imiting and non-exhaustive embodiments ofthe dis ‘losure are described, including various embodiments ofthe sdsclosure with reference tothe figures, ia which: TIG., 1 illustrates one-line diagram of an electie power delivery system; FIG, 2 illustrates a soquence diagram for a single-line 0 round fault on an electric power delivery system, IG, 3 illustrates a sequence diagram fora phase-o-phase fault on an electric power delivery system; FIG. illustrates a sequence diggram foraphase-to-phasc- ‘w-ground fault onan eletrie power dlivery system; TIG. § illustrates a sequence diggram for a throe-phase Jiault on an electric power delivery system; IG, 6 illustrates a one-line diggram of «branched electric power delivery system; FIG. 7 illustrates aone-ine diagram of a branched electric power delivery system; FIG, 8 illustrates a one power delivery system; FIGS. 9A.9D ilustate process flow diagrams for ealeulat- ing posible locations of a fault on an electric power delivery system using an elecrie power delivery system model and reactance tothe felt FIG. 10illustratesa one-line diagram of branched electric power delivery system: FIG. 11 illustrates one-line diagram ofa branchedelectic power delivery system: FIG. 42A illustrates a process ow diagram ofa method for calculating a location of Fault on an electri power delivery system using an electric power delivery system model, eae- tance tothe fault, and FCT data, FIG. 12Billusieatosa process ow diagram ofa method for ‘calculating location of fulton an electri power delivery system using an electric power delivery system model, reac- tance tothe fault, and FCI data; and, IG, 13 illustrates a funetional block diagram of device that may be used to calculate a location of faultonanelectic power delivery system. ine diagram of a branched electric DETAILED DESCRIPTION Plectrie power delivery systems are designed to transmit, and distribute electrical power trom generation plants t0 Toads, At times, these electric power delivery systems expe- rience faults die to, for example, a condvetive path between ‘one (or more) of the phase conductors and ground, between, ‘0 or more of the phase conductors, between one (or more) 0 wa 2 ofthe phase conductors anda neutral eonduetor, and the like Faults can cause disriptions to the flow of power in the electric power delivery system, and may even result in the {allure ofthe system to elective deliver power o loads. ‘Owners and operators of electric power delivery systems sire to know the location ofthe fat onthe electri poster Selivery system, so that the systom can be repained or med fied to clear the fault or decrease the likelihood of similar future faults. AS many electric power delivery systems include clecsic power lines that are quite long oF include several segments of buses and feelers, locating 3 fault by tnweling a path of the delivery system can be both time ‘consuming. and expensive. Accordingly, methods have boon ‘devised to calculate the distance to the fault slong the electic power delivery system using measurements taken fom the electri power delivery system, Feetric power delivery systems may be ofa “radial” con- ‘guration under omaal operating conditions in that they have single power supply. Tt should be noted that the single supply may include several sources. Further, the electic power delivery system may include interconnections to other electric power delivery systems andor supplies, but these {interconnections may be open unl an event occurs such as the single supply becoming unavailable, a faulton the system, reconfiguration event, oF the like. Certain figures included herein illustrate one-fine diagrams of electric power delivery systems, ech of which are illustrated in 2 radial configure ‘io, "The embodiment ofthe diselosure wll bebest understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are desig- fated by lke numerals thoughout. It willbe readily under stood thatthe components ofthe disclosed embodiments, as ‘generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, coed be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different con- figurations. Thus, the following detailed description of the ‘embodiments ofthe systems and methods ofthe disclosure is ‘ot intended to limit he seope a the disclosure, as claimed, but is merely representative of possible embodiments ofthe disclosure. In addition, the steps of a method do not ncces- sarily need to be executed in any specific onder, or even sequentially, nor need the steps be exceuted only once, unless otherwise specified. In Some cases, well-known features, structure, or opera ‘ions are not shown or described in detail. Furthermore, the described feature, structures, oF operations may be com- bined in any suitable manner in one or more embextiments. It ill also be readily understood that the components of the embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations ‘Reference throughout this specification to “one embodi- ‘meat o¢ “an embodiment” indicates hata paricular feature, structure, or characteristic desribed in vonnection with the ‘embodinients included inat feastone embodiment. Ths, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an ‘embodiment in various places throughout this specification fare not necessarily all referring o the same embodiment. In particular, an “embodiment” may'be a system, an article