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CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

8.1 BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

' È16x dx u œ 8x#  1 ' Èduu œ 2Èu  C œ 2È8x#  1  C


1. ;” Ä
8x#  1 du œ 16x dx •

2. ' È3 cos x dx ;”
u œ 1  3 sin x
Ä ' Èduu œ 2Èu  C œ 2È1  3 sin x  C
1  3 sin x du œ 3 cos x dx •

3. ' 3Èsin v cos v dv; ”


u œ sin v
Ä ' 3Èu du œ 3 † 23 u$Î#  C œ 2(sin v)$Î#  C
du œ cos v dv •

' cot$ y csc# y dy; ” u œ cot y ' %  cot% y


4. Ä u$ ( du) œ  u4  C œ C
du œ  csc# y dy • 4

u œ 8x#  2
5. '01 8x16xdx2 ; Ô
# du œ 16x dx
×
Ä '2 du
10
"!
u œ cln kukd # œ ln 10  ln 2 œ ln 5
Õ x œ 0 Ê u œ 2, x œ 1 Ê u œ 10 Ø

Ô u œ tan z × È3
'11ÎÎ43 sec# z dz du œ sec# z dz '1 " È
6. tan z ;Ö Ù Ä
u du œ cln kukd 1 3 œ ln È3  ln 1 œ ln È3
Õz œ 1 1 È
4 Ê u œ 1, z œ 3 Ê u œ 3 Ø

Ô u œ Èx  " ×
7. ' dx
È x ˆÈ x  1 ‰
Ö " Ù
; Ö du œ #Èx dx Ù Ä ' 2 udu œ 2 ln kuk  C œ 2 ln ˆÈx  1‰  C
Õ 2 du œ Èx Ø
dx

Ô u œ Èx  1 ×
8. ' x dxÈx œ ' dx Ö du œ " dx Ù
È x ˆÈ x  1 ‰ ; Ö #È x Ù Ä ' 2 udu œ 2 ln kuk  C œ 2 ln ¸Èx  1¸  C
Õ 2 du œ Èx Ø
dx

9. ' cot (3  7x) dx; ” u œ 3  7x • Ä  "7 ' cot u du œ  7" ln ksin uk  C œ  7" ln ksin (3  7x)k  C
du œ 7 dx

10. ' csc (1x  1) dx; ” u œ 1x  1 • Ä ' csc u † du1 œ "1 ln kcsc u  cot uk  C
du œ 1 dx
œ  1" ln kcsc (1x  1)  cot (1x  1)k  C

' e) csc ˆe)  1‰ d); ” u œ e 1 ' csc u du œ  ln kcsc u  cot uk  C œ  ln ¸csc ˆe)  1‰  cot ˆe)  1‰¸  C
)
11. Ä
du œ e) d) •

12. ' cot (3 x ln x) dx; ” u œ 3 dxln x • Ä ' cot u du œ ln ksin uk  C œ ln ksin (3  ln x)k  C
du œ x
494 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

u œ 3t
13. ' sec 3t dt; – Ä ' 3 sec u du œ 3 ln ksec u  tan uk  C œ 3 ln ¸sec 3t  tan 3t ¸  C
du œ dt3 —

#
14. ' x sec ax#  5b dx; ” u œ x 5
Ä ' "# sec u du œ "# ln ksec u  tan uk  C
du œ 2x dx •
"
œ # ln ksec ax#  5b  tan ax#  5bk  C

15. ' csc (s  1) ds; ” u œ s  1 • Ä ' csc u du œ  ln kcsc u  cot uk  C œ  ln kcsc (s  1)  cot (s  1)k  C
du œ ds

' )" " u œ ") '  csc u du œ ln kcsc u  cot uk  C œ ln ¸csc ")  cot ") ¸  C
16. csc d); – Ä
du œ )d# ) —
# )

Èln 2 Ô u œ x# ×
17. '0 x#
2xe dx; du œ 2x dx Ä '0 eu du œ ceu d ln0 2 œ eln 2  e! œ 2  1 œ 1
ln 2

Õ x œ 0 Ê u œ 0, x œ Èln 2 Ê u œ ln 2 Ø

u œ cos y
18. '11Î2 sin (y) ecos y dy; Ô du œ  sin y dy
×
Ä '0 eu du œ '1 eu du œ ceu d !" œ 1  e" œ
1 0
e"
e
Õy œ 1
# Ê u œ 0, y œ 1 Ê u œ 1 Ø

' etan v sec# v dv; ” u œ tan v ' eu du œ eu  C œ etan v  C


19. Ä
du œ sec# v dv •

u œ Èt
20. ' eÈÈtdt ; –
t
— Ä
' 2eu du œ 2eu  C œ 2eÈt  C
du œ 2dt
Èt

21. ' 3x1 dx; ” u œ x  1 • Ä ' 3u du œ ˆ ln"3 ‰ 3u  C œ 3ln 3 Ðx1Ñ


C
du œ dx

' 2x ln x u œ ln x ' 2u du œ ln2 #  C œ 2ln #  C


u ln x
22. dx; ”
du œ dx • Ä
x

u œ Èw
23. ' 2È#Èwdw ; –
w
— Ä
' 2u du œ ln2 #  C œ 2lnÈ#
u w
C
du œ #dw
Èw

24. ' 102) d); ” u œ 2)


Ä ' "# 10u du œ # 10ln 10  C œ "# Š ln1010 ‹  C
u 2)

du œ 2 d) •

25. ' 1 9du9u ;”


x œ 3u
Ä ' 13dxx œ 3 tan" x  C œ 3 tan" 3u  C
#
dx œ 3 du • #

26. ' 1  (2x


4 dx
;”
u œ 2x  1
Ä ' 12duu œ 2 tan" u  C œ 2 tan" (2x  1)  C
 1) #
du œ 2 dx • #

Ô u œ 3x ×
27. '01Î6 È dx ; du œ 3 dx Ä '0
1Î2
" du
3 È 1  u#
"Î#
œ  3" sin" u‘ ! œ " ˆ 16  0‰ œ 1
1  9x# 3 18
Õ x œ 0 Ê u œ 0, x œ " Ê u œ " Ø
6 #
Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 495

28. '01 È dt "


œ sin" #t ‘ ! œ sin" ˆ "# ‰  0 œ 1
4  t# 6

' È2s ds u œ s# ' È du


29. ;” Ä œ sin" u  C œ sin" s#  C
1  s% du œ 2s ds • 1  u#

' u œ 2 ln x ' È du
30. 2 dx
;” Ä œ sin" u  C œ sin" (2 ln x)  C
xÈ1  4 ln# x du œ 2 xdx • 1  u#

31. ' 6 dx
œ' 6 dx
œ 6
† 5 sec" k5xk  C œ 6 sec" k5xk  C
xÈ25x#  1 5xÉx#  #"5 5

32. ' dr
œ "
sec" ¸ 3r ¸  C
r È r#  9 3

33. ' e dxe œ' ex dx


;”
u œ ex
Ä' du
œ tan" u  C œ tan" ex  C
x x e2x  1 du œ ex dx • u#  1

34. ' È dy œ' ey dy


;”
u œ ey
Ä ' du
œ sec" kuk  C œ sec" ey  C
e2y  1 e y É ae y b # 1 du œ ey dy • uÈ u#  1

u œ ln x
Ô ×
'1e Ä '0 œ '0
1 Î3 1Î3 1Î3
1Î$
35. dx
x cos (ln x) ; du œ dxx
du
cos u sec u du œ cln ksec u  tan ukd !
Õ x œ 1 Ê u œ 0, x œ e1Î3 Ê u œ 1 Ø
3
1
œ ln ¸sec 3  tan 13 ¸  ln ksec 0  tan 0k œ ln Š2  È3‹  ln (1) œ ln Š2  È3‹

' x ln4xx dxln x œ ' x a1lnx4dxln xb ; ” u œ ln# x ' #" " "
36. Ä du
œ ln k1  4uk  C œ ln a1  4 ln# xb  C
du œ 2x ln x dx •
# # 1  4u 8 8

uœx1 × Ô
37. '12 x#
8 dx
 2x  2 œ 8'1
2
du œ dx dx
1  (x  1)# Ä 8'0 1 duu# œ 8 ctan" ud !
;
1
"

Õ x œ 1 Ê u œ 0, x œ 2 Ê u œ " Ø
œ 8 atan" 1  tan" 0b œ 8 ˆ 14  0‰ œ 21

uœx3
38. '24 x 26xdx 10 œ 2 '24 (x  dx3)  1 ; Ô
# du œ dx #
×
Ä 2'c1
1
du
u#  1
"
œ 2 ctan" ud "
Õ x œ 2 Ê u œ 1, x œ 4 Ê u œ 1 Ø
œ 2 ctan" 1  tan" (1)d œ 2  14  ˆ 14 ‰‘ œ 1

39. 'È dt
œ' dt
;”
uœt2
Ä' du
œ sin" u  C œ sin" (t  2)  C
t#  4t  3 È1  (t  2)# du œ dt • È 1  u#

40. ' È d) œ' d)


;”
uœ)1
Ä' du
œ sin" u  C œ sin" ()  1)  C
2)  ) # È1  ()  1)# du œ d) • È 1  u#

41. ' dx
œ' dx
;”
uœx1
Ä' du
œ sec" kuk  C œ sec" kx  1k  C,
(x  1)Èx#  2x (x  1)È(x  1)#  1 du œ dx • uÈ u#  1

kuk œ kx  1k  1
496 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

42. ' dx
œ' dx
;”
uœx2
Ä ' du
œ sec" kuk  C
(x  2)Èx#  4x  3 (x  2)È(x  2)# 1 du œ dx • uÈ u#  1

œ sec" kx  2k  C, kuk œ kx  2k  1

43. ' (sec x  cot x)# dx œ ' asec# x  2 sec x cot x  cot# xb dx œ ' sec# x dx  ' 2 csc x dx  ' acsc# x  1b dx
œ tan x  2 ln kcsc x  cot xk  cot x  x  C

44. ' (csc x  tan x)# dx œ ' acsc# x  2 csc x tan x  tan# xb dx œ ' csc# x dx  ' 2 sec x dx  ' asec# x  1b dx
œ  cot x  2 ln ksec x  tan xk  tan x  x  C

45. ' csc x sin 3x dx œ ' (csc x)(sin 2x cos x  sin x cos 2x) dx œ ' (csc x) a2 sin x cos# x  sin x cos 2xb dx
œ ' a2 cos# x  cos 2xb dx œ ' [(1  cos 2x)  cos 2x] dx œ ' (1  2 cos 2x) dx œ x  sin 2x  C

46. ' (sin 3x cos 2x  cos 3x sin 2x) dx œ ' sin (3x  2x) dx œ ' sin x dx œ  cos x  C

47. ' x x 1 dx œ ' ˆ1  x "1 ‰ dx œ x  ln kx  1k  C

48. ' x x 1 dx œ ' ˆ1  x " 1 ‰ dx œ x  tan" x  C


#
#
#

49. 'È32 2x$


x#  1 dx œ 'È2 ˆ2x 
3
2x ‰
x#  1 dx œ cx#  ln kx#  1kd È2 œ (9  ln 8)  (2  ln 1) œ 7  ln 8
3

50. 'c31 4x2x 37 dx œ 'c31 (2x  3)  2x 2 3 ‘ dx œ cx#  3x  ln k2x  3kd $" œ (9  9  ln 9)  (1  3  ln 1) œ ln 9  4
#

51. ' 4t t t4 16t dt œ ' (4t  1)  t 4 4 ‘ dt œ 2t#  t  2 tan" ˆ #t ‰  C


$
#
#
#

52. ' 2) 2)7) 5 7) d) œ ' a)#  )  1b  2) 5 5 ‘ d) œ )3


$ # $
 )#
# ) 5
# ln k2)  5k  C

53. ' È1  x dx œ ' dx


È 1  x# ' x dx
È 1  x# œ sin" x  È1  x#  C
1  x#

54. ' x  È2Èx  1 dx œ ' dx


' dx
œ (x  1)"Î#  ln kxk  C
2x x1 2È x  1 x

55. '01Î4 1  sin x


cos# x dx œ '0 asec# x  sec x tan xb dx œ ctan x  sec xd !
1Î4
1Î%
œ Š1  È2‹  (!  1) œ È2

56. '01Î2 124x8x # dx œ '0 ˆ 1 24x# 


1Î2
8x ‰
1  4x# dx œ ctan" (2x)  ln k1  4x# kd !
"Î#

1
œ atan" 1  ln 2b  atan" 0  ln 1b œ 4  ln 2

57. ' 1 dxsin x œ ' a(11 sinsin x)xb dx œ ' (1cos


 sin x)
# x dx œ
' asec# x  sec x tan xb dx œ tan x  sec x  C
#

58. 1  cos x œ 1  cos ˆ2 † #x ‰ œ 2 cos# x


# Ê ' 1 dxcos x œ ' 2 cosdx ˆ ‰ œ #" ' sec# ˆ #x ‰ dx œ tan x#  C
# x
#

59. ' sec ) " tan ) d) œ ' d); ”


u œ 1  sin )
Ä ' duu œ ln kuk  C œ ln k1  sin )k  C
du œ cos ) d) •
Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 497

60. ' csc ) " cot ) d) œ ' 1 sincos) ) d); ” u œ 1  cos )


Ä ' udu œ  ln kuk  C œ  ln k1  cos )k  C
du œ  sin ) d) •

61. ' 1  "sec x dx œ ' coscosx x 1 dx œ ' ˆ1  cos x"  1 ‰ dx œ ' ˆ1  1 sincosx x ‰ dx œ ' ˆ1  csc# x  sin
#
cos x ‰
x dx #

œ ' a1  csc# x  csc x cot xb dx œ x  cot x  csc x  C

62. ' 1  "csc x dx œ ' sinsinx x 1 dx œ ' ˆ1  sin x"  1 ‰ dx œ ' Š1  (sin x sin1)x(sin
1
x  1) ‹ dx

œ ' ˆ1  1  sin x ‰
cos# x dx œ ' ˆ1  sec# x  sin x ‰
cos# x dx œ ' a1  sec# x  sec x tan xb dx œ x  tan x  sec x  C

'021 É 1  #cos x dx œ '021 ¸sin x# ¸ dx; ” sin #x   0


Ä '0 sin ˆ x# ‰ dx œ 2 cos x# ‘ ! œ 2(cos 1  cos 0)
21
#1
63. •
for 0 Ÿ # Ÿ 21
x

œ (2)(2) œ 4

64. '01 È1  cos 2x dx œ '01 È2 ksin xk dx; ” sin x   0


• Ä È2 '0 sin x dx œ ’È2 cos x“
1 1

for 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1 !

œ È2 (cos 1  cos 0) œ 2È2

'11Î2 È1  cos 2t dt œ '11Î2 È2 kcos tk dt; ” cos t Ÿ 0 '11Î2 È2 cos t dt œ ’È2 sin t“ 1
65. Ä
for 1# Ÿ t Ÿ 1 • 1Î#
1‰
œ È2 ˆsin 1  sin # œ È2

'c01 È1  cos t dt œ 'c01 È2 ¸cos #t ¸ dt; ” cos #t   0


• Ä 'c1 È2 cos
0 !
66. t
# dt œ ’2È2 sin #t “
for 1 Ÿ t Ÿ 0 1

œ 2È2 sin 0  sin ˆ 1# ‰‘ œ 2È2

67. 'c01 È1  cos# ) d) œ 'c01 ksin )k d); ” sin ) Ÿ 0


• Ä 'c1  sin ) d) œ ccos )d !1 œ cos 0  cos (1)
0

for 1 Ÿ ) Ÿ 0
œ 1  (1) œ 2

'11Î2 È1  sin# ) d) œ '11Î2 kcos )k d); ” cos ) Ÿ 0 '11Î2  cos ) d) œ c sin )d 11Î# œ  sin 1  sin 1# œ 1
68. Ä
for 1# Ÿ ) Ÿ 1 •

'c11ÎÎ44 Ètan# y  1 dy œ '11ÎÎ44 ksec yk dy; ” sec y   0


• Ä '1Î4 sec y dy œ cln ksec y  tan ykd 1Î%
1Î4
1Î%
69.
for  14 Ÿ y Ÿ 1
4

œ ln ¹È2  1¹  ln ¹È2  1¹

'c01Î4 Èsec# y  1 dy œ '01Î4 ktan yk dy; ” tan y Ÿ 0 '01Î4  tan y dy œ cln kcos ykd !1Î% œ  ln Š È"
70. Ä ‹
for  14 Ÿ y Ÿ 0 • 2

œ ln È2

71. '13Î14Î4 (csc x  cot x)# dx œ '13Î14Î4 acsc# x  2 csc x cot x  cot# xb dx œ '13Î14Î4 a2 csc# x  1  2 csc x cot xb dx
$1Î% 31 31 31 ‰ 1 1
œ c2 cot x  x  2 csc xd 1Î% œ ˆ2 cot 4  4  2 csc 4  ˆ2 cot 4  4  2 csc 14 ‰
31 1 1
œ ’2(1)  4  2 ŠÈ2‹“  ’2(1)  4  2 ŠÈ 2‹ “ œ 4  #
498 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

72. '01Î4 (sec x  4 cos x)# dx œ '01Î4 sec# x  8  16 ˆ 1  cos


#
2x ‰‘ 1Î%
dx œ ctan x  16x  4 sin 2xd !
1
œ ˆtan 4  41  4 sin 1# ‰  (tan 0  0  4 sin 0) œ 5  41

73. ' cos ) csc (sin )) d); ” u œ sin ) • Ä ' csc u du œ  ln kcsc u  cot uk  C
du œ cos ) d)
œ  ln kcsc (sin ))  cot (sin ))k  C

74. ' ˆ1  "x ‰ cot (x  ln x) dx; ” u œ x  ln" x • Ä ' cot u du œ ln ksin uk  C œ ln ksin (x  ln x)k  C
du œ ˆ1  ‰ dx x

75. ' (csc x  sec x)(sin x  cos x) dx œ ' (1  cot x  tan x  1) dx œ ' cot x dx  ' tan x dx
œ ln ksin xk  ln kcos xk  C

' u œ x2  ln 5
76. 3 sinhˆ x2  ln 5‰dx œ ” œ ' ' sinh u du œ 6 cosh u  C œ 6 coshˆ x#  ln 5‰  C
2 du œ dx •

u œ Èy
77. ' Èy6(1dy y) ; – " — Ä
' 121duu œ 12 tan" u  C œ 12 tan" Èy  C
du œ 2È y dy
#

78. ' dx
œ' 2 dx
;”
u œ 2x
Ä' du
œ sec" kuk  C œ sec" k2xk  C
xÈ4x#  1 2xÈ(2x)#  1 du œ 2 dx • uÈ u#  1

79. ' 7 dx
œ' 7 dx
;”
uœx1
Ä ' 7 du
œ7† "
sec" ¸ 7u ¸  C
(x  1)Èx#  2x  48 (x  1)È(x  1)#  49 du œ dx • uÈu#  49 7

œ sec" ¸ x 7 " ¸  C

80. ' dx
œ' dx
;”
u œ 2x  1
Ä' du
œ "
sec" kuk  C
(2x  1)È4x#  4x (2x  1)È(2x  1)#  1 du œ 2 dx • 2uÈu#  1 #

"
œ # sec" k2x  1k  C

81. ' sec# t tan (tan t) dt; ” u œ tan# t • Ä ' tan u du œ  ln kcos uk  C œ ln ksec uk  C œ ln ksec (tan t)k  C
du œ sec t dt

82. ' dx
œ  "$ csch" ¹ Èx$ ¹  C
xÈ $  x#

83. (a) ' cos$ ) d) œ ' (cos )) a1  sin# )b d); ” u œ sin ) • Ä ' a1  u# b du œ u  u3$  C œ sin )  "3 sin$ )  C
du œ cos ) d)
(b) ' cos& ) d) œ ' (cos )) a1  sin# )b# d) œ ' a1  u# b# du œ ' a1  2u#  u% b du œ u  23 u$  u5&  C
"
œ sin )  2
3 sin$ )  5 sin& )  C
(c) ' cos* ) d) œ ' acos) )b (cos )) d) œ ' a1  sin# )b% (cos )) d)

' sin$ ) d) œ ' a1  cos# )b (sin )) d); ” u œ cos )


84. (a) Ä ' a1  u# b ( du) œ u$
uC
du œ  sin ) d) • 3

"
œ  cos )  3 cos$ )  C
(b) ' sin& ) d) œ ' a1  cos# )b# (sin )) d) œ ' a1  u# b# ( du) œ ' a1  2u#  u% b du
"
œ  cos )  2
3 cos$ )  5 cos& )  C
(c) ' sin( ) d) œ ' a1  u b ( du) œ ' a1  3u#  3u%  u' b du œ  cos )  cos$ )  35 cos& )  cos7( )  C
# $
Section 8.1 Basic Integration Formulas 499

(d) ' sin"$ ) d) œ ' asin"# )b (sin )) d) œ ' a1  cos# )b' (sin )) d)

85. (a) ' tan$ ) d) œ ' asec# )  1b (tan )) d) œ ' sec# ) tan ) d)  ' tan ) d) œ "# tan# )  ' tan ) d)
"
œ # tan# )  ln kcos )k  C
(b) ' tan& ) d) œ ' asec# )  1b atan$ )b d) œ ' tan$ ) sec# ) d)  ' tan$ ) d) œ "4 tan% )  ' tan$ ) d)
(c) ' tan( ) d) œ ' asec# )  1b atan& )b d) œ ' tan& ) sec# ) d)  ' tan& ) d) œ "6 tan' )  ' tan& ) d)
(d) ' tan2kb1 ) d) œ ' asec# )  1b atan2kc1 )b d) œ ' tan2kc1 ) sec# ) d)  ' tan2kc1 ) d);
u œ tan ) ' u2kc1 du  ' tan2kc1 ) d) œ
” du œ sec# ) d) • Ä
"
2k u2k  ' tan2kc1 ) d) œ "
#k tan2k )  ' tan2kc1 ) d)

86. (a) ' cot$ ) d) œ ' acsc# )  1b (cot )) d) œ ' cot ) csc# ) d)  ' cot ) d) œ  "# cot# )  ' cot ) d)
œ  "# cot# )  ln ksin )k  C
(b) ' cot& ) d) œ ' acsc# )  1b acot$ )b d) œ ' cot$ ) csc# ) d)  ' cot$ ) d) œ  "4 cot% )  ' cot$ ) d)
(c) ' cot( ) d) œ ' acsc# )  1b acot& )b d) œ ' cot& ) csc# ) d)  ' cot& ) d) œ  "6 cot' )  ' cot& ) d)
(d) ' cot2kb1 ) d) œ ' acsc# )  1b acot2kc1 )b d) œ ' cot2kc1 ) csc# ) d)  ' cot2kc1 ) d);
u œ cot )
” du œ  csc# ) d) • Ä ' u du  ' cot2kc1 ) d) œ  #"k u2k  ' cot2kc1 ) d)
2kc1

"
œ  2k cot2k )  ' cot2kc1 ) d)

87. A œ 'c1Î4 (2 cos x  sec x) dx œ c2 sin x  ln ksec x  tan xkd 1Î%


1Î4
1Î%

œ ’È2  ln ŠÈ2  1‹“  ’È2  ln ŠÈ2  1‹“


#
È ŠÈ2  1‹
œ 2È2  ln Š È2  " ‹ œ 2È2  ln  21 
21

œ 2È2  ln Š3  2È2‹

88. A œ '1Î6 (csc x  sin x) dx œ c ln kcsc x  cot xk  cos xd 1Î'


1Î2
1Î#

È3 È3
œ  ln k1  0k  ln ¹2  È3¹  # œ ln Š2  È3‹  #

89. V œ 'c1Î4 1(2 cos x)# dx  '1Î4 1 sec# x dx œ 41 '1Î4 cos# x dx  1'1Î4 sec# x dx
1Î4 1Î4 1Î4 1Î4

œ 21 'c1Î4 (1  cos 2x) dx  1 ctan xd 1Î% œ 21 x 


1Î4 1Î%
1Î% "
# sin 2x‘ 1Î%  1[1  (1)]
œ 21 ˆ 14  "# ‰  ˆ 14  "# ‰‘  21 œ 21 ˆ 1#  1‰  21 œ 1#

90. V œ '1Î6 1 csc# x dx  '1Î6 1 sin# x dx œ 1 '1Î6 csc# x dx  '11ÎÎ62 (1  cos 2x) dx
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
1
#
1Î# 1 " 1Î# 1 È3
œ 1 c cot xd 1Î'  #
x  # sin 2x‘ 1Î' œ 1 ’0  ŠÈ3‹“  # ’ˆ 1#  0‰  Š 16  "
# † # ‹“

1 È3 È
œ 1È3  # Š 261  4 ‹ œ 1 Š 7 8 3  16 ‹
500 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

91. y œ ln (cos x) Ê dy
dx œ  cos # #
#
'
x Ê Š dx ‹ œ tan x œ sec x  1; L œ a Ê1  Š dx ‹ dx
sin x dy dy
b #

œ '0 È1  asec# x  1b dx œ '0 sec x dx œ cln ksec x  tan xkd ! œ ln ¹2  È3¹  ln k1  0k œ ln Š2  È3‹
1Î3 1Î3
1Î$

92. y œ ln (sec x) Ê dy
dx œ sec x tan x
sec x Ê Š dy #
#
# '
dx ‹ œ tan x œ sec x  1; L œ a Ê1  Š dx ‹ dx
dy
b #

œ '0 sec x dx œ cln ksec x  tan xkd !


