FRGTONIUDIIN orcs «terete negro cus Develop your exam skills In the Reasing test, you may be asked whether information is correct or not. ‘You will be given a list of statements. the text confims the statement, your ‘answer stould be TRUE. If the text contractcts the statement, your answer ‘should be FALSE’, itis impossible to know from the text ifthe statement is ‘rue or not, your answer should be "NOT GIVEN Read three statements about families and the questions that follow. ‘Can you answer the questions using only the information in the statements? Puttick if you can, or write NOT GIVEN if not. ieee ee icon Nuclsr fami, wih 41 an you have a nuclear fami of trae Do not use your own mother, tatner an people? ‘pinion to answer but Chiliiren, ae mare ‘check n the text. ‘common inlargeciies 2. Were there ay nuclear fails 500 yeors ago? Inchina, thers ars words 3. Whetis the reason for China having so many formany kinds otfemiy words for family rlatenstins? relatonships, eg a word for faers sisters sons, 4 Doee ‘aunt's grandsce’ have exacty the ( armen seme mesring es the exemole? (One of he mainseasons § How dogs an ranged maniage Kaeo the forarranged menieges family money and property safe? isto keep money anc propetyinthe fan, 6 Arethereother easons for arenged marages ‘ter than keeping wealth inthe fami? Read three mote statements about families. Write TRUE ifthe text next to it confirms the information, FALSE if it contradicts the information, or NOT GIVEN if there is not enough information. Za Pou (Chleren in ierge families usuaty 1. Chidten vith ots of rothes and sisters usualy have more things of ther own, don't have many possessions, ‘utone advantage s thet ey 2. Brothers and ssters can provide help for eachother. ‘an get help rom tei brothers and sists, People sometimes talk about he 4 People thik here are many clsac\artages of ivingin a sinc prent ary sadvantages of bang a chid in ‘asingle-parentfamiy, but single $_ Chloren with one parent are looked aftr better Brera eotencoseo = 4 ang at miycanhve bereft cien sue keane Wands oid ne wot) 7-In By, he thru ed th iy the fathers usual in charge however it isusualy the metner 8 ‘IM'mary countres,athough the fathers important, the mother coals with vo takes charge ofine toma the horn. 2. Latge fares share ther possessions 9 Mothers are the headot the family in most counties around the wor GERD 001 -FomiyWhen we read texts, we use cient techniques ‘depending on wnat we are locking for inthe ted. Two useful teeniques ‘are skimming and scanning. ‘Skiing means that you ead the text quick’y to get a general idea of ‘the topic or content sithout wonying about spectic details and examples. ‘Scanning means: that you read the text quickly to find pectic information, 2g, places, names, phrases, ignoring ther information you {do not need. [Ey discuss what you have learnt about families in Exercises 1 and 2. [Zy_eoa Part ofthe toxt as fast a8 you can. Ty to understand the main idea ‘of what you read even if you do not know all the vocabulary. Check your understanding by answering the questions. Part 1 Changes in family structure There are many types of family systems around the world. In North America and northern Europe the nuclear family (with two generations —a father, mother and ‘one or more children is often seen as the most typical. In contrast, in most other parts ofthe world extended families, which include other femily members such as srandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins, are seen asthe norm. True or False? The nuclear family is seen as the most common inthe USA. “The common view is thatthe nuclear family has become the norm in many Western Societies as a resut of indusralizaton and urbanization. Ths trend began in the late ‘ighteenth and niretcenth centuries, when people were foreed to move to cities to find workin the factores that sprang up during the Industral Revolution In the twentieth ‘century, greater industilization resulted in even more people leaving their large ‘extended families Urbanization also meant that people lived in much smaller houses, Which were not big enough fr an extended family. True or False? Nuclear families started with he rise in industrialization, ‘The trend towards nuclear families meant that many ofthe duties and responsibilities ofa family, such ¢s providing food and shelter, cleaning the home, preparing the food, cating for children and ther education, and caring forthe sick end elderly are no longer shared among the members of the extended family. The parents (or parent) now have to do this, with some help from the state. However, thsi the price that people pay forthe higher standard o ving that may come from living in act. True or False? In nuclear families, people have a higher standard of living. Read Part 2 of the text in the same way as you read Part 1 and answer the questions. Part2 ‘often help their adult children, for example, by cooking and We may think we know what we mean by a ‘nucleae family and an ‘extended’ family, but realty is more complicated than most people believe. Most nuclear families are pat ‘of extended families: children have grandparents and in ‘many cases, aunts, uncles and cousin as wel. Pat of what ‘makes them ‘nuclear’ is that they live in their own Separate ‘household, but it isnot the whole story In Greece or Italy, for example, a nuclear family may live in its own fiat, bur the ‘extended family may live in the same apartment block or in the same street and family members see