of ‘manufacture (sueh asa computer readable storage medium), method, and a product ofa process. ‘The phrases “connected to" “networked” and “in commu nication with” refer to any form of interaction between two oF ‘mor entities, including mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and clectromagneticinteration. Two components may be con- ected to each other eventhough they are notin direct phys cal contact with eoch other and even though there may be intermediary devices between he two components US 8,558,551 B2 3 Sever aspects ofthe embodiments described will bells trated as soflwae modules or components. As used herein, & software module oeompanent may include any typeof com- puter instriction or computer executable code located witha ‘amemory deviceand/orransmittedas electronic signals over system bus or wired or wireless network. A software module ‘or component may, fr instance comprise one or mote phy i ‘al or logical blocks of computer instruetions, whieh may be ‘organized as a routine, program, object, component, data structure, ef, that performs one or more tasks or implements particular absieoet datatypes, In certain embodiments, a particular software module oF ‘component may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations of a memory device, which together ‘implement the described functionality ofthe module Indeed, ‘module or component may comprise single instruction oF many instroctions, and may be distributed over several i= erent code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices. Some embodiments may be pre ‘iced ina distributed computing environment where tasks are performed by a remote processing device linked through a ‘communications network, Ina distributed computing eavi- ronment, software modules or components may be located in Focal and/or remote memory storage devices. nition, data being tied of rendered together in a database rocond may be resident in the same memory device, oF across several memory devices, and may be linked together in fields of @ reco ina database across a network. The software modules “described herein tangibly embody a program, functions, and ‘or insietions that are executable By compute(s) to perform. tasks as deseribed herein, Suitable software, as applicable, maybe readily provided by those of skill inthe pertinent a(S) using the teachings presented herein and programming lan- ‘guages and tools, such as XML. Java, Pascal, C4, C, dat base languages, APIs, SDKs, assembly, firmware, microcode, andor other languages and tools, ‘Some of the infrastructure that can be used with embodi ments disclosed herein is already available, such as: yeneral- purpose computers, computer progrumaing tools and tech- rigues, digital storage media, and optical networks. ‘computer may include a processor such as a microprocessor microcontroller, logie cireuitry, of the like. The processor may include a special purpose processing device sich as ua ASIC, PAL, PLA, PLD, Field Programmable Gate Array, or ‘ther customized or programmable device. The computer may also include a computer readable storage device such as non-volatile memory, static RAM, dysamic RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, disk, tape, magnetic, optical, flash memory, oF ‘other computer readable storage medium. As used herein, the tenn IED may refer to any micropro~ ‘essorbased device that monitors, controls, automates, and! ‘oF protects monitored equipment within the system. Such ‘devices may include, for example, remote terminal units, sifforomial relays, distance relays, diretional relays, feeder relays, overcurent relays, voluge regulator controls, voltage relays, breaker failure relays, generator relays, motor relays, ‘automation controllers, bay controllers, meters, recloser con trols, communications processors, computing pltfons,pro- grammable logic controllers (PLCs), programmable automa tion controllers input and oxtpa modules, and the like. IEDs may be connected to a network, and communication on the netwark may be facilitated by networking devices including, but not limited to, multiplexers, routers, hubs, gateway, fie ‘walls and switches. Furthermore, networking and comm ‘ation devices may be incorporated in an IED ot be in co o 4 nication with an IED. The term IED may be used interchangeably to describe an individval IED or @ system ‘comprising multiple IEDs. ‘Many electric power delivery systems are not homoge neous, That i, power line segments may not have identical physical panimeters. Segments of certain electric poser Selivery systems may have conductors of different diameters, ‘tings, materials, andthe ike. Further electric power deliv- ery systems may be branched and not have TEDs located at cach end of every branch, ron each segment ofeach branch Electric power distsbution systems, for example, typically ‘have multiple branches and conform to residential and nds ‘wal preferences ofthe location of the conductors (eg. over head or underground). Accordingly, sich systems are not homogeneous and may’not have TEDS at each end or on each braneh, complicate the ask of locating the fault on the sy8- ‘em. Calculating the distance to the fal is more accurate when the line parameters are homogeneous. However, as mien- tioned, on electric power distrbution systems, line param- ters between the substation andthe fault may be firly nom