PROCEEDINGS, 3rd International ITB Geothermal Workshop 2014

Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, March 3-7 , 2014

DELINEATING OUTFLOW ZONES USING LINEAR FEATURES DENSITY (LFD) DERIVED

FROM LANDSAT IMAGERY AT PAGUYANGAN, BREBES, CENTRAL JAVA

Sachrul Iswahyudi 1*), Asep Saepuloh 2), Asmoro Widagdo 1)

1)
Geological Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Unsoed
2)
Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, ITB
*)
Superscription: sachrul.iswahyudi@unsoed.ac.id

kilometers, and can be reached by road with two or

ABSTRACT four wheeled vehicle, with a travel time is about 2
hours (Iswahyudi et al., 2013).
Linear features expressed on satellite imagery reflects
the geological structures. Structures might serve as
permeable zones that fluids could circulate and
generate a geothermal system. Analyzing Linear
Features Density (LFD) on spaceborne of Landsat-7
imagery at Paguyangan and surrounding areas
provide a preliminary description of an existing
geothermal system.

Integrated assessment analysis of Landsat imagery

and field data are performed in this study. Visual
interpretation of linear features on Landsat imagery
are conducted based on contrast of tone, hue, and
texture. Then, the image is divided into ten grids for
area about 30×30 km and contoured based on total
length of linear features in every grid. The field
survey data are used to validate the extracted LFD
and to interpret the permeable zones related to
geothermal system at Paguyangan.

Based on field survey and published reference, the

Paguyangan areas consist of three points of hot Figure 1: Location of Paguyangan area.
springs location. The hotsprings are located at
maximum LFD generally. Therefore, we interpreted From previous publication, in Paguyangan area there
that the maximum LFD correspond well to outflow are three geothermal manifestations that are close
zones of geothermal systems beneath Paguyangan. together (Iswahyudi et al., 2013). Beside
The high LFD values without geothermal Paguyangan, the areas at the foot of Mount Slamet
manifestations out from Paguyangan areaa ssociated have seven geothermal manifestations. Those
with local geological structures. The structures geothermal manifestations are several hot springs, as
supposed to be out of the fluid path of geothermal shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 below..
system at Paguyangan area.
Table 1: Location of geothermal manifestations,
Keywords: Linear Features Density (LFD), hot including Pakujati - Paguyangan
springs, Paguyangan, Geothermal. (Widagdo, et al., 2013).
No Nama Lokasi
INTRODUCTION 1 Cahaya Guci, Kec Bumijawa, Tegal
2 Pancuran 13 Guci, Kec Bumijawa, Tegal
Paguyangan and surrounding areas located far away 3 Saketi Dukuh Benda, Bumijawa, Tegal
at the foot of Mount Slamet, Central Java. From the 4 Sigedong Batusari, Kec Sirampok, Brebes
nearest town of Purwokerto, this location is about 30 5 Buaran Banjarsari, Bantarkawung, Brebes
 6 Pakujati Paguyangan, Paguyangan, Brebes
7 Pancuran 7 Ketenger, Baturaden, Banyumas
8 Pancuran 3 Karangmangu, Baturaden, Banyumas
Figure 2: Location of geothermal manifestation.
The purpose of the study is to delineate the outflow
zones of geothermal systems that exist in the
Paguyangan and surrounding areas. The study used
remote sensing approach to analyses linear features
which are observed in Landsat image. The Landsat
sensor acquired the image on January 19, 2003, and
can be downloaded from earthexplorer.com site.
METHODOLOGY
Determination of outflow zones of geothermal
systems in this study is based on the linear features
density (LFD) which are detected on Landsat-7
image. Compilation of LFD and geothermal
manifestations data performed for validation and to
find the relationship between the linear features and
geothermal manifestations.
Landsat sensors record and store information of
earth's surface in digital number form which values
between 0 and 255 or pixels. In order to be used for
various types of interpretations, the information in
digital number must first to be calibrated in radiance
(radiometric calibration). Information obtained after
this stage still has unwnted sun's radiation.
To obtain information from Landsat imagery of the
earth's surface, such radiance image must be
calibrated into the reflectance (atmospheric
correction). The information obtained at this stage in
reflectance image can already be used to extract
information of the earth's surface, including the linear
features.
Interpretation of the geological components of the
image, in this case the geological structure through
linear features in the image, will be determined by
the presence of boundaries and homogeneity which
are recognized on the image or geounits. Boundary
and homogeneity are the variable unit formations,
compositions and geological structures. Geounits
interpretation of the image is done by considering
some of the following elements (Rivard, 2011):
 The geographical position, which related with
regional geology and associated with possibility
of certain geounit presence.
 Tona, or level of brightness. This is related to the
existence of certain geounit against other
geounits.
 Color, or shades of a particular color, the level of
light-dark of specific color (saturation). This
corresponds to a correlation of some geounit.
 Texture, a degree of roughness or smoothness.
which are depicted on images. These properties
indicate the geounit against another geounit.
 Relief or the appearance of three-dimensional
stereographic sl ope, orientation and shading
certain geounit to the direction of sunlight. These
properties reflect the existence of some particular
geounit and erosion processes that occur to them.
 Geolineaments or groups with specific directions
of flow patterns, vegetation or relief. These
conditions indicate the fracture or fault zones of
the earth.
 Pattern or repetion of the same sightings
distribution which are related flow patterns,
colors, and lineasi relief. The pattern indicates
the similarity or dissimilarity geounit geounit.
After each linear features are identified in the image
and marked, such linear features area quantified. The
next stage is to make the linear features density
contour. Regional outflow zone is determined by the
contour pattern and distribution of geothermal
manifestations.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Based on the Geological Map Sheet Majenang, and
Purwokerto-Tegal (Djuri et al., 1996, and Kastowo,
1975 in Iswahyudi et al., 2013), Paguyangan and the
surrounding areas composed of Tertiary sedimentary
rocks and Quaternary Slamet Volcanic rock
Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age that are in the
Paguyangan and surrounding areas include the
Formation of: Rambatan, Halang, and Tapak. Slamet
Volcanic rocks of Quaternary age are sedimentary
rocks which came from young and old Slamet
Volcano eruptions.