each other and even cat together every day. True or False? Nuclear families are isolated from their extended family. ‘Theres atleast one more factor o consider. Family members ‘may be separate from each other by geographical distance, bout they may have close emotional ties. Even in North ‘America and northern Europe, grandparents usually have ‘lose bonds with their grandchildren, and families often travel Jong distances so that they can see eachother. Grandparents looking after theirehildren in emergencies. In the same way, ‘when their parents become too old to ive on thet own, adult children may take them into their own homes. Asa result, they ‘tum their mucleat family into an extended family. True or False? Members of extended familie often look after ‘People who live in other households. ‘The stricture of families changes overtime. The effects of ‘urbanization and industralzation are enormous, but they are not the only reasons forthe changes. People marry, have children, become widowed, divorce and die, Chilkiren grow ‘upand adults grow old. Nuclear families become extended families and extended families become nucleat families. Family ties tay strong or Become weak. One thing is certain: ina changing world the family will continue to change, but ‘ultimately, itis likely to continue tobe the basic unit of society. True, False or Not Given? Changes to family structure will ‘become increasingly fast in the future. Uni 1 Family‘paragraph headings) or ‘scan (9. in order to find Practice for the test Questions 1-8 Do the following statements aaree with the information in the text? Write: TRUE ifthe text confirms the statement FALSE ithe tot contradicts the statement [NOT GIVEN if itis impossible to know from the text ‘Sixty years ogo, children were expected to helo around the house. “Today the word is a more dangerous plas. Helicopter parents love their children more than other parents In the past chikven who lived in the county worked aut of doors. 1 2 3 4 Peopie today have shorter childhoods than chidren in the past s ‘6 ‘a number or detal in the Eighteenth-century mothers were cruel or incifferent to their children, text). By practising, you wil find the ideal balance between reading slowly 7 Chichen serving in the Royal Navy in the eighteenth century right find themselves pcoren ja eit in charge of adults ‘and fast enough to fnish am chia '8 Modem Westem ideas about chilanood are probably considered unusual in other cultures. ‘The Meaning of Childhood ‘What do we mean by a ‘normal’ childhood? It really depends on the period when a person was born and where they lve. If you asked a parent in Britain tay, they would probably say that childhood should be the happiest time ofa person's if atime when the child is loved, kept safe ands free to play However, even within the same culture, ideas about childhood have changed dramatically within a short period of time. British children growing up inthe 1960s or 1970s seem to have had ‘more fecom than children in the early twenty-first century. “They were allowed to go about more rely, walking to schoo! orto visit thie fiends, or using public transport. They were also more likely to be asked to do things like clean floors and wash the dishes and to look after younger brothers and sisters. “Today, parents are far more protective. They worry more about the dangers their children might fae, and some parents also ivolve themselves excessively with their child’ experiences and ‘problems. These are the helicopter parents. They are called this because, like helicopter, they continually Bower over thet childs head, (Childhood also ends later than it used wo. At the beginning ofthe ‘twentieth century a twelve-year-old girl might hve been sent off to work ina factory or asa maid fora wealthy family. She ‘would have earned money and sent some of it back to her amily. ‘Twelve-year-old boys often become apprentices and learnt, trade, and inthe countryside children worked in the fields and looked after animals almost as soon as they could walk HE 211+ Fem ‘The Further back we go in history, the more difficult itis tohave an accurate picture ofatitudes to childhood. We ‘know very litle, for example, about the attitudes of mothers in eighteenth-century Britain. For example, what sort of ‘mother could send her son, sil a child, o join the Royal Navy, were he could expecta rough life, bad food and constant danger? Was she indifferent, crue, or did she simply have no ‘choice? And yet, boys as young as ten were set away to sea. ‘Andit wasn't only the sons ofthe poor, wealthy families sent ‘ther sons, some as young as eight, t0 join the navy. Incredibly, they were put in charge of men who had many years of ‘experince at sea So how have things changed? In some societies people are having fewer children. Does this fact alone mean that children are more precious to their parents and that therefore they have ‘more of ‘normal’ childhood? There is a concern that ina family with an only child, the parents and grandparents give the child a huge amount of attention and spoil them by buying ‘them anything the child wants. The result of this is that the child expects ther parents to do anything they tell them t, ‘which creates problems forthe child as they tart to graw up, A childhood inthe slums of Bangladesh or on the wartorn Streets of so many parts of the world remains wht it has been for most children for much of history: atime of physical ‘hardship, danger and litle opportunity to get an education.