1Î4
1Î%
œ ln ¹È2  1¹  ln k1  0k œ ln ŠÈ2  1‹

93. Mx œ 'c1Î4 ˆ "# sec x‰ (sec x) dx œ '11ÎÎ44 sec# x dx


1Î4
"
#
" 1Î% "
œ # ctan xd 1Î% œ # c1  (1)d œ 1;

M œ 'c1Î4 sec x dx œ cln ksec x  tan xkd 1Î%


1Î4
1Î%

È
œ ln ¹È2  1¹  ln ¹È2  1¹ œ ln Š È2" ‹
2 1
#
ŠÈ2  "‹
œ ln  È2‹ ; x œ 0 by
#1  œ ln Š3  2
"
symmetry of the region, and y œ Mx
M œ
ln Š3  2È2‹

94. Mx œ '1Î6 ˆ "# csc x‰ (csc x) dx œ '15Î16Î6 csc# x dx


51Î6
"
#
" &1Î' "
œ # c cot xd 1Î' œ # ’ ŠÈ3‹  ŠÈ3‹“ œ È3;

M œ '1Î6 csc x dx œ c ln kcsc x  cot xkd 1Î'


51Î6
&1Î'

È
œ  ln ¹2  È3¹  Š ln ¹2  È3¹‹ œ ln ¹ 22  3
 È3
¹
#
Š2  È3‹
È 3‹ ; x œ 1
œ ln  43  œ 2 ln Š2  # by symmetry

È3
of the region, and y œ Mx
M œ
2 ln Š2  È3‹

95. ' csc x dx œ ' (csc x)(1) dx œ ' (csc x) ˆ csc x  cot x ‰
csc x  cot x dx œ
' csc# x  csc x cot x
csc x  cot x dx;

u œ csc x  cot x ' udu œ  ln kuk  C œ  ln kcsc x  cot xk  C


” du œ a csc x cot x  csc# xb dx • Ä

#Î$ #Î$
96. cax#  1b (x  1)d œ c(x  1)(x  1)# d œ (x  1)#Î$ (x  1)%Î$ œ (x  1)# (x  1)#Î$ (x  1)#Î$ ‘
#Î$ 2 ‰#Î$
œ (x  1)# ˆ xx 
1
1‰
œ (x  1)# ˆ1  x1
u œ x " 1
(a) ' cax#  1b (x  1)d#Î$ dx œ ' (x  1)# ˆ1  2 ‰#Î$
dx; –
x 1 du œ  (x " 1)# dx —

Ä ' (1  2u)#Î$ du œ #3 (1  2u)"Î$  C œ 3# ˆ1  x2 1 ‰"Î$  C œ #3 ˆ xx  11 ‰"Î$  C


(b) ' cax#  1b (x  1)d#Î$ dx œ ' (x  1)# ˆ xx  11 ‰#Î$ dx; u œ ˆ xx  11 ‰k
kc1 c(x  1)  (x  1)d (x  1) k c1
(x  1)#  1 ‰kc1
Ê du œ k ˆ xx  11 ‰ (x  1)# dx œ 2k (x  1)kb1 dx; dx œ #k
ˆ xx  1 du

œ (x  1)#
2k
ˆ xx 
1
1 ‰1ck
du; then, ' ˆ xx 
1
1 ‰#Î$ "
#k
 1 ‰1ck
ˆ xx  1 du œ "
#k
' ˆ xx  11 ‰Ð1Î3kÑ du
œ "
#k
' ˆ xx  11 ‰kÐ1Î3k1Ñ du œ #"k ' uÐ1Î3k1Ñ du œ #"k (3k) u1Î3k  C œ #3 u1Î3k  C œ 3# ˆ xx  11 ‰"Î$  C
Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 501

(c) ' cax#  1b (x  1)d#Î$ dx œ ' (x  1)# ˆ xx  11 ‰#Î$ dx;


"
Ô u œ tan x ×
x œ tan u Ä ' (tan u" 1) #
tan u  1 ‰#Î$ ˆ du ‰
ˆ tan u1 cos# u œ
' "
(sin u  cos u)#
ˆ sin u  cos u ‰#Î$
sin u  cos u du;
Õ dx œ du# Ø
cos u
sin u  cos u œ sin u  sin ˆ 1#  u‰ œ 2 sin 14 cos ˆu  14 ‰ ' 2 cos ˆ"u  1 ‰ ’ cos
sin ˆu  1 ‰ #Î$
– sin u  cos u œ sin u  sin ˆ 1  u‰ œ 2 cos 1 sin ˆu  1 ‰ — Ä ˆu  1 ‰ “ du
4
#
4 4
# 4 4
1 "Î$
œ "
#
' tan#Î$ ˆu  14 ‰ sec# ˆu  14 ‰ du œ 3# tan"Î$ ˆu  14 ‰  C œ 3# ’ 1tan u  tan 4
 tan u tan 14 “ C
ˆ xx  1 ‰"Î$
œ 3
# 1 C
(d) u œ tan" Èx Ê tan u œ Èx Ê tan# u œ x Ê dx œ 2 tan u ˆ cos"# u ‰ du œ cos$ u du œ
2 sin u
 2d(cos u)
cos$ u ;
sin# u  cos# u 1  2 cos# u cos# u  sin# u
x  1 œ tan# u  1 œ cos# u œ cos# u ; x  1 œ tan# u  1 œ cos# u œ cos"# u ;
' (x  1)#Î$ (x  1)%Î$ dx œ '
#Î$
a12 cos# ub " 2d(cos u)
† † cos$ u
acos# ub#Î$ acos# ub%Î$

œ ' a1  2 cos# ub ' a1  2 cos# ub#Î$ † d a1  2 cos# ub


#Î$ "
† (2) † cos u † d(cos u) œ #
#u "Î$
Š 1  2 cos
# ‹
# "Î$
ˆ xx  1 ‰"Î$
œ 3
# a1  2 cos ub Cœ 3
# –
cos u
" ‹ — Cœ 3
# 1 C
cos# u
Š

(e) u œ tan" ˆ x # 1 ‰ Ê x1


# œ tan u Ê x  1 œ 2(tan u  1) Ê dx œ 2 du
cos# u œ 2d(tan u);
' (x  1)#Î$ (x  1) dx œ ' (tan u)#Î$ (tan u  1)%Î$ † 2# † 2 † d(tan u)
%Î$

œ "# ' ˆ1  tan u"  1 ‰


#Î$ "Î$ "Î$
d ˆ1  tan u"  1 ‰ œ #3 ˆ1  tan u"  1 ‰  C œ #3 ˆ1  x 2 1 ‰  C
ˆ xx  1 ‰"Î$
œ 3
# 1 C
"
Ô u œ cos x ×
(f) x œ cos u Ä ' $
sin u du
œ ' sin u du
%Î$
Õ dx œ  sin u du Ø Éacos# u  1b# (cos u  1)# asin%Î$ ub ˆ2#Î$ cos #u ‰

œ' ' ' Š cos u "Î$


du
%Î$ œ du
"Î$ &Î$ œ  "# sin
#
u ‹ du
ˆcos# #u ‰
(sin u)"Î$ ˆ2#Î$ cos u# ‰ 2 ˆsin #u ‰ ˆcos #u ‰ #

œ  ' tan"Î$ ˆ #u ‰ d ˆtan u# ‰ œ  3# tan#Î$ u


# Cœ 3
#
ˆ tan# u# ‰"Î$  C œ 3
#
ˆ cos u  1 ‰"Î$
cos u  1 C
ˆ xx  " ‰"Î$
œ 3
# 1 C
"
Ô u œ cosh x ×
(g) ' cax  1b (x  1)d
# #Î$
dx; x œ cosh u Ä ' $
sinh u du
Õ dx œ sinh u Ø Éacosh# u1b# (cosh u1)#

œ ' $
È
sinh u du
asinh% ub (cosh u1)#
œ ' $
du
œ "
#
' $
du
É (sinh u) ˆ4 cosh% #u ‰ É sinh ˆ #u ‰ cosh& ˆ #u ‰

œ ' ˆtanh u# ‰ u  1 ‰"Î$ 1 ‰"Î$


"Î$
d ˆtanh u# ‰ œ 3
#
ˆtanh u# ‰#Î$  C œ 3
#
ˆ cosh
cosh u  1 Cœ 3
#
ˆ xx 
1 C

8.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

1. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sin x
# dx, v œ 2 cos x
# ;
' x sin x
# dx œ 2x cos x
#  ' ˆ2 cos x‰
# dx œ 2x cos ˆ x# ‰  4 sin ˆ x# ‰  C

"
2. u œ ), du œ d); dv œ cos 1) d), v œ 1 sin 1);
' ) cos 1) d) œ )
1 sin 1)  ' "
1 sin 1) d) œ )
1 sin 1)  "
1# cos 1)  C
502 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

3. cos t
ÐÑ
t# ïïïïî sin t
ÐÑ
2t ïïïïî cos t
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî sin t
0 ' t# cos t dt œ t# sin t  2t cos t  2 sin t  C

4. sin x
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî cos x
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî sin x
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî cos x
0 ' x# sin x dx œ x# cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  C

x#
5. u œ ln x, du œ dx
x ; dv œ x dx, v œ # ;
'1 x ln x dx œ ’ x#
2 #
ln x“  '1
# 2 #
x
#
dx
x
#
œ 2 ln 2  ’ x4 “ œ 2 ln 2 
#
3
4 œ ln 4  3
4
" "

x%
6. u œ ln x, du œ dx
x ; dv œ x$ dx, v œ 4 ;
'1 x$ ln x dx œ ’ x4
e %
ln x“  '1
e e %
x
4
dx
x œ e%
4
%
 ’ 16
x
e
“ œ 3e%  1
16
1 1

7. u œ tan" y, du œ dy
1 y # ; dv œ dy, v œ y;
' tan" y dy œ y tan" y  ' y dy
a1  y # b œ y tan" y  "
# ln a1  y# b  C œ y tan" y  ln È1  y#  C

8. u œ sin" y, du œ dy
È 1  y# ; dv œ dy, v œ y;
' sin" y dy œ y sin" y  ' y dy
È 1  y# œ y sin" y  È1  y#  C

9. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sec# x dx, v œ tan x;


' x sec# x dx œ x tan x  ' tan x dx œ x tan x  ln kcos xk  C

10. ' 4x sec# 2x dx; [y œ 2x] Ä ' y sec# y dy œ y tan y  ' tan y dy œ y tan y  ln ksec yk  C
œ 2x tan 2x  ln ksec 2xk  C

11. ex
ÐÑ
x$ ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
3x# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
6x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
6 ïïïïî ex
0 ' x$ ex dx œ x$ ex  3x# ex  6xex  6ex  C œ ax$  3x#  6x  6b ex  C
Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 503

12. ecp
ÐÑ
p% ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
4p$ ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
12p# ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
24p ïïïïî ecp
ÐÑ
24 ïïïïî ecp
0 ' p% ecp dp œ p% ecp  4p$ ecp  12p# ecp  24pecp  24ecp  C
œ ap%  4p$  12p#  24p  24b ecp  C

13. ex
ÐÑ
x#  5x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2x  5 ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî ex
0 ' ax#  5xb ex dx œ ax#  5xb ex  (2x  5)ex  2ex  C œ x# ex  7xex  7ex  C
œ ax#  7x  7b ex  C

14. er
ÐÑ
r#  r  1 ïïïïî er
ÐÑ
2r  1 ïïïïî er
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî er
0 ' ar#  r  1b er dr œ ar#  r  1b er  (2r  1) er  2er  C
œ car#  r  1b  (2r  1)  2d er  C œ ar#  r  2b er  C

15. ex
ÐÑ
x& ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
5x% ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
20x$ ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
60x# ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
120x ïïïïî ex
ÐÑ
120 ïïïïî ex
0 ' x& ex dx œ x& ex  5x% ex  20x$ ex  60x# ex  120xex  120ex  C
œ ax&  5x%  20x$  60x#  120x  120b ex  C
504 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

16. e4t
ÐÑ "
t# ïïïïî 4 e4t
ÐÑ "
2t ïïïïî 16 e4t
ÐÑ "
2 ïïïïî 64 e4t
0 ' t# e4t dt œ t4 e4t  162t e4t  642 e4t  C œ t4 e4t  8t e4t  3"# e4t  C
# #

#
"
Š t4  t
8  3# ‹ e
4t
C

17. sin 2)
ÐÑ
)# ïïïïî  "2 cos 2)
ÐÑ
2) ïïïïî  "4 sin 2)
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî "8 cos 2)

0 '01Î2 )# sin 2) d) œ ’ )# #
cos 2)  )
# sin 2)  "
4 cos 2)“
1Î#

!
1# 1 " " 1# " 1#  4
œ ’ 8 † (1)  4 †0 4 † (1)“  0  0  4 † 1‘ œ 8  # œ 8

18. cos 2x
ÐÑ
x$ ïïïïî "2 sin 2x
ÐÑ
3x# ïïïïî  "4 cos 2x
ÐÑ
6x ïïïïî  "8 sin 2x
ÐÑ "
6 ïïïïî 16 cos 2x

0 '01Î2 x$ cos 2x dx œ ’ x# $
sin 2x  3x#
4 cos 2x  3x
4 sin 2x  3
8 cos 2x“
1Î#

!
1$ 31 # 31 1 # 3 a4  1 # b
œ ’ 16 †0 16 † (1)  8 †0 3
8 † (1)“  0  0  0  3
8 † 1‘ œ  316  3
4 œ 16

t#
19. u œ sec" t, du œ dt
; dv œ t dt, v œ # ;
tÈt# 1

'22ÎÈ3 t sec" t dt œ ’ t# #
sec" t“
#
 '2ÎÈ3 Š t# ‹
2 #
dt
œ ˆ2 † 1
 2
† 16 ‰  '2ÎÈ3
2
t dt
#ÎÈ$ tÈt#  1 3 3 2Èt#  1
# È3 È3
51 51  3È 3
œ 9  ’ "# Èt#  1“ œ 51
9  "# ŠÈ3  É 43  1‹ œ 51
9  "# ŠÈ3  3 ‹ œ 51
9  3 œ 9
#ÎÈ$

20. u œ sin" ax# b , du œ 2x dx


È 1 x % ; dv œ 2x dx, v œ x# ;
È2 È2 È 2 d ˆ1  x % ‰
'01Î 2x sin" ax# b dx œ cx# sin" ax# bd !
"ÎÈ#
 '0

x# † 2x dx
È 1  x% œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 16 ‰  '0

2È 1  x%
"ÎÈ#
1 1 16È312
œ 1#  ’È1  x% “ œ 1#  É 34  1 œ 1#
!

21. I œ ' e) sin ) d); cu œ sin ), du œ cos ) d); dv œ e) d), v œ e) d Ê I œ e) sin )  ' e) cos ) d);
cu œ cos ), du œ  sin ) d); dv œ e) d), v œ e) d Ê I œ e) sin )  Še) cos )  ' e) sin ) d)‹
"
œ e) sin )  e) cos )  I  Cw Ê 2I œ ae) sin )  e) cos )b  Cw Ê I œ ae) sin )  e) cos )b  C, where C œ
w
C
# # is
another arbitrary constant
Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 505

22. I œ ' ecy cos y dy; cu œ cos y, du œ  sin y dy; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d
Ê I œ ecy cos y  ' aecy b (sin y) dy œ ecy cos y  ' ecy sin y dy; cu œ sin y, du œ cos y dy;
dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d Ê I œ ecy cos y  Šecy sin y  ' aey b cos y dy‹ œ ecy cos y  ecy sin y  I  Cw
Ê 2I œ ecy (sin y  cos y)  Cw Ê I œ "
aecy sin y  ecy cos yb  C, where C œ
w
C
# # is another arbitrary constant

23. I œ ' e2x cos 3x dx; u œ cos 3x; du œ 3 sin 3x dx, dv œ e2x dx; v œ "
# e2x ‘
Ê Iœ "
# e2x cos 3x  ' e2x sin 3x dx; u œ sin 3x, du œ 3 cos 3x, dv œ e2x dx; v œ "# e2x ‘
3
#

Ê I œ "# e2x cos 3x  3# Š "# e2x sin 3x  3# ' e2x cos 3x dx‹ œ "# e2x cos 3x  34 e2x sin 3x  94 I  Cw
"
Ê 13
4 Iœ # e2x cos 3x  34 e2x sin 3x  Cw Ê e2x
13 (3 sin 3x  2 cos 3x)  C, where C œ 4
13 Cw

24. ' ec2x sin 2x dx; [y œ 2x] Ä "# ' ecy sin y dy œ I; cu œ sin y, du œ cos y dy; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecyd
Ê I œ "# Šecy sin y  ' ecy cos y dy‹ cu œ cos y, du œ  sin y; dv œ ecy dy, v œ ecy d

Ê I œ  "# ecy sin y  "# Šecy cos y  ' aecy b ( sin y) dy‹ œ  "# ecy (sin y  cos y)  I  Cw
c2x
Ê 2I œ  "# ecy (sin y  cos y)  Cw Ê I œ  "4 ecy (sin y  cos y)  C œ  e 4 (sin 2x  cos 2x)  C, where

w
C
#

#
25. ' eÈ3sb9 ds; ” 3s  92 œ x Ä ' ex † 23 x dx œ 23 ' xex dx; cu œ x, du œ dx; dv œ ex dx, v œ ex d ;
ds œ 3 x dx •
2
3
' xex dx œ 2
3 Šxex  ' ex dx‹ œ 2
3 axex  ex b  C œ 2
3 ŠÈ3s  9 eÈ3sb9  eÈ3sb9 ‹  C

26. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ È1  x dx, v œ  23 È(1  x)$ ;


'01 xÈ1  x dx œ  23 È(1  x)$ x‘ "!  23 '01 È(1  x)$ dx œ 23  25 (1  x)&Î# ‘ "! œ 154

27. u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ tan# x dx, v œ ' tan# x dx œ ' sin# x


cos# x dx œ ' "  cos# x
cos# x dx œ ' dx
cos# x  ' dx

œ tan x  x;'0  '0 (tan x  x) dx œ


1Î3 1Î3 1Î$
1Î$ 1 x#
x tan# x dx œ cx(tan x  x)d ! 3 ŠÈ3  13 ‹  ’ln kcos xk  # “!

1 1# 1È3 1#
œ 3 ŠÈ3  13 ‹  ln "
#  18 œ 3  ln 2  18

28. u œ ln ax  x# b, du œ (2x  1) dx
x x # ; dv œ dx, v œ x; ' ln ax  x# b dx œ x ln ax  x# b  ' 2x  "
x(x  1) † x dx

œ x ln ax  x# b  ' (2x  1) dx
x 1 œ x ln ax  x# b  ' 2(x  1)  "
x 1 dx œ x ln ax  x# b  2x  ln kx  1k  C

Ô u œ ln x ×
29. ' sin (ln x) dx; du œ "x dx Ä ' (sin u) eu du. From Exercise 21, ' (sin u) eu du œ eu ˆ sin u # cos u ‰  C
Õ dx œ eu du Ø
œ "# cx cos (ln x)  x sin (ln x)d  C
506 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

u œ ln z
30. ' z(ln z)# dz; Ô du œ "z dz × Ä ' eu † u# † eu du œ ' e2u † u# du;
Õ dz œ eu du Ø
e2u
ÐÑ "
u# ïïïïî 2 e2u
ÐÑ "
2u ïïïïî 4 e2u
ÐÑ "
2 ïïïïî 8 e2u
0 ' u# e2u du œ u#
# e2u  #u e2u  "4 e2u  C œ e2u
4 c2u#  2u  1d  C
z# #
œ 4 c2(ln z)  2 ln z  1d  C

31. (a) u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ sin x dx, v œ  cos x;


S" œ '0 x sin x dx œ [x cos x]!1  '0 cos x dx œ 1  [sin x]1! œ 1
1 1

(b) S# œ '1 x sin x dx œ ”[x cos x]#11  '1 cos x dx• œ  c31  [sin x]1#1 d œ 31
21 21

(c) S$ œ '21 x sin x dx œ [x cos x]$#11  '21 cos x dx œ 51  [sin x]$#11 œ 51
31 31

Ðn1Ñ1
(d) S8" œ (1)nb1 'n1 x sin x dx œ (1)nb1 c[x cos x]Ðnn11Ñ1  [sin x]Ðnn11Ñ1 d
œ (1)nb1 c(n  1)1(1)n  n1(1)nb1 d  0 œ (2n  1)1

32. (a) u œ x, du œ dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x;

S" œ  '1Î2 x cos x dx œ  ”[x sin x]311Î2Î2  '1Î2 sin x dx• œ  ˆ 31


31Î2 31Î2
1‰ 31Î2
#  #  [cos x]1Î2 œ 21

(b) S# œ '31Î2 x cos x dx œ [x sin x]&$11ÎÎ22  '31Î2 sin x dx œ  5#1  ˆ 3#1 ‰‘  [cos x]&$11ÎÎ22 œ 41
51Î2 51Î2

(c) S$ œ  '51Î2 x cos x dx œ  ”[x sin x](&11ÎÎ22  '51Î2 sin x dx• œ  ˆ 7#1 
71Î2 71Î2
51 ‰
#  [cos x](&11ÎÎ22 œ 61

(d) Sn œ (1)n 'Ð2n1Ñ1Î2 x cos x dx œ (1)n ”[x sin x]Ð# n'


Ð2n1Ñ1Î2 Ð2n1Ñ1Î2
n1Ñ1Î2
Ð2n1Ñ1Î2  Ð2n1Ñ1Î2
sin x dx•

œ (1)n ’ (2n# 1)1 (1)n  (2n1)1


# (1)nc1 “  [cos x]Ð#n1Ñ1Î2
Ð2n1Ñ1Î2 œ
"
# (2n1  1  2n1  1) œ 2n1

33. V œ '0 21(ln 2  x) ex dx œ 21 ln 2 '0 ex dx  21'0 xex dx


ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

œ (21 ln 2) cex d ln0 2  21 Œcxex d ln0 2  '0 ex dx


ln 2

œ 21 ln 2  21 ˆ2 ln 2  cex d ln0 2 ‰ œ 21 ln 2  21 œ 21(1  ln 2)

34. (a) V œ '0 21xecx dx œ 21 Œcxecx d "!  '0 ecx dx


1 1

œ 21 Š "e  cecx d "! ‹ œ 21 ˆ "e  "


e  1‰
41
œ 21  e
Section 8.2 Integration by Parts 507

(b) V œ '0 21(1  x)ecx dx; u œ 1  x, du œ  dx; dv œ ecx dx,


1

v œ ecx ; V œ 21 ”c(1  x) aecx bd "!  '0 ecx dx•


1

œ 21 ’[0  1(1)]  cecx d "! “ œ 21 ˆ1  "


e  1‰ œ 21
e

35. (a) V œ '0 21x cos x dx œ 21 Œ[x sin x] !  '0 sin x dx
1Î2 1Î2
1Î#

1Î#
œ 21 Š 1#  [cos x] ! ‹ œ 21 ˆ 1#  0  1‰ œ 1(1  2)

(b) V œ '0 21 ˆ 1#  x‰ cos x dx; u œ


1Î2
1
#  x, du œ  dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin x;

 21'0 sin x dx œ 0  21[ cos x] !


