OLD WILD RICE “The Great Chief” Forerunner ofthe ure Mountain CwayiChippewa in the Sate of North Dekota (lgrted to Rea fver country In 17891700) Historica rps on some ofthe earliest ‘ol note who mage mar {fo the history ofthe region. » ‘Charle White Wessel “Genesis of the Pembina/ Turtle Mountain Chippewa”’DEDICATION To Fed Thunder, whose compassion for bie mixed blood relatives secured for them fecognition as legs hats to aberiginal Por bina/Turtie Mountain Chippewa treaty rights. {is to his memory we shall be forever in- bles, Pride In being "Michit” oF "N ‘seconds roel members nothing but an exer. ‘lee In ftiity, te nok any eaucasion bloos {ine that entitles anyone to the status of tegally envoleg “Indian.” Reg Thunder, “Ghiet of the Warcore" stuabomly Tough ‘and wont to jal to secure justice for is sane ‘ng, improvershed nian oxtended tail To him this memorials offered. 2nd Ealition Charlie White Weasel Box 1168 Belcourt, ND 58316 (701) 477-3017 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Author, plture Pembina Sate Pak, sion Prefact The Pembina Chieis year 1800" Alexander Henry the Younge Roster of Traders at Pembina ‘Alexander Henry the Younger, year 1800 {stor inaians at Pembina la Wid Rice ‘Old Wid Ries trapping season circuit Picture, Oldest Gathoic Mission Inthe Ameriean Northwest, sign Pioture, Kaisha Gourneas Pleture, Keesh-Ke-nun-eshiw Pleture, Aur-ishenaubay Picture, Old Wild ce, Sth & 6th ‘generation descendents Sie Wiid es fami tree (Chief Tabashaw or Ta bush she Lite shel Not Shel No.2 Shall No.2 Lite Shella. 4 : Ghiet Red Bears. Ree Thunder Proture, Old Crossing Memorial Ploture, Tombstone, Father Genin Picture Father Ger Picture Lite Whinwing Chippewa religious healing Map, Chippewa land cessions in Worth Dakota 7 Pleture, indian bao hunt carp, 18008 Plotute, Sioux Chippewa Pesce Conference Bibliography 3826 2 2 18 8 seeeenPast Chsiman and member of the Turtle Mountain Indian Historia! Soclety. Trad tional Indian dancer and recilent of Ion Eyes Cody Peace Medal, In recognition of ‘work done tte interests ofthe preservation ‘of Pembina/Turle Mountain Indian History {nd tedlional culture Asixth generation descendent of Old Wild Rice PEMBINA STATE PARK | eet einen Poa akira trae ca Ota een Tg PRCGR Crp esa Pembina River for the Northwest Fur Company So i iar ga an Read ORT U A ae Re PA ce a na Pee wrge keris ara eee. el PAR er ie aan ee pat ne arin NS Co ee oc Cae i Cs Photo of sua at Pembina, Noth Dakoa,PREFACE “This work is intended as a commemorative marking the ‘Centennial of the State of North Dakota, 1680-080. Ard, the pat played by the Pembina/Turle Mountain ChippowalO}io- Wray Indlan throughout the Minnesota Territory, Dakota Te Fitory periods and event statehood. ‘ihe ChippewslOjbway and apparently other Indian roups of norincentral North America have never been the stereotype” image ofthe Indian outsiders expect 10 fing on fist encounter. intermarriage. with French voyageur EnglishiSeotch vades groups and the like had something to ‘Sowith it Bu, in must be noted that nthe ate 1700s, Alo ‘ander Henry tne Elder mentioned encountering groyeyed Tight complacted Indians In cetan parts o then unexplored central North America in Wiliam Wnippie Warrn’s “History of the Ojibway "Nation," writen pio to 1852, on page 48, he dispels another Indian stereotype in his description af the Aawause Clan of Giibway “physically noted for scantiness and fineness of, fair, eopecaly in old age; It you see an old Indian of ts {rive with @ bald head, you may be certsin he is an Aas ‘Warren cites other notable examples of Ojibway Indians ‘who do no it the stereotype image; famous Indian chats of the pre-1850 ‘Ciel Yellow Head: An indlan chiet who was blonde haired, His exploits are described on pages 289, 274, 310, S11, 312.818, and 220 Including his death bate against the Siove ‘hiel Cul Head: Again, you would not expect any Ot ‘way f tha ime to have ury hal. He foo, had an lustrous ‘eputation a3 warrior and fearioss leader. Hs exploits are ‘eseribed on pages 47,940, 249, 250, $52,365, 489,470, and 4495 He clad In ie lato years In fe ona ratu tip from 3 ceed at Prarie Du Chien, Wisconsin inthe No iting the stereotype image of indian cost the Tur tie Mountaln Tribe 18 of 20 townships awarded them for @ Feservation in 1882, Anyone nol considered "Tulrbiood” was {excluded trom the count on an onsite inspection betore final approval. Since the majorly mixes-blood group was not givan Indian status aa a osu of ths vit, 18 ofthe 20 {ownehipe wore relumed to the public domain and opened. 1 settlament by the whites. Tt was Miskopiness led Thunder}, a prominent i nd warior, who iterceded lo adopt the mixed-loods into the tribe By handed down stories, hls specch was not fully ‘recorded in offi! records, but is aid to have been very elo- ‘quent. The essence of hls speech was: Mis not the fault of the mised-bloods mich) 1 they are not regarded as Indian ‘ot white poopie either. It was the fault of the white man by {eking indian women as wives and raising families with them, Alhough most of these white men stayed with thelr families until hey paseed on In death, the white man now ‘wants to throw avay whst was produced by rising tml ‘wih indian women. We, the fulkolo0ds wi! not throw them ‘sway. We pily them bacause of what the Government while ‘man is tying t0:00. So, wo wll laaly accept ther as our ‘own people.” NOTE: Today, anyone carttied ae having one quarter degree of Pombina/Turtle Mountain Chippews blood Is gully aecorded “indian” right a8 a tibal member. in epita of the generosity of Red Thunder in adopting the mixod-bloods ae bal members with flights of Indian heiraip, the malerty nevar take part In indian cultural ac tivities. They looked upon tel Indian Tullo relatives ‘with mil contempt, seor, and ridicule, and have always term them "les sauvage” oF savages. Insiead they peter to be known a2 "michitt of *metis” for those. with strong Frenehindlan affliations. “Wie” is an outgrowth of the fanguage evolving out ofthe fur trade ang the need to be ‘multsingual in dealin with various groups involved in mak Ing ther tving in that ine of work. The various groups con- fisted of ChippewalOjibway, Cree, Ottawa, Assiniboine, French, EnglisScotchiieh ete, Bom was @ new language called “Michi” "Motls” was a foreign word in the ‘oeabulay of the Turtle Mountain mixes blood unt very ‘cent times, and then appliod to only those with French Indian blood Hes. “There havo been mxedloads who have mado major ‘etorca! contnibutons tothe preseraton of Indian culture ‘nd knowledge of history. William Whipple. Warren ofEnglishOjibway