Geological structures in Paguyangan area contained

in sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age and volcanic
rocks of Quaternary age. According Djuri et al. (1996
in Iswahyudi et al., 2013, and Kastowo (1975 in
Iswahyudi et al., 2013), the geological structures
consist of strike slip, thrust and normal faults, and
fold.

LFD ANALYSIS
Linear features mapping is an important aspect in the
exploration of geothermal resources. Geological
structures such as faults and fractures that are
expressed on the surface of the earth is the
permeability pathways that allow fluid circulation in
the geothermal system. one approach for this purpose
is the use of remote sensing methods with the help of
satellite images or aerial photographs.
Figure 3: Interpretation of linear features on Landsat
image of Paguyangan and surrounding
Morphology lineaments, such as straightness of river,
areas.
ridge, escarpment and fracture zones and faults
expressed in the field, can be identified through
aerial photography or satellite imagery (Lillesand et
al., 2004). While geothermal manifestations such as
hot springs in the study site is an implication of the
existence of geological structures (fracture or faults)
as permeable zone. The existence of these
manifestations is also an indication of the presence of
geothermal systems are growing in the surrounding
area.

As the result of image processing and interpretation

of linear features on Landsat imagery, LFD maps
obtained as shown in Figure 3 below.

The results of LFD analysis as shown in Figure 3

above then quantified based upon the boxes smaller
area on the image. This can be seen in Figure 4
below.

The next process after quantification phase of linear

features is made LFD contour maps. Some locations
of geothermal manifestations, in this case hot springs
that have been known (see Table 1 above) are also
plotted on the LFD map.
Figure 4: Quantification of linear features on
This step is done to get comprehensive understanding Landsat of Paguyangan and surrounding
of the existence of a geothermal system Paguyangan areas.
and surrounding areas, including the outflow zone
(Figure 5, and 6).

Figure 5: LFD contour map and location plotting of
some geothermal manifestation.
Figure 6: Map of LFD and location of some of the
known manifestas. The more brighter, the
more linear features of those areas, and
vice versa.
DISCUSSION
According to Cook (2003), linear features which are
observed on satellite images is the indication of the
fractures or faults presence or geological structure.
Surface conditions are recorded in the satellite image
is a reflection of subsurface conditions at those areas.
Based on LFD analysis in Figure 4, shows that the
LFD values ranges from 0 (lowest, or has no linear
features at all) to 57 (the highest). The density value
is calculated based on the unit of length, in this case
millimeters on the image.
LFD higher values tend to form northeast-southwest
pattern. On Landsat imagery, this area has tonal
values varies from medium to dark, but have more
coarse textures. Conversely, areas with more lower,
has tonal relatively brighter and finer textures..
Geothermal manifestation are hot spring type (Table
1), which are interpreted related with geological
structures in those areas. On Landsat imagery, these
manifestations appear in areas where the values of
LFD is high relatively..
Analysis of the geothermal fluid of hot springs from
Paguyangan area shows Immature water and
bicarbonate water type. The value of Cl-
consentration is medium relatively. This is the
indication of lateral flow mechanism control on the
accurrence of Paguyangan hot springs. Geothermal
fluid which came from reservoir has has been mixed
with ground water or surface water toward to the
outflow area on the geothermal system in
Paguyangan. Itu can be shown in Figure 7 below
(Iswahyudi et al., 2013).
Figure 7: Schematic representation of the
appearance of Paguyangan hot springs
manifestations (Iswahyudi et al., 2013).
Distribution of geothermal systems can also use LFD
analysis on Landsat imagery. The existence of the
geothermal system is controlled by the permeability
that allows for fluid circulation. Permeability is
controlled by the geological structure which can be
represented by linear features on Landsat imagery.
Based on compilation of geochemical information
Widagdo, A., Candra, A., Iswahyudi, S., dan
and LFD analysis on Landsat imagery, can be
estimated the distribution of geothermal system,
including outflow zone in Paguyangan and
surrounding areas. It is shown in Figure 8 below.
Rivard, L.A. (2011): Satellite Geology and
Photogeomorphology, An Instructional Manual
for Data Integration, Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, 2-4.
Abdullah, C.I. (2013): Pengaruh Struktur
Geologi Gunung Slamet Muda dan Tua
Terhadap Pola Sebaran Panasbumi, Industrial
Research Workshop and National Seminar
(IRWNS), Politeknik Bandung.

Gambar 8: Geothermal system delineation, including

the outflow zone in Paguyangan and
surrounding areas.

REFERENCES
Cook, P.G. (2003): A Guide to Regional
Groundwater Flow in Fractured Rock Aquifers,
CSIRO Australia, CM Digital, Adelaide, 40-48.
Iswahyudi, S., Widagdo, A., Subana, and Herdianita,
N.R. (2013), “Outflow Zone Indication of
Geothermal System in Paguyangan Hotspring,
Brebes, Central Java”, Proceedings, 2nd ITB
Geothermal Workshop 2013, Institut Teknologi
Bandung.
Lillesand, T.M., dan Kiefer, R.W. (2004): Remote
Sensing & Image Interpretation, 4TH Edition,
Wiley, New York, 219-224.