1Î# 1Î2
1Î#
V œ 21 ˆ 1#  x‰ sin x‘ ! œ 21(0  1) œ 21

36. (a) V œ '0 21x(x sin x) dx;


1

sin x
ÐÑ
x# ïïïïî cos x
ÐÑ
2x ïïïïî sin x
ÐÑ
2 ïïïïî cos x
Ê V œ 21'0 x# sin x dx œ 21 cx# cos x  2x sin x  2 cos xd ! œ 21 a1#  4b
1 1
0
(b) V œ '0 21(1  x)x sin x dx œ 21# '0 x sin x dx  21 '0 x# sin x dx œ 21# [x cos x  sin x]1!  a21$  81b
1 1 1

œ 81

37. (a) av(y) œ "


#1
'021 2ect cos t dt (b)

œ "
1
ect ˆ sin t # cos t ‰‘ #1
!
(see Exercise 22) Ê av(y) œ "
#1 a1  ec21 b

38. (a) av(y) œ '021 4ect (sin t  cos t) dt


"
#1
(b)

œ 12 '0 ect sin t dt  12 '0 ect cos t dt


21 21

œ 2
1
ect ˆ  sin t# cos t ‰  ect ˆ sin t # cos t ‰‘ #1
!
œ 2
1 cect sin td #!1 œ 0

39. I œ ' xn cos x dx; cu œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ cos x dx, v œ sin xd


Ê I œ xn sin x  ' nxn" sin x dx
508 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

40. I œ ' xn sin x dx; cu œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ sin x dx, v œ cos xd


Ê I œ xn cos x  ' nxn" cos x dx

41. I œ ' xn eax dx; u œ xn , du œ nxn" dx; dv œ eax dx, v œ "a eax ‘
ÊIœ xn eax ax
a e  n
a
' xn" eax dx, a Á !

42. I œ ' aln xbn dx; ’u œ aln xbn , du œ naln xbn"


x dx; dv œ " dx, v œ x“

Ê I œ xaln xbn  ' naln xbn" dx

43. ' sin" x dx œ x sin" x  ' sin y dy œ x sin" x  cos y  C œ x sin" x  cos asin" xb  C

44. ' tan" x dx œ x tan" x  ' tan y dy œ x tan" x  ln kcos yk  C œ x tan" x  ln kcos atan" xbk  C

45. ' sec" x dx œ x sec" x  ' sec y dy œ x sec" x  ln ksec y  tan yk  C


œ x sec" x  ln ksec asec" xb  tan asec" xbk  C œ x sec" x  ln ¹x  Èx#  1¹  C

46. ' log2 x dx œ x log2 x  ' 2y dy œ x log2 x  ln2 #  C œ x log2 x  lnx#  C y

47. Yes, cos" x is the angle whose cosine is x which implies sin acos" xb œ È1  x# .

48. Yes, tan" x is the angle whose tangent is x which implies sec atan" xb œ È1  x# .

49. (a) ' sinh" x dx œ x sinh" x  ' sinh y dy œ x sinh" x  cosh y  C œ x sinh" x  cosh asinh" xb  C;
"
check: d cx sinh" x  cosh asinh" xb  Cd œ ’sinh" x  x
È 1  x#  sinh asinh" xb È 1  x# “ dx
œ sinh" x dx
(b) ' sinh" x dx œ x sinh" x  ' x ŠÈ "
‹ dx œ x sinh" x  "
#
' a1  x# b"Î# 2x dx
1  x#
"Î#
œ x sinh" x  a1  x# b C
" "Î#
check: d ’x sinh x  a1  x# b  C“ œ ’sinh" x  x
È 1  x#  x
È 1  x# “ dx œ sinh" x dx

50. (a) ' tanh" x dx œ x tanh" x  ' tanh y dy œ x tanh" x  ln kcosh yk  C


œ x tanh" x  ln kcosh atanh" xbk  C;
sinh atanh" xb "
check: d cx tanh" x  ln kcosh atanh" xbk  Cd œ ’tanh" x  x
1  x#  cosh atanh" xb 1  x# “ dx
" "
œ tanh x x
1  x#  x ‘
1  x# dx œ tanh x dx
(b) ' tanh" x dx œ x tanh" x  ' 1 x x dx œ x tanh" x  #" ' 12xx# dx œ x tanh" x  #" ln k1  x# k  C
#

"
check: d x tanh" x  # ln k1  x# k  C‘ œ tanh" x  1 x x#  1 x x# ‘ dx œ tanh" x dx

8.3 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

5x  13
1. (x  3)(x  2) œ A
x3  B
x2 Ê 5x  13 œ A(x  2)  B(x  3) œ (A  B)x  (2A  3B)
ABœ5 5x  13
Ê Ê B œ (10  13) Ê B œ 3 Ê A œ 2; thus, œ 2
 3
2A  3B œ 13  (x  3)(x  2) x3 x#
Section 8.3 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 509
5x  7 5x  7
2. x#  3x  2 œ (x  2)(x  1) œ A
x2  B
x1 Ê 5x  7 œ A(x  1)  B(x  2) œ (A  B)x  (A  2B)
ABœ5 5x  7
Ê Ê B œ 2 Ê A œ 3; thus, œ 3
 2
A  2B œ 7  x#  3x  2 x2 x1

x4 Aœ1
3. œ A
 B
Ê x  4 œ A(x  1)  B œ Ax  (A  B) Ê Ê A œ 1 and B œ 3;
(x  1)# x1 (x  1)# A  B œ 4
x4
thus, (x  1)# œ 1
x1  3
(x  1)#

2x  2 2x  2 Aœ2
4. œ œ A
 B
Ê 2x  2 œ A(x  1)  B œ Ax  (A  B) Ê
x#  2x  1 (x  1)# x1 (x  1)# A  B œ 2 
2x  2
Ê A œ 2 and B œ 4; thus, x#  2x  1 œ 2
x1  4
(x  1)#

z1
5. z# (z  1) œ  z C 1 Ê z  1 œ Az(z  1)  B(z  1)  Cz# Ê z  1 œ (A  C)z#  (A  B)z  B
A
z  B
z#
ACœ0 Þ
z" 2 "
Ê A  B œ 1 ßÊ B œ 1 Ê A œ 2 Ê C œ 2; thus, z# (z  1) œ z  z#  2
z1
B œ 1 à

" "
6. z
z$  z#  6z œ z#  z  6 œ (z  3)(z  2) œ A
z3  B
z# Ê 1 œ A(z  2)  B(z  3) œ (A  B)z  (2A  3B)
ABœ0 "
 "5
Ê Ê 5B œ 1 Ê B œ  "5 Ê A œ 5" ; thus, z
œ 5

2A  3B œ 1  z$  z#  6z z3 z2

t#  8 5t  2 5t  2 5t  2
7. t#  5t  6 œ1 t#  5t  6 (after long division); t#  5t  6 œ (t  3)(t  2) œ A
t3  B
t2
ABœ5
Ê 5t  2 œ A(t  2)  B(t  3) œ (A  B)t  (2A  3B) Ê Ê B œ (10  2) œ 12
2A  3B œ 2 
t#  8 12
Ê B œ 12 Ê A œ 17; thus, t#  5t  6 œ1 17
t3  t2

t%  9 9t#  9 9t#  9 9t#  9 CtD


8. t%  9t#
œ1 t%  9t#
œ1 t# at#  9b (after long division); t# at#  9b œ A
t  B
t#  t#  9
Ê 9t#  9 œ At at#  9b  B at  9b  (Ct  D)t# œ (A  C)t$  (B  D)t  9At  9B
# #

ACœ0 Þ á
á
B  D œ 9 %
Ê ß Ê A œ 0 Ê C œ 0; B œ 1 Ê D œ 10; thus, t%t 9t9# œ 1  t"#  t#109
9A œ 0 á á
9B œ 9 à

" " "


9. 1  x# œ A
1x  B
1x Ê 1 œ A(1  x)  B(1  x); x œ 1 Ê A œ # ; x œ 1 Ê B œ # ;
' dx
1  x# œ "
#
' dx
1x  "
#
' dx
1x œ "
# cln k1  xk  ln k1  xkd  C

" "
10. x#  2x œ A
x  B
x2 Ê 1 œ A(x  2)  Bx; x œ 0 Ê A œ # ; x œ 2 Ê B œ  #" ;
' x dx 2x œ #" ' dxx  #" ' x dx 2 œ #" cln kxk  ln kx  2kd  C
#

x4 2
11. x#  5x  6 œ A
x6  B
x1 Ê x  4 œ A(x  1)  B(x  6); x œ 1 Ê B œ 5
7 ; x œ 6 Ê A œ 7 œ 2
7 ;
'x #
x4
 5x  6 dx œ 2
7
' x dx 6  75 ' x dx 1 œ 72 ln kx  6k  75 ln kx  1k  C œ 7" ln k(x  6)# (x  1)& k  C

2x  1
12. x#  7x  12 œ A
x4  B
x3 Ê 2x  1 œ A(x  3)  B(x  4); x œ 3 Ê B œ 7
1 œ 7 ; x œ 4 Ê A œ 9
1 œ 9;
'x #
2x  1
 7x  12 dx œ 9 ' dx
x4  7' dx
x3 œ 9 ln kx  4k  7 ln kx  3k  C œ ln ¹ (x  4)*
(x  3)( ¹
C
510 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
1 "
13. y
y#  2y 3 œ A
y3  B
y1 Ê y œ A(y  1)  B(y  3); y œ 1 Ê B œ 4 œ 4 ;yœ3 Ê Aœ 3
4 ;
'4 8
y dy 3 dy "
y#  2y  3 œ 4 4 y  3  4
' 8
'4 8
dy
y1 œ  43 ln ky  3k  "
4
)
ln ky  1k‘ % œ ˆ 43 ln 5  "
4 ln 9‰  ˆ 43 ln 1  "
4 ln 5‰
" "
œ # ln 5  # ln 3 œ #
ln 15

y4
14. y#  y œ A
y  B
y1 Ê y  4 œ A(y  1)  By; y œ 0 Ê A œ 4; y œ 1 Ê B œ 3
1 œ 3 ;
'1Î2
1
y4
y#  y dy œ 4 '1Î2
1
dy
y  3 '1Î2
1
dy
y1 œ c4 ln kyk  3 ln ky  1kd ""Î# œ (4 ln 1  3 ln 2)  ˆ4 ln "
#  3 ln 3# ‰
" " "
œ ln 8  ln 16  ln 27
8 œ ln ˆ 27
8 † 8 † 16‰ œ ln 27
4

"
15. t$ t# 2t œ A
t  B
t2  C
t1 Ê 1 œ A(t  2)(t  1)  Bt(t  1)  Ct(t  2); t œ 0 Ê A œ  "# ; t œ 2
Ê Bœ 1
6 ;tœ1 Ê Cœ "
3 ;' dt
t$ t# 2t œ  #" ' dt
t  "
6
' tdt2  3" ' tdt1
œ  "# ln ktk  "
6 ln kt  2k  "
3 ln kt  1k  C

x3 "
16. 2x$  8x œ A
x  B
x2  C
x# Ê # (x  3) œ A(x  2)(x  2)  Bx(x  2)  Cx(x  2); x œ 0 Ê A œ 3
8 ; x œ 2
Ê Bœ "
16 ;xœ2 Ê Cœ 5
16 ;' x3
2x$  8x dx œ  83 ' dx
x  "
16
' x dx 2  165 ' x dx 2
&
œ  38 ln kxk  "
16 ln kx  2k  5
16 ln kx  2k  C œ "
16 ln ¹ (x  2)x'(x  2) ¹  C

x$ 3x  2 3x  2
17. x#  2x  1 œ (x  2)  (x  1)# (after long division); (x  1)# œ A
x1  B
(x  1)# Ê 3x  2 œ A(x  1)  B

œ Ax  (A  B) Ê A œ 3, A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 3, B œ 1; '0
1
x$ dx
x#  2x  1

œ '0 (x  2) dx  3 '0  '0


1 1 1 # "
"
dx
x1
dx
(x  1)# œ ’ x#  2x  3 ln kx  1k  x  1“!

œ ˆ "#  2  3 ln 2  "# ‰  (1) œ 3 ln 2  2

x$ 3x  2 3x  2
18. x#  2x  1 œ (x  2)  (x  1)# (after long division); (x  1)# œ A
x1  B
(x  1)# Ê 3x  2 œ A(x  1)  B

œ Ax  (A  B) Ê A œ 3, A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 3, B œ 1; 'c1
0
x$ dx
x#  2x  1

œ 'c1 (x  2) dx  3 'c1 x dx ' dx


0 0 0 # !
 1  c1 (x  1)# œ ’ #  2x  3 ln kx  1k
x
 x " 1 “
"
"
œ Š0  0  3 ln 1  (1) ‹  Š #"  2  3 ln 2  "
(#) ‹ œ 2  3 ln 2

"
19. ax #  1 b #
œ A
x1  B
x1  C
(x  1)#  D
(x  1)# Ê 1 œ A(x  1)(x  1)#  B(x  1)(x  1)#  C(x  1)#  D(x  1)# ;
" "
x œ 1 Ê C œ 4 ;xœ1 Ê Dœ 4 ; coefficient of x$ œ A  B Ê A  B œ 0; constant œ A  B  C  D
Ê ABCDœ1 Ê ABœ "
# ; thus, A œ "
4 Ê B œ  4" ; ' dx
ax #  1 b #

œ "
4
' x dx 1  4" ' x dx 1  4" ' (x dx1) #  "
4
' (x dx1) # œ "
4
 1¸
ln ¸ xx  1 
x
2 ax#  1b C

x#
20. (x  1) ax#  2x  1b œ A
x1  B
x1  C
(x  1)# Ê x# œ A(x  1)#  B(x  1)(x  1)  C(x  1); x œ 1

Ê C œ  2" ; x œ 1 Ê A œ "
4 ; coefficient of x# œ A  B Ê A  B œ 1 Ê B œ 3
4 ;' x# dx
(x  1) ax#  2x  1b

œ "
4
' x dx 1  43 ' x dx 1  2" ' (x dx1) # œ "
4 ln kx  1k  3
4 ln kx  1k  "
#(x  1) C
$
ln k(x  1)(x  1) k "
œ 4  2(x  1) C

Bx  C "
21. 1
(x  1) ax#  1b œ A
x1  x#  1 Ê 1 œ A ax#  1b  (Bx  C)(x  1); x œ 1 Ê A œ # ; coefficient of x#

; '0
1
"
œ A  B Ê A  B œ 0 Ê B œ  12 ; constant œ A  C Ê A  C œ 1 Ê C œ #
dx
(x  1) ax#  1b
Section 8.3 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 511

œ "
2
'01 x dx 1  #" '01 (x x  11) dx œ  #" ln kx  1k  4" ln ax#  1b  #" tan" x‘ "!
#

ˆ "# " " (1  2 ln 2)


œ ln 2  4 ln 2  # tan" 1‰  ˆ #" ln 1  "
4 ln 1  "
# tan" 0‰ œ "
4 ln 2  #" ˆ 14 ‰ œ 8

3t#  t  4 Bt  C
22. t$  t œ A
t  t#  1 Ê 3t#  t  4 œ A at#  1b  (Bt  C)t; t œ 0 Ê A œ 4; coefficient of t#
È3
œ A  B Ê A  B œ 3 Ê B œ 1; coefficient of t œ C Ê C œ 1; '1 3t#  t  4
t$  1 dt
È3 È3
œ 4 '1  '1 (t  1) È$
"
dt
t t#  1 dt œ 4 ln ktk  2 ln at#  1b  tan" t‘ "
" " 1 " 1
œ Š4 ln È3  # ln 4  tan" È3‹  ˆ4 ln 1  # ln 2  tan" 1‰ œ 2 ln 3  ln 2  3  # ln 2  4

" 1 1
œ 2 ln 3  # ln 2  1# œ ln Š È92 ‹  1#

y#  2y  1 Ay  B Cy  D
23. ay #  1 b #
œ y#  1  a y #  1 b#
Ê y#  2y  1 œ (Ay  B) ay#  1b  Cy  D
œ Ay  By#  (A  C)y  (B  D) Ê A œ 0, B œ 1; A  C œ 2 Ê C œ 2; B  D œ 1 Ê D œ 0;
$

'y #
 2y  1
dy œ ' "
dy  2 ' y
dy œ tan" y  "
C
ay #  1 b # y#  1 a y #  1 b# y#  1

8x#  8x  2 Ax  B Cx  D
24. a4x#  1b#
œ 4x#  1  a4x#  1b#
Ê 8x#  8x  2 œ (Ax  B) a4x#  1b  Cx  D
œ 4Ax  4Bx#  (A  C)x  (B  D); A œ 0, B œ 2; A  C œ 8 Ê C œ 8; B  D œ 2 Ê D œ 0;
$

' 8x #
 8x  2
dx œ 2 ' dx
 8' x dx
œ tan" 2x  "
C
a4x#  1b# 4x#  1 a4x#  1b# 4x#  1

2s  2 As  B
25. as#  1b (s  1)$ œ s#  1  C
s1  D
(s  1)#  E
(s  1)$ Ê 2s  2
œ (As  B)(s  1)  C as  1b (s  1)  D as  1b (s  1)  E as#  1b
$ # # #

œ cAs%  (3A  B)s$  (3A  3B)s#  (A  3B)s  Bd  C as%  2s$  2s#  2s  1b  D as$  s#  s  1b
 E as#  1b
œ (A  C)s%  (3A  B  2C  D)s$  (3A  3B  2C  D  E)s#  (A  3B  2C  D)s  (B  C  D  E)
A  C œ0 Þ á
á
á
3A  B  2C  D œ0á
Ê 3A  3B  2C  D  E œ 0 ß summing all equations Ê 2E œ 4 Ê E œ 2;
A  3B  2C  D œ2á á
á
á
B CDEœ2 à
summing eqs (2) and (3) Ê 2B  2 œ 0 Ê B œ 1; summing eqs (3) and (4) Ê 2A  2 œ 2 Ê A œ 0; C œ 0
from eq (1); then 1  0  D  2 œ 2 from eq (5) Ê D œ 1;
' as #
2s  2
 1b (s  1)$ ds œ ' ds
s#  1 ' ds
(s  1)#  2' ds
(s  1)$ œ (s  1)#  (s  1)"  tan" s  C

s%  81 Bs  C Ds  E #
26. s as #  9 b #
œ As  s#  9  a s #  9 b#
Ê s%  81 œ A as#  9b  (Bs  C)s as#  9b  (Ds  E)s
œ A as  18s#  81b  aBs  Cs$  9Bs#  9Csb  Ds#  Es
% %

œ (A  B)s%  Cs$  (18A  9B  D)s#  (9C  E)s  81A Ê 81A œ 81 or A œ 1; A  B œ 1 Ê B œ 0;


C œ 0; 9C  E œ 0 Ê E œ 0; 18A  9B  D œ 0 Ê D œ 18; ' s% 81
s as #  9 b #
ds œ ' ds
s  18 ' s ds
a s #  9 b#
œ ln ksk  9
as #  9 b C

2) $  5) #  8)  4 A)  B C)  D
27. a) #  2 )  2 b#
œ ) #  #)  2  a ) #  2 )  2 b#
Ê 2)$  5)#  8)  4 œ (A)  B) a)#  2)  2b  C)  D
œ A)  (2A  B))#  (2A  2B  C))  (2B  D) Ê A œ 2; 2A  B œ 5 Ê B œ 1; 2A  2B  C œ 8 Ê C œ 2;
$

2B  D œ 4 Ê D œ 2; ' 2) $  5) #  8)  4
a) #  2 )  2 b#
d) œ ' 2)  1
a) #  2 )  2 b d)  ' 2)  2
a ) #  2 )  2 b#
d)

œ' 2)  2
) #  2)  2 d)  ' d)
) #  2)  # ' d a) #  2 )  2 b
a) #  2 )  2 b #
œ' d a) #  2 )  2 b
) #  2)  # ' d)
()  1)#  1  "
) #  2)  #
512 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
"
œ ) #  2)  #  ln a)#  2)  2b  tan" ()  1)  C

) %  4) $  2) #  3)  1 A)  B C)  D E)  F
28. a) #  1 b $
œ )#  1  a ) #  1 b#
 a ) #  1 b$
Ê ) %  4) $  2 ) #  3 )  1
#
œ (A)  B) a)#  1b  (C)  D) a)#  1b  E)  F œ (A)  B) a)%  2)#  1b  aC)$  D)#  C)  Db  E)  F
œ aA)&  B)%  2A)$  2B)#  A)  Bb  aC)$  D)#  C)  Db  E)  F
œ A)&  B)%  (2A  C))$  (2B  D))#  (A  C  E))  (B  D  F) Ê A œ 0; B œ 1; 2A  C œ 4
Ê C œ 4; 2B  D œ 2 Ê D œ 0; A  C  E œ 3 Ê E œ 1; B  D  F œ 1 Ê F œ 0;
') %
 4) $  2) #  3)  1
d) œ ' d)
 4' ) d)
' ) d)
œ tan" )  2 a)#  1b
"
 "4 a)#  1b
#
C
a) #  1 b $ )#  1 a ) #  1 b# a ) #  1 b$

2x$  2x#  1 " " "


29. x#  x œ 2x  x#  x œ 2x  x(x  1) ; x(x  1) œ A
x  B
x1 Ê 1 œ A(x  1)  Bx; x œ 0 Ê A œ 1;

x œ 1 Ê B œ 1; ' œ ' 2x dx  ' '


$ #
2x  2x  1
x#  x
dx
x
dx
x1 œ x#  ln kxk  ln kx  1k  C œ x#  ln ¸ x x 1 ¸  C

x% " " "


30. x#  1 œ ax#  1b  x#  1 œ ax#  1b  (x  1)(x  1) ; (x  1)(x  1) œ A
x1  B
x1 Ê 1 œ A(x  1)  B(x  1);

;' ' ' x dx 1  #" ' x dx 1


%
x œ 1 Ê A œ  "# ; x œ 1 Ê B œ "
# x#  1 dx œ
x
ax#  1b dx  "
#
$
" " "
œ 3 x$  x  # ln kx  1k  # ln kx  1k  C œ x3  x  #" ln  1¸
¸ xx  1 C

9x$  3x  1 9x#  3x  " 9x#  3x  1


31. x$  x# œ9 x# (x  1) (after long division); x# (x  1) œ A
x  B
x#  C
x1
# #
Ê 9x  3x  1 œ Ax(x  1)  B(x  1)  Cx ; x œ 1 Ê C œ 7; x œ 0 Ê B œ 1; A  C œ 9 Ê A œ 2;
' 9x x3xx  1 dx œ ' 9 dx  2 ' dxx  ' dxx  7 ' xdx1 œ 9x  2 ln kxk  x"  7 ln kx  1k  C
$
$ # #

16x$ 12x  4 12x  4


32. 4x#  4x  1 œ (4x  4)  4x#  4x  1 ; (2x  1)# œ A
2x  1  B
(2x  1)# Ê 12x  4 œ A(2x  1)  B

Ê A œ 6; A  B œ 4 Ê B œ 2; ' 16x$
4x#  4x  1 dx œ 4 ' (x  1) dx  6 ' dx
2x  1  2' dx
(2x  1)#
"
œ 2(x  1)#  3 ln k2x  1k  2x  1  C" œ 2x#  4x  3 ln k2x  1k  (2x  1) "
 C, where C œ 2  C"

y%  y#  1 " " By  C
33. y$  y œy y ay #  1 b ; y ay #  1 b œ A
y  y#  1 Ê 1 œ A ay#  1b  (By  C)y œ (A  B)y#  Cy  A

Ê A œ 1; A  B œ 0 Ê B œ 1; C œ 0; ' y%  y#  1
y$  y dy œ ' y dy  ' dy
y ' y dy
y#  1
y# "
œ #  ln kyk  # ln a1  y# b  C

2y% By  C
34. y$  y#  y  1 œ 2y  2  2
y$  y#  y  1 ; 2
y$  y#  y  1 œ 2
ay#  1b (y  1) œ A
y1  y#  1
Ê 2 œ A ay#  1b  (By  C)(y  1) œ aAy  Ab  aBy  Cy  By  Cb œ (A  B)y#  (B  C)y  (A  C)
# #

Ê A  B œ 0, B  C œ 0 or C œ B, A  C œ A  B œ 2 Ê A œ 1, B œ 1, C œ 1;
'y $
2y%
 y#  y  1 dy œ 2 ' (y  1) dy  ' dy
y1 ' y
y#  1 dy  ' dy
y#  1
# " "
œ (y  1)  ln ky  1k  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C" œ y#  2y  ln ky  1k  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C,
where C œ C"  1

35. 'e 2t
et dt
 3et  2 œ cet œ yd' dy
y#  3y  2 œ' dy
y1 ' dy
y2
1
œ ln ¹ yy  e 1
2 ¹  C œ ln Š et  # ‹  C
t

36. 'e 4t
 2e2t  et
e2t  1 dt œ ' e3t  2et  1 t
e2t  1 e dt;
y œ et
” dy œ et dt • Ä 'y 3
 2y  1
y#  1 dy œ ' Šy  y1
y#  1 ‹ dy œ y2
2 ' y
y#  1 dy  ' dy
y#  1

y2 " " "


œ 2  # ln ay#  1b  tan" y  C œ 2 e2t  # ln ae2t  1b  tan" aet b  C
Section 8.3 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 513

37. ' sin ycos ysindyy  6 ; [sin y œ t, cos y dy œ dt]


# Ä 't #
dy
t6 œ "
5
' ˆ t " 2  t " 3 ‰ dt œ "5 ln ¸ tt  23 ¸  C
" y2
œ 5 sin y  3 ¹  C
ln ¹ sin

38. ' cos )sin )cosd))  2 ; ccos ) œ yd


# Ä ' dy
y#  y  2 œ "
3
' y dy 2  3" ' dy
y1 œ "
3
2
ln ¹ yy  1¹  C œ
"
3
cos )  2 ¸
ln ¸ cos )1 C
"  cos ) ¸ " ¸ cos )  1 ¸
œ 3 ln ¸ 21  cos )  C œ  3 ln cos )  2  C

39. ' (x  2)a4xtan 1(2x)


#
#
"
 12x  3x
b (x  2) dx œ ' tan
$

4x  1 dx  3
(2x)
#
' (x x 2) dx "
# #

œ "# ' tan" (2x) d atan" (2x)b  3' x dx ' (x dx2) œ atan 4 2xb " #

2 6  3 ln kx  2k  C
6
# x2

40. ' (x  1)a9xtan 1b(3x)


#
#(x  1)
"
 9x  x
dx œ ' tan
$

9x  1 dx 
#
(3x) ' (x x 1) dx "
# #

œ "3 ' tan" (3x) d atan" (3x)b  ' x dx ' (x dx1) œ atan 6 3xb " #

1   ln kx  1k  C
1
# x1

41. at#  3t  2b dx
dt œ 1; x œ ' œ ' t dt 2  ' t dt 1 œ ln ¸ tt 
dt
t#  3t  2
 2¸ t2
1  C; t  1 œ Ce ; t œ 3 and x œ 0
x

" t2
Ê # œC Ê t1 œ "# ex Ê x œ ln ¸2 ˆ tt 
1
2 ‰¸
œ ln kt  2k  ln kt  1k  ln 2

42. a3t%  4t#  1b dx


dt œ 2È3; x œ 2È3' dt
3t%  4t#  1
œ È 3' dt
t#  "  È 3' dt
t#  1
3

1 È 3 È 31 È3
œ 3 tan" ŠÈ3t‹  È3 tan" t  C; t œ 1 and x œ 4 Ê  4 œ1 4 1  C Ê C œ 1

Ê x œ 3 tan" ŠÈ3t‹  È3 tan" t  1

43. at#  2tb dx


dt œ 2x  2; "
#
' x dx 1 œ ' t #
dt
 2t Ê "
# ln kx  1k œ "
Ê ln kx  1k œ ln ¸ t t # ¸  C;
#
' dt
t  #" ' dt
t2
"
t œ 1 and x œ 1 Ê ln 2 œ ln 3  C Ê C œ ln 2  ln 3 œ ln 6 Ê ln kx  1k œ ln 6 ¸ t t 2 ¸ Ê x  1 œ t 6t #
Ê xœ 6t
t#  1, t  0

44. (t  1) dx
dt œ x#  1 Ê ' x dx 1 œ ' t dt 1
# Ê tan" x œ ln kt  1k  C; t œ 0 and x œ 1
4 Ê tan" 1
4 œ ln k1k  C
Ê Cœ tan" 14 œ 1 Ê tan "
x œ ln kt  1k  1 Ê x œ tan (ln (t  1)  1), t  1

45. V œ 1 '0 5 y# dx œ 1 '0 5 dx œ 31 Œ'0 5 ˆ x " 3  x" ‰ dx œ 31 ln ¸ x x 3 ¸‘ !Þ& œ 31 ln 25


2Þ5 2Þ5 2Þ5
9 #Þ&
Þ Þ 3x  x# Þ

46. V œ 21 '0 xy dx œ 21'0 '1


1 1
ˆ "
(x  1)(2  x) dx œ 41 0  3
2x ˆ x " 1 ‰  23 ˆ 2 " x ‰‰ dx
"
œ  431 aln kx  1k  2 ln k2  xkb‘ ! œ 431 (ln 2)

È3 È3 È3
47. A œ '0 tan" x dx œ cx tan" xd 0  '0 x
1  x# dx
1È3 È3 1È3
œ 3   "# ln ax#  1b‘ 0 œ 3  ln 2;
È3
xœ "
A
'0 x tan" x dx
È È3
œ "
A
" # " 3
Œ # x tan x‘ 0 
"
#
'0 x#
1  x# dx