parentage and fluent In the natve tongue proved himeall an able ae prolific writer on Chippewa/O}io- ‘way Pistory in Nis elesele "History ofthe Ooway Nation.” He’ served In the Minnesota Lopslative Assembly for ‘Western Minnesota Testy, of which we were a part f i the pre-1855 ora. “Another mixed.bloed of FrenehiOjbway ancestry who succeeded Warren (Warren dled at ago28 In 1852) was nthe ‘hird Session of the Minnesota Legislature 1852. Antoine Gingras, svecessor. He was a noted Puntor and trader sald to nave @ net worth of $0,000 at that tim in 1873 ne was ‘the most heal taxed individual in Pembina County. “Another like the wo preceding was to become a prestigious individual. OF FrenchO}ioway parentage and Because of the lucrative naive ofthe fur rade was privy toa {ood easlorn education. His name was John Baptiste Bot {ineau rbal member and aftomey who died in Washington, Dic. in 1911 while there representing tba Interest. His brother Charlee was a member a! the Tucie Mountain Tal Council. The family name lives on In the Turtle Mountain town of Bottineau, North Dakota. "ine Turtle Mountain Indian Rasarvation and town of Roette are located in Rotate County, Named for another legendary name in Minnaeota Teritoral pois ana the fu trade, He, to, was ike Ie thee aforementioned educated in tho east ands terrtoral business giant "Joly Joe” Folete's descendants are numbered on the tbl fl flthough he, himsel, died in Pembina. His was one ofthe ‘famous names of mlpnesata Tertonal history “Ine” ChippewalOjoway name for ohiot of leader Is ‘oatmas, whichis what this work Is about, a but to those leaders who have made a contribution tothe story ot North Dakota and Is CrippewalO}ibway citizen “The Turia Mountain Chippewa Tribe isthe laigest In dion tbe In the State of North Dakota with the enrolled ‘members eumbering approximately 30,000. ‘THE PEMBINA CHIEFS Oni the earest and most prominent inviduals willbe rnotad In thls work, Those whose dacendants became the hnclevs ofthe Pembina/Turtle Mauniain Chippewa of Noth Dakota. On Alexander Homy the Younger’ year 1800 list of 45 Inglans 6 were known chiels or leaders of thelr own ‘%0up. OF these, tvee dled shortly after in battles with the Sioux, and one, Flat Mouth returned to Leech Laks where he atiained fame and tied to ripe old age. (Warren's History ofthe Obway Nation). itmust be ead thal the meking of @ chet was sometimes done by English, French, or American interasis to promote {hel own political and economic ambitions, namely the fu {rade and teritoral concassions. Chief coats, hale and ‘medals were presanted a recognition of inaivldual leader Ship and aseumed authority 10 represent the interests of {hose with legitimate aboriginal trtoria rights. ‘Chefs among the Ojfoway were of two types, according to Warren, the chil chet presiged overall tribal business ‘alters within and without, and the wa chefs provides for ‘Scully and punitive expeditions to enforce retribution for Ingurslone by enemy forees. Among smaller groups one Chiat served in oth capacities. Indians sometimes even formed alliances with other wibes for the common good ‘Wor patios made up of Olbway, Grae, Assiniboine, and Ot awa seemed to be the order of tho times when It was ‘necessary to go against the southern Sioux, or other ‘estar groups. ‘When Indian tribes became subject tothe U.S. Govern ‘ment, the ttle of chiel became 2 hereditary one. The Supetintondent of the Bureay of Indian Airs Became the {chlot power on the indian Reservations. ‘At Tutle Mountain, in 1892, the BIA gave the tribe the fight Yo a Constitstion ana By-Laws for tnbal self govern ‘ment, which was subject to approval by tne US. Department ‘of the Interior. It wae a start Toward some measure ol ‘autonomy. The atuctute was Tribal Chalrman witha tbl ‘Advisory Boars. AI tho present It has evolved into a Teal (Chairperson with two tba! council members from sach of four citncts within Rolette County All ae selected by popular voto every two years, Set determination is evolving {ngraduat stages to make indians a part ofthe mainstream ft fhe dominant soca. 7ROSTER OF RED RIVER BRIGADE, 1800-01. First Canoe. Alexander Henry: Bourgeois, in charge ‘of the brigade. 2. Jacques Barbo': Voyageur, conductor or owman duceni) Etienne Charbonnecu: Voyageur, stosfr, of helmaman (guide). 4Joseph Ouboi: Voyaneur, Stosrer, or Relmsman. 8. Angus McDonald: Voyageur, mi ‘man. 6. Antoine Larance: Voyageur, midman, 7 Pers Bon 22 0r Bonga: a neg. ‘Second Gance8, Michel (Colo) Langlois: Clerk (com- ‘mish, with his wife and daughter. 9. Andre Lapass'e, Uagac’e, or La Gassers: Voyageur, conductor, with nis wie, ‘0: Joachim Beige, or Banvil, once Reville: Voyageur, ‘steorer. 1%. Ande. Boauchomin: Voyageur, midman. 12, ‘Jean Baptiste Beno: Voyageur, midman. “ThitdCanoe-13. Jean Bapliste Dasmarals: Interpreter with is wite and two ehliren. 4, Jean Baptiste Laroccue, Sen. Voyageur, conductor. 15. Jean Baptiste Larocaue, Sun: Voyageur, steerer. 18. Etienne Roy: Voyepeut, mid: ‘man. 7. Francois Roger, Sen. (Voyageur, micman. ‘Fourth Canoe-18., Joseph Masson, or Maceon Voyageur, conducter. 18. Charles Bellegarge: Voyageur, ‘steoror. 20. Joseph Hamel: Voyageur, midman. 21. Nicholas Pouliot, Poult, o Rubiette: Voyageur, midman. RECAPITULATION Bourgeois (Henn) Clerk(Langiois) Interpreter (Oasmarais) Negro Bonz), Voyageur raries as ove) ‘Women (one woman act given above) {Cildren (one crt not given above) Persons 2 Horses. 2 LIST OF THE INDIANS Hoary ists them 98a brigade of 45 canoes naming only tne man. Women ana ehiliren numbers are not mentored, though t sometimes was the caso that a che! ad wo oF more wives. ete ion, i 1 a roo Sone Te) a eatery \ojtway or avons of he na aa Tore °ROSTER OF RED RIVER BRIGADE, 1800-01. Firat Canoe-‘. Alexander Henry: Bourgeos, In charge ofthe brigade. 2. Jacques Barbee: Voyageur, conductor or bowman {dueent). 8. Etienne Charbonneau: Voyageur, ‘leer, or helmeman (guide). 4.Josepn Dubals: Voyageur, ‘steerer, or helmaman, 8 Angus McDonald: Voyageur, mid man. 6: Antoine Laltance: Voyageur, midman 7 Pere Bon 22 oF Bonga: neg. ‘Second Canoe-8, Michal Color) Langlls: Clerk (com righ with his wife and daughter. 8. Andre Lagass’ {Uagace, or La Gasser: Voyageur, concuctor, with his wie {0-Joachim Oaisville, or Banville, once Rainville: Voyageur Steorer, 11. Andre Beauchemin: Voyageur, midman. 12. Baptiste Banat: Voyagour, midman, "Thiet Canoe-13. Jean Baptiste Desmarls: Interpreter, wih Hs wife and two children 14. Jean Baptiste Larocau, ‘Sen. Voyageur, conductor. 15. Joan Baptiste Larocaue, ‘Jun: Voyageur, steerer. 