homogeneous. PIG. 1 illustrates a one-tine diagram of @ {ypical electric power delivery system 100 with non-homo- zencous line parameters, The elecric power delivery system 100 has underground seumens indicated in dashed-ine and ‘overhead segments indicated in solid line, The system 100 ‘includes Tine 102 from a source, such as generation trans- rmission system, or the Tike, feeding 2 transformer 104 that may be a step-up transformer (such as in the ease where source is generation) ora step-down transformer (in the ease ‘where the source is a trnsmission line and the delivery sys- {em 100 isa distribution system) in connection with bus 106 Line 130 (which may be a distribution feeder, transmission Tine, oF the like) is connected tothe dowastream distribution system via breaker 108, Line 130 is monitored by IED 110, whieh gathers power system information, sueh as voltage, ccurtent, frequency, andthe like from line 130 via 8 potential transformer (PT) and current transformer (CT). IED 110 further is in commonication with breaker 108, and may com- ‘mand breaker 108 fo open ifa downstream fault i detect. Line 130 may include non-homogenous portions, The ills: twated line 130 includes overhead portion 138 and under ‘round portions 132, 140, and 142. A felt 160 may aecur on portion 142 of line 130. eseribed below, IED 110 may temp to calelate distance to fant 160, The distance calculation may be based on an assumed set of line parameters. Because Tine parameters sueh as physical characteristics ofthe conductors used inthe cleciri power distribution system 100 are not homogenows, sistance calewation assuming homogeneous line parameters ‘may include ears. Punter, because the electric power di {cibution system 100 includes several branches a caeulation ofthe distance to the fault may result in sever] possibilitiesof fault location (the fanlt calculation could point o diffrent points on different parallel sepments). To better calculate possible fault locations, the systoms and methods desribed herein ealeulate-a distance to the fault by determining. the calculated reactance from the measuring device (Such as TED 110) othe fault 160 X,.,- The reactance may then be used ‘conjunction with the fine parameters to determine the di ‘ance tothe fault even whit the Tine is non-homogenoous, FIG. 2 illustrates a simplified sequence diagram for a singl-phase-1o-gronnd fal. The sequence diagram inelndes a source (illustrated with generator 202), impedances (pos tive-sequence impedance 71,204, negative-sequenceimped- ance 72, 206, and zero-sequence impedance 20, 208) in sees with total sequence impedances from the substation to US 8,558,551 B2 5 the fale (224, 210, 222, 212, 220, 214). Further, three- times the fault esstance 3R, 216 is in series in tis sequence siggram. Fora single-phase-to-ground fall the otal sequence rae tance tothe fault can he calculated using Equation 2.10: By. 210 Oe # SUK 3,440) where X02, the caleulted sequence restance to he at isthe numberof line segments tween ft eat sd the as “XI isthe posve-enquence rectance withthe Ith line ssument ‘X2 is the neyatvesequence reactance with the kth tine segment ‘XI is the zero-soquence reactance with the Ith line see set 12 is the negatve-soquence current referenced 1 the fated phase: Vpn AV 4Vy efron othe fled pas: 5S the poivesequence volte, reereced tothe fit phaser "Vs isthe neativeseqieee volage, referenced 10 the fale pase ‘Yi the za sequence voltage, referenced to the fut shave. Ar oso hers, “otal sequence refers to the som of the penis, zem and negative eqienee Further, hough cee Exesoguonce curently nein Equation 210, posite: sequence cmon, ar-sequence creat yor cembin Som there may be wd Fora phaseso-phase fa, the soqunce diagram iil trate in FG. 3 Thesequens diagram nla, a eis, se souree 302, the postive segnence impednce 71, 308, the onitneseguence impodanes 271,306, half ofthe lk Festance half ofthe faut resistance the nepative sequence impedance 372, 312, and thenegative- sequence impedance 22, 314, The rectance between the IED ‘andthe fault location is ealeuated using Equation 2.20: 1. 220 where: Xe is the caleulated postive-sequence reactance tothe sat an, 'V,. Vo-an I, are illustrated in FIG. 3 to the fated phase snd are referenced 0 o 6 a some embodiments, certain measurements my not be avaiable, useable, or preferable. Accordingly, other equa tions may be used to caleulate a reactance between the TED and the fl location, For example itis ot preferable to ‘se positive sequence curren, I, then Equation 2.21 may be ‘used to calelate the reactanee between the IED and the flt location: For a phase-to-phaseto-ground faut, the sequence dia gram is illustrated in FIG. 4, R, indicates the full resistance between phases and R, indicates the fault resistance to gcund, Equations 220 and 2.21 can he uscd to calculate the reactance to the fault forthe phase-o-phase-o-ground fal. FIG. § illustrates the sequence diagram fora three-phase fault, The total reactance for the three-phase fault may’ be sieve Bate mf where XE, 8 the ealeulated postive-sequence reactance tothe fault and, ‘Vand ae illustrated in PIG. S, and are referenced tothe faulted phase ‘Using the above equations, X.., may be determined using only the sensed voltages and currents. Turing agai to FIG. 1 once the fant 160 has been detected by TED 110, the IED (0 can determine the