" È3
œ A ’ 1#   "# ax  tan" xb‘ 0 “

œ "
Š 1# 
È3
 16 ‹ œ "
Š 231 
È3 µ 1.10
œ
A # A # ‹
514 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

48. A œ '3 dx œ 3'3  '3  2'3


5 5 5 5
4x#  13x  9
x$  2x#  3x
dx
x
dx
x3
dx
x1 œ c3 ln kxk  ln kx  3k  2 ln kx  1kd &$ œ ln 125
9 ;

xœ "
A
'3 5 #
x a4x  13x  9b
x$  2x#  3x dx œ "
A Šc4xd $  3 '3
&
5
dx
x3  2 '3
5
dx
x  1‹ œ "
A
µ 3.90
(8  11 ln 2  3 ln 6) œ

49. (a) dx
dt œ kx(N  x) Ê ' dx
x(N  x) œ ' k dt Ê "
N
' dxx  N" ' Ndx x œ ' k dt Ê "
N x œ kt  C;
x ¸
ln ¸ N 
" " " " " ‰
kœ 250 , N œ 1000, t œ 0 and x œ 2 Ê 1000
2 ¸
ln ¸ 998 œC Ê 1000 ln ¸ 1000x  x ¸ œ t
250  1000 ln ˆ 499
1000e4t
Ê ln ¸ 1000  x œ 4t Ê
499x ¸
1000  x œ e
499x 4t
Ê 499x œ e4t (1000  x) Ê a499  e4t b x œ 1000e4t Ê x œ 499  e4t
" 4t
"
(b) x œ # N œ 500 Ê 500 œ 499  e4t Ê 500
1000e
† 499  500e4t œ 1000e4t Ê e4t œ 499 Ê t œ 4 ln 499 ¸ 1.55 days

50. dx
dt œ k(a  x)(b  x) Ê dx
(a  x)(bx) œ k dt

(a) a œ b: ' (a dxx) # œ ' k dt Ê "


a x œ kt  C; t œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê "
a œC Ê "
ax œ kt  "
a
" akt  " a# kt
Ê ax œ a Ê axœ a
akt  1 Ê xœa a
akt  1 œ akt  1

(b) a Á b: ' (a  x)(b


dx
 x) œ
' k dt Ê "
b a
' a dx x  b " a ' b dx x œ ' k dt Ê " ¸bx¸
ba ln a  x œ kt  C;
" x¸ bx b ÐbaÑkt
t œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê ba ln b
a œ C Ê ln ¸ ba  x œ (b  a)kt  ln a
ˆb‰ Ê ax œ a e
ÐbaÑkt ‘
ab 1  e
Ê xœ a  beÐbaÑkt

51. (a) '01 x x(x  11)


%
#
%
dx œ '0 ˆx'  4x&  5x%  4x#  4 
1
4 ‰
x#  1 dx œ 22
7 1
† 100% µ
22
1
(b) 7
1 œ 0.04%
(c) The area is less than 0.003

52. P(x) œ ax#  bx  c, P(0) œ c œ 1 and Pw (0) œ 0 Ê b œ 0 Ê P(x) œ ax#  1. Next,


ax#  1
x$ (x  1)# œ A
x  B
x#  C
x$  D
x1  E
(x  1)# ; for the integral to be a rational function, we must have A œ 0 and
D œ 0. Thus, ax  1 œ Bx(x  1)  C(x  1)#  Ex$ œ (B  E)x$  (C  2B)x#  (B  2C)x  C
# #

B  E œ 0Þ
Ê C  2B œ a ß Ê E œ B; x œ 1 Ê a  1 œ E; therefore, 1  2B œ a Ê 1  2E œ a Ê 1  2(a  1) œ a
C œ "à
Ê a œ 3
Section 8.4 Trigonometric Integrals 515

8.4 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

1. '01/2 sin5 x dx œ '01/2 asin# xb# sin x dx œ '01/2 a"  cos# xb# sin x dx œ '01/2 a"  2cos# x  cos4 xbsin x dx
œ '0 sin x dx  '0 2cos# x sin x dx  '0 cos4 x sin x dx œ ’cos x  # cos3 x 
1/2 1/2 1/2 3 1/2
cos5 x
5 “0
#
œ a!b  ˆ"  $  "& ‰ œ )
"&

2. '01 sin5 ˆ x2 ‰dx (using Exercise 1) œ '01 sinˆ x2 ‰dx  '01 2cos# ˆ x2 ‰sinˆ x2 ‰dx  '01 cos4 ˆ x2 ‰sinˆ x2 ‰dx
1
œ #cos ˆ x2 ‰  %3 cos3 ˆ 2x ‰  5# cos5 ˆ 2x ‰‘ 0 œ a!b  ˆ#  %
$  &# ‰ œ "'
"&

3. '11/2/2 cos3 x dx œ '11/2/2 acos# xbcos x dx œ '11/2/2 a"  sin# xbcos x dx œ '11/2/2 cos x dx  '11/2/2 sin# x cos x dx
1Î#
œ ’sin x  sin3 x
3 “ 1Î# œ ˆ"  "$ ‰  ˆ"  "$ ‰ œ %
$

4. '01/6 3cos5 3x dx œ '01/6 acos# 3xb# cos 3x † 3dx œ '01/6 a"  sin# 3xb# cos 3x † 3dx œ '01/6 a"  #sin# 3x  sin% 3xbcos 3x † 3dx
œ '0 cos 3x † 3dx  #'0 sin# 3x cos 3x † 3dx  '0 sin% 3x cos 3x † 3dx œ ’sin 3x  # sin33x 
1/6 1/6 1/6 3 1Î6
sin5 3x
5 “0

œ ˆ"  2
$  "& ‰  a!b œ )
"&

5. '01/2 sin7 y dy œ '01/2 sin6 y sin y dy œ '01/2 a"  cos2 yb$ sin y dy œ '01/2 sin y dy  $'01/2 cos2 y sin y dy
 $'0 cos4 y sin y dy  '0 cos6 y sin y dy œ ’cos y  $ cos3 y  $ cos5 y 
1/2 1/2 & 1Î#
3
cos( y $
( “0 œ a!b  ˆ"  "  &  "( ‰ œ "'
$&

6. '01/2 7cos7 t dt (using Exercise 5) œ 7”'01/2 cos t dt  $'01/2 sin2 t cos t dt  $'01/2 sin4 t cos t dt  '01/2 sin6 t cos t dt•
& 1Î#
sin( t $
 "( ‰  7a!b œ "'
3
œ 7’sin t  $ sin3 t  $ sin5 t  ( “0 œ 7ˆ"  "  & &

7. '01 )sin4 x dx œ )'01 ˆ "  cos


#
#x ‰ #
dx œ #'0 a"  #cos #x  cos# #xbdx œ #'0 dx  #'0 cos #x † #dx  #'0 "  cos
1 1 1 1
#
4x
dx
œ c#x  #sin #xd 10  '0 dx  '0 cos 4x dx œ #1  x  "# sin 4x‘ 0 œ #1  1 œ $1
1 1 1

8. '01 )cos4 21x dx œ )'01 ˆ "  cos# 41x ‰# dx œ #'01 a"  #cos 41x  cos# 41xbdx œ #'01 dx  %'01 cos 41x dx  #'01 "  cos# )1x dx
œ #x  1" sin 41x‘ 0  '0 dx  '0 cos )1x dx œ #  x  )"1 sin )1x‘ 0 œ #  " œ $
" 1 1 "

9. '11/4/4 16 sin# x cos# x dx œ 16'11/4/4 ˆ "  cos


#
#x ‰ˆ "  cos #x ‰
# dx œ %'1/4 a"  cos# #xbdx œ %'1/4 dx  %'1/4 ˆ "  cos
1/4 1/4 1/4
#
4x ‰
dx
1/4
œ c4xd  ' '
1/4 1/4
1/4  # 1/4 dx  # 1/4 cos 4x dx œ 1  1  2x 
 sin 4x ‘ 1/4
2 1/4
=21  ˆ 1#  ˆ 1# ‰‰ œ 1

10. '01 8 sin4 y cos# y dy œ 8'01 ˆ "  cos


#
#y ‰# ˆ "  cos #y ‰
# dy œ '0 dy  '0 cos #y dy  '0 cos# #y dy  '0 cos$ #y dy
1 1 1 1

œ y  2" sin 2y‘ 0  '0 ˆ "  cos dy  '0 a"  sin# #ybcos #y dy œ 1  "# '0 dy  "# '0 cos 4y dy  '0 cos #y dy
1 1 1 1 1 1
4y ‰
#

 '0 sin# #y cos #y dy œ 1  ’ "# y  ") sin 4y  "# sin 2y  "# † sin32y “ œ 1  1# œ 1#
1 1 3

0
516 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

11. '01/2 35 sin4 x cos3 x dx œ '01/2 35 sin4 x a"  sin# xbcos x dx œ 35'01/2 sin4 x cos x dx  35'01/2 sin6 x cos x dx
5 7 1/2
œ ’35 sin5 x  35 sin7 x “ œ a7  5b  a!b œ #
0

12. '01 cos2 2x sin 2x dx œ ’ "# cos3 2x “ 1 œ  "'  "' œ !


3

13. '01/4 8cos3 2) sin 2) d) œ ’8ˆ "# ‰ cos4 2) “ 1/4 œ ccos4 2)d 10 /4 œ a!b  a"b œ "
4

14. '01/2 sin2 2) cos3 2) d) œ '01/2 sin2 2)a"  sin2 2)bcos 2) d) œ '01/2 sin2 2) cos 2) d)  '01/2 sin4 2) cos 2) d)
1/2
œ ’ "# † sin3 2)
3  "
# † sin5 2)
5 “0 œ!

15. '021 É "  #cos x dx œ '021 ¹ sin x# ¹dx œ '021 sin x# dx œ #cos x# ‘ 20 1 œ #  # œ %

16. '01 È"  cos 2x dx œ '01 È# lsin 2x ldx œ '01 È# sin 2x dx œ ’È#cos 2x“ 1 œ È#  È# œ #È#
0

17. '01 È"  sin# t dt œ '01 l cos t ldt œ '01/2 cos t dt  '11/2 cos t dt œ csin td 10 /2  csin td 11/2 œ "  !  !  " œ #

18. '01 È"  cos# ) d) œ '01 l sin ) ld) œ '01 sin ) d) œ ccos )d 10 œ "  " œ #

19. '11/4/4 È"  tan# x dx œ '11/4/4 l sec x ldx œ '11/4/4 sec x dx œ clnl sec x  tan x ld 1/41/4 œ lnŠÈ#  "‹  lnŠÈ#  "‹
È
œ lnŠ È## 
"
"
‹ œ # lnŠ"  È#‹

20. '11/4/4 Èsec# x  " dx œ '11/4/4 l tan x ldx œ '!1/4 tan x dx  '!1/4 tan x dx œ clnl sec x ld !1 /4
 clnl sec x ld 1! /4
œ lna"b  lnÈ#  lnÈ#  lna"b œ # lnÈ# œ ln #

21. '01/2 )È"  cos 2) d) œ '01/2 )È# l sin ) l d) œ È#'01/2 ) sin ) d) œ È# c)cos )  sin )d 10 /2 œ È#a"b œ È#

22. '11 a"  cos# tb$Î# dt œ '11 asin# tb$Î# dt œ '11 ¸ sin$ t¸ dt œ '!1 sin$ t dt  '!1 sin$ t dt œ '!1 a"  cos# tbsin t dt
 '! a"  cos# tbsin t dt œ '1 sin t dt  '1 cos# t sin t dt  '! sin t dt  '! cos# t sin t dt œ ’cos t 
1 ! ! 1 1 !
cos3 t
3 “ 1
1
"
 ’cos t  cos3 t
3 “! œ ˆ"  $  "  "$ ‰  ˆ"  "
$  "  "$ ‰ œ )
$

23. '!1/3 2 sec$ x dx; u œ sec x, du œ sec x tan x dx, dv œ sec# x dx, v œ tan x;
'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ c2 sec x tan xd !1Î$  #'!1/3 sec x tan2 x dx œ # † " † !  # † # † È$  #'!1/3 sec x asec2 x  "bdx
œ %È$  #'1/3 sec$ x dx  #'1/3 sec x dx; 2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ %È$  c#ln l sec x + tan xld !1Î$
! ! !

2'1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ %È$  #ln l " + !l  #ln l #  È$ l œ %È$  # ln Š#  È$‹


!

'!1/3 2 sec$ x dx œ #È$  ln Š#  È $‹


Section 8.4 Trigonometric Integrals 517

24. ' ex sec$ aex bdx; u œ secaex b, du œ secaex btanaex bex dx, dv œ sec# aex bex dx, v œ tanaex b.
' ex sec$ aex b dx œ secaex btanaex b  ' secaex btan# aex bex dx
œ secaex btanaex b  ' secaex basec# aex b  "bex dx
œ secaex btanaex b  ' sec$ aex bex dx  ' secaex bex dx
#' ex sec$ aex b dx œ secaex btanaex b  ln¸secaex b  tanaex b¸  C
' ex sec$ aex b dx œ "# ˆsecaex btanaex b  ln¸secaex b  tanaex b¸‰  C

25. '!1/4 sec4 ) d) œ '!1/4 a"  tan2 )bsec2 ) d) œ '!


1/4
sec2 ) d)  '!
1/4
tan2 ) sec2 ) d) œ ’tan )  tan3 )
3 “!
1 Î4

œ ˆ"  "$ ‰  a!b œ %


$

26. '!1/12 3sec4 a3xb dx œ '!1/12 a"  tan2 a3xbbsec2 a3xb3dx œ '!1/ sec2 a3xb3dx  '!
1/12
tan2 a3xb sec2 a3xb3dx
1Î12
tan3 a3xb
œ ’tan a3xb  3 “ œ ˆ"  "$ ‰  a!b œ %
$
!

27. '11/4/2 csc4 ) d) œ '11/4/2 a"  cot# )bcsc# ) d) œ '11/4/2 csc# ) d)  '11/4/2 cot# ) csc# ) d) œ ’cot )  cot3 ) “ 1Î2 $

1/4
œ a!b  ˆ"  "$ ‰ œ %
$

1
28. '11/2 $csc4 #) d) œ $'11/2 ˆ"  cot# #) ‰csc# #) d) œ $'11/2 csc# #) d)  $'11/2 cot# #) csc# #) d) œ ’'cot #)  ' cot3 $)
#

1 Î2
œ a' † !  # † !b  a' † "  # † "b œ )

29. '01/4 4 tan3 x dx œ 4'01/4 asec# x  "btan x dx œ 4'01/4 sec# x tan x dx  4'01/4 tan x dx œ ’% tan# x  % ln lsec xl“ 1Î4 #

!
œ 2a"b  %lnÈ#  # † !  %ln " œ #  #ln #

30. '11/4/4 6 tan4 x dx œ 6'11/4/4 asec# x  "btan2 x dx œ 6'1/4 sec# x tan2 x dx  6'1/4 tan2 x dx
1/4 1/4

œ 6'1/4 sec2 x tan2 x dx  6'1/4 asec2 x  1bdx œ ’' tan$ x “  6'1/4 sec# x dx  6'1/4 dx
1/4 1/4 $ 1Î4 1/4 1/4

 1 Î4
1 Î4 1 Î4 $1 $1
œ #a"  a"bb  c'tan xd 1Î4  c'xd 1Î4 œ %  'a"  a"bb  #  # œ $1  )

31. '11/6/3 cot3 x dx œ '11/6/3 acsc2 x  " bcot x dx œ '11/6/3 csc2 x cot x dx  '11/6/3 cot x dx œ ’ cot# x  ln l csc xl“ 1Î3 #

1Î6

œ  "# ˆ "$  $‰  Šln È#$  ln #‹ œ %


$  lnÈ$

32. '11/4/2 8 cot4 t dt œ 8'11/4/2 acsc2 t  " bcot2 t dt œ 8'11/4/2 csc2 t cot2 t dt  8'11/4/2 cot2 t dt
 8'1/4 acsc2 t  " bdt œ  3) a!  "b  c)cot td 1Î4  c)td 1Î4 œ
1 Î2 1/2
3 1 Î2 1Î2 ) "'
œ 8’ cot3 t “ $  )a!  "b  %1  #1 œ #1  $
1 Î4

33. '!1 sin 3x cos 2x dx œ "# '!1 asin x  sin 5xb dx œ "# cos x  "& cos 5x‘ !1 œ "# ˆ  "  "&  "  "& ‰ œ  '&

34. '!1Î2 sin 2x cos 3x dx œ "# '!1Î2 asinaxb  sin 5xb dx œ "# cosaxb  "& cos 5x‘ 1! Î2 œ "# a!b  "# ˆ"  "& ‰ œ  #&
518 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

35. '11 sin 3x sin 3x dx œ "# '11 acos !  cos 6xb dx œ "# '11 dx  "# '11 cos 6x dx œ "# x  "#" sin 6x‘ 11 œ 1#  1#  ! œ 1

36. '!1Î2 sin x cos x dx œ "# '!1Î2 asin !  sin 2xb dx œ "# '!1Î2 sin 2x dx œ  "% ccos 2xd 1! Î# œ  "% a"  "b œ "#

37. '!1 cos 3x cos 4x dx œ "# '!1 acosaxb  cos 7xb dx œ "2 sinaxb (" sin 7x‘ 1! œ 2" a0b œ 0

38. '11ÎÎ22 cos 7x cos x dx œ "# '11ÎÎ22 acos 6x  cos 8xb dx œ 2"  6" sin 6x 8" sin 8x‘ 1Î12Î2 œ 0

t# x$
39. x œ t#Î$ Ê t# œ x$ ; y œ # Êyœ # ;! Ÿ t Ÿ # Ê ! Ÿ x Ÿ 2#Î$ ;
#Î$
u œ 9% x% #Î$ *Ð2#Î$ Ñ
A œ '! '!*Ð2
2 Ñ
$
#1 Š x# ‹É"  *% x% dx; ” •Ä
1 È"  u du œ ’ 1 † # a"  ub$Î# “
9 $
du œ 9x$ dx 9 !

#1 ˆ #Î$ ‰‰$Î#
œ #( ’ "  * ˆ2  "“

œ tan x; ay w b# œ tan# x; '! È"  tan# x dx œ '


1Î3 1Î3
40. y œ lnacos xb; y w œ sin x
cos x !
lsec xl dx œ clnlsec x  tan xld !1/3
œ lnŠ2  È$‹  lna"  !b œ lnŠ2  È$‹

œ tan x;ay w b# œ tan# x; '! È"  tan# x dx œ '


1Î4 1Î4
41. y œ lnasec xb; y w œ sec x tan x
sec x !
lsec xl dx œ clnlsec x  tan xld !1/4
œ lnŠÈ#  "‹  lna!  "b œ lnŠÈ#  "‹

42. M œ '1Î4 sec x dx œ clnlsec x  tan xld 1/41Î4 œ lnŠÈ#  "‹  ln lÈ#  "l œ ln È## 
1 Î4 È
"
"

È '
1Î4 1Î4
" sec# x " " "
yœ dx œ È ctan xd 1Î4 œ È a"  a"bb œ È
ln È#  " 1Î4 #
#ln È#  " #ln È#  " ln È#  "
#" #" #" #"
È#" "
Ê ax, yb œ Œ!ß Šln È#" ‹ 

43. V œ 1'! sin# x dx œ 1'! '!1 dx  1# '!1 cos 2x dx œ 1# cxd 1!  14 csin 2xd 1! œ 1# a1  !b  14 a!  !b œ 1#
1 1 #
"  cos 2x 1
2 dx œ #

44. A œ '! È"  cos 4x dx œ '! È# lcos 2xldx œ È# '! cos 2x dx  È# '1Î% cos 2x dx  È# '$1Î% cos 2x dx
1 1 1Î% $1Î% 1

È# 1Î% È# $1Î% È# È# È# È#
œ # csin 2xd !  # csin 2xd 1Î%  # csin 2xd 1$1Î% œ # a"  !b  # a"  "b  # a !  "b œ È #  È # œ # È #

45. (a) m# Á n# Ê m  n Á ! and m  n Á ! Ê 'k 'kk#1 ccosam  nbx  cosam  nbxddx


k#1
"
sin mx sin nx dx œ #

œ "  " "


# m  n sinam  nbx  m  n sinam  nbx k
‘ k#1
"ˆ " " ‰ "ˆ " "
œ # m  n sinaam  nba k  #1bb  m  n sinaam  nba k  #1bb  # m  n sinaam  nbkb  m  n sinaam  nbkb‰
" " " "
œ #amnb sinaam  nbkb  #am  nb sinaam  nbkb  #am  nb sinaam  nbkb  #am  nb sinaam  nbkb œ !
Ê sin mx and sin nx are orthogonal.
(b) Same as part since "
#
'kk#1 cos ! dx œ 1. m# Á n# Ê m  n Á ! and m  n Á ! Ê 'k
k#1
cos mx cos nx dx

œ "
#
'k k#1
ccosam  nbx  cosam  nbxddx œ "
#
 m " n sinam  nbx 
"
m  n sinam  nbx k
‘ k#1

"
œ #am  nb sinaam  nba k  #1bb  #am  nb sinaam  nba k  #1bb  #am  nb sinaam  nbkb  #am" nb sinaam 
" "
nbkb
"
œ #am  nb sinaam  nbkb  #am" nb sinaam  nbkb  #am" nb sinaam  nbkb  #am" nb sinaam  nbkb œ !
Section 8.5 Trigonometric Substitutions 519

Ê cos mx and cos nx are orthogonal.


(c) Let m œ n Ê sin mx cos nx œ "# asin !  sinaam  nbxbb and "
#
'kk#1 sin ! dx œ ! and "# 'kk#1 sinaam  nbxb dx œ 0
Ê sin mx and cos nx are orthogonal if m œ n.
Let m Á n.
'kk#1 sin mx cos nx dx œ "# 'kk#1 csinam  nbx  sinam  nbxddx œ "#  m " n cosam  nbx  m " n cosam  nbx‘ k#1
k

œ  #am" nb cosaam  nba k  #1bb  "


#am  nb cosaam  nba k  #1bb  " "
#am  nb cosaam  nbkb  #am  nb cosaam  nbkb
œ  #am" nb cosaam  nbkb  "
#amnb cosaam  nbkb  " "
#am  nb cosaam  nbkb  #am  nb cosaam  nbkb œ !
Ê sin mx and cos nx are orthogonal.

'11 faxbsin mx dx œ ! a1 '11 sin nx sin mx dx. Since 1" '11 sin nx sin mx dx œ œ ! for m Á n
N
"
46. n
,
1
nœ" 1 for m œ n
the sum on the right has only one nonzero term, namely am
1
'11 sin mx sin mx dx œ am .