16. Eienne Roy: Voyegeur, mic: iman. 17. Francels Roger, Se. (Voyageur, midman. Fourth Canoe. Joseph Masson, of Maceon: Voyageur, conductor. 18 Cares Bellgarde: Voyageur, steerer. 20. Joseph Hamel: Voyagew, midman. 21. Nicholas Poulict, Poutiate, or Rubieta: Voyageur, miman. RECAPITULATION Bourgeois (Hon) .- CleekLangois) Interpreter (Desmaris) NNegro(Bonza) : Voyageurs (ramos as above) ‘Women (one woman nat given above) Children (one child not gin above) « Persons 2 Horses 2 LIST OF THE INDIANS Henry lies them a8 a brigade of 45 canoes naming only the men. Women and chilaren numbers are not mentione {though it aomatimes was the oace thal a chet had two o more wives. 2 tS Born t Sedn : SBarie f pean gpbaseee" ab Macemen HS E manronsor HE song BE Namosoopeons HE Gundemae, 3k oun Is ne aceipt Cascn sna, hove etOLD WILD RICE (Gaylay Nnonin) Cchippewa transation: Gaytay: Old; Mine: Good: Min Seed. Ho wae eallad Ola Manomin'e by Chaboilez ‘Manomin‘e was a prominent Pembina Chet his name bang the first on Alexander Honty the Younger Ist of In- ans. He was a Menominee, there were some Ottawa also famong the. precominently Ojibway engaged in tho {ur harvest for tha Northwest Company. They Rad migrated to the Rec River county In 17891700 trom the head waters of the Mississipp! and Leech Lake (Coues, New Light, Vol. Page 59) Chabollez aioe to Old Manomin'e who he Called the “Great Chie,” a greater degree of leadership than ‘thers who were apparently merely bandlet leaders with one 'wory fow young men in Yow. O18 Manomin’e had In jence among a band of men some of whem themselves wore lent loaders. (See page 305 Joural of Chares dean Baptiste Chaboliez, Harold Hickerson, ed. "Erohistory") ‘A.son of Manomin’e became knows 8s Chlet Ute ‘Thunder, Manomin'e dled when title Thunder was stil 3 youth angie mother Kwayzanceywin marred mixed blo0d Famed Joseph German, aka, Gomon, aka. Gourneau Lit {le Thunder foo used the same name (see Minnesota Pom bina Census of 1850. Inthe year 1817 Lite Thunder whose life story eannot be documented fathered two sons born In thal same yer. Each were to Become prominent leaders of the Pembina Chippewa. His son Joseph was a signe of The Red Lake Pembina Trealy of October 2, 1865, designated "Pembina Wiarton,” the other son, Kevishpa was the successor of Lit {le Thunder a9 heredtary Chit. ile Thunder lvofatherod two. daughters, Margaret Gourneau ‘Keplin. and. Isabel Gourneau Detorme, who were the matriarch of the Delorme ‘and Keplin families of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa. (Names associated with the fur ted of early ND. story) “Old Wild Rice was the "George Washington” or father ‘of the Pembina Turtle Mountain. Chippewa Tribe. His Sescendants number an estimated 1,208 at the present (98a) (ages 904, 205 GENESIS OF A TRADING POST BAND) ‘requenty a hunter who arved at Pembina trom one 10 stream would return to another, and several of the Chip- Wapped Tuts and hunted aiong the or fou separate this moving from place to pace Is found in folowing tne or bit ofthe nunter Menominee, originally from Leach Lake. In late September Menominee acrvea at Pembina trom Sale Fiver which enter the Red from the west ust south of Win rlpeg. In December Menominee aves at Pembina with is fon from the Pembina Mountains. In January he was to sel (ff for Re ke with several other Indians then at Paring {ater inthe same month, however, Menominee was asking 3 nim to Rose River “tant” wa located on Rat River which enters the Red fom ‘the east not far south of Winnipeg. Filly In February we {ing Menominee about to set off for Loach Laks.” (nate: the dlstance from Leech Lake to Camp No. 1 on Sale Fiver is ap proximately 550. miles, Menominee’s circuit covered an fmazing dstance of approximately 1,00 miles In a sie ‘month porioa) "\Monominee's activities ara of special importa because he commanded a following among the Red Fiver Chippewa, hls movements were not simply the wanderings ‘ofa single man, but involved the movements of several men owhom he was responsible in seeking out the Bast nunting fsrous and trading opportunities (Menominee le called Old ils Rie nthe year 1800 Henry isting of Indians, Apparent ly already in advanced years, he must have been avery hardy ‘ld man to have provided the leadership that he le, hence "The Great Chie” appled o-him on page 280 of 2 Journal. Trough lites sald about moans of of tansport Henry's Journal mentions the capturing ot ‘wolf pups ofthe large variety (timber or butale wolves) tbe {Wained as sled dogs (dog ran was a common term for such 2 conveyance). fast leam of wot dogs was the sportscar of tat day, a unique combination ol speed, sength angen Surancs ‘Old Wild Rice overextended the limite of his own en ‘The son of Ol Wild ce, Little Thunder be the fiat nian Catnole cnvrts In the Peri feof Ioabel Gourneau Oslorme was saved by @ ‘tuclix which hung from ner neck during the ‘Sioux massacre of her family on July, 1873. A Sioux bullet was stopped by th wo sone, Joseph, ana other family members were Kled. Her great ‘granddaughter Margaret Lucter of St.Paul, Minnesota Is Said to st ha ‘The ste of the massacre ie at what was thon called St. soe (now Walhalla, North Dakota in the Pembina Hil) 2KAH-ISHPA GOURNEAU {ne Elevated One} (sai7ae8n) chet of Pembinaurta Mountain Ojlbway on of Chel Litle Thunder and grandson of “The Great chia?” Oi Wild ies, (oto coutesy of nator Antveptgea Aeses,Seserian ‘te, tanngton Beata re KAH-ISHPA GOURNEAU cair97) A grandson of “The Great Cnet” Old Wild Rico and a elegate with hereditary Chie! Lite Shell No. 3.10 Washington, 0c. In 1874. They went to protest impending ‘removal rom the Turtle Mountain area, Hie name may be found on thelist ful blood census of Turtle Mountaln Chip powa in the year 1692 eatin In 1863, his brother Kaisigewid aka. Joseph CGourmesu Sr. was a Pembina delegate and signer ofthe Red Lake’Pembina Bands Treaty of 1869. ine "Old Grossing” of the Ree Lake River near present day Huot, Minnesota. He ‘signed asa "Pembina Wario.” He and Kahvshpa wore ‘equaly respected leadors In their own respect except that fall on Kahviehpa to assume the Reredltary succeesion as ‘hie! by ehoice of his father Che! Lite Thunder, who was 4lso known 26. Joseph Goumeau, Gernen, Gornon, nis ‘Sdopted name rom his stepfather, the second husband of iwayzanceywin widow of Old Wild ce), “Te same of Joseph Goumneau became an honored ame for succeeding generations with many ofthe same fmes In esch generation. Kahishpa's only son was known fs Joseph Kah she Gournea “An ancle published In the Grand Forks, Dakota Te story Harald September 8, 1882 tlio the mando! Chel KKhiahph of the Turtle