location ofthe fault using the sense ‘aut vottage and fault current to determine X... Thats, the TED 110 wes the known line parameters to calculate the distance to the fault along the path of the electric poster Selivery system ising the calculated reactance tothe foul, Fog hiscalculation the IED 110 must have the information related tothe physical parameters ofthe power conductors) from the IED tothe fat To that end, these parameters may be stored within the IED for reiieval and use during the calculation ofthe faut Ioeation. That i, the TED may have Stored the information related tothe length, sequence res tances, soquence reactances, and such parameters of lines 132, 138, 140, and 142, With this information, X., can be compared with accumulated reactances at points along, the path to the fault to determine a location of the fault. The Joation ofthe fault may be reported asa distance to the fault allowing the path of the conductor. Contin electric power delivery systems include branches ‘rom a primary feeder. Typically a common Teoder is mone tored and protected by an TED. FIGS. 68 illustrate one-line agrams of electie power delivery systems 600, 700 and £800. FIG. 6 illustrates an electric pawer delivery system 600 ‘with a common feeder seument SL monitored by IED 602. ‘Common feoder segment SI extends from node NI to node 12, and is connected 10 0¥0 branch segments S2 and S4 extending from node N2 and that operat in parallel to each other, Branch segment $2 extends from node N2 to node N3, ‘where branch segment S3 extends further to node N4. Branch segment S4 extends from node N2 to node NS, and is in ‘connection with two further branch segments SS and 6, exch extending from node NS and that operate in parallel 1 each US 8,558,551 B2 1 ‘ther: Branch segment 8S extends from node NS to node N6, tnd branch segment S6 extends from node NS to node NT. ‘Although many or all of the segments may include switches, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electric power delivery system equipment, FIG, 6 illustrates a single reuit breaker 611 locatedon segment SI. The circuit breaker may be opened or closod, and may be monitored andlor ‘controlled by an IED 602. Each segment of the electric power delivery system 600 say include various parameters, suc as the conductor typ, phases present inthe segment, positivesequence reactance Xi. positive-sequence resistance RL, dhe zero-sequence eac- tance XO, zero-sequence resistance RO, the length D, and so ‘orth. Table 1 usrates the parameters of each segment the ‘locric power delivery system TABLE 1 Scomet_ “Type Phases) tM (Olm) Ohm) (Oh) The electric power delivery system 600 js monitored and protected by IED 602, which may collet power system infor- ‘mation from the conductor at common feeder segment SI using for example current transducers (CTs),potential tans- ‘ducers (PTs), Rogowski coils, and the lke, 1 obtain electric power delivery system voltages and currents therefrom. Using the electric power delivery system information, IED (602 may calculate further power system information, such as sequence voliages, sequence currents, fequencies, pase voltages, phase currents, impedances, saquence impedances, reactance, sequence reataices, and the like. The distance 10 the fault may be ealculat by a faut locator 650 that may be ‘8 module operating on IED 602, of on a separate device in ‘communication with IED 602. The feult locator 650 may perform the steps of receiving an indication that fault con- dition has been detected, requesting electric power systema Sault information (Gueh as fal voltages, fault currents, and the like), and performing the calculations to determine pos- sible lotions ofthe fat. The fault oeator 650 may perform these tasks automatically upon receving an indication that the faulted condition has boen detected "As deseribed above, if a fault 660 were to exist on the ‘electric power delivery system, the IED 602 may determine the fault type using the gathered electric power delivery sys- ‘em information, With the electric power delivery informa tion, the IED 602 may then calculate the fault type, and determine X,.,. 660. For example, i it has been determined thatthe fault pes A-phose-to-ground, then Equation 2.10is tied to calelate the calculated total sequence reactance 10 the fault. Further, using X,_ and the electric power delivery system information as indicatod in Table 1, the IED may ‘determine possible fault locations in terms ofthe distance to the fault along each ofthe the possible paths to possible Jault locations. Tht i, path 1 ineludes seyments $1, 82, and SS% path 2 includes segments SI, S4, and SS: and, ath 3 Includes segments 81, $4, and S6. IG. 7 illustrates another configuration of the electric powwer delivery system 700, where the system is monitored hy {v01FDs 702 and 704, IED 702 located on segment SI, and js configured to detect downstream faults on the electric 0 o 8 power delivery system 700, and control circuit breaker TH Accordingly IED 702 would detect fault 760 on segment S6. ‘The electric power delivery system 700 is further monitored bby IED 704 located on segment $6, and which is in comnm- ication with recloser 710, TED 704 may’ he, for example, 9 recloser control, configured to monitor segment Sb (by ‘obtaining power system conditions therefrom such as vo sage, current, IRequency, and the