8.5 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS

kcos )k
1. y œ 3 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dy œ 3 d)
cos# ) , 9  y# œ 9 a1  tan# )b œ 9
cos# ) Ê "
È 9  y# œ 3 œ cos )
3
ˆbecause cos )  0 when  1#  )  1# ‰ ;
' È9dy y # œ 3' cos ) d)
3 cos# ) œ' d)
cos ) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  Cw œ ln ¹
È 9  y#
3  y3 ¹  Cw œ ln ¸È9  y#  y¸  C

2. ' È13dy9y # ; c3y œ xd Ä ' dx


È 1  x# ; x œ tan t,  1#  t  1
# , dx œ dt
cos# t , È1  x# œ "
cos t ;
' È dx œ' dt
"
œ ln ksec t  tan tk  C œ ln ¹Èx#  1  x¹  C œ ln ¸È1  9y#  3y¸  C
1  x# cos# t Š cos t‹

3. '22 dx
4  x#
#
œ  #" tan" #x ‘ # œ "
# tan" 1  "
# tan" (1) œ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰  ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰ œ 1
4

4. '02 8 dx2x # œ "


#
'02 4dxx # œ "
#
 #" tan" #x ‘ # œ
!
"
#
ˆ #" tan" 1  "
# tan" 0‰ œ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ˆ 14 ‰  0 œ 1
16

5. '03Î2 È dx $Î#
œ sin" 3x ‘ ! œ sin" "
#  sin" 0 œ 1
0œ 1
9  x# 6 6

È2 È2 È2
6. '01Î2 2 dx
È1  4x# ; ct œ 2xd Ä '01Î2 dt
È1  t# œ csin" td 0

œ sin" "
È2  sin" 0 œ 1
4 0œ 1
4

7. t œ 5 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ 5 cos ) d), È25  t# œ 5 cos );


' È25  t# dt œ ' (5 cos ))(5 cos )) d) œ 25 ' cos# ) d) œ 25 ' 1  cos 2)
# d) œ 25 ˆ #)  sin 2) ‰
4 C
È tÈ25  t#
œ 25
# a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 25
# ’sin" ˆ 5t ‰  ˆ 5t ‰ Š 255 t# ‹“ Cœ 25
# sin" ˆ 5t ‰  # C

"
8. t œ 3 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ "
3 cos ) d), È1  9t# œ cos );
' È1  9t# dt œ "3 ' (cos ))(cos )) d) œ 3" ' cos# ) d) œ 6" a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 6" ’sin" (3t)  3tÈ1  9t# “  C

9. x œ 7
# sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ 7
# sec ) tan ) d), È4x#  49 œ È49 sec# )  49 œ 7 tan );
'È dx
œ'
ˆ 7# sec ) tan )‰ d)
7 tan ) œ "
#
' sec ) d) œ "# ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ "# ln ¹ 2x7  È4x7#  49 ¹  C
4x#  49
520 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

10. x œ 3
5 sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ 3
5 sec ) tan ) d), È25x#  9 œ È9 sec# )  9 œ 3 tan );
' È 5 dx œ'
5 ˆ 35 sec ) tan )‰ d)
3 tan ) œ ' sec ) d) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ ln ¹ 5x
3 
È25x#  9
¹ C
25x#  9 3

11. y œ 7 sec ), 0  )  1# , dy œ 7 sec ) tan ) d), Èy#  49 œ 7 tan );


' Èy y 49 dy œ ' (7 tan ))(77 sec
# ) tan )) d)
sec ) œ 7 ' tan# ) d) œ 7 ' asec# )  1b d) œ 7(tan )  ))  C
Èy#  49
œ 7’ 7  sec" ˆ y7 ‰“  C

12. y œ 5 sec ), 0  )  1# , dy œ 5 sec ) tan ) d), Èy#  25 œ 5 tan );


' Èyy 25 dy œ ' (5 tan ))(5
#
$
sec ) tan )) d)
125 sec ) œ "5 ' $ tan# ) cos# ) d) œ "
5
' sin# ) d) œ "
10
' (1  cos 2)) d)
" " Èy#  25 sec" ˆ 5y ‰ Èy#  25
œ 10 a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 10 ’sec" ˆ y5 ‰  Š y ‹ Š 5y ‹“ Cœ’ 10  #y # “ C

13. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ tan );


' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
sec# ) tan ) œ' d)
sec ) œ sin )  C œ
È x#  1
C
x# È x#  1 x

14. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ tan );


' 2 dx
œ' 2 tan ) sec ) d)
sec$ ) tan ) œ 2 ' cos# ) d) œ 2 ' ˆ 1  cos
#
2) ‰
d) œ )  sin ) cos )  C
x$ È x#  1
# È x#  1
œ )  tan ) cos# )  C œ sec" x  Èx#  1 ˆ "x ‰  C œ sec" x  x# C

15. x œ 2 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ 2 d)
cos# ) , Èx#  4 œ 2
cos ) ;
' Èx $
dx
œ' a8 tan$ )b (cos )) d)
cos# ) œ 8' sin$ ) d)
cos% )
œ 8' acos# )  1b ( sin )) d)
cos% )
;
x#  4

ct œ cos )d Ä 8 ' dt œ 8' ˆ t"#  t"% ‰ dt œ 8 ˆ "t 


#
t 1 " ‰ sec$ )
t% 3t$  C œ 8 Š sec )  3 ‹ C
$Î#
È x#  4 ax #  4 b " $Î#
œ 8 Œ #  8 †3 Cœ 3 ax#  4b  4Èx#  4  C

16. x œ tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ sec# ) d), Èx#  1 œ sec );


' dx
œ' sec# ) d)
tan# ) sec ) œ' cos ) d)
sin# ) œ  sin" )  C œ È x #  1
C
x# È x#  1 x

17. w œ 2 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dw œ 2 cos ) d), È4  w# œ 2 cos );


' 8 dw
œ' 8†2 cos ) d)
4 sin# )†2 cos ) œ 2' d)
sin# ) œ 2 cot )  C œ 2 È 4  w #
C
w # È 4  w# w

18. w œ 3 sin ),  1#  )  1# , dw œ 3 cos ) d), È9  w# œ 3 cos );


' È9w w #
#
dw œ ' 3 cos )†3 cos ) d)
9 sin# ) œ ' cot# ) d) œ ' Š 1 sinsin )
# ) ‹ d) œ
' acsc# )  1b d)
#

È 9  w#
œ  cot )  )  C œ  w  sin" ˆ w3 ‰  C

$Î#
19. x œ sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 13 , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos$ );
È3Î2
'0 4x# dx
œ '0
1Î3
4 sin# ) cos ) d)
cos$ ) œ 4 '0 Š 1 coscos
1Î3
)
# ) ‹ d) œ 4
'0 asec# )  1b d)
# 1Î3

a1  x# b$Î#
1Î$ 41
œ 4 ctan )  )d ! œ 4È3  3
Section 8.5 Trigonometric Substitutions 521
$Î#
20. x œ 2 sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 16 , dx œ 2 cos ) d), a4  x# b œ 8 cos$ );
'0 1
dx
œ '0
1Î6
2 cos ) d)
8 cos$ ) œ " '0 1Î6
d)
cos# ) œ "
ctan )d !
1Î'
œ
È3
œ "
a4  x# b$Î# 4 4 12 4È 3

$Î#
21. x œ sec ), 0  )  12 , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), ax#  1b œ tan$ );
' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
tan$ ) œ' cos ) d)
sin# ) œ  sin" )  C œ  È x
C
ax#  1b$Î# x#  1

&Î#
22. x œ sec ), 0  )  12 , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), ax#  1b œ tan& );
' x# dx
œ' sec# )†sec ) tan ) d)
tan& ) œ' cos )
sin% )
d) œ  3 sin" $ )  C œ  x$
C
ax#  1b&Î# 3 ax#  1b$Î#

$Î#
23. x œ sin ),  1#  )  1
# , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos$ );
' a1  xxb # $Î#
'
dx
œ' cos$ )†cos ) d)
sin' ) œ ' cot% ) csc# ) d) œ  cot5 )  C œ  5" Š
& È 1  x# &
x ‹ C

"Î#
24. x œ sin ),  1#  )  1
# , dx œ cos ) d), a1  x# b œ cos );
' a1  xxb # "Î#
%
dx
œ' cos )†cos ) d)
sin% )
œ ' cot# ) csc# ) d) œ  cot3 )  C œ  "3 Š
$ È 1  x# $
x ‹ C

" #
25. x œ # tan ),  1#  )  1# , dx œ "
# sec# ) d), a4x#  1b œ sec% );
' 8 dx
œ'
8 ˆ "# sec# )‰ d)
œ 4 ' cos# ) d) œ 2()  sin ) cos ))  C œ 2 tan" 2x  4x
C
a4x#  1b# sec% ) a4x#  1b

"
26. t œ 3 tan ),  1#  )  1# , dt œ "
3 sec# ) d), 9t#  1 œ sec# );
' 6 dt
œ'
6 ˆ "3 sec# )‰ d)
œ 2 ' cos# ) d) œ )  sin ) cos )  C œ tan" 3t  3t
C
a9t#  1b# sec% ) a9t#  1b

&Î#
27. v œ sin ),  1#  )  1# , dv œ cos ) d), a1  v# b œ cos& );
' v# dv
œ' sin# ) cos ) d)
cos& ) œ ' tan# ) sec# ) d) œ tan$ )
Cœ "
ŠÈ v

$
C
a1  v# b&Î# 3 3 1  v#

28. r œ sin ),  1#  )  1# ;
' a1  r rb # &Î#
)
dr
œ' cos& )†cos ) d)
sin) ) œ ' cot' ) csc# ) d) œ  cot7 )  C œ  "7 ’
( È 1  r# (
r “ C

sec# )
29. Let et œ 3 tan ), t œ ln (3 tan )), tan" ˆ "$ ‰ Ÿ ) Ÿ tan" ˆ %$ ‰, dt œ tan ) d), Èe2t  9 œ È9 tan# )  9 œ 3 sec );
tan" Ð4Î3Ñ tan" Ð4Î3Ñ
'0ln 4 Èe dt t
œ 'tanc" Ð1Î3Ñ 3 tan )†sec# ) d)
tan )†3 sec ) œ 'tan" Ð1Î3Ñ sec ) d) œ cln ksec )  tan )kd tan Ð4Î3Ñ
tanc" Ð1Î3Ñ
"
e2t  9
È10
œ ln ˆ 53  43 ‰  ln Š 3  "3 ‹ œ ln 9  ln Š1  È10‹

sec# )
30. Let et œ tan ), t œ ln (tan )), tan" ˆ 34 ‰ Ÿ ) Ÿ tan" ˆ 43 ‰ , dt œ tan ) d), 1  e2t œ 1  tan# ) œ sec# );
#)
tan" Ð4Î3Ñ tan" Ð4Î3Ñ
'lnlnÐ3Ð4ÎÎ43Ñ Ñ et dt
œ 'tanc" Ð3Î4Ñ
(tan )) Š sec
tan ) ‹
sec$ )
d)
œ 'tan" Ð3Î4Ñ cos ) d) œ csin )d tan Ð4Î3Ñ
tanc" Ð$Î%Ñ
œ
" 4
 3
œ "
a1  e2t b$Î# 5 5 5

31. '11ÎÎ124 2 dt
Èt  4tÈt ; ’u œ 2Èt, du œ "
Èt dt“ Ä '1ÎÈ3
1
2 du
1  u# ; u œ tan ), 1
6 Ÿ ) Ÿ 14 , du œ sec# ) d), 1  u# œ sec# );

'11ÎÈ3 2 du
1  u# œ '1Î6
1Î4
2 sec# ) d)
sec# )
1Î%
œ c2)d 1Î' œ 2 ˆ 14  16 ‰ œ 1
6
522 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

32. y œ etan ) , 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ 14 , dy œ etan ) sec# ) d), È1  (ln y)# œ È1  tan# ) œ sec );


'1e yÈ1 dy(ln y) # œ '0
1Î4
etan ) sec# )
etan ) sec ) d) œ '0 sec ) d) œ cln ksec )  tan )kd !
1Î4
1Î%
œ ln Š1  È2‹

33. x œ sec ), 0  )  1# , dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ Èsec# )  1 œ tan );


' dx
œ' sec ) tan ) d)
sec ) tan ) œ )  C œ sec" x  C
xÈ x#  1

34. x œ tan ), dx œ sec# ) d), 1  x# œ sec# );


' x dx1 œ ' secsec) )d) œ )  C œ tan" x  C
#
#
#

35. x œ sec ), dx œ sec ) tan ) d), Èx#  1 œ Èsec# )  1 œ tan );


' x dx œ ' sec )†sec ) tan ) d) œ ' sec# ) d) œ tan )  C œ Èx#  1  C
È x#  1 tan )

36. x œ sin ), dx œ cos ) d),  1#  )  1


# ;
' È dx œ' cos ) d)
cos ) œ )  C œ sin" x  C
1  x#

1
Ô x œ 2 sec ), 0  )  # ×
;yœ'
È x#  4
37. x dy
dx œ Èx#  4; dy œ Èx#  4 dx
x x dx; Ö dx œ 2 sec ) tan ) d) Ù
Õ Èx#  4 œ 2 tan ) Ø

Ä yœ' (2 tan ))(2 sec ) tan )) d)


2 sec ) œ 2' tan# ) d) œ 2 ' asec# )  1b d) œ 2(tan)  ))  C
È x#  4 È x#  4
œ 2’ #  sec" ˆ x# ‰“  C; x œ 2 and y œ 0 Ê 0 œ 0  C Ê C œ 0 Ê y œ 2 ’ #  sec" x# “

1
Ô x œ 3 sec ), 0  )  # ×
38. Èx#  9 dy
dx œ 1, dy œ dx
È x#  9 ;yœ' dx
È x#  9 ; Ö dx œ 3 sec ) tan ) d) Ù Ä y œ ' 3 sec ) tan ) d)
3 tan )
Õ Èx#  9 œ 3 tan ) Ø

œ ' sec ) d) œ ln ksec )  tan )k  C œ ln ¹ x3 


È x#  9
3 ¹  C; x œ 5 and y œ ln 3 Ê ln 3 œ ln 3  C Ê C œ 0
È x#  9
Ê y œ ln ¹ x3  3 ¹

39. ax#  4b dy
dx œ 3, dy œ x # 4 ; y œ 3
3 dx ' x dx 4 œ #3 tan" #x  C; x œ 2 and y œ 0
# Ê 0œ 3
# tan" 1  C
Ê C œ  381 Ê y œ 3# tan" ˆ x# ‰  31
8

# dy $Î#
40. ax#  1b œ Èx#  1, dy œ dx
; x œ tan ), dx œ sec# ) d), ax#  1b œ sec$ );
dx ax#  1b$Î#

yœ' sec# ) d)
sec$ ) œ ' cos ) d) œ sin )  C œ tan ) cos )  C œ tan )
sec ) Cœ x
È x#  1  C; x œ 0 and y œ 1
Ê 1œ0C Ê yœ x
È x#  1 1

41. A œ '0
3 È 9  x# 1
3 dx; x œ 3 sin ), 0 Ÿ ) Ÿ # , dx œ 3 cos ) d), È9  x# œ È9  9 sin# ) œ 3 cos );

A œ '0 œ 3'0
1Î2 1Î2
3 cos )†3 cos ) d) 1Î# 31
3 cos# ) d) œ 3
# c)  sin ) cos )d ! œ 4
Section 8.5 Trigonometric Substitutions 523

42. V œ '0 1 ˆ 1 2 x# ‰ dx œ 41 '0


1 # 1
dx
ax #  1 b #
;
x œ tan ), dx œ sec# ) d), x#  1 œ sec# );
V œ 41 '0 œ 41 '0
1Î4 1Î4
sec# ) d)
sec% )
cos# ) d)

œ 21 '0
1Î4
sin 2) ‘ 1Î%
(1  cos 2)) d) œ 21 )  # !
œ 1 ˆ 1#  1‰

' 1 dxsin x œ ' œ'


2 dz
Š ‹
1  z#
43. 2 dz
(1  z)# œ 2
1z Cœ 2
1  tan ˆ #x ‰
C
1  Š 2z # ‹
1z

' 1  sin dxx  cos x œ ' œ' œ'


2 dz
1  z#
Š ‹
44. #
2 dz dz
œ ln k1  zk  C
1Š 2z #  1  z# ‹ 1  z#  2z  1  z# 1z
1z 1z

œ ln ¸tan ˆ x# ‰  1¸  C

'01Î2 1 dxsin x œ '01 œ '0


2 dz
Š ‹ 1 "
1  z#
45. 2 dz
(1  z)# œ   1 2 z ‘ ! œ (1  2) œ 1
1  Š 2z # ‹
1z

'11ÎÎ32 '11ÎÈ3 œ '1ÎÈ3


2 dz
1  z#
Š ‹ 1 "
46. dx
œ #
dz
œ  1z ‘ "ÎÈ$ œ È3  1
1  cos x 1  Š 1  z# ‹ z#
1z

'01Î2 2 dcos '1 œ '0 œ '0


"
2 dz
1  z#
Š ‹ 1 1
) "
47. ) œ 0 1  z#
2 dz
2  2z#  1  z#
2 dz
z#  3 œ 2
È3 ’tan" z
È3 “ œ 2
È3 tan" È3
2Š !
1  z#

1 È 31
œ 3È 3
œ 9

È3 #
Š 1  z# ‹ Š È3 È3
'12Î12Î3 œ '1 œ '1 œ '1
2 dz
1  z#
‹ 2 a1  z# b dz
cos ) d) 1z 1  z#
48. sin ) cos )  sin ) 2z  2z$  2z  2z$ dz
Ô 2z Š1  z# ‹ 2z
× 2z

Õ Š1  z# ‹
#  Š 1  z# ‹Ø

È$
z#
œ ’ "# ln z  4 “" œ Š "# ln È3  34 ‹  ˆ0  4" ‰ œ ln 3
4  "
# œ "
4 (ln 3  2) œ "
# Šln È3  1‹

49. ' sin t dt cos t œ ' Š 2 dz# ‹


1z
# œ' 2 dz
œ' 2 dz
œ "
ln ¹ zz  1 2 È
¹C
Š 2z
#  1  z# ‹ 2z  1  z# (z  1)#  2 È2  1  È2
1z 1z

" tan ˆ t ‰  1  È2
œ È2 ln º tan ˆ #t ‰  1  È2 º  C
#

1  z#
50. ' 1cos cos
t dt
t œ
'Š 1  z#
‹ Š 2 dz# ‹
1 z
# œ' 2 a1  z# b dz
œ' 2 a1  z# b dz
1  Š 1  z# ‹ a1  z # b #  a 1  z # b a 1  z # b a1  z # b a 1  z #  1  z # b
1z

œ' a1  z# b dz
a1  z # b z # œ' dz
z # a1  z # b ' dz
1  z# œ' dz
z# 2' dz
z#  1 œ  "z  2 tan" z  C œ  cot ˆ #t ‰  t  C

' sec ) d) œ ' cosd) ) œ ' Š œ' œ' œ' '


2 dz
1  z#

2 dz 2 dz dz dz
51. 1  z# 1  z# (1  z)(1  z) 1z 1z
1  z#
Š ‹

1  tan Š )# ‹
œ ln k1  zk  ln k1  zk  C œ ln » C
1  tan Š )# ‹ »

' csc ) d) œ ' sind)) œ ' Š œ'


2 dz

1  z#
52. dz
z œ ln kzk  C œ ln ¸tan #) ¸  C
Š 2z # ‹
1z
524 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8.6 INTEGRAL TABLES AND COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS

1. ' dx
œ 2
tan" É x 3 3  C
xÈ x  3 È3

(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 1, b œ 3)

2. ' xÈdxx4 œ È" È


ln ¹ Èxx  4 4 È
¹Cœ "
#
È
ln ¹ Èxx  42
¹C
4  4  È4 42
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 1, b œ 4)

3. ' Èx dx œ' (x  2) dx
Èx  2  2' dx
Èx  2 œ ' ŠÈx  2‹ dx  2 ' ŠÈx  2‹
" "
dx
x2
$ "
ŠÈx  2‹ ŠÈx  2‹
œ ˆ 21 ‰ 3  2 ˆ 12 ‰ 1 œ Èx  2 ’ 2(x 3 2)  4“  C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 1 and a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 1)

4. ' (2xxdx3) $Î# œ "


#
' (2x  3) dx
(2x  3)
 3# ' (2x dx3)
$Î# $Î# œ "
#
' È2xdx 3  3# ' dx
$
ˆÈ2x  3‰

' ŠÈ2x  3‹" dx  3# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹$ dx œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ ˆÈ2x1 3‰


" "
" ˆÈ2x  3‰
œ #  ˆ 3# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ (1) C
" (x3)
œ #È2x  3
(2x  3  3)  C œ È2x  3 C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 1 and a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 3)

5. ' xÈ2x  3 dx œ "# ' (2x  3)È2x  3 dx  3# ' È2x  3 dx œ "# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹$ dx  3# ' ŠÈ2x  3‹" dx
& $
ŠÈ2x  3‹ ŠÈ2x  3‹ (2x  3)$Î# (2x  3)$Î# (x  1)
œ ˆ "# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ 5  ˆ 3# ‰ ˆ 2# ‰ 3 Cœ #
 2x 5 3  1‘  C œ 5 C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 3 and a œ 2, b œ 3, n œ 1)

6. ' x(7x  5)$Î# dx œ "7 ' (7x  5)(7x  5)$Î# dx  57 ' (7x  5)$Î# dx œ 7" ' ˆÈ7x  5‰& dx  75 ' ˆÈ7x  5‰$ dx
( &
ˆÈ7x  5‰ ˆÈ7x  5‰ &Î#
œ ˆ 7" ‰ ˆ 72 ‰ 7  ˆ 75 ‰ ˆ 72 ‰ 5  C œ ’ (7x 495) “ ’ 2(7x7 5)  2“  C
&Î#
œ ’ (7x 495) “ ˆ 14x7 4 ‰  C
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 7, b œ 5, n œ 5 and a œ 7, b œ 5, n œ 3)

7. ' È9x 4x dx œ  È9x 4x  (#4) '


#
dx
C
xÈ9  4x
(We used FORMULA 14 with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È9  4x È È
œ x  2 Š È"9 ‹ ln ¹ È99  4x  9
 4x  È9
¹C
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È9  4x È
œ x  2
3 ln ¹ È99  4x  3
 4x  3
¹C

8. ' dx
œ
È4x  9
(9)x  4 ' dx
C
x# È4x  9 18 xÈ4x  9
(We used FORMULA 15 with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È4x  9
œ 9x  ˆ 92 ‰ Š È29 ‹ tan" É 4x 9 9  C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È4x  9
œ 9x  4
27 tan" É 4x 9 9  C
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 525

9. ' xÈ4x  x# dx œ ' xÈ2 † 2x  x# dx œ (x  2)(2x  3†2)È2†2†x  x#


6
$
 2# sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C
(x  2)(2x  6)È4x  x# È #
œ 6  4 sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C œ (x  2)(x 33) 4x  x  4 sin" ˆ x # 2 ‰  C
(We used FORMULA 51 with a œ 2)

10. ' Èxx x #


dx œ '
É2† "# x  x#
x dx œ É2 † "# x  x#  "
# sin" Š
x  "#
" ‹  C œ Èx  x#  "
# sin" (2x  1)  C
#

ˆWe used FORMULA 52 with a œ "# ‰

â â
â È7  ÊŠÈ7‹#  x# â
11. ' dx
œ' dx
œ " â
ln â
â
â  C œ  È"7 ln ¹
È 7  È 7  x#
¹C
xÈ 7  x# # È7 â x â x
xÊŠÈ7‹  x# â â
ŠWe used FORMULA 26 with a œ È7‹

â â
â È7  ÊŠÈ7‹#  x# â
12. ' dx
œ' dx
œ " â
ln â
â
â  C œ  È"7 ln ¹
È 7  È 7  x#
¹C
xÈ 7  x# # È7 â x â x
xÊŠÈ7‹  x# â â
ŠWe used FORMULA 34 with a œ È7‹

13. ' È4x x #


dx œ '
È 2#  x#
x dx œ È2#  x#  2 ln ¹ 2 
È 2#  x#
x ¹  C œ È4  x#  2 ln ¹ 2 
È 4  x#
x ¹ C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a œ #)

14. ' Èxx  4 dx œ ' Èx x 2


# # #
dx œ Èx#  2#  2 sec" ¸ #x ¸  C œ Èx#  4  2 sec" ¸ x# ¸  C
(We used FORMULA 42 with a œ #)

15. ' È25  p# dp œ ' È5#  p# dp œ p


#
È 5#  p#  5#
# sin" p
5 Cœ p
#
È25  p#  25
# sin" p
5 C
(We used FORMULA 29 with a œ 5)

16. ' q# È25  q# dq œ ' q# È5#  q# dq œ 58 %


sin" ˆ q5 ‰  "8 qÈ5#  q# a5#  2q# b  C
œ 625
8 sin" ˆ q5 ‰  "8 qÈ25  q# a25  2q# b  C
(We used FORMULA 30 with a œ 5)

17. ' Èr #
dr œ ' r#
È2#  r# dr œ 2#
# sin" ˆ #r ‰  "# rÈ2#  r#  C œ 2 sin" ˆ #r ‰  "# rÈ4  r#  C
4  r#
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 2)

18. ' È ds œ' ds


#
œ cosh" s
È2
#
 C œ ln »s  Ês#  ŠÈ2‹ »  C œ ln ¹s  Ès#  2¹  C
s# 2
Ês#  ŠÈ2‹

ŠWe used FORMULA 36 with a œ È2‹

19. ' 5  4dsin


)
2) œ
2
tan" ’É 55  ˆ1
 4 tan 4 
4 2) ‰
# “  C œ  "3 tan"  "3 tan ˆ 14  )‰‘  C
2È25  16
(We used FORMULA 70 with b œ 5, c œ 4, a œ 2)

20. ' 4  5dsin


)
2) œ
1 È
ln ¹ 5  4 sin 24)5 sin252) 16 cos 2) ¹  C œ  6" ln ¸ 5  4 4sin 25)sin
 3 cos 2) ¸
2) C
2È25  16
(We used FORMULA 71 with a œ 2, b œ 4, c œ 5)
526 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

21. ' e2t cos 3t dt œ 2 e 3 #


2t
# (2 cos 3t  3 sin 3t)  C œ e2t
13 (2 cos 3t  3 sin 3t)  C
(We used FORMULA 108 with a œ 2, b œ 3)

22. ' ec3t sin 4t dt œ (3)e  4 #


3t
# (3 sin 4t  4 cos 4t)  C œ e3t
25 ($ sin 4t  4 cos 4t)  C
(We used FORMULA 107 with a œ 3, b œ 4)

23. ' x cos" x dx œ ' x" cos" x dx œ x1b1


11 cos" x  "
1 1
' Èx b 1 1
dx
œ x#
# cos" x  "
#
' Èx #
dx
1  x# 1  x#
(We used FORMULA 100 with a œ 1, n œ 1)
#
x#
œ x cos" x  " ˆ " sin" x‰  " Š " xÈ1  x# ‹  C œ
# # # # # # cos" x  "
4 sin" x  4" xÈ1  x#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)

24. ' x tan" x dx œ ' x" tan" a"xb dx œ x1b1


11 tan" a"xb  "
11
' 1 xba"bdxx
1 1
# # œ x#
# tan" x  "
#
' 1xdxx
#
#

(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 1)


œ x#
# tan" x  ' ˆ"  1 " x ‰dx (after long division)
"
# #

x#
tan" x  "# ' dx  "# ' 1 " x dx œ x# tan" x  #" x  #" tan" x  C œ #" aax#  "btan" x  xb  C
#
œ # #

25. ' ds
œ' ds
œ s
 "
4†33 ln
3¸
¸ ss  3 C
a9  s # b # a 3 $  s # b# 2†3# †a3#  s# b

(We used FORMULA 19 with a œ 3)


" 3¸
œ 18 a9s s# b  108 ln ¸ ss  3 C

26. ' d)
œ' d)
œ )
 " È
ln ¹ )  È2 ¹  C
a2  ) # b # # # #
2 ŠÈ2‹ ”ŠÈ2‹  )# •
#
4 ŠÈ2‹
3
) 2
”ŠÈ2‹  )# •

ŠWe used FORMULA 19 with a œ È2‹


È
œ )
4 a2  ) # b  "
8È 2
ln ¹ ))  2
 È2
¹C

27. ' È4x  9


x# dx œ 
È4x  9
x  4
2
' xÈ4xdx  9
(We used FORMULA 14 with a œ 4, b œ 9)
È4x  9 4x  9  9 È È È4x  9 È
4x  9  3
œ x  2 Š È"9 ln ¹ È4x  9  È9
¹‹  C œ  x  2
3 ln ¹ È4x 93
¹C
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 4, b œ 9)

28. ' È9xx  4 dx œ  È9xx  4  92 '


#
dx
C
xÈ9x  4
(We used FORMULA 14 with a œ 9, b œ 4)
È9x  4 È9x  4 È9x  4
œ x  #9 Š È2 tan" É 9x 4 4 ‹  C œ  x  9
# tan" # C
4
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 9, b œ 4)

29. ' È3tt  4 dt œ 2È3t  4  (4)' dt


tÈ3t  4
(We used FORMULA 12 with a œ 3, b œ 4)
È3t  4
œ 2È3t  4  4 Š È24 tan" É 3t 4 4 ‹  C œ 2È3t  4  4 tan" # C
(We used FORMULA 13(a) with a œ 3, b œ 4)
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 527