Mountains thatthe Indians be glen ‘wacts of fad inthe mountains "before the whites gobble It al” The newspaper article reported that a band of Chip: ‘bewa had met a commission from Washington few eye err: The Indians, he account sald, were dressed intial fegalia and exnipting a cetermined stand against the en troachments ofthe whites, ‘Customs Collecor MeMurie, spperently named to represent ine government in dealings with the Chippevts ‘was quoted as promising that the Chippewa each would Teceive 1600 tracts In the mountain etors the ro9}00 ‘was opened up fo seltiement by the whites. He agreed 1310 the Indians in the selection and measuring thelr tact (rote: the slotments were not made ul 904) 16ONLY TWO FULLBLOODS ‘The Grand Forks Herald of Septembor 21, 1882, has an ‘aniole In which one Willan Brunolle, a trader, says he had ‘Come fromm the Turle Mountains and, although he traveled ‘Sxtaneively in th cite, had found but two fll Blood In- ‘ane. It seems probabie that he hac just happened to miss the fil bloods, for there certaaly were more than two Inthe ‘mountains then. The Chippowa, However, resisted the Inv Son of the whites ati In July 1882, wien an Inspector names McCollum pro: posed to exact duty on all possessions brought across ine Tinea the Pembina port of entry, Khiahph appearod with 200, farmed braves and told MeCollum olay off,” or Used words {o that Implication. McCollum stood Mi groundsnre were ‘Woops inthe frat Pembina evidently -but the results were ‘ot very satstactory tothe government. An early news tam ‘aye tha of 75 braves who erossed the linen one day at hat timo, only 10 made any pretense of paying duly. there was justification forthe government had bean going back and forn scross the ‘same line for yeas, drawing ratlons Irom bath governments {and 20 confusing the otc that they couldnt tll Cana: ‘dian Indian from an American variety and had 80 way Of ‘checking on them. “The indians claimed the mountain area and jealously ‘quarded it against encroachment by the whites. The fewspaper tom relered to says Litle Shel, a fulbiood ‘Canadlan Chippewa chet camo down across the line 0 ex pel equattrs from the mountain area on the American sido. Ho and Khishph establlahed a daedline two miles from the focthlls of te mountains. They permitted the whites to ‘enter this area to oblala ful and lumber for shacks, but not fo ile on land. There was talk of establishing a reservation then, and Khishon demanded a tract beginning two miles fast of the mountain and extending 60 miles west ané 40 miles south trom the Canadian boundary. “That the Indians meant business ls vide petlence of JH. Hanson, hes of tha admins bf the Manitobaraltoad, who visited the mountains on some mission. Hanson found a sign tacked ta tree inthe eastern fd ofthe mountain region. The sign was of breh bark ane the woraing was: “Turtle Mountain, Dakota Teritoy: Its hereby forbeden to any white man to encroach upon this Indian land by set- Ting Upon it before @ treaty being made with tne American soverment July 1882. Charles Montgomery Charles Gladgor nishpa It ip probable the frst two signatories were mixed bloods, but Is tkely thal to those who knew conditions in {themountans the name of Khishgh carried the most weight. Little Shell was the Neredtary ttle of chiefs of the ragion andthe name figures in Chippewa history here tom {he Boginning. An eary che, Little Clam, was one of these, tne raanavieg been rice aire, andi ise Dale the title, Lite Fie, oscasionaly found in recoras, ‘was interchangeable with Lite Clam. Aging Sun of the Dunseith cistnet was another noted chit of the ploneer period and Res Thunder was a wall known brave” ih 1890 Kahvshpa's nama Neaded Father Malo's ist of petitioners who asked that St. Ann be named the patton faint of the Turtle Mountain Indian Mlesion Churn at Belcourt, North DakoKEESH-KE-MUN-ESHIW sha. sdnogh Gourees J Greatgrandson of Old Wild Rice and namesake of famous Chie! Keesh Keun of Waron’s Mistry ofthe OND: way Nation Pictured with granddaughter etty Lou LeBrun Drapeau wien he was 06 years of spe Ho was born during a stay at Red Lake, Minnesota, as 2 youth ‘served. a5 altar boy to Falher Genin, Missionary Apostolic Yo the Incians of Northwest Americg, was cap. {ured with other youths by the Crow indians ons hunting ex ‘cision in Montana. Was a hunter, right hauier and trader ‘with both dog teams and horses fiom Minnesota ane a ft ‘west as For Benton in Montana, He was with a party of Indien and mixed blood butalo hunters on the Mik River in Montana fn 1876 when Sitting, Bll camped across the river Hom them on his ight Into Ganada after the Guster Massacre, is party also tat with {Chit Joseph's survivars who too were in ight from the U.S, Cava 18 AUN-NISH-E-NAUBAY a . (1908- ) “Turtle Mountain Chippewa Tribal Chairman trom 1953 'o 1959, Filth generation descendant of Old Wild Rice, nam {ed in North Dakota Stale Historial sward November 7 16 {o the Hall of Honor for his condensed History ofthe Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa. A tacltional sancer-anc religious practitioner of the peace pipe ceremony °TABASHAW He is number two on Alexander Henry the Younger's Nit with (eet 'indieated In parenthesis. The journal In dicales he murdered hls relative Missitaygoulne, February 45, 1803.""Feb. 16 Indians drinking atthe for. Tabashaw stabbed a near relation of his own, Missistaygouina n sx Gifforent places in the breast and sides; aver stab went up to the handle the poor fellow lingered an hour and died. ‘He himself wes killed by tho Sioux lato In 1807. He secrticed hi own ie to perhape make amends for his guilt, ‘or agaln It wae sald on the preceding evening he had come ‘Rome, as the Indian hunter often comes, to Be annoyed by the tongue o a ol wile, jealous ofthe attention bestowed fon a younger and more stractive one ‘Gn thie occasion ho ald to her, "Scold away, old woman, fr now I heard you the last time.” He attacked = ‘whale Sioux war party and Kept up the fight unt he died & ‘wardors death n bate "Tabashaw (alld Te-bushshis)in Tanner's narrative ac: count ofthe seme incident, . 