lke), and operate recloser ‘710 upon occurrence of certain poser system events. For example, IED 704 may be configured tooperate recloser 710, if fault 760 is detected System 700 may further include o fault Jocator 780 for tric power delivery system, As illustrated, ‘fault locator 750 isa madule resident in IED 702. However, the fault locator 750 may be # module resident in IED 70. Nevertheless, the fault locator 750 may be configured 10 receive electric power system information upon oceurrence fof fault, and use the electric poser system information to {determine the loeation of the fault. As illustrated above, fault locator 780 may be configured to calculate X,.., using th Jiult voltages andlor currents detected and a¥ailable fro IEDs 702, 704 1 shouldbe noted that in system 700, both IEDs 702, 704 will detect fit 760, and both wil gather the faulted electric power system information becanse fault 760 is electrically ‘ownstream fom cach IED 702, 704, IED TO is i comma ication with TED 702, and te faulted electric power system information collected by IED 704 world he communicated IED 702. IED 704 may also send fag indicating that fa 7600s boon detected, Fal locator 750 would then have two sources of fault data available to determine the fault Joeation, Fault locator 780 may decide whieh set of faulted electic povwer system information to use—that from IED 702 or that {rom IED 704, Fault locator 750 may be configured to select ‘the hest data for fat Jocation, The best data may be that rom the IED that i electrically closest othe fat The best data ray be data that is sulicently accurate for fault Ioeation calculations. preliminary calculation ofthe distance to the fault using the data fom IED 702 and the data Irom 704 ‘Would give an indication ofthe IED electrically closest to the faut In this ease, IED 70d joletrcally closest to fault 760, and the collected power system information from IED 704 ‘would, therefore, most likely be more aceurate than the data gathered by the more distant IED 702, Accordingly, the fault Joeator 750 could choose to perform its fault locaton eae Jations using the data from IED 704 rather than the data fro IED 702. Thus, the fault locator 750 seloets the best data for | Rio Nee See Sune Noe _Nole ToNede (i) _Xy(Ohm) (Oem) Phases) A comparison of You against the reactances in the table ‘would yield the possible faulted sezment(s) and possibly an estimaie ofthe location on the faulted sepment(s) ofthe ful. Thats, following the method illustrated in FIG, 9D, after the aul locator ealeuates the reaetance to the fault 98, i woud search the lookup table to detemnine which segments had ‘odes with reactance values that straddle X, 926 (the reae- ‘tance ofthe “From” node is les than Xan the reactance ofthe To" nodes greater than X,.,). These ements would populate the list of possible foult locations 928, The fat Tocator may receive the detailed line model 912 and remove possible fale segments from the popialated list using the ‘Setsled line model 930, Akeratvely, the table may he built ‘with the most recent detailed line model 912 and ince an indication of the phases present on each segment, as ills trated in Table 4. The list may then be populated only with ‘aulted seaments that include the faulted phase ‘To further determine the possible fault location, the fault locator would then calelate te distance along each segment remaining inthe list 0 the possible fault locations using @ Tineae relationship ofthe reactances and segment length To this end, the fault locator determines the remaining reactance Xremay BY subtracting X.,. from the raetance atthe “To” ode, of each segment in the populated list 932, Using theremaining reactance Xm the reactance ofthe segment Xj. and the length ofthe segment D,. te ful locator ealew- lates the distance along the segment of the possible faut Jocston 934. This may'be done by mutipying the ratio of the remaining reactance Xm 10 the segment reactance X, by the segment length D,, and subrmcting this quantity from the segment length D That is, Dee ‘These possible fault lneations are then reported 936 andl the process ends 916, US 8,558,551 B2 15, Another similar method may be used without «lookup table for determining the length along the eleciie power delay spe fa walls eng ag ih y faulted segment to the possible fault location by Following each possible path along the system. This method simply stims up the eactances along each path, and compares the sums against X The distance tothe fait on a possibly faulted segment ca be calculated as above using a linea relationship between a ratio of reactanees and lengths of the segment and as accumulated. ‘As metioned above, electric power delivery systems may include a aumber of elecrie power ine sensors such as FCs thatare configured wo collect information fom the powerline, ‘make certain ealelations thereon to make determinations as to the state ofthe power system, and may further be config- ured 10 display certain power system events or conditions, andor report power system evens or conditions t a central unit, For example, PCIs may be installed on a distribution system to make visual indications of permanent andor tem- porary faulison the distbution system. Further, FCismay be ‘Configured with radio commnications to send messages con- ‘ceming power system events and conditions to an IED moni