30. ' È3tt  9 dt œ 2È3t  9  9 ' tÈ3tdt 9


(We used FORMULA 12 with a œ 3, b œ 9)
È  9  È9 È3t  9  3
œ 2È3t  9  9 Š È19 ln ¹ È3t
3t  9  È9
¹‹  C œ 2È3t  9  3 ln ¹ È3t  9  3 ¹  C
(We used FORMULA 13(b) with a œ 3, b œ 9)

31. ' x# tan" x dx œ 2x 1 tan" x  2 " 1 ' 1x x


21 21
# dx œ x$
3 tan" x  "
3
' 1 x x $
# dx
(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 2);
' 1 x x$
# dx œ ' x dx  ' x dx
1  x# œ x#
#  "
# ln a1  x# b  C Ê ' x# tan" x dx
x$ x# "
œ 3 tan" x  6  6 ln a1  x# b  C

32. ' tan" x


x# dx œ ' x# tan" x dx œ xÐ21Ñ
(2  1) tan" x  "
(2  1)
' 1xÐx Ñ dx œ (x1) tan" x  ' a1 x x b dx
2 1
#
" "
#

(We used FORMULA 101 with a œ 1, n œ 2);


' x" dx
1 x # œ' dx
x a1  x# b œ' dx
x ' x dx
1 x # œ ln kxk  "
# ln a1  x# b  C

Ê' tan" x
x# dx œ  x" tan" x  ln kxk  "
# ln a1  x# b  C

33. ' sin 3x cos 2x dx œ  cos105x  cos# x  C


(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a œ 3, b œ 2)

34. ' sin 2x cos 3x dx œ  cos105x  cos# x  C


(We used FORMULA 62(a) with a œ 2, b œ 3)

35. ' 8 sin 4t sin t


# dx œ 8
7 sin ˆ 7t# ‰  8
9 sin ˆ 9t# ‰  C œ 8 –
sin Š 7t
7
#‹

sin Š 9t
#‹
9 —C

(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a œ 4, b œ "# )

36. ' sin 3t sin 6t dt œ 3 sin ˆ 6t ‰  sin ˆ #t ‰  C


(We used FORMULA 62(b) with a œ "3 , b œ 6" )

37. ' cos 3) cos 4) d) œ 6 sin ˆ 12) ‰  67 sin ˆ 17#) ‰  C


(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a œ "3 , b œ 4" )

13)
sin Š 15#) ‹
38. ' cos 2) cos 7) d) œ 13" sin ˆ 132) ‰  151 sin ˆ 15#) ‰  C œ sin Š13 # ‹
 15 C
"
(We used FORMULA 62(c) with a œ 2, b œ 7)

39. 'x $
x1
dx œ ' x dx
' dx
œ " ' d axx 11b  '
#
dx
ax #  1 b # x#  1 a x #  1 b# # #
a x #  1 b#
œ "# lnax#  1b  x
2 a1  x # b  "
# tan
"
xC
(For the second integral we used FORMULA 17 with a œ 1)

40. ' x#  6x
dx œ ' dx
' 6x dx
' 3 dx
œ' dx
 3' d ax #  3 b
 3' dx
ax #  3 b # x#  3 a x #  3 b# a x #  3 b# x#  ŠÈ3‹
#
ax#  3b# # #
” x#  ŠÈ3‹ •
528 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

"
Î "
Ñ
œ È3 tan" Š Èx3 ‹  3
ax #  3 b 3 x
##  $ tan" Š Èx3 ‹ C
Ï 2 ŠÈ3‹ ŒŠÈ3‹  x#  2 ŠÈ3‹ Ò

ŠFor the first integral we used FORMULA 16 with a œ È3; for the third integral we used FORMULA 17

with a œ È3‹
"
œ 2È 3
tan" Š Èx3 ‹  3
x # 3  x
2 ax #  3 b C

Ô u œ Èx ×
41. ' sin" Èx dx; x œ u# Ä 2 ' u" sin" u du œ 2 Š 1u1 sin" u 
1b1
"
1 1
' Èu b
1 1
du‹
1  u#
Õ dx œ 2u du Ø

œ u# sin" u  ' u# du
È 1  u#

(We used FORMULA 99 with a œ 1, n œ 1)


œ u# sin" u  Š "# sin" u  "# uÈ1  u# ‹  C œ ˆu#  "# ‰ sin" u  "# uÈ1  u#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)
œ ˆx  "# ‰ sin" Èx  "# Èx  x#  C

u œ Èx ×
42. ' cosÈ xÈx dx; Ô
"
x œ u# Ä ' cosu u † 2u du œ 2' cos" u du œ 2 Šu cos" u  1" È1  u# ‹  C
"

Õ dx œ 2u du Ø
(We used FORMULA 97 with a œ 1)
œ 2 ŠÈx cos" Èx  È1  x‹  C

Ô u œ Èx ×
43. ' ÈÈx x œ u#
dx; Ä ' Èu†2u du œ 2 ' u#
È 1  u# du œ 2 Š "# sin" u  "# uÈ1  u# ‹  C
1x 1  u#
Õ dx œ 2u du Ø

œ sin" u  uÈ1  u#  C
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)
œ sin" Èx  Èx È1  x  C œ sin" Èx  Èx  x#  C

u œ Èx ×
44. ' ÈÈ2 x x dx; Ô x œ u# Ä ' È2 u u #
† 2u du œ 2 ' ÊŠÈ2‹  u# du
#

Õ dx œ 2u du Ø
#
# ŠÈ2‹
œ 2 – u# ÊŠÈ2‹  u#  # sin" Š Èu2 ‹—  C œ uÈ2  u#  2 sin" Š Èu2 ‹  C

ŠWe used FORMULA 29 with a œ È2‹


œ È2x  x#  2 sin" È x#  C

45. ' (cot t) È1  sin# t dt œ ' È1  sinsintt(cos t) dt ; ” # u œ sin t


Ä ' È1 u u # du
du œ cos t dt •
È 1  u#
œ È1  u#  ln ¹ 1  u ¹ C
(We used FORMULA 31 with a œ 1)
È #
œ È1  sin# t  ln ¹ 1  1  sin t ¹  C
sin t
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 529

46. ' dt
œ' cos t dt
;”
u œ sin t
Ä' du
œ  "# ln ¹ 2 
È 4  u#
¹ C
(tan t) È4  sin# t (sin t) È4  sin# t du œ cos t dt • uÈ4  u# u

(We used FORMULA 34 with a œ 2)


È4  sin# t
œ  "# ln ¹ 2  sin t ¹ C

Ô u œ ln y ×
47. ' yÈ3 dy(ln y)
#
y œ eu
; Ä ' eu du
œ' du
œ ln ¹u  È3  u# ¹  C
eu È 3  u# È 3  u#
Õ dy œ eu du Ø
œ ln ¸ln y  È3  (ln y)# ¸  C
ŠWe used FORMULA 20 with a œ È3‹

48. ' Ècos ) d) ;”


u œ sin )
Ä ' È du œ ln ¹u  È5  u# ¹  C œ ln ¹sin )  È5  sin# )¹  C
5  sin# ) du œ cos ) d) • 5  u#

ŠWe used FORMULA 20 with a œ È5‹

49. ' È 3 dr ;”
u œ 3r
Ä ' È du œ ln ¹u  Èu#  1¹  C œ ln ¹3r  È9r#  1¹  C
9r#  1 du œ 3 dr • u#  1

(We used FORMULA 36 with a œ 1)

50. ' È13dy9y ;”


u œ 3y
Ä ' È du œ ln ¹u  È1  u# ¹  C œ ln ¸3y  È1  9y# ¸  C
#
du œ 3 dy • 1  u#

(We used FORMULA 20 with a œ 1)

Ô t œ Èx ×
51. '
cos "
x œ t#
Èx dx; Ä 2 ' t cos" t dt œ 2 Š t# cos" t 
#
"
#
' Èt #
dt‹ œ t# cos" t  ' t#
È1  t# dt
1  t#
Õ dx œ 2t dt Ø
(We used FORMULA 100 with a œ 1, n œ 1)
œ t# cos" t  " sin" t  " tÈ1  t#  C
# #
(We used FORMULA 33 with a œ 1)
œ x cos" Èx  " sin" Èx  " ÈxÈ1  x  C œ x cos" Èx 
# #
"
# sin" Èx  "# Èx  x#  C

t œ Èy ×
52. ' tan" Èy dy; Ô y œ t# Ä 2 ' t tan" t dt œ 2 ’ t# tan" t 
#
"
#
' 1 t t #
# dt“ œ t# tan" t  ' t#
1  t# dt
Õ dy œ 2t dt Ø
(We used FORMULA 101 with n œ 1, a œ 1)
œ t# tan" t  ' t#  1
t#  1 dt  ' dt
1  t# œ t# tan" t  t  tan" t  C œ y tan" Èy  tan" Èy  Èy  C

53. ' sin& 2x dx œ  sin 2x5†#cos 2x  5 5 1 ' sin$ 2x dx œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  45 ’ sin 2x3†#cos 2x  3 3 1 ' sin 2x dx“
% % #

(We used FORMULA 60 with a œ 2, n œ 5 and a œ 2, n œ 3)


% %
2 sin# 2x cos 2x
œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  15
2
sin# 2x cos 2x  15
8 ˆ
 "# ‰ cos 2x  C œ  sin 2x10cos 2x  15  4 cos 2x
15 C

54. ' sin& #) d) œ  sin 5† cos % )


#
"
)
#
 51
5
' sin$ #) d) œ  25 sin% #) cos #)  45 ’ sin 3† cos # )
#
"
)
#
 31
3
' sin #) d)“
# #

ˆWe used FORMULA 60 with a œ "# , n œ 5 and a œ "# , n œ 3‰


œ  25 sin% #) cos #)  15
8
sin# #) cos #)  15
8 ˆ
2 cos #) ‰  C œ  25 sin% )
# cos )
#  8
15 sin# )
# cos )
#  16
15 cos )
# C
530 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

55. ' 8 cos% 21t dt œ 8 Š cos


$
21t sin 21t
4 †2 1  41
4
' cos# 21t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 61 with a œ 21, n œ 4)
cos$ 21t sin 21t sin (2†21†t)
œ 1  6 ’ #t  4†21 “ C
(We used FORMULA 59 with a œ 21)
cos$ 21t sin 21t 3 sin 41t cos$ 21t sin 21t 3 cos 21t sin 21t
œ 1  3t  41 Cœ 1  21  3t  C

56. ' 3 cos& 3y dy œ 3 Š cos


%
3y sin 3y
5 †3  51
5
' cos$ 3y dy‹
œ cos% 3y sin 3y
5  12
5 Š cos
#
3y sin 3y
3†3  31
3
' cos 3y dy‹
(We used FORMULA 61 with a œ 3, n œ 5 and a œ 3, n œ 3)
" % #
œ 5 cos 3y sin 3y  15 cos 3y sin 3y  15 sin 3y  C
4 8

57. ' sin# 2) cos$ 2) d) œ sin #2(2) cos3) 2)  33  #1 ' sin# 2) cos 2) d)
$ #

(We used FORMULA 69 with a œ 2, m œ 3, n œ 2)


œ sin$ 2) cos# 2)
10  2
5
' sin# 2) cos 2) d) œ sin 2)10cos 2)  25 ’ "# ' sin# 2) d(sin 2))“ œ sin 2)10cos 2)  sin152)  C
$ # $ # $

58. ' 9 sin$ ) cos$Î# ) d) œ 9 ’ sin3 )cos


ˆ3‰
# &Î#
)
 31
3  ˆ #3 ‰
' sin ) cos$Î# ) d)“
#

œ 2 sin# ) cos&Î# )  4 ' cos$Î# ) sin ) d)


ˆWe used FORMULA 68 with a œ 1, n œ 3, m œ 3# ‰

œ 2 sin# ) cos&Î# )  4 ' cos$Î# ) d(cos )) œ 2 sin# ) cos&Î# )  4 ˆ 25 cos&Î# )‰  C


œ ˆ2 cos&Î# )‰ ˆsin# )  45 ‰  C

59. ' 2 sin# t sec% t dt œ ' 2 sin# t cos% t dt œ 2 Š sin2t cos


4
$ t
 21
24
' cos% t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 68 with a œ 1, n œ 2, m œ 4)
œ sin t cos$ t  ' cos% t dt œ sin t cos$ t  ' sec% t dt œ sin t cos$ t  Š sec4 t tan '
#
42
1 
t
41 sec# t dt‹
(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 4)
#
œ sin t cos$ t  Š sec t tan t
3 ‹  2
3 tan t  C œ 2
3 sec# t tan t  2
3 tan t  C œ 2
3 tan t asec# t  1b  C
œ 2
3 tan$ t  C
An easy way to find the integral using substitution:
' 2 sin# t cos% t dt œ ' 2 tan# t sec# t dt œ ' 2 tan# t d(tan t) œ 2
3 tan$ t  C

Š sin" y ‹ cos% y
60. ' csc# y cos& y dy œ ' sin# y cos& y dy œ 5 2  51
5#
' sin# y cos$ y dy
Š sin" y ‹ cos% y Š sin" y ‹ cos# y
œ 3  43  32  31
3#
' sin# y cos y dy
(We used FORMULA 69 with n œ 2, m œ 5, a œ 1 and n œ 2, m œ 3, a œ 1)
Š sin" y ‹ cos% y
œ 3  43 Š sin" y ‹ cos# y  8
3
' sin# y d(sin y) œ 3cossin yy  43cos %

sin y  3 sin y  C
y 8 #

61. ' 4 tan$ 2x dx œ 4 Š tan2†#2x  ' tan 2x dx‹ œ tan# 2x  4' tan 2x dx
#

(We used FORMULA 86 with n œ 3, a œ 2)


œ tan# 2x  4# ln ksec 2xk  C œ tan# 2x  2 ln ksec 2xk  C
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 531

62. ' tan% ˆ x# ‰ dx œ tan$ ˆ x# ‰


"
(4  1)
 ' tan# ˆ x# ‰ dx œ 2
3 tan$ ˆ x# ‰  ' tan# ˆ x# ‰ dx
#

(We used FORMULA 86 with n œ 4, a œ "# )


œ 2
3 tan$ x
#  2 tan x
# xC
(We used FORMULA 84 with a œ "# )

63. ' 8 cot% t dt œ 8 Š cot3 t  ' cot# t dt‹


$

(We used FORMULA 87 with a œ 1, n œ 4)


œ 8 ˆ "3 cot$ t  cot t  t‰  C
(We used FORMULA 85 with a œ 1)

64. ' 4 cot$ 2t dt œ 4 ’ 2(3 1) 


cot 2t ' cot 2t dt“ œ  cot# 2t  4 ' cot 2t dt
#

(We used FORMULA 87 with a œ 2, n œ 3)


œ  cot# 2t  4# ln ksin 2tk  C œ  cot# 2t  2 ln ksin 2tk  C
(We used FORMULA 83 with a œ 2)

65. ' 2 sec$ 1x dx œ 2 ’ sec11(3xtan1) 1x  33  12 ' sec 1x dx “


(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 3, a œ 1)
œ 1" sec 1x tan 1x  1" ln ksec 1x  tan 1xk  C
(We used FORMULA 88 with a œ 1)

66. ' "# csc$ #x dx œ #" Š csc(3 cot1) "


x
#
x
#
 32
31
' csc #x dx‹
#

ˆWe used FORMULA 93 with a œ "# , n œ 3‰


œ "#  csc x# cot x#  ln ¸csc x#  cot x# ¸‘  C œ  "# csc x
# cot x
#  "
# ln ¸csc x
#  cot x# ¸  C
ˆWe used FORMULA 89 with a œ "# ‰

67. ' 3 sec% 3x dx œ 3 ’ sec3(43xtan1) 3x  44  12 ' sec# 3x dx“


#

(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 4, a œ 3)


sec# 3x tan 3x
œ 3  2
3 tan 3x  C
(We used FORMULA 90 with a œ 3)

68. ' csc% 3) d) œ  csc (4 cot1)


"
# )
3
)
3
 42
41
' csc# )
3 d)
3

ˆWe used FORMULA 93 with n œ 4, a œ "3 ‰


œ  csc# 3) cot 3)  23 † 3 cot 3)  C œ  csc# )
3 cot )
3  2 cot )
3 C
ˆWe used FORMULA 91 with a œ "3 ‰

69. ' csc& x dx œ  csc5 xcot1 x  55  12 ' csc$ x dx œ  csc x4 cot x  34 Š csc3xcot1 x  33  21 ' csc x dx‹
$ $

(We used FORMULA 93 with n œ 5, a œ 1 and n œ 3, a œ 1)


œ  "4 csc$ x cot x  38 csc x cot x  38 ln kcsc x  cot xk  C
(We used FORMULA 89 with a œ 1)

70. ' sec& x dx œ sec5 xtan1 x  55  12 ' sec$ x dx œ sec x4 tan x  43 Š sec3xtan1 x  33  12 ' sec x dx‹
$ $

(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 5 and a œ 1, n œ 3)


" $
œ 4 sec x tan x  8 sec x tan x  8 ln ksec x  tan xk  C
3 3
532 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

(We used FORMULA 88 with a œ 1)

71. ' 16x$ (ln x)# dx œ 16 ’ x (ln4 x) % #


 2
4
' 4
%
x$ ln x dx“ œ 16 ’ x (ln4 x)  "# ’ x (ln x)

# %
"
4
' x$ dx““
(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, n œ 3, m œ 2 and a œ 1, n œ 3, m œ 1)
% #
x% (ln x) x% x%
œ 16 Š x (ln4 x)  8  3# ‹  C œ 4x% (ln x)#  2x% ln x  # C

72. ' (ln x)$ dx œ x(ln x)$


1  3
1
' (ln x)# dx œ x(ln x)$  3 ’ x(ln1 x) #
 2
1
' ln x dx“ œ x(ln x)$  3x(ln x)#  'Š x ln1 x  "
"
' dx‹
œ x(ln x)$  3x(ln x)#  6x ln x  6x  C
(We used FORMULA 110 with n œ 0, a œ 1 and m œ 3, 2, 1)

73. ' xe3x dx œ e3 3x


# (3x  1)  C œ e3x
9 (3x  1)  C
(We used FORMULA 104 with a œ 3)

74. ' xec2x dx œ e2x


(2)# (2x  1)  C œ  e 4 (2x  1)  C
2x

(We used FORMULA 104 with a œ 2)

75. ' x$ exÎ2 dx œ 2x$ exÎ2  3 † 2 ' x# exÎ2 dx œ 2x$ exÎ2  6 Š2x# exÎ2  2 † 2 ' xexÎ2 dx‹
œ 2x$ exÎ2  12x# exÎ2  24 † 4exÎ2 ˆ #x  1‰  C œ 2x$ exÎ2  12x# exÎ2  96exÎ2 ˆ x#  1‰  C
ˆWe used FORMULA 105 with a œ "# twice and FORMULA 104 with a œ "# ‰

76. ' x# e1x dx œ 1" x# e1x  12 ' xe1x dx


(We used FORMULA 105 with n œ 2, a œ 1)
1x
œ 1" x# e1x  1†21# † e1x (1x  1)  C œ 1" x# e1x  ˆ 2e1$ ‰ (1x  1)  C
(We used FORMULA 104 with a œ 1)

77. ' x# 2x dx œ xln22 # x


 2
ln 2
' x2x dx œ x# 2x
ln #  2
ln 2
x2
Š ln 2 
x
"
ln 2
' 2x dx‹ œ xln2# # x
 2
ln #
x2
’ ln
x
# 
2x
(ln 2)# “ C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 2, n œ 1)

78. ' x# 2cx dx œ x# 2x


 ln 2  2
ln 2
' x2cx dx œ x # 2 x
ln #  2
ln 2 Š x2
ln 2 
x
"
ln 2
' 2x dx‹
# cx cx 2cx
œ  xln2#  2
ln # ’ x2ln #  (ln 2)# “ C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a œ 1, b œ 2, n œ 2, n œ 1)

79. ' x1x dx œ x1 x


ln 1  "
ln 1
' 1x dx œ x1 x
ln 1  "
ln 1
ˆ ln1 1 ‰  C œ
x
x1 x
ln 1  1x
(ln 1)# C
(We used FORMULA 106 with n œ 1, b œ 1, a œ 1)

È È È
80. ' x2
È2x
dx œ x2 2x
È2 ln 2  "
È2 ln 2
' 2
È2x
dx œ x2x 2
È2 ln 2  2x 2
#(ln 2)# C
(We used FORMULA 106 with a œ È2, b œ 2, n œ 1)

' et sec$ aet  "b dt; ” x œ e "


Ä ' sec$ x dx œ sec3xtan 2 '
t
81. x
 33 sec x dx
dx œ et dt • 1 1

(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 3)


œ sec x#tan x  "# ln ksec x  tan xk  C œ "# csec aet  1b tan aet  1b  ln ksec aet  1b  tan aet  1bkd  C
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 533

t œ È) ×
82. ' cscÈÈ) d); Ô
$
) œ t# Ä 2 ' csc$ t dt œ 2 ’ csc3  32 '
1  31
t cot t
csc t dt“
)
Õ d) œ 2t dt Ø
(We used FORMULA 93 with a œ 1, n œ 3)
œ 2  csc t cot t  " ln kcsc t  cot tk‘  C œ  csc È) cot È)  ln ¹csc È)  cot È)¹  C
# #

83. '01 2Èx#  1 dx; cx œ tan td Ä 2 '0


1Î4
sec t † sec# t dt œ 2'0
1Î4
sec$ t dt œ 2 ” sec3 t†tan
1
t‘
!
1Î%
 32
31
'01Î4 sec t dt•
(We used FORMULA 92 with n œ 3, a œ 1)
1Î%
œ csec t † tan t  ln ksec t  tan tkd œ È2  ln ŠÈ2  1‹ !

È3Î2
84. '0 dy
; cy œ sin xd Ä '01Î3 cos x dx
cos& x œ '0 sec% x dx œ ’ sec4 xtan
1Î3
1 “
x # 1Î$
 42
41
'01Î3 sec# x dx
a1  y# b&Î# !
(We used FORMULA 92 with a œ 1, n œ 4)
# 1Î$
œ ’ sec x tan x
3  2
3 tan x“ œ ˆ 34 ‰ È3  ˆ 32 ‰ È3 œ 2È3
!

85. '12 ar r1b# $Î#


dr; cr œ sec )d Ä '01Î3 tan ) $
' 1Î3 tan% ) d) œ ’ tan
sec ) (sec ) tan )) d) œ 0
)
41 “
1Î$
 '0 tan# ) d)
1Î3 $

!
1Î$
$ 3È 3
œ ’ tan3 )  tan )  )“ œ 3  È3  1
3 œ 1
3
!
(We used FORMULA 86 with a œ 1, n œ 4 and FORMULA 84 with a œ 1)

È3
86. '01Î dt
; ct œ tan )d Ä '0
1Î6
sec# ) d)
sec( )
œ '0
1Î6
cos& ) d) œ ’ cos
%
) sin )

1Î'
 ˆ 5 5 1 ‰ '0
1Î6
cos$ ) d)
at#  1b(Î# 5 !

 ˆ 3 3 1 ‰'0
% 1Î' # 1Î' 1Î6
) sin ) ) sin )
œ ’ cos 5 “  45 ”’ cos 3 “ cos ) d)•
! !
% 1Î'
) sin )
œ ’ cos 5  4
15 cos# ) sin )  8
15 sin )“
!
(We used FORMULA 61 with a œ 1, n œ 5 and a œ 1, n œ 3)
È %
Š #3 ‹ ˆ #" ‰ #
4 ‰ È3
œ 5  ˆ 15 Š # ‹ ˆ "# ‰  ˆ 15
8 ‰ ˆ"‰ 9 "
# œ 160  10  15 œ
4 3†9  48  32†4
480 œ 203
480

87. ' "8 sinh& 3x dx œ "8 Š sinh 3x5†3cosh 3x  5 5 1 ' sinh$ 3x dx‹
%

œ sinh% 3x cosh 3x
120  "
10 Š sinh 3x3†cosh
3
3x
 31
3
' sinh 3x dx‹
(We used FORMULA 117 with a œ 3, n œ 5 and a œ 3, n œ 3)
%
2 ˆ"
œ sinh 3x1#cosh
0
3x
 sinh 3x90cosh 3x  30 3 cosh 3x  C

" "
œ 1#0 sinh% 3x cosh 3x  90 sinh 3x cosh 3x  1
45 cosh 3x  C

u œ Èx
88. ' coshÈxÈx dx; –
%
' %
— Ä 2 cosh u du œ 2 Š
cosh$ u sinh u
 41 ' cosh# u du‹
du œ 2dx
Èx
4 4

cosh$ u sinh u
œ #  3# ˆ sinh4 2u  u# ‰  C
(We used FORMULA 118 with a œ 1, n œ 4 and FORMULA 116 with a œ 1)
" $È
œ # cosh x sinh Èx  38 sinh 2Èx  34 Èx  C

89. ' x# cosh 3x dx œ x#


3 sinh 3x  2
3
' x sinh 3x dx œ x3 #
sinh 3x  32 Š 3x cosh 3x  "
3
' cosh 3x dx‹
(We used FORMULA 122 with a œ 3, n œ 2 and FORMULA 121 with a œ 3, n œ 1)
534 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
x#
œ 3 sinh 3x  2x
9 cosh 3x  2
27 sinh 3x  C

90. ' x sinh 5x dx œ x


5 cosh 5x  "
25 sinh 5x  C
(We used FORMULA 119 with a œ 5)

91. ' sech( x tanh x dx œ  sech7 x  C (

(We used FORMULA 135 with a œ 1, n œ 7)

92. ' csch$ 2x coth 2x dx œ  csch3†#2x  C œ  csch6 2x  C $ $

(We used FORMULA 136 with a œ 2, n œ 3)

ub
93. u œ ax  b Ê x œ a Ê dx œ du
a ;
' (axxdxb) # œ' (u  b) du
au# a œ "
a#
' ˆ "u  ub ‰ du œ a" ln kuk  bu ‘  C œ a" ln kax  bk  ax b b ‘  C
# # #

94. x œ a tan ) Ê a#  x# œ a# sec# ) Ê 2x dx œ 2a# sec# ) tan ) Ê dx œ a sec# ) d);


' dx
œ aaa# sec '
#
)
d) œ a"$ ' secd) ) œ 2a" ' (1  cos 2)) d) œ 2a" ˆ)  "
sin 2)‰  C
aa #  x # b # sec# )b# # $ $ #

œ #"a$ a)  sin ) cos )b  C œ 2a"$ sin ) ‰


)  ˆ cos # ‘
) cos )  C œ
"
2a$
ˆ)  tan ) ‰
1  tan# ) C

" " x "


œ –tan  x
Cœ x
 tan" x
C
2a$ a Š1  xa# ‹ — 2a# aa#  x# b 2a$
a # a

95. x œ a sin ) Ê a#  x# œ a# cos# ) Ê 2x dx œ 2a# cos ) sin ) d) Ê dx œ a cos ) d);


' Èa#  x# dx œ ' a cos )(a cos )) d) œ a# ' cos# ) d) œ a# ' (1  cos 2)) d) œ a# ˆ)  sin 2) ‰  C # # #
a# a# a# È a#  x#
œ # a)  cos ) sin )b  C œ # Š)  È1  sin# ) † sin )‹  C œ # Šsin" xa  a † x
a‹ C
#
œ a
# sin" x
a  x# Èa#  x#  C

96. x œ a sec ) Ê x#  a# œ a# tan# ) Ê 2x dx œ 2a# tan ) sec# ) d) Ê dx œ a sec ) tan ) d);


' dx œ ' a#tan )# sec ) d) œ ' # d) œ "# ' cos ) d) œ "# sin )  C œ "# È1  cos# )  C
aa sec )b a tan ) a sec )
x # È x #  a# a a a
#
É cos"# )  1 Èsec# )  1 É x#  " È x #  a#
œ ˆ a"# ‰ ˆ cos" ) ‰  C œ ˆ a"# ‰ sec )  C œ ˆ a"# ‰ a
ˆ xa ‰ Cœ a# x C

97. ' xn sin ax dx œ  ' xn ˆ "a ‰ d(cos ax) œ (cos ax) xn ˆ "a ‰  "
a
' cos ax † nxn1 dx
n
œ  xa cos ax  n
a
' xn1 cos ax dx
ŠWe used integration by parts ' u dv œ uv  ' v du with u œ xn , v œ  "a cos ax‹

98. ' xn (ln ax)m dx œ ' (ln ax)m d Š nx 1 ‹ œ


nb1 xnb1 (ln ax)m
n1  ' Š xn1 ‹ m(ln ax)m1 ˆ x" ‰ dx
nb1

œ xnb1 (ln ax)m


n1  m
n1
' xn (ln ax)m1 dx, n Á "
xnb1
ŠWe used integration by parts ' u dv œ uv  ' v du with u œ (ln ax)m , v œ n1‹

99. ' xn sin" ax dx œ ' sin" ax d Š nx 1 ‹ œ


nb1
xnb1
n1 sin" ax  ' Š nx 1 ‹ È1 a (ax)# dx
nb1

œ xn1
n1 sin" ax  a
n 1
' Èx n1
dx
, n Á 1
1  a# x#
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 535

ŠWe used integration by parts ' u dv œ uv  ' v du with u œ sin" ax, v œ xnb1
n1‹

100. ' xn tan" ax dx œ ' tan" ax d Š nx 1 ‹ œ


nb1
xnb1
n1 tan" ax  ' Š nx 1 ‹ 1  a(ax)# dx
nb1

œ xn1
n1 tan" ax  a
n1
' 1x a dxx , n Á 1
n1
# #

xnb1
ŠWe used integration by parts ' u dv œ uv  ' v du with u œ tan" ax, v œ n 1 ‹

È2
101. S œ '0 21yÈ1  (yw )# dx
È2
œ 21 '0 È x#  2 É 1  x#
x#  2 dx
È2
œ 2È21 '0 Èx#  1 dx
È x#  1
È2
"
œ 2È21 ’ x #  # ln ¹x  Èx#  1¹“
0

(We used FORMULA 21 with a œ 1)


œ È21 ’È6  ln ŠÈ2  È3‹“ œ 21È3  1È2 ln ŠÈ2  È3‹

È3Î2 È3Î2 È3Î2


102. L œ '0 È1  (2x)# dx œ 2 '
0
É "4  x# dx œ 2 ’ x# É 4"  x#  ˆ 4" ‰ ˆ #" ‰ ln Šx  É 4"  x# ‹“
0
ˆWe used FORMULA 2 with a œ "# ‰
È3Î2 È3 È3
"
œ ’ x# È1  4x#  4 ln Šx  #" È1  4x# ‹“ œ 4
É1  4 ˆ 43 ‰  "
4 ln Š #  "# É1  4 ˆ 34 ‰‹  "
4 ln "
#
0
È3 " È3 " È3 "
œ 4 (2)  4 ln Š #  1‹  4 ln 2 œ #  4 ln ŠÈ3  2‹

103. A œ '0 '03 Èxxdx 1


3 $
"
dx
È x 1 œ ’2Èx  1“ œ 2; x œ A
!

œ "
A
'0 Èx  1 dx  '0
3
"
A
3
dx
Èx  1
" $
œ # † 23 (x  1)$Î# ‘ !  1 œ 4
3 ;
(We used FORMULA 11 with a œ 1, b œ 1, n œ 1 and
a œ 1, b œ 1, n œ 1)
yœ "
#A
'03 x dx 1 œ 4" cln (x  1)d $! œ 4" ln 4 œ #" ln 2 œ ln È2

104. My œ '0 x ˆ 2x36 3 ‰ dx œ 18 '0 dx  54'0


3 3 3
2x  3
2x  3
dx
2x  3 œ c18x  27 ln k2x  3kd $!
œ 18 † 3  27 ln 9  (27 ln 3) œ 54  27 † 2 ln 3  27 ln 3 œ 54  27 ln 3

105. S œ 21 'c1 x# È1  4x# dx;


1

u œ 2x
” du œ 2 dx • Ä
1
4
'c22 u# È1  u# du
#
1 "
œ 4 ’ u8 a1  2u# bÈ1  u#  8 ln Šu  È1  u# ‹“
#
(We used FORMULA 22 with a œ 1)
œ 1 ’ 2 (1  2 † 4)È1  4  " ln Š2  È1  4‹
4 8 8

"
 (1  2 † 4)È1  4 
2
8 8 ln Š2  È1  4‹“
È
œ 1
4 ’ 9# È5  "
8 ln Š 22È55 ‹“ ¸ 7.62
536 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

106. (a) The volume of the filled part equals the length of the
tank times the area of the shaded region shown in the
accompanying figure. Consider a layer of gasoline
of thickness dy located at height y where
r  y  r  d. The width of this layer is
crbd
2Èr#  y# . Therefore, A œ 2 'cr Èr#  y# dy
crbd
and V œ L † A œ 2L 'cr Èr#  y# dy

crbd crbd
(b) 2L 'cr Èr#  y# dy œ 2L ’ #
yÈ r  y # # #
 r# sin" yr “
cr
(We used FORMULA 29 with a œ r)
œ 2L ’ (d 
# # #
#
r) È
2rd  d#  r# sin" ˆ d r r ‰  r# ˆ 1# ‰“ œ 2L ’ˆ d-r
#
‰ È2rd  d#  Š r# ‹ ˆsin" ˆ d r r ‰  1# ‰“

107. The integrand f(x) œ Èx  x# is nonnegative, so the integral is maximized by integrating over the function's
entire domain, which runs from x œ 0 to x œ 1
"
Ê '01 Èx  x# dx œ '01 É2 † "# x  x# dx œ ” ˆx # "‰
#
É2 † "# x  x# 
ˆ "# ‰#
# sin" Š
x  "#
" ‹•
#
!
ˆWe used FORMULA 48 with a œ "# ‰
ˆx  "# ‰ "
" " 1
œ’ #
Èx  x# 
8 sin" (2x  1)“ œ 8 † #  8" ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1
8
!

108. The integrand is maximized by integrating g(x) œ xÈ2x  x# over the largest domain on which g is
nonnegative, namely [!ß 2]
#
Ê '02 xÈ2x  x# dx œ ’ (x  1)(2x 63)È2x  x #
 "
# sin" (x  1)“
!
(We used FORMULA 51 with a œ ")
œ "# † 1#  "# ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1#

CAS EXPLORATIONS

109. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q1 := Int( x*ln(x), x ); # (a)
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( x^2*ln(x), x ); # (b)
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( x^3*ln(x), x ); # (c)
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( x^4*ln(x), x ); # (d)
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( x^n*ln(x), x ); # (e)
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );
Section 8.6 Integral Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 537

110. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q1 := Int( ln(x)/x, x ); # (a)
q1 = value( q1 );
q2 := Int( ln(x)/x^2, x ); # (b)
q2 = value( q2 );
q3 := Int( ln(x)/x^3, x ); # (c)
q3 = value( q3 );
q4 := Int( ln(x)/x^4, x ); # (d)
q4 = value( q4 );
q5 := Int( ln(x)/x^n, x ); # (e)
q6 := value( q5 );
q7 := simplify(q6) assuming n::integer;
q5 = collect( factor(q7), ln(x) );

111. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
q := Int( sin(x)^n/(sin(x)^n+cos(x)^n), x=0..Pi/2 ); # (a)
q = value( q );
q1 := eval( q, n=1 ): # (b)
q1 = value( q1 );
for N in [1,2,3,5,7] do
q1 := eval( q, n=N );
print( q1 = evalf(q1) );
end do:
qq1 := PDEtools[dchange]( x=Pi/2-u, q, [u] ); # (c)
qq2 := subs( u=x, qq1 );
qq3 := q + q = q + qq2;
qq4 := combine( qq3 );
qq5 := value( qq4 );
simplify( qq5/2 );

109-111.Example CAS commands:


Mathematica: (functions may vary)
In Mathematica, the natural log is denoted by Log rather than Ln, Log base 10 is Log[x,10]
Mathematica does not include an arbitrary constant when computing an indefinite integral,
Clear[x, f, n]
f[x_]:=Log[x] / xn
Integrate[f[x], x]
For exercise 111, Mathematica cannot evaluate the integral with arbitrary n. It does evaluate the integral (value is 1/4 in
each case) for small values of n, but for large values of n, it identifies this integral as Indeterminate

109. (e) ' xn ln x dx œ x nbln1 x  n " 1 ' xn dx, n Á 1


n 1

(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, m œ 1)


xnb1 ln x xnb1 xnb1 ˆ " ‰
œ n  1  (n  1)#  C œ n  1 ln x  n  1  C

110. (e) ' xn ln x dx œ xn ln1 x  (n)" 1 ' xn dx, n Á 1
n 1

(We used FORMULA 110 with a œ 1, m œ 1, n œ n)


538 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

x1n ln x " 1n


x1n " ‰
œ 1n  1 n Š 1x n ‹  C œ 1n
ˆln x  1n C

111. (a) Neither MAPLE nor MATHEMATICA can find this integral for arbitrary n.
(b) MAPLE and MATHEMATICA get stuck at about n œ 5.
(c) Let x œ 1#  u Ê dx œ  du; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1# , x œ 1# Ê u œ 0;
I œ '0 œ '1Î2 sinn ˆ 1  u‰ # cosn ˆ 1  u‰ œ '0 œ '0
1Î2 0
 sinn ˆ 1  u‰ du 1Î2 1Î2
sinn x dx cosn u du cosn x dx
sinn xcosn x # #
cosn u  sinn u cosn x  sinn x

Ê I  I œ '0 ˆ sin '


1Î2 1Î2
x  cos x ‰ n n
1 1
sinn x  cosn x dx œ 0 dx œ # Ê Iœ 4

8.7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

1. '12 x dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 2 4 1 œ "4 Ê ?x
# œ "
8 ; x" 5/4 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 12 Ê T œ " (12) œ 3 ; x# 3/2 3/2 2 3
8 #
f(x) œ x Ê f w (x) œ 1 Ê f ww œ 0 Ê M œ 0 x$ 7/4 7/4 2 7/2
Ê kE T k œ 0 x% 2 2 1 2

(b) '12 x dx œ ’ x2 “ # œ 2  "# œ 3#


#
Ê kET k œ '1 x dx  T œ 0
2

"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 21 "
4 œ 4 Ê 3
?x
œ "
12 ; xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 18 Ê S œ " x! 1 1 1 1
12 (18) œ # ;
3
x" 5/4 5/4 4 5
f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 3/2 3/2 2 3
(b) '12 x dx œ 3# Ê kES k œ '1 x dx  S œ
2
3
#  3
# œ0 x$ 7/4 7/4 4 7
kES k x% 2 2 1 2
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

2. '13 (2x  1) dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 3 4 1 œ 24 œ "
2 Ê ?x
# œ "
4 ; x" 3/2 2 2 4
! mf(xi ) œ 24 Ê T œ " (24) œ 6 ; x# 2 3 2 6
4
f(x) œ 2x  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2 Ê f ww œ 0 Ê M œ 0 x$ 5/2 4 2 8
Ê kE T k œ 0 x% 3 5 1 5

(b) '13 (2x  1) dx œ cx#  xd $" œ (9  3)  (1  1) œ 6 Ê kET k œ '1 (2x  1) dx  T œ 6  6 œ 0


3

kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 3 4 1 œ 24 œ "
2 Ê ?x
3 œ "
6 ; xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 36 Ê S œ " (36) œ 6 ; x! 1 1 1 1
6
Ð%Ñ x" 3/2 2 4 8
f (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 2 3 2 6
(b) '1 (2x  1) dx œ 6
3
Ê kES k œ '1 (2x  1) dx  S
3
x$ 5/2 4 4 16
œ66œ0 x% 3 5 1 5
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

3. '11 ax#  1b dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 1 2 1 2
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 24 œ "
# Ê ?x
# œ "
4 à x" 1/2 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 11 Ê T œ " (11) œ 2.75à x# 0 1 2 2
4
f(x) œ x#  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x Ê f ww (x) œ 2 Ê M œ 2 x$ 1/2 5/4 2 5/2
1) ˆ " ‰# x% 1 2 1 2
Ê kET k Ÿ 11(
#
"
# (2) œ 1# or 0.08333
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration 539

(b) '11 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 $


 x“
"
œ ˆ 13  1‰  ˆ 13  1‰ œ 8
3 Ê ET œ '1 ax#  1b dx  T œ
1
8
3  11
4 œ  1"#
"
Ê kET k œ ¸ 1"# ¸ ¸ 0.08333
"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ Š 18# ‹ ‚ 100 ¸ 3%
3

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 24 œ "# Ê ?3x œ "6 à xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


! mf(xi ) œ 16 Ê S œ " (16) œ 8 œ 2.66667 ; x! 1 2 1 2
6 3
x" 1/2 5/4 4 5
f Ð$Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 0 1 2 2
(b) '11 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 $
 x“
"
œ 8
3
x$ 1/2 5/4 4 5
"
x% 1 2 1 2
Ê kES k œ '1 ax#  1b dx  S œ
1
8
3  8
3 œ0
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

4. '02 ax#  1b dx xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


x! 2 3 1 3
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 0  4(2) œ 2
4 œ "
# Ê ?x
# œ "
4 x" 3/2 5/4 2 5/2
! mf(xi ) œ 3 Ê T œ " (3) œ 3 ; x# 1 0 2 0
4 4
f(x) œ x#  1 Ê f w (x) œ 2x Ê f ww (x) œ 2 x$  1/2 3/4 2 3/2
2) ˆ " ‰# x% 0 1 1 1
Ê M œ 2 Ê kET k Ÿ 01( #
"
# (2) œ 1# œ 0.08333

(b) '02 ax#  1b dx œ ’ x3 -  x“ ! $


œ 0  ˆ 83  2‰ œ 2
3 Ê ET œ '2 ax#  1b dx  T œ
0
2
3  3
4
"
œ  12
#
"
Ê kE T k œ 12
"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ Š 122 ‹ ‚ 100 ¸ 13%
3

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 0  4(2) œ 24 œ "# xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )


Ê ?x œ " ; ! mf(xi ) œ 4 Ê S œ " (4) œ 2
; x! 2 3 1 3
3 6 6 3
Ð$Ñ Ð%Ñ
x" 3/2 5/4 4 5
f (x) œ 0 Ê f (x) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
x# 1 0 2 0
(b) '2 ax#  1b dx œ 23
0
Ê kES k œ '2 ax#  1b dx  S
0
x$  1/2 3/4 4 3
x% 0 1 1 1
œ 3  3 œ0
2 2

kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

5. '02 at$  tb dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 2 4 0 œ 24 œ "2 t" 1/2 5/8 2 5/4
Ê ?x " !
# œ 4 ; mf(ti ) œ 25 Ê T œ 4" (25) œ 25
4 ; t# 1 2 2 4
f(t) œ t$  t Ê f w (t) œ 3t#  1 Ê f ww (t) œ 6t t$ 3/2 39/8 2 39/4
0 ˆ " ‰# " t% 2 10 1 10
Ê M œ 12 œ f ww (2) Ê kET k Ÿ 212 # (12) œ #

(b) '02 at$  tb dt œ ’ t4  t# “ # œ Š 24


% # %
 2#
#‹  0 œ 6 Ê kET k œ '0 at$  tb dt  T œ 6 
2
25
4 œ  4" Ê kET k œ "
4
!
kET k ¸ "4 ¸
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 6 ‚ 100 ¸ 4%

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 2 4 0 œ 24 œ "


2 Ê ?x
3 œ "
6 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 36 Ê S œ " (36) œ 6 ; t! 0 0 1 0
6
Ð$Ñ Ð%Ñ t" 1/2 5/8 4 5/2
f (t) œ 6 Ê f (t) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
t# 1 2 2 4
(b) '0 at$  tb dt œ 6
2
Ê kES k œ '0 at$  tb dt  S
2
t$ 3/2 39/8 4 39/2
œ66œ0 t% 2 10 1 10
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
540 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

6. '11 at$  1b dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 1 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 24 œ "# t" 1/2 7/8 2 7/4
Ê ?x "
# œ 4 ;
! mf(ti ) œ 8 Ê T œ " (8) œ 2 ;
4 t# 0 1 2 2
f(t) œ t$  1 Ê f w (t) œ 3t# Ê f ww (t) œ 6t t$ 1/2 9/8 2 9/4
1) ˆ " ‰# t% 1 2 1 2
Ê M œ 6 œ f ww (1) Ê kET k Ÿ 11( # # (6) œ
"
4

(b) '11 at$  1b dt œ ’ t4  t“ " %


œ Š 14  1‹  Š (41)  (1)‹ œ 2 Ê kET k œ '1 at$  1b dt  T œ 2  2 œ 0
% % 1

"
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1  4(1) œ 24 œ "# ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
Ê ?x œ " ; ! mf(ti ) œ 12 Ê S œ " (12) œ 2 ; t! 1 0 1 0
3 6 6
t" 1/2 7/8 4 7/2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ 6 Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ 0 Ê M œ 0 Ê kES k œ 0
t# 0 1 2 2
(b) '11 at$  1b dt œ 2 Ê kES k œ '1 at$  1b dt  S
1
t$ 1/2 9/8 4 9/2
œ22œ0 t% 1 2 1 2
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0%

7. '12 s"
# ds si f(si ) m mf(si )
ba 21 " ?x "
s! 1 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 4 Ê # œ 8 ; s" 5/4 16/25 2 32/25
! mf(si ) œ "
179,573
44,100 Ê Tœ 8 44,100 ‹ œ
Š 179,573 179,573
352,800
s# 3/2 4/9 2 8/9
" w
s$ 7/4 16/49 2 32/49
¸ 0.50899; f(s) œ s# Ê f (s) œ  s$
2
s% 2 1/4 1 1/4
Ê f ww (s) œ s% Ê M œ 6 œ f ww (1)
6

#
Ê kET k Ÿ 2 1# " ˆ "4 ‰ (6) œ 3"# œ 0.03125
(b) '2

1 s
"
# ds œ 1
2
' #
s# ds œ  1s ‘ " œ  #"  ˆ 1" ‰ œ 1
# Ê ET œ '1
2
"
s# ds  T œ "
#  0.50899 œ 0.00899
Ê kET k œ 0.00899
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.5 ‚ 100 ¸
0.00899
2%
ba 21 " ?x "
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 4 Ê 3 œ 12 ; si f(si ) m mf(si )
! mf(si ) œ " s! 1 1 1 1
264,821
44,100 Ê Sœ 12 Š 264,821
44,100 ‹ œ 264,821
529,200 s" 5/4 16/25 4 64/25
¸ 0.50042; f Ð$Ñ (s) œ  24
s& Ê f
Ð%Ñ
(s) œ 120
s' s# 3/2 4/9 2 8/9
"¸ ˆ"‰ % s$ 7/4 16/49 4 64/49
Ê M œ 120 Ê kES k Ÿ ¸ 2180 4 (120)
"
s% 2 1/4 1 1/4
œ 384 ¸ 0.00260
(b) '1 2
" "
s# ds œ # Ê ES œ 1 s# ds  S œ #
1 " '2  0.50042 œ 0.00042 Ê kES k œ 0.00042
kES k
True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.5 ‚ 100 ¸ 0.08%
0.0004
(c)

8. '24 (s "1) # ds si f(si ) m mf(si )


ba 42 " ?x "
s! 2 1 1 1
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 2 Ê # œ 4 ; s" 5/2 4/9 2 8/9
! mf(si ) œ 1269 s# 3 1/4 2 1/2
450
"
Ê Tœ 4 450 œ
ˆ 1269 ‰ 1269
1800 œ 0.70500; s$ 7/2 4/25 2 8/25
# w s% 4 1/9 1 1/9
f(s) œ (s  1) Ê f (s) œ  (s 2 1)$
Ê f ww (s) œ 6
(s  1)%
Ê Mœ6
Ê kE T k Ÿ 42
1#
ˆ "# ‰# (6) œ "
4 œ 0.25

(b) '2 4
"
(s  1)# ds œ ’ (s"
%
ˆ " ‰ ˆ " ‰
 1) “ œ 4  1  #1 œ
2
3 Ê ET œ '2
4
"
(s  1)# ds  T œ 2
3  0.705 ¸ 0.03833
#
Ê kET k ¸ 0.03833
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration 541
kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ ˆ 23 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸
0.03833
6%
ba 42 " ?x "
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 2 Ê 3 œ 6 ; si f(si ) m mf(si )
! mf(si ) œ 1813 s! 2 1 1 1
450
" s" 5/2 4/9 4 16/9
Ê S œ ˆ 1813 450 œ 2700 ¸ 0.67148;
6
‰ 1813
s# 3 1/4 2 1/2
f Ð$Ñ (s) œ (s24
1)& Ê f
Ð%Ñ
(s) œ (s120
1)' Ê M œ 120 s$ 7/2 4/25 4 16/25
2 ˆ"‰ % " s% 4 1/9 1 1/9
Ê kES k Ÿ 4180 # (120) œ 12 ¸ 0.08333

(b) '24 (s "1) # ds œ 2


3 Ê ES œ '2
4
"
(s  1)# ds  S ¸ 2
3  0.67148 œ 0.00481 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00481
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.00481
ˆ 23 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 1%

9. '01 sin t dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


ba 10 1 ?x 1
t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ œ œ Ê # œ ; È2/2 È2
n 4 4 8
t" 1/4 2
! mf(ti ) œ 2  2È2 ¸ 4.8284 t# 1/2 1 2 2
1
Ê Tœ 8 Š2  2È2‹ ¸ 1.89612; t$ 31/4 È2/2 2 È2
t% 1 0 1 0
f(t) œ sin t Ê f w (t) œ cos t Ê f ww (t) œ sin t
# 1$
Ê M œ 1 Ê kET k Ÿ 11# 0 ˆ 14 ‰ (1) œ 19 #
¸ 0.16149
(b) '01 sin t dt œ [cos t] 1! œ (cos 1)  (cos 0) œ 2 Ê kET k œ '0 sin t dt  T ¸ 2  1.89612 œ 0.10388
1

kET k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.10388
2 ‚ 100 ¸ 5%
ba 10 1 ?x 1
II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ n œ 4 œ 4 Ê 3 œ 12 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 2  4È2 ¸ 7.6569 t! 0 0 1 0
t" 1/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
1
Ê Sœ Š2  4È2‹ ¸ 2.00456;
12 t# 1/2 1 2 2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ cos t Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ sin t t$ 31/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
 0 ˆ 1 ‰% 1
Ê M œ 1 Ê kES k Ÿ 1180 4 (1) ¸ 0.00664
t% 0 1 0

(b) '01 sin t dt Ê ES œ '0 sin t dt  S ¸ 2  2.00456 œ 0.00456 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00456


1

kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.00456
2 ‚ 100 ¸ 0%

10. '01 sin 1t dt ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )


t! 0 0 1 0
I. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 1
4 Ê ?x
# œ 1
8 ; È2/2 È2
t" 1/4 2
! mf(ti ) œ 2  2È2 ¸ 4.828 t# 1/2 1 2 2
Ê Tœ 1
Š2  2È2‹ ¸ 0.60355; f(t) œ sin 1t t$ 3/4 È2/2 2 È2
8
t% 1 0 1 0
Ê f w (t) œ 1 cos 1t
Ê f ww (t) œ 1# sin 1t Ê M œ 1#
#
Ê kET k Ÿ 1 1# 0 ˆ 14 ‰ a1# b ¸ 0.05140
(b) '01 sin 1t dt œ [ 1" cos 1t] "! œ ˆ 1" cos 1‰  ˆ 1" cos 0‰ œ 12 ¸ 0.63662 Ê kET k œ '0 sin 1t dt  T
1

¸ 1  0.60355 œ 0.03307
2

kET k
True Value ‚ 100 œ ˆ 12 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 5%
0.03307
(c)
542 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

II. (a) For n œ 4, ?x œ b n a œ 1 4 0 œ 14 Ê ?x


3 œ 1
12 ; ti f(ti ) m mf(ti )
! mf(ti ) œ 2  4È2 ¸ 7.65685 t! 0 0 1 0
t" 1/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
Ê Sœ 1
Š2  4È2‹ ¸ 0.63807;
12 t# 1/2 1 2 2
f Ð$Ñ (t) œ 1$ cos 1t Ê f Ð%Ñ (t) œ 1% sin 1t t$ 3/4 È2/2 4 È
2 2
 0 ˆ 1 ‰%
Ê M œ 1% Ê kES k Ÿ 1180 4 a1% b ¸ 0.00211 t% 1 0 1 0

(b) '01 sin 1t dt œ 12 ¸ 0.63662 Ê ES œ '0 sin 1t dt  S ¸


1
2
1  0.63807 œ 0.00145 Ê kES k ¸ 0.00145
kES k
(c) True Value ‚ 100 œ 0.00145
ˆ 12 ‰ ‚ 100 ¸ 0%

11. (a) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ "8 Ê ?#x œ 16 "


;
! mf(xi ) œ 1(0.0)  2(0.12402)  2(0.24206)  2(0.34763)  2(0.43301)  2(0.48789)  2(0.49608)
"
 2(0.42361)  1(0) œ 5.1086 Ê T œ 16 (5.1086) œ 0.31929
" ?x "
(b) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ Ê œ ;8 3 24
! mf(xi ) œ 1(0.0)  4(0.12402)  2(0.24206)  4(0.34763)  2(0.43301)  4(0.48789)  2(0.49608)
"
 4(0.42361)  1(0) œ 7.8749 Ê S œ 24 (7.8749) œ 0.32812
(c) Let u œ 1  x# Ê du œ 2x dx Ê  "# du œ x dx; x œ 0 Ê u œ 1, x œ 1 Ê u œ 0
'01 xÈ1  x# dx œ '10 Èu ˆ "# du‰ œ "# '01 u"Î# du œ ’ 2" Š u $Î#
3
"
‹“ œ  3" u$Î# ‘ ! œ
" "
3
$
ŠÈ1‹  3" ŠÈ0‹ œ
$
"
3 ;
# !

ET œ '0 xÈ1  x# dx  T ¸  0.31929 œ 0.01404; ES œ '0 xÈ1  x# dx  S ¸


1 1
" "
3 3  0.32812 œ 0.00521

12. (a) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ 38 Ê ?#x œ 16 3


;
! mf()i ) œ 1(0)  2(0.09334)  2(0.18429)  2(0.27075)  2(0.35112)  2(0.42443)  2(0.49026)
 2(0.58466)  1(0.6) œ 5.3977 Ê T œ 3
16 (5.3977) œ 1.01207
?x "
(b) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ Ê œ ; 3
8 3 8
! mf()i ) œ 1(0)  4(0.09334)  2(0.18429)  4(0.27075)  2(0.35112)  4(0.42443)  2(0.49026)
"
 4(0.58466)  1(0.6) œ 8.14406 Ê S œ 8 (8.14406) œ 1.01801
# "
(c) Let u œ 16  ) Ê du œ 2) d) Ê # du œ ) d); ) œ 0 Ê u œ 16, ) œ 3 Ê u œ 16  3# œ 25
'03 )
È16  )# d) œ '16
25
"
Èu
ˆ #" du‰ œ "
#
'1625 u"Î# du œ ’ 2" Š u "Î#
1 ‹“
#&
œ È25  È16 œ 1;
# "'

ET œ '0 d)  T ¸ 1  1.01207 œ 0.01207; ES œ '0


3 3
) )
È16  )# È16  )# d)  S ¸ 1  1.01801 œ 0.01801

13. (a) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ 18 Ê ?#x œ 16 1


;
! mf(ti ) œ 1(0.0)  2(0.99138)  2(1.26906)  2(1.05961)  2(0.75)  2(0.48821)  2(0.28946)  2(0.13429)
1
 1(0) œ 9.96402 Ê T œ 16 (9.96402) ¸ 1.95643
1 ?x 1
(b) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ Ê œ ;8 3 24
! mf(ti ) œ 1(0.0)  4(0.99138)  2(1.26906)  4(1.05961)  2(0.75)  4(0.48821)  2(0.28946)  4(0.13429)
1
 1(0) œ 15.311 Ê S ¸ 24 (15.311) ¸ 2.00421
(c) Let u œ 2  sin t Ê du œ cos t dt; t œ  1# Ê u œ 2  sin ˆ 1# ‰ œ 1, t œ 1
# Ê u œ 2  sin 1
# œ3
'c1Î2
1Î2
3 cos t
(2  sin t)# dt œ '1
3
3
u# du œ 3 '1 u# du œ ’3 Š u1 ‹“ œ 3 ˆ "3 ‰  3 ˆ 11 ‰ œ 2;
3 " $

"

ET œ ' dt  T ¸ 2  1.95643 œ 0.04357; ES œ '1Î2


1Î2 1Î2
3 cos t
c1Î2 (2  sin t)#
3 cos t
(2  sin t)# dt  S
¸ 2  2.00421 œ 0.00421
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration 543
1
14. (a) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ 32 Ê ?#x œ 641
;
! mf(yi ) œ 1(2.0)  2(1.51606)  2(1.18237)  2(0.93998)  2(0.75402)  2(0.60145)  2(0.46364)
1
 2(0.31688)  1(0) œ 13.5488 Ê T ¸ 64 (13.5488) œ 0.66508
1 ?x 1
(b) n œ 8 Ê ?x œ Ê32 œ ;
3 96
! mf(yi ) œ 1(2.0)  4(1.51606)  2(1.18237)  4(0.93988)  2(0.75402)  4(0.60145)  2(0.46364)
1
 4(0.31688)  1(0) œ 20.29734 Ê S ¸ 96 (20.29734) œ 0.66423
1 1
(c) Let u œ cot y Ê du œ csc# y dy; y œ 4 Ê u œ 1, y œ # Ê uœ0
'1Î4
1Î2
acsc# yb Ècot y dy œ '1 Èu ( du) œ '0 u"Î# du œ ’ u 3 “ œ
0 1 $Î# "
2
3
$
ŠÈ1‹  23 ŠÈ0‹ œ 32 ;
$

2 !

ET œ '1Î4 acsc yb Ècot y dy  T ¸  0.66508 œ 0.00159; ES œ '1Î4 acsc# yb Ècot y dy  S


1Î2 1Î2
# 2
3

¸ 2
3  0.66423 œ 0.00244

"
15. (a) M œ 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n œ 1 Ê ?x œ 1 Ê kET k œ 1# (1)# (0) œ 0  10%
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 1): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ "
# Ê kE S k œ "
180
ˆ #" ‰% (0) œ 0  10%

16. (a) M œ 0 (see Exercise 2): Then n œ 1 Ê ?x œ 2 Ê kET k œ 2


1# (2)# (0) œ 0  10%
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 2): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

17. (a) M œ 2 (see Exercise 3): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (2) œ 4
3n#  10% Ê n#  4
3 a10% b Ê n  É 43 a10% b
Ê n  115.4, so let n œ 116
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 3): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

18. (a) M œ 2 (see Exercise 4): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (2) œ 4
3n#  10% Ê n#  4
3 a10% b Ê n  É 43 a10% b
Ê n  115.4, so let n œ 116
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 4): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

19. (a) M œ 12 (see Exercise 5): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (12) œ 8
n#  10% Ê n#  8 a10% b Ê n  È8 a10% b
Ê n  282.8, so let n œ 283
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 5): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

20. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 6): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (6) œ 4
n#  10% Ê n#  4 a10% b Ê n  È4 a10% b
œ 200, so let n œ 201
(b) M œ 0 (see Exercise 6): Then n œ 2 (n must be even) Ê ?x œ " Ê kES k œ 2
180 (1)% (0) œ 0  10%

21. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x œ 1


n Ê kET k Ÿ 1
12
ˆ 1n ‰# (6) œ 1
2n#  10% Ê n#  "
# a10% b Ê n  É "# a10% b
Ê n  70.7, so let n œ 71
(b) M œ 120 (see Exercise 7): Then ?x œ "
n Ê kES k œ 1
180
ˆ "n ‰% (120) œ 2
3n%
 10% Ê n%  2
3 a10% b
Ê n  %É 23 a10% b Ê n  9.04, so let n œ 10 (n must be even)

22. (a) M œ 6 (see Exercise 8): Then ?x œ 2


n Ê kET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (6) œ 4
n#  10% Ê n#  4 a10% b Ê n  È4 a10% b
Ê n  200, so let n œ 201
(b) M œ 120 (see Exercise 8): Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kES k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (120) œ 64
3n%
 10% Ê n%  64
3 a10% b
Ê n  %É 64 %
3 a10 b Ê n  21.5, so let n œ 22 (n must be even)
544 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration
"
23. (a) f(x) œ Èx  1 Ê f w (x) œ # (x  1)"Î# Ê f ww (x) œ  4" (x  1)$Î# œ  "
$ Ê Mœ "
$ œ "
4 .
4 ˆÈ x  1 ‰ 4 ŠÈ1‹

Then ?x œ 3
n Ê kET k Ÿ 3
12
ˆ 3n ‰# ˆ 4" ‰ œ 9
16n#  10% Ê n#  9
16 a10% b Ê n  É 16
9
a10% b Ê n  75,
so let n œ 76
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ 38 (x  1)&Î# Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ  15
16 (x  1)
(Î#
œ 15
( Ê Mœ 15
( œ 15
16 . Then ?x œ 3
n
16 ˆÈx  1‰ 16 ŠÈ1‹

3& (15) ˆ10% ‰


ˆ n3 ‰% ˆ 16 3& (15) % & %
Ê kE S k Ÿ 3
180
15 ‰
œ 16(180)n%
 10% Ê n%  16(180)
(15) a10 b
Ê n  É 3 16(180) Ê n  10.6, so let
n œ 12 (n must be even)

24. (a) f(x) œ "


È x 1 Ê f w (x) œ  #" (x  1)$Î# Ê f w w (x) œ 3
4 (x  1)&Î# œ 3
& Ê Mœ 3
& œ 3
4 .
4 ˆÈ x  1 ‰ 4 ŠÈ1‹

3% ˆ10% ‰
ˆ 3n ‰# ˆ 34 ‰ œ
% a10% b
3%
Then ?x œ 3
n Ê kET k Ÿ 3
12 48n#  10% Ê n#  48 Ê n  É3 48 Ê n  129.9, so let
n œ 130
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ  15
8 (x  1)
(Î#
Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 105
16 (x  1)*Î# œ 105
* Ê Mœ 105
* œ 105
16 . Then ?x œ 3
n
16 ˆÈx1‰ 16 ŠÈ1‹

3& (105) ˆ10% ‰


ˆ n3 ‰% ˆ 105 3& (105) % & %
Ê kE S k Ÿ 3
180 16 œ
‰ 16(180)n%
 10% Ê n%  16(180) Ê n  É 3 (105) a10 b
16(180) Ê n  17.25, so
let n œ 18 (n must be even)

25. (a) f(x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f w (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f ww (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2


n Ê k ET k Ÿ 2
12
ˆ 2n ‰# (1)
8 ˆ10% ‰ %
œ 8
12n#  10% Ê n#  12 Ê n  É 8 a110# b Ê n  81.6, so let n œ 82
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kES k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (1) œ 32
180n%
 10%
32 ˆ10% ‰ % %
Ê n%  180
a10 b
Ê n  É 32180 Ê n  6.49, so let n œ 8 (n must be even)

26. (a) f(x) œ cos (x  1) Ê f w (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f ww (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2


n
8 ˆ10% ‰
ˆ n2 ‰# (1) œ
%
Ê kE T k Ÿ 2
12
8
12n#  10% Ê n#  12 Ê n  É 8 a110# b Ê n  81.6, so let n œ 82
(b) f Ð$Ñ (x) œ sin (x  1) Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ cos (x  1) Ê M œ 1. Then ?x œ 2
n Ê kE S k Ÿ 2
180
ˆ 2n ‰% (1) œ 32
180n%
 10%
32 ˆ10% ‰ % %
Ê n%  180
a10 b
Ê n  É 32180 Ê n  6.49, so let n œ 8 (n must be even)

27. 5
2 a6.0  2a8.2b  2a9.1bÞ Þ Þ  2a12.7b  13.0ba30b œ 15,990 ft3 .

28. (a) Using Trapezoid Rule, ?x œ 200 Ê ?x2 œ 2 œ 100;


200
xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
! mf(xi ) œ 13,180 Ê Area ¸ 100 (13,180) x! 0 0 1 0
œ 1,318,000 ft# . Since the average depth œ 20 ft x" 200 520 2 1040
x# 400 800 2 1600
we obtain Volume ¸ 20 (Area) ¸ 26,360,000 ft$ .
x$ 600 1000 2 2000
(b) Now, Number of fish œ Volume
1000 œ 26,360 (to the nearest x% 800 1140 2 2280
fish) Ê Maximum to be caught œ 75% of 26,360 x5 1000 1160 2 2320
œ 19,770 Ê Number of licenses œ 19,770
#0 œ 988
x' 1200 1110 2 2220
x( 1400 860 2 1720
x) 1600 0 1 0
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration 545

29. Use the conversion 30 mph œ 44 fps (ft per


sec) since time is measured in seconds. The
distance traveled as the car accelerates from,
say, 40 mph œ 58.67 fps to 50 mph œ 73.33 fps
in (4.5  3.2) œ 1.3 sec is the area of the
trapezoid (see figure) associated with that time
interval: "# (58.67  73.33)(1.3) œ 85.8 ft. The
total distance traveled by the Ford Mustang
Cobra is the sum of all these eleven trapezoids
(using ?t# and the table below):
s œ (44)(1.1)  (102.67)(0.5)  (132)(0.65)  (161.33)(0.7)  (190.67)(0.95)  (220)(1.2)  (249.33)(1.25)
 (278.67)(1.65)  (308)(2.3)  (337.33)(2.8)  (366.67)(5.45) œ 5166.346 ft ¸ 0.9785 mi
v (mph) 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
v (fps) 0 44 58.67 73.33 88 102.67 117.33 132 146.67 161.33 176 190.67
t (sec) 0 2.2 3.2 4.5 5.9 7.8 10.2 12.7 16 20.6 26.2 37.1
?t/2 0 1.1 0.5 0.65 0.7 0.95 1.2 1.25 1.65 2.3 2.8 5.45

30. Using Simpson's Rule, ?x œ b n a œ 24 6 0 œ 24


6 œ 4; xi yi m myi
! myi œ 350 Ê S œ (350) œ
4 1400
3 ¸ 466.7 in.#
3
x! 0 0 1 0
x" 4 18.75 4 75
x# 8 24 2 48
x$ 12 26 4 104
x% 16 24 2 48
x5 20 18.75 4 75
x' 24 0 1 0

31. Using Simpson's Rule, ?x œ 1 Ê ?x "


3 œ 3 ;
xi yi m myi
! myi œ 33.6 Ê Cross Section Area ¸ " (33.6) x! 0 1.5 1 1.5
3
x" 1 1.6 4 6.4
œ 11.2 ft# . Let x be the length of the tank. Then the
x# 2 1.8 2 3.6
Volume V œ (Cross Sectional Area) x œ 11.2x.
x$ 3 1.9 4 7.6
Now 5000 lb of gasoline at 42 lb/ft$ x% 4 2.0 2 4.0
$
Ê V œ 5000 42 œ 119.05 ft x5 5 2.1 4 8.4
Ê 119.05 œ 11.2x Ê x ¸ 10.63 ft x' 6 2.1 1 2.1

32. 24
2 c
0.019  2a0.020b  2a0.021b  Þ Þ Þ  2a0.031b  0.035 d œ 4.2 L

1 ˆ 1#  0‰
33. (a) kES k Ÿ ba %
180 a?x b M; n œ 4 Ê ?x œ # 0
4 œ 1
8 ; ¸f Ð%Ñ ¸ Ÿ 1 Ê M œ 1 Ê kES k Ÿ 180
ˆ 18 ‰% (1) ¸ 0.00021
1 ?x 1
(b) ?x œ 8 Ê 3 œ #4 ;
xi f(xi ) m mf(x1i )
! mf(xi ) œ 10.47208705 x! 0 1 1 1
Ê Sœ 1
(10.47208705) ¸ 1.37079 x" 1/8 0.974495358 4 3.897981432
#4
x# 1/4 0.900316316 2 1.800632632
x$ 31/8 0.784213303 4 3.136853212
x% 1/2 0.636619772 1 0.636619772
(c) ¸ ˆ 0.00021
1.37079 ‚ 100 ¸ 0.015%

ba 10
34. (a) ?x œ n œ 10 œ 0.1 Ê erfa1b œ 2 ˆ 0.1 ‰
È3 3 ay0  4y1  2y2  4y3  Þ Þ Þ  4y9  y10 b
0.01 0.04 0.09 0.81
2
30È1
ae0  4e  2e  4e  Þ Þ Þ  4e  e1 b ¸ 0.843
10
(b) kES k Ÿ 180 a0.1b4 a12b ¸ 6.7 ‚ 106
546 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

35. (a) n œ 10 Ê ?x œ 110 0 1


œ 10 Ê ?#x œ #10 ;
! mf(xi ) œ 1(0)  2(0.09708)  2(0.36932)  2(0.76248)  2(1.19513)  2(1.57080)  2(1.79270)
1
 2(1.77912)  2(1.47727)  2(0.87372)  1(0) œ 19.83524 Ê T œ #0 (19.83524) œ 3.11571
(b) 1  3.11571 ¸ 0.02588
1 1 ‰# 1$
(c) With M œ 3.11, we get kET k Ÿ 1#
ˆ 10 (3.11) œ 1200 (3.11)  0.08036

36. (a) f ww (x) œ 2 cos x  x sin x Ê f Ð$Ñ (x) œ 3 sin x  x cos x Ê f Ð%Ñ (x) œ 4 cos x  x sin x. From the graphs
shown below, k4 cos x  x sin xk  4.8 for 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1.

1 1 ˆ 1 ‰%
(b) n œ 10 Ê ?x œ 10 Ê kES k Ÿ 180 10 (4.8) ¸ 0.00082
(c) ! mf(xi ) œ 1(0)  4(0.09708)  2(0.36932)  4(0.76248)  2(1.19513)  4(1.57080)  2(1.79270)
1
 4(1.77912)  2(1.47727)  4(0.87372)  1(0) œ 30.0016 Ê S œ 30 (30.0016) œ 3.14176
(c) k1  3.14176k ¸ 0.00017

?x ba
37. T œ 2 ay0  2y1  2y2  2y3  Þ Þ Þ  2yn1  yn b where ?x œ n and f is continuous on [a, b]. So
b  a ay0  y1  y1  y2  y2  Þ Þ Þ  yn1  yn1  yn b
Tœ n 2 œ b n a Š fax0 b 2 fax1 b  fax1 b 2 fax2 b  ÞÞÞ  faxn1 b  faxn b
2 ‹.
faxk1 b  faxk b
Since f is continuous on each interval [xk1 , xk ], and # is always between faxk1 b and faxk b, there is a point ck in
faxk1 b  faxk b
[xk1 , xk ] with fack b œ # ; this is a consequence of the Intermediate Value Theorem. Thus our sum is
n n
! ˆ b  a ‰fack b which has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk œ ba
for all k. This is a Riemann Sum for f on [a, b].
n n
k œ1 k œ1

?x b a
38. S œ 3 ay0  4y1  2y2  4y3  Þ Þ Þ  2yn2  4yn1  yn b where n is even, ?x œ n and f is continuous on [a, b]. So
S œ b n a ˆ y0  4y3 1  y2  y2  4y33  y4  y4  4y3 5  y6  Þ Þ Þ  yn2  4y3 n1  yn ‰
œ b n a Š fax0 b  4fa6x1 b  fax2 b  fax2 b  4fa6x3 b  fax4 b  fax4 b  4fa6x5 b  fax6 b  Þ Þ Þ  faxn2 b  4fa6xn1 b  faxn b ‹
2
fax2k b  4fax2k1 b  fax2k2 b
6 is the average of the six values of the continuous function on the interval [x2k , x2k2 ], so it is between
the minimum and maximum of f on this interval. By the Extreme Value Theorem for continuous functions, f takes on its
maximum and minimum in this interval, so there are xa and xb with x2k Ÿ xa , xb Ÿ x2k2 and
fax2k b  4fax2kb1 b  fax2kb2 b
faxa b Ÿ 6 Ÿ faxb b. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there is ck in [x2k , x2k2 ] with
n/2
fax2k b  4fax2kb1 b  fax2kb2 b ba
fack b œ 6 . So our sum has the form ! ?xk fack b with ?xk œ an/2b ß a Riemann sum for f on [a, b].
k œ1

Exercises 39-42 were done using a graphing calculator with n œ 50


39. 1.08943 40. 1.37076 41. 0.82812 42. 51.05400
Section 8.7 Numerical Integration 547

43. (a) T10 ¸ 1.983523538 44. (a) S10 ¸ 2.000109517


T100 ¸ 1.999835504 S100 ¸ 2.000000011
T1000 ¸ 1.999998355 S1000 ¸ 2.000000000
(b) n k ET k œ 2  Tn (b) n k ES k œ 2  Sn
10 0.016476462 œ 1.6476462 ‚ 102 10 1.09517 ‚ 104
100 1.64496 ‚ 104 100 1.1 ‚ 108
1000 1.646 ‚ 106 1000 0
(c) k ET10n k ¸ 102 k ETn k (c) k ES10n k ¸ 104 k ESn k
12 14
(d) b  a œ 1, a?xb2 œ n2 , Mœ1 (d) b  a œ 1, a?xb4 œ n4 , Mœ1
1 1 2
13
1 14
1 5
k ETn k Ÿ 12 Š n2 ‹ œ 12n2 k ESn k Ÿ 180 Š n4 ‹ œ 180n4
13 15
k ET10n k Ÿ 12a10nb2
Ÿ 102 k ETn k k ES10n k Ÿ 180a10nb4
Ÿ 104 k ESn k

45. (a) f w axb œ 2x cosax2 b, f ww axb œ 2x † a2xbsinax2 b  2cosax2 b œ 4x2 sinax2 b  2cosax2 b
(b)

(c) The graph shows that 3 Ÿ f ww axb Ÿ 2 so k f ww axbk Ÿ 3 for 1 Ÿ x Ÿ 1.


1a1b 2 a ?x b 2
(d) k ET k Ÿ 12 a?xb a3b œ #
a? x b 2 0.12
(e) For 0  ?x  0.1, k ET k Ÿ # Ÿ 2 œ 0.005  0.01
1a1b
(f) n   ?x   2
0.1 œ 20

46. (a) f ''' axb œ 4x2 † 2x cosax2 b  8x sinax2 b  4x sinax2 b œ 8x3 cosax2 b  12x sinax2 b
f a4b axb œ 8x3 † 2x sinax2 b  24x2 cosax2 b  12x † 2x cosax2 b  12 sinax2 b œ a16x4  12bsinax2 b  48 x2 cosax2 b
(b)

(c) The graph shows that 30 Ÿ f a4b axb Ÿ 0 so ¸ f a4b axb¸ Ÿ 30 for 1 Ÿ x Ÿ 1.
1  a1b 4 a ?x b 4
(d) k ES k Ÿ 180 a?xb a30b œ 3
a? x b 4 2
(e) For 0  ?x  0.4, k ES k Ÿ 3 Ÿ 0.43 ¸ 0.00853  0.01
1a1b
(f) n   ?x   2
0.4 œ5

2 C2
47. (a) Using d œ C1 , and A œ 1ˆ d2 ‰ œ 41 yields the following areas (in square inches, rounded to the nearest tenth):
2.3, 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3, 10.7, 10.7, 9.3, 6.4, 3.2
(b) If Cayb is the circumference as a function of y, then the area of a cross section is
Aayb œ 1Š Cay2bÎ1 ‹ œ
2
C2 ayb
41 , and the volume is 1
41
'06 C2 ayb dy.
548 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

(c) '06 Aayb dy œ 411 '06 C2 ayb dy


1 ˆ60‰
¸ 41 24 c5.4
2
 2a4.52  4.42  5.12  6.32  7.82  9.42  10.82  11.62  11.62  10.82  9.02 b  6.32 d
¸ 34.7 in 3

(d) V œ 1
41
'06 C2 ayb dy ¸ 411 ˆ 6 36 0 ‰’5.42  4a4.52 b  2a4.42 b  4a5.12 b  2a6.32 b  4a7.82 b  2a9.42 b  %a10.82 b
 2a11.62 b  %a11.62 b  2a10.82 b  %a9.02 b  6.32 “ œ 34.792 in3
by Simpson's Rule. The Simpson's Rule estimate should be more accurate than the trapezoid estimate. The error in the
Simpson's estimate is proportional to a?yb4 œ 0.0625 whereas the error in the trapezoid estimate is proportional to
a?yb2 œ 0.25, a larger number when ?y œ 0.5 in.

?x
48. (a) Displacement Volume V ¸ 3 ay0  4y1  2y2  4y3  Þ Þ Þ  2yn2  4yn1  yn b, x0 œ 0, xn œ 10  ?x,
?x œ 2.54, n œ 10 Ê 'x Aaxb dx ¸
xn
2.54
3 ’0  4a1.07b  2a3.84b  4a7.82b  2a12.20b  4a15.18b  2a16.14b
0

 4a14.00b  2a9.21b  4a3.24b  0“ œ 2.54


3 a248.02b œ 209.99 ¸ 210 ft3 .
(b) The weigth of water displaced is approximately 64 † 120 œ 13,440 lb.
210 ft3
(c) The volume of a prism œ a2.54ba16.14b œ 409.96 ¸ 410 ft3 . Thus, the prismatic coefficient is 410 ft3 ¸ 0.51.

Ê Length œ 4 '0 É1 
1Î2
49. (a) a œ 1, e œ " "
cos# t dt xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
# 4
x! 0 1.732050808 1 1.732050808
œ 2 '0 È4  cos# t dt œ '0
1Î2 1Î2
f(t) dt; use the x" 1/20 1.739100843 2 3.478201686
ba ˆ 1# ‰  0 x# 1/10 1.759400893 2 3.518801786
Trapezoid Rule with n œ 10 Ê ?t œ n œ 10 x$ 31/20 1.790560631 2 3.581121262
'01Î2 È4  cos# t dt ¸ ! mf(xn ) œ 37.3686183 1/5
10
œ 1 x% 1.82906848 1 3.658136959
#0 .
nœ0 x5 1/4 1.870828693 1 3.741657387
Ê Tœ ?t
(37.3686183) œ 1
(37.3686183) x' 31/