160 2 LITTLE SHELL No. 1 Alexander Henry the Youngers Journal: (Pembina) March 14, 180. n.a Ceinking match atthe hills yesterday, (Gros Bra (Thick Arms) nai of jestousy stabbed Auposol to death with a hand dagua (daggon; the fret stroke opened Fistett side, the second his belly, and ie thiranis breast he ever sted although he hed akin his belt, and die In stant. ‘Soon after this, Ayposoi's brother, a bey about 10 years fof ago, took the deceased's gun, leaded I with two balls, land approached Gros Bras’ tent Putting the mule o the {Un through the door the boy fir the two balls Into his Breast ane killa him dead, just as he was reproaching his wile Tor her affection for Auposoi and boasting of the Tevenge te nad taken “The itl fellow ran into the woods and hig, Lite Shel found the old woman, AuposoY's mother, inher tent he in tantly stabbed her. Ondalnolache came in, took the koife land gave her a second eb. Little Shel, in his turn taking {he Knife, gave a third blow. In this marinar did nese two cals continue t9 murder the ad woman, as Tong a8 there ‘was any life in her, November 25h, 1803. gave Lite Shel a troublesome drunken Indian 120 drops of faudanum (tineture of op) in high wine, but It had no effect In puting him to slap; Ne 100k in doses of 20 drops In the course ofan hour. ‘Apil30, 1808. We found our stray horses Indians having hed fr liquor, and promised to decamp ané hunt wall ll ‘summer, | gave them some. Grande Gueule stabbed Capo! Fuge, Le Boeut stabbed his young wife in the arm, tite ‘Shot almost beat his old mother's brains out with a lub, ‘and thore was tertible fighting among them. | sowed garden seeds September 21st, 1807. Tho was party anived; thay had ‘been no further than Sehlan ever and seen no Sioux. 234 in del coming n by small parties; nearly 100 men here. {gave thom 18 kegs of mixed liquor and x. . gave n propor. fon: all drinking | quartet with Lite Shel, and dragged ahim out of the fort by the hat. Indians very troublosom Uveatening to level my Tort To the ground, and Tabashaw breeding mischiet Thad tWo narfow escapes from being stabbed by him, ‘once inthe hal, and soon afterward in th shop. perceived thay were bent on murdering some of us and then pilaging. therefore desired all hands to keep on their quaré, and knock down the fst Indlan who shouldbe insolent. “The fllows soon saw we were ready for them, and top avy, would not give out one drop mote rum, snd al ‘Was soon quiet 41907: (quote from Warren's History of the Obway Na tion) "A lage Sioux (Dakota) war party atacked a party of Ojioway hunters near Pembina, on the Red Aver of the Nosh ‘The Ojbways under the guidance of thelr chiot Ai sance or Lila Glam, made fete resistance, and succeed. ‘20'In beating them away from their encampment. The favorte son of the Ojtvway chiertain was, nowever killed, fd he was fed ofa farge British medal which he wore con Splcuously on his breast ‘Alssance In the excitement of baltic, had not noticed the fall of his beloved aon, and he became 30 exasperated when the Dakotas inthe midst of battle trumphanty ‘splayed the scalp and medal of his gon, that he rushed {uous in the midst of thet ranks, snot down the boasting Dakota, and cutting of his head, retrsted, holding It up In ling his war whoop lhe reached a secure hind a tee, ‘The Olibways were so exasperaied atthe logs of their young Chit that they fought with unusual lereeness and hardinood, and pursued the Uakotas some distance ae they retreated, not withstanding they were many times out Rumored by them." ‘TANNER NARRATIVE FOLLOWS: 1810: p. 158 "Lite Clam, our principal hie . 170 (DEATH OF LITTLE SHELL No. 1) ‘When we were roady 10 separate from the tracing house (Pembina) Alesance (The Little Cla) Invited several of us ‘myseil_In_paricuiay, to accompany hm to his Fesidence at Manto Sahghe-gun or Spit Lake (Devils Po Lae) but | would not jin im, as | wished to remain in the woody courity for te purpase of hunting the fur bearing "Ten men, among whom were Wage-tote and Glah-ge ait together with great numbers of women, accapted i in ‘tation and went with him. A young many rend of Lite Clam, named Seqwuroons, (Spring Deer, boloce they ‘separated trom us al Pembina, predicted that Ne would be killed at Spirit Lake. ‘Many other predictions he made, which were venied from cay to day, unl the Indlans came to have such con: idence in him that his admonitions of impenaing danger to ‘those who should go te Spit Lake bagan to be 80 much regardog, that Wame-gona-blow and many others Decame fined and ratured. Last ofall vame Matche toons, & {oolish and fying young man, who reported thal, at the in lations of danger thickening aroune Little Clam and fi ‘band, he had stten away nthe night, andthe next morning, ‘hough he had fied a considerable dstan ‘guns of the Sioux att We didnot immediately credit the account ofthis man, but walted anxiously from aay to day, Ul at ast the Chios Gatormined to send twenty men to ascertain whether there was any foundation for his statement. This party, when they arived atthe place where Little Clam had! been encamped, found thatthe whole baad Nad boon cutoff First, and In acvance ofthe camp, tay the body of Segwuncons, the young man who Rad predicted the a. tack betore he felt Pembinah, Near him, lay some young ‘on of his own age, ana turner back the si Body of Li Glam, stuck full 9 arowe, inthe camp, the grouné was strawed withthe bodies of the women ard chllren. Ata distance was th body of one fof the Sioux na sitting pasture, and covered with the puk kewi oF mate, which had Bolongad tothe Obeway lo Not one escaped except Malch-otoons, but some alter. wards doubted whether ne Nad nol led inthe time of the Tight, instead ofthe evening before, ashe had states. Thus, ied tho Lite Clam, the ast ofthe considerable men a he Ojidbewaye of Red Fiver:LITTLE SHELL No. 2 Little Shell No, 2 was a brother to Litle Shell No. 1's favorite son hiled bythe Sioux along with his mother and ‘Tabashaw aka, Tebvsh hie, This incident oceuredin 1607 ‘cording to Henny's Journal. Viarten's History gives a corroborative account which states thatthe Sioux filled the young chiet of an English ‘medal which he wore on his breast. Warren ais idenifies Ute Shel No. 2-96 "Weast--da-mo.” Guote: Page 47 "Woeshve demo, a son of Alssence (ile Clam), Late Bfitian Olbway chief of Red River, sslso a member ofthis family. He fe a young man But has already received two ‘American medals, one from the hands ofa colonel our Our ‘amy, ane the other from the Governor of Minnesota Ter ‘ito He fe recognised by our government ss chit of the Pembina section of the Ojibway Tribe.” (oote the author Waren who made this statement dea 1852, s0 this allows us fo date ths quote ae relating to sometime betore his seat, ‘LITTLE SHELL No. 3 (in 1874) ESEN-CE o LITTLE SHELL: in 1096 gave his ame as AYABE:WAY.WETUNG “He Who Reste On His Way” (1828-900, Chiat of PambinarTutle Mountain Ojibway al the Red Lateurtle Mountain Bands Trsly of Octobar 2, 1863 (ote: {he poace medal on his chest with the likeness of Abraham LUncoln who was President at that time Is the exact same likeness as you