toring the segment of the distribution system on which the Tis installed. US Patent Applieation Publication No. 2010) (0013632 (with Ser. No. 12/175,S84) entitled “Transceiver Interface for Power System Monitoring” describes a system ‘where FCIs capable of radio communication are used to com- ‘nunicate fault location aad is herein incorporated by refer ‘ence ints entirety. ‘An TED monitoring such an electric power distribution system may receive power system information from the var- ‘ous FCs. The power system information may include, for ample FC Hefti smd ange ee cut nent fault Mag, temporary fault Nag, time of event, and the like Such infomation can be quite hep inesleulting the location ofthe fault andl determining the proper location of the fault on the electric power delivery system. FIG. 10 illustrates 8 one-line diagram ofan electric power delivery system 1000 with various segments and nodes (simi Jaro those in FIGS, 68). The electric power delivery system 1000 is monitored by an IED 1002 in communication with segment 51, aswell as by various FCTs 1022, 1024, 1028, and 1030 associated with each of the various segments of the ‘elecisic power delivery system. Itshould be noted that an FCL ‘does not need to be insalled on a particular segment to be “associated” therewith, as a properly Functioning FCT will ect ana report fans eletrically downsirear Irom isl. For example, although segment 83 has no FCIs installed thereon, sezment $3 does have an FCT associated therewith namely 1022. IED 1002 may be in communication with and ‘operat circuit breaker 1011. Moreor fewer FClsimay be wed © monitor the various line segments ofthe system. The sey- ‘ments may include circuit breakers andor switches for ppen- ing, closing, or switching the sogment in or out of service. Tach FCT is ia communieation withthe IED 1002, The ‘communications between FIs 1022-1030 and IED 1002 ‘may use any ofthe various available communication tech- nologies such as eontaets, conductors, fiber-optic cables, radio-frequency communication, or the ike. As described the US Patent Application Publication No. 20100013632 referenced above, in one example, FCIs 1022-1030 may all ‘communicate with IED 1002 using radio communications CIs 1022-1030 may be configured to monitor the condue~ tors with which they are associsted for various conditions, ‘including faulted conditions, FCTs 1022-1030 may becontig= ured to monitor foran overcurrent condition ontheassocited ‘conductor and indicate when such fault conditions present 0 o 16 ‘onthe conductor. PCs 1022-1030 may be futher configured to determine walher the fult is permanent or temporry FCls 1022-1030 are configured to report tothe IED whe. fault is detected, and may display a faulted condition on the FCT itself. FIG, 10 indicates that FCTs 1024, an 1030 have cach detected fault 1060, and ave indicated the detection of ult 1960. The fault condition detected by FIs 1024 and 1030 is reported to IED 1002, FCIs 102 and 1028 bave cometly neither detected nor indicated fait 1060, and accordingly, do not report that any fault has been detected. TED 1002 detects fault 1060, and initiates its fal location algorithm to calculate the location ofthe faul. As indicated fbove in conjunction with FIG. 6, IED 1002 may’ include a ‘aul location modale for calculating possible fault locations ‘or the faut location module may be included in a separate ‘device in communication with IED 1002. The fault location algorithm may follow the general steps as indicated above, but further include the step of removing segments from the possible faulted locaton fist using data gathered from the Pcl. "As deseribed above, the fault loestor may function as 3 ‘module within IED 1002, or in a stand-alone deviee, or in another IED om the electric power delivery syst, FIG. 11 illustrates. another configuration for monitoring electic power delivery system 1100 using IED 1102, TED 1104 (which may be a recloser contro) in communication with rcloser 1110, fault locator 1180, and various FCIs 1122, 1124, and 1138. FCT 1124 vorrely detects fault 1160 and oportito fault locator 1180, asdo IEDs 1102nd 1104. FCls 1122 and 1128 correctly neither detect nor indicate detection of fault 1160. IED 1102 may be in communication with and ‘operate circuit breaker 1111. As above, communications may be by any means available such as conductor, feroptic. radiofrequency, or the like. Further as described above, the fault loeator may select the fault data from the best source (lectically closest wo the fault and/or best quality data) for performing the fault locaton calculations ‘The fault locator may use information from the FCIs to provide more accurate possible eations forthe fault, Gen- ‘erally, ifan FCT doesnot inicatea faulted condition, then the fault locator removes from (or does not include in) alist of possible fault locations all seaments associated with that FCT. Accordingly in FIG. 10, because FCI 1022 does not indicate ‘faulted condition, segments S2 and $3 will not be included in the ist of possible Tault locations, Further, te ful Tocator ‘may determine ifan FCT does indiate a fault condition, then all segmeats that are not associated with that FCT are ther removed ffom or not included in the list of possible fault locations. Taming agsin to FIG. 10, becanse FCs 1030 and 1024 indicated a fault condition, sepments not