can see on US. t.cont coins). The signer was Lite Shell NO. 3 of Ayabeoway-weung. In 1874 at Washington he stad that his father and grandfather wore chiefs of the same bard before him. aLITTLE SHELL No. 3 ‘The s0n of Weesh-esdamo or Lite Shell No.2 came to pubile attention inthe year 1863 a hereditary chet ofthe Uti Shatl lineage. This recognition became public recors fas he was one of the two Pembina chiets who signed the Fed LakelPembina Bande Trealy of October 2, 1853. He was the Junior eat after Fle Boar who was allowod a 640 acre reservation inthe Pemoina Hill near present cay Walhalla Norn Dakota. Mast tribal members were obliged to move further weet outof the tity mile ceded area west ofthe Re Rivero the Turtle Mountains inthe upper nor central part the future state of North Dakota, Little Shel No. 3's next documented appearance i¢ In Washington, D.C. in 1874. Hie biography in the vackson Catalog of the National Anthropological Archives ofthe Smithsonian Insitute, Washington, O.C glues is bith date fs 1820, He stated that hls father and grandfather were Chie ofthe came band before him. This delegation was In ‘Washington protesting impending removal ot the. Por binaTurtle Mountain Gand to points west White squatters Wwere demanding that DakotaTertory be opened upto et. tlement and the Indiang be relocated further west. I was rainactmont o how the eastorn riboe wore herded ike ca. 1 the Indian Territory of Oklahoma inthe 80 called "Tall, of Tears” LITTLE SHELL No. 4 ‘Te last ofthe Litle Shall mae lineage ced Aol 17, 1977. His father was Lite Shell No.3. Essence or Al-sance No.4 as known a Kiyen, ake, Thomas, aks. lore, aka Peler Litle Shall, He never achieved any stare in Tribal Doles a did hi father His mather was Okimal, he Nad & Sisler, Genevieve Manechouch, a hall sister, Juasite Kskenowash, aka, Juanita Sounding Thunder. ‘The last heresy chit o the Turtle Mountain Band of Plaine-Ojtoway, Thomas Ltle Shell, photographed in 1982. Henever, however, assumed he fll dules ofa chet. Photo ourtesy‘of James H. Howard FyMISKO-MUKWUH (Rad Boar) Senior eet ofthe Pembina Band atthe signing of the ‘Old Crossing” Red LakefPombina Bands Treaty of October 2, 1053 near prosent day Huot, Minnosola. Red Boar was Bilowed a 640 are reservation atthe Pembina Hills location Of present day Walhalla, North Dakota MISKO-PINESS (fea Thunder) aor.) ‘A Gree Indian of Pembina and Turtle Mountain, Lite ‘Shell No. 3 was his stepson. He was a respected elder statesman leader, and warrior of the PembinaTurtle Moun {ain ChippewelOibway.MISKO-PINESS (ea Thunde) oor) Note:The folowing information akon trom pages 28, 29 Collections of the State Hieloreal Society of North Dakota 1906 HAPTER X May 14,1888, “its chronicled in the Bult papers of ater day on May 14, that ed Thunder was the ony Inalan In tho whole ‘Tule Mountain dutbresk whe refused to surender. IIs Tecorded that I Yook sx strong and ative ceputy marshals toput the handoutfe on bie wrists, Ne eB years ola -on the ‘verge ofthe grave and walks bent pearly double from age fd iti. He ls. Gree indian, was born in the Pembina Mountains ‘and ha apent all his ie there and ln the Turtle Mountains His bearing under arest was fofty, and wnen invited, while 3 prisoner in the Ramsey County Jal, Devils Lake) to go for 8 fralk wth tha shen for exerci, replied with clgnity tha fe weule not teave the jal as a prisoner, but would walk out ‘only ae free man.” The acl concludes with hese words “he le sutfering from ploutsy, and his pir fs Broken Its ‘Questionable H he ever leaves the Ramsey County dal lve." ‘Ata latar date the folowing lolter appeared in the Duluth Journal: DIED OF STARVATION ‘OVER 150 IN THE TURTLE MOUNTAINS STARVED IN 4098," NO. IMPROVEMENTS. SINCE. THEN = LITTLE WONDER, THEN, THEY DISREGARDED A BOUNDARY LUNE, SAYS FATHER GENIN.” (authors note ‘Government oticials were Imposing a wood cutting fee ‘on indians in ne Turtle Mountalne, plus a duly on any som. ‘modhtisigoods crossing the Cansdian border inte Dakote ‘Territory. led Thunder, apparenly was the only Inclan whe 2 both refused to pay and also would not surender to the authorities for his leadership role in this rebellion In the strogaie for sural Indians wore evescrossing the AmericanCanadian ‘border to. cbtain ‘ations by ‘whichever government happened to be offering hap to the ative population. Tha only wild game lft In spring time ‘wore rodents such as gophers, meals of which they often Shaved with missionary Genin Thay shared the lle thal they hac. Note "Tne tumors of Red Thunder's Impending deatn ware promature. Eight years later In 1896 he appeared in ‘Washington, 0. a8 part of 8 tial dlogation Hie pllure taken on that occasion was caplioned “Chief of the War. fiors" Red Thunder, bom In 107. This new evidence of his Sotual age would have made him 89 lathe year of 1096. “The, Turtle, Mountain Indian. Reservation was not surveyed and plotted lato individual allotments unt 1604 ‘When twas apparent ina there were more Indians than fan tvallabie within th reseration boundaries, allotments were made to tibal_ members on ‘Unselled publle domain In testers North Dakota, Montana, and on Graham (sand, & Deninguta on the north west sido of Devle Lake in North Batata. “The location very probably was the residence of chet Littie Shel! No.1. Hls party af @ consizerable number of young men and women and children went there frm Per bina in the year 1810. Ther camp wae altacked by 8 Sioux wae party. There was only one survar among the Chip: Pewas and there was some suspicion that he ran instead of hing, His name was Mateh-loons. Oe Sioux was foun covered with pukw! (mats of the Chippewa lodges. Until 1904 the Turtle Mountain Chippewa roamed the Mountain area feely with no restitions and considered familia arees thes. The Allotment Act changed thee sie ff living, the reservation was surveyed, cvided into in Sivdval ‘allotments. and fenced. The young were gwen ‘Sotments in remte distant locations In western North Dakota and Montana. They wore in tfect, gan the choice ‘of being Homesteaders and farmers, the same as any lm‘migrant from Europe. If they chose not to occupy thee all tment, the Bureau of Indian Affair which held the land In trust rented it o ranchers and farmers of those areas "The Turtle Mountain Gand members were scatlored, In- cian children were sent to stant boarding schools tof. ther separate them from Indian tational eulture and fam ly. Divige and conquer seems to have been the policy ofthe Sovemment toward all Inlans tribes, even those such ae {he Turtle Mountain Chippowa who were always on peaceful terme with the American government. Py Old Crossing Treaty Memorial Sees ‘ed LakefPembina Bands of Chippewa, October 2, 1883, Red Lake River neat Hut, Minnesota %Father Jean Baptiste Marie Genin Father Jean Baptiste Marie Gen, Oblate Missionary Apostolic the indians of North America Commissioned by Pope Leo XI. He eam to Dakota Teritory in 1865 and Im mediately pu his medical skills into practice In teating the ‘Chippewa butfalo hunter suvversof@ Sioux attack on thelr party near Fort Abereromble south of present day Fargo. Father Genin founded @ Cathedral at Duluth, Moorhead, St, Mary's of Blomarck, and 2 Sioux Miseion at Fort tien He was the pastor of both the Chippewa of Pembina an Sioux camps at whalover location they might be found ‘houghout the whole of the Tentitoy He, along witn General the, Army Abercrombie negotiated a Peace Conference al Fort Aberevomie on ‘August 15, 1870 it was attended by 900 Chippewa Warriors ‘and 900 Sioux Warriors In 1076 alter the Custer Massacre he ‘went to counsel with siting Bull in Canada In a pastoral ‘capacity. After the "lel Rebellion" in Manitoba and Saskat- ‘chewan and Riel was Imprisoned and awaiting hanging Father Genin visited he too in a mission of mere. Father Jean Baptiste Marie Genin (18301000) Fether Jean Baptiste Marie Genin, Oblate Missionary Apostolic 10. the Indians of North ‘America: Commissioned by Pope Lao XI Inertes inthe beeutlul country ef the Pombina area at Bathgate, North Davota, Good ang fait servant of God. Served Inolan and seller. Died In the ‘loventh year of North Dakota slatehocd after 35 oars of service on the Dakota onto. srNOTIN (Lite whined ames Qreatwalor Descended from Red Thunder & Chit Flying Eagle (One of the most leerned Turtle Mountain Cchippewa' in traditional” Indian practices of language, pipe and sweat lodge ceremonial, storytelling of Indian legends, Deadworkng, and finer Indian crtia suoh as the making of adh tional sagle feather dance bustles such as his handiwork shown here. 8 TURTLE MOUNTAIN CHIPPEWA NATIVE RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ‘The eastern Chippewa cligious prscticed Midewewin (Grand Medicine) However, ue tothe mbx with Cree, Assn bone, ang other westamn tribes the Sun Dance was adopted {3 anatorative among Indian Waitional, Jim Grostwalker ie an inilated practioner of the Sun Dance, His sister Agnes informs me that he Is now in Minnesoia being In itated inte Migewe. The proficiency in Midewe isin degra famong the elect Gust ax in college there are assoctat, bacholors, masters degrees ete) Healing ones Is done inindien ceremonial. The folowing describes ahealing as ls practiced among the Turle Mountain Chippewa: THE SWEAT LODGE (carrtive by Cherie Gourneso) | met my cousin Jim Greatwalker at the All Nations Powwow, Fort Berthold. Reservation in western North Dakota May 12, 199. He happened tobe working on arench ‘owned by an adoptive brother, an Akar. As we visited over £2 native feast featuring buffalo as the main course | mon tioned to Jim that had been stricken witha strange ines ‘months tore. had spanttvoe day home alone sting in 4 Yecliner chair unconscious before help came. “Two doctors who examined ma in the indan Health Se: vice Hospital coud find no explanation of cause. 1 went to ‘nol rerervation doctor fos a second opinion and ga the Same snewer aller exnaustive tests (eat scanolood fests). “lim said. "when I come Nome I'm going 10 make swoatlodge and Ill doctar you.” Three weeks Tale I came home trom work and found legal sze envelope on my doat with a message on the Back of It said: am going lo doc {or you Sunday nite Sweat Lodge-so you come over an see The nextday reclved a phone call rom an indian lady ‘of Leech Lake origin. She gave me insiuctions as to the ‘courtesies tobe extended to my Host. She told me It would be eppropnate for me to bing acan of Velvet pipe tobecce 2‘and a pack of Marlboro cigarettes, hs prelered brands, and ‘Some colored ribpons tobe hung on stat, atthe base of ‘which were placed gifts the host of the swe. The teremeny ofthe sweat was preceded bya feast of Indian ty bread, not dishes and toa “Tie nos calla fr ten songs onthe Red Thunder drum to prepare the nos for a Sun Dance that he was to attend In the nearby Canadian Province of Manitoba. the Swan Lake Reserve “Ine host's mother buried sweet grass in a tying pan ‘She went about the Rouse fanning the fragrant smoke on feech guest na purification ceremany, her son Jim tok the {tying pan and smoked the drum to puy I. The hos his peace pipe and isthe Chippewa language performed a pipe ftual The Rost hasty dined and while the guests were finishing theirs he went out fo eat tha stones forthe eweat ‘Alter eating, I wandered outside. Some of the quests wns came onl cr the feast ane would not be staying forthe ‘Sweat wore leaving. Tinotioed an elderly woman who was speaking In he native language to a young git! about ten years of age. | fengaged tho woman in canversation n English. She replied Inking. discovered that she was Eliza Henry, mother of @ fecently deceased former tibalchaleman of the tribe. in Hon) She commented that she speaks only Chippewa twin speaking to her young granddaughter. She expainec {hat she wants the native tongue to not de with he present (generation. She asked as to who I wos. | knew from my {ater about her father on Bea and that we had some fam Iy les, When | identified myeet, she askod about the iealth ‘of my father, a Tormer THbal Chairman, and then mace the ‘Sbsoration that my grandmother spoke good Chippows ‘Grandmother cied when was only 11 years old and only ad ‘essed me in English. Boing married 10 @ Chippewa who poke English a9 ¢ second language It ls reasonable that ‘he hed to have some fluency in is usual mode of speech. Pople began to follow a path into the woods to the tenteweal lodge area about one hundred yards citant from the nouse Ji explained that being too close to the Rouse ‘which was wired for electricity interfered in is communi: tion with the spit wore ‘Once the rocks ware heates ved hot and everyone gathered around, the ceremony bogan.| was asked 1o shovel hot embers into'a frying pan ‘on which were placed cedar needios which gave off a fragrant smoke. “The host pus the sweat lodges, tp, guests and ater wit the smoke and than took an eagle wing fan which he alpped In purified wator and sprinkled all the guests in blessing, He then knelt in font of the alar on both knees ‘and called his mother in the Chippewa language to come bling him. He calla his nephew ofthe Standing Cn family come light hi pipe. In this pipe rival, prayers wore offered fer dlzceenment to bo manifested. to accomplish healing. Since my Knowledge of the language Is liited, | only recognized In his potions “nitawiss” (cousin, aterm foreach other used Dy father and mie, and wei turn addr each othr ‘such In is euppitations Jim asked the Great Spt Kitch Manitou vision a tothe nature of my ailiction aid not {all nim beforehand nor cide ask the symtoms. when we had striped naked in he tepee, we ten bodies crowded into the men's sweat lodge which was a dome shaped affair ‘ade of bent seplings and covered with blankets ‘The women had a similar lodge Inthe centers of which ‘was apit-in ne pits hot stones wore placed. Five gallon Plastic Buckets were brought to provide water supplies for ‘Sprinkling on the stones 1o generate steam. The steam heat became intense. One ofthe boys wanted fo gt out and had lo be coaxed to endure. “Then the peace plpe mede the rounds and sim prayed In (Chippewa. He then began a sory in English sothat everyone ‘might undarslanc. He fold of how indians were given the gift {fhe sweat lodge. He sald that many thousands of years ‘290 tho Indians tved In one great wilaga. They led accor: {ing to tha commandments given them by the Great Sprit ‘They wereinsirvcted ol to kl any more than they could eat ‘Of the animals and bids and fish, Not mare than they Could preserve fora season ‘There were limes, for unknown reagons game became scarce ana hunger peeved. In one of hese limes of hunger {2 party of huntars ware Inthe midst of some lofty trees sn {ooking up saw an eagle cicting near a nest inthe tre Top. Tothoir amazement the eagle descended amongst tem an “took on the form of @ white haired Indian of advanca yor ‘The hunter spoke to the eagle of thelr eleumstance. The ‘age instructed one of the hunters to climb the toe and Throw down the nest which was his home. The hunter threw ‘down the nest which landed upside down. The eagle show fd them how tose It asa sweat fogge to anance health ‘and asa channel for communication with the Great Spit, ‘Who would by tis means help ther In thelr also ie, ‘ter beng given the git of knowledge, the hunters prepared to goon thelr way, The eagle told them they would bo given an etk to return nome with. True tothe eagle's po- heey they soon came.on an elkwhich gave istifethat hal familes might not perish. Since then the sweat lodge has been a pont of contact {or spital Intercession, a place where ov aflictons are ‘cast of nto the cleansing steam ia the sweat of those pray Ing for a spiriual and phyeal blessing of health ln tind ‘and body ‘Burg the time that we were inthe lodge Jim nag run his thumb down my neck and beckons ee the Groat Spirit {gre him knowledge thal il was in my backbone where 2 ‘hysieal problem lingered. Later when we went back to the fuse he drew on paper a picture a the vision given him of ‘ny vertebrae and blood vassal obstruction in between. He {aid he would take the pice with he ta the Sun Dance in Canada where he would consult with another Indian ‘medicine man, Jim then fold ma "when you go home YoU ‘ni tng yourselt waking at sunrise. 1 want you To take ote ‘ofthe color. On Tuesday night want you toring me cloth fag of thal same col! wil te some tobacco Into one co ‘er of it an take I tothe mecicina man in Canada, When | ‘Come back we wil have fo have another sweat oage to con tinue your Weatment” Since I got home late from the swest and to bed by 200 ANI seriously doubted if would wake up at suns, but, {rue to Jim's word | woke twice ear, both times noting the olor in the east then went back to sleep and when | gol up {ogo to work at G40 AW. the beaut orange sunrise wae fone and the sky was cloudy. ‘ter work, went and bought a yard of orange sunrise cot cored material which | took to Jim at the appointed time 2 Shortly altrwards Jim returned from Swan Lake with the medicine man he had gone to consult. He called together a group for a sweat. This second we tmen only, by design or nat! don’t know, Tha was again 2 fepea of ceremonial and prayer inthe Chippewa language by Both dim and the mecieine man Manitoba, The pln in my back was relieved. The New Tests ‘men oo, says-"where twocor thee gather in my name, there amt” “There. are many similarities in the comparision of olgNew World religious practices. IIs small wonder that the. American Indian took readily to. JudeotCh teaching. Both believed ina great spirtual being ana tessor spiritual beings. The practice of fasting and vision soaking ‘was common to both, they both used forms of burang In ‘ene In purtcatlon rituals. Some Catholic and othar sects practice salt lagelition, the Sun Dance practice of sea. fleton inthe paring of he lash isnot toomueh une the former. Mankind twoughout the world are Inclined to be fike despite racial liferences and seperation by con Tinents. tl wll put my law lato thet minds, and write thom fon ther hearts.” Hebrews @10q ig Th Gee spese Sueno, MME Etre guig Th Nem yf “% Gan Air Sila - Si gen Gomer Clee cure tend ere ore Ge Oh Sa Se bey— (hdl th, t blk goo Pd. thee # Jim Greatwalker message on back of legal size envelope Chippewa Land Cessions in North Dakota‘Tiss scene typical of Buffalo hunting parties who ventured out on- to hoplains of North Dakota, Segining around 1600 two weet carts were i’ 1 transport eight Between Winnipeg, Manitoba ard St.Paul, Minnesota, & ‘camp of Re River huntersBIBLIOGRAPHY (coves, Eliot, New Light on the Early History of the Greater Necthwest. The Manuscript Journal of Alexander Henry, Fur trador of the Northwest Company and of Davia ‘Thompson, offical geographer and explorer of the same company, 1789-1814, Exploration and Adventure among the Indians ofthe Red, Saskatchewan, Mlesou and Colum3ia Fiver @ vols, New Yor, 1897), dames, Edwin, & parative of the Captivity and Adven tuees of John Tanner (U5. Interpreter atthe Saut de Ste. Mari) during the Thirty Years Residence among the Indians ‘ofthe interior of North America (Minneapolis, 1956) Jackson Catalog, Indian Biographies, National An thropologeal Archives, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, Be. Hickerson, Harold, 06, Journal of Charles Jean Baptiste Chaboile, Indiana University "Etnnohistoy” Vol. 6 1055, Grand Fork Hera, Dakota Testy 1882 Warren, Wiliam Whipple, History ofthe Ojibway Nation Minnesota Historical Society Press Hickerson, Haro, The Genesis of a Trading Post Banc ‘Te Pembina Chippewa, 156. Indiana Univesity Collections at the Sta Dakota, VoL 1 1906, Historical Society of North Lee, Chalas H. The Long Ago. Historic Excerps Moun tainer ress, Walhala,N.D. 1898 Gourneau, Patric, Condensed History of *he Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa 1671 “ Py