associated ‘with an indicating PCI (sesments $2, 83, and $8) will nt be ‘included inthe list of posible Fault ocations. Further til the “aul locator may retain only segments associated withan PCT that indicates a fault condition tht is also electrically farthest downstream in the electie power delivery system. Again turing t FIG. 10, segment S6 would be kept in thelist of possible fault locations because the assoeiated PCT 1030 is electrically further downstream than ECT 1024. With these {ree criteria the Flt Tocatorincludes only segment S6in the Jis of possible fault locations. Funer refinements as to the Jocation of the fault on segment $6 may be made using the ‘methods described herein. Tn onder to use the fault detection information available rom FCls, the particular locations of the FCs may be avi ahle to the fault locator. The detsiled Fine module indicates Which line segments include associated FIs, and may include their relative postions on the seuments andr other US 8,558,551 B2 17 ng information concerning the FCs such as serial rumberor the like, Accordingly, cach FClmay be configured {0 report its identification or location information ro dhe Fault JoeatorSuch lotion or identification information may bein the form ofa serial number, a segment number, position ‘coordinates (such as froma global positioning system (GPS) ‘or the lke that may be programmed into the FCT upon instal Jatin), or such, FIG. 12A illustrates a process How diagram 1200 of 2 method forcalculating the location ofthe fault using bol data from an IED as wel s information avaiable from FIs, The riethod 1200 starts 1202 when a falc is detected. The Fall Tocator may function as is described above to receive indica- tion ofthe detection ofthe fault and to ceive the fault data from the TED(s). Fault detection information from the FCs may’ also be communicated tothe fault locator. The fault locator then selects curent and voltage measurements during the fault to use in its fault location ealelations 1204, As above, fault data may be available from multiple IEDs, and the fault locator may select the best fault data. Once the appropriate fault data is selected, the fault locator identifies the fanlt type 1206. With the fault data and the fault type indication, he method calculates the reactance to the ft 1208 also 28 described above. The method then calculates the possible fa possible full locations 1210 may follow any of the methods as described above in conjunction with FIG. 98,9C, or D0 ‘reatea list of possible fault Tocations, The sep may include use ofthe detailed line model 1212, as deseribed above, 10 narrow doven the list of possible fault locations based on the phases involved inthe fal andthe phases present st cach of the calculated possible fault locations, and on ine impedance The method 1200 also uses FCI reports to more accurately create & list of possible fault locations. ‘The method asks whether any FIs repor the fault 1216. Ifn0 FCTs report the fault, then all ofthe line segments that have an associated FC] are removed from the listof possible fault locations 1218, and the method reports the emstining list of possible fault lnc tions 1226 as described ahove, and ends 1228, If, however, there are FCIs that are reporting the fault condition, the method removes from the ist all line segments that have no CIs) associated therewith 1220. The method keeps the line segments with the FCI) that report the fault condition that ‘are also the FCI(s) that ae furthest from along the path tothe possible falt ication 1222, Thats, turning to FIG. 10, only Segment S6 woul remain in the list heeause that i The seg- ‘ment with an FCT 1030 that i furthest along the path to the possible fault Tocation that s indicating a faulted condition. With the list thus created and refined, the method finally reports thelist of possible fault locations 1226 and ends 1228. FIG. 128 illustrates another arangement of a similar method as that described ia conjunction with FIG, 12A. ‘Method 1201 starts 1203 with determining whether any ECs report the faulted condition 1247. Irnot, ten the method does not include line segments with associated FCs in th list of possible fault leations 1219, The method then proceeds to Calculating the faut location using electric power delivery system information beginning with selecting the erent and vollage measurements during the fault 1208. Otherwise, the method creates a ist of possibly faulted segments by first. not ‘nchiding any line segments that have no FCs associated therewith 1221, Further, the Fist will include each segment ‘with FCls reporting faulted condition where the PCT isthe rest along the path tothe possible fault location 1223. ‘With this list of possible fault lations by segment, the ‘method continues o perform the fault location calelationsas Tocations 1210. The step of calculating the > 18 described previously herein, In detail, the method continues to select eurrent and vollage measurements doing the fault to ‘use init fault location calculations 1208, Asabove, fault data ‘may be available from multiple IEDs, and the fault locator ‘may select the best fault data, Once the appropriate Flt data fs selected, the fault locator identifies the fault type 1207. ‘With te fait data andthe fault type incaton, the method calculates the reactance to the fault 1209, also as described above. The method ten caleulates the possible fault locations 1211 from thelist of possible faulted segments in steps 1221 and 1223. The step of calculating the possible fault locations 1211 may follow any of the methods as deseribed above in conjunction with FIG. 9B,9C,oF 9D tocreatea listof possible ‘aut locations. The step may include use ofthe detailed line model 1213, a8 deseribed above, to narzow down the list of possible fault locations based on the phases involved in the Tault and the phases present at exch of the calculated possible fault locations, and on line impedance eriteria. The method then proceeds fo report the possible fault location(s) 1227 and ends 1229 ‘In one altematve, fault locator on a system with both IEDs and FCIs may be configured to use the information provided fom the IEDs and FCs in different ways than as AGescribed above. For example, the fault locator may be eon- figured 1 use power system fault data from a particular ED (uel as IED 1102 of FIG. 11), and teat data received fr any other FCIs and/or IEDs as simply inlcaions that fault thas been detected at that locaton, Thats, data from IED 1104 ‘would be treated asa fa indication. In this case, the [ED 1104 may communicate only a flag indicating that the fault has been detected (along with information identifying the particular IED 1104 sucks the IED location, serial number, forthe like). Further, the electric power delivery system may jnclude FCls that are capable of detecting and reporting elee- tie power delivery system fault data such as currents, vo ‘aes, frequencies, and te ike, A fault locator in connection ‘with such FCs may be configured to treat such data as it ‘would data received from an TED. Accordingly, the data from the PCI electrically closes tothe fat may he wsed to calen- Jate the faut locaton, and the fault location may be reported as the distance from the FCI electrically closest tothe fl. FFunliermore, the data from the FCT that i electrically elosest to the fault and tht gives the best data may be sclectod forse in the Fault location determination, Punkber, ia using the methods deseribed above, the fault Jocator may determine whieh pawwer Tine sensor (such as an TED or FCI is elosed tothe fat, determine thatthe segment associated thecewith isthe faulted segment, and refine the Jocation of the fault along the particular segment using the voltage and curent measurements from the particular power Tine sensor, FIG. 13 illustrates a functional block diagram of an IED that may be used to determine the location ofthe fault accord ‘ng tothe disclosure herein, As discussed above, the IED that includes the fault location module 1302 may’ he an IED ia direct communication with the electric power delivery system (Guch as a protective relay, a voltage egolator controler, ‘apeitor bank controller, phasor measurement unit, oF the Tike), or an IED that receives information fom an IED in direct communication withthe electric power delivery system (uel a communications processor, anautomtion control Jer, a vector processor, an industrial computer, othe like). ‘The IED 1300 includes several inputs, including the eurents And voltages 1313 obtained from a fist IED ata first local location of the power system. The IED 1300 may furher receive an indication of falt condition (such as a fault Rag. ‘an indication in an event rept, cuange in state ofan output US 8,558,551 B2 19 ‘contactor a communications bi, or the lke) from an IED 1313. The IED 1300 may also include voltage and current ‘nputs.as well asa fault ag froma second IED 1322, or more IEDs at different locations on the electric power delivery system, as wellas from FCs 1321 in communication with the ‘leczic power delivery system, TED 1300 includes a transmit andlor receive modile 1310 {in communication with the various inputs 1313, 1322, and 121 Tor receiving the flags and/or electric power delivery system infomation, and tansmitting such information to the Sault oeation determination module 1920, The transit and! ‘or receive module 1310 may further be eapable of transmit- ting communications suchas requests, commands, othe like from the fault location determination module 1320 to the ‘various devices and FCls in commonicaton therewith. Por ‘example, once the fault ication determination module 1402, Feceives a Mag indicating a faulted condition, it may’ request ‘aul information from the various IEDs and FCs in comm- nication therewith. As previously mentioned, however, the TEDs and FCs may be configured to automatieally tasmit ‘electric power delivery system fault information sutomat cally tthe fault locator. The faut locator may be configured to automatically aquest fault information upon receipt of aa indication of a faulted condition, or may be configured to Feqhite user input to pather such information, TED 1300 includes a fault locaton module 1302 that includes instrctions for calculating the location of the fault, stored in computer-teadable media, and executed using 3 processor, FPGA, ASIC, or the like. The fait loeation mod- tle 1302 may inchide a transmitireceive module 1310 for receiving the voltages, curren, and fault indication fags from the various sources, In some embodiments, the TED 1300 may bein digect communication with the eleciie posser delivery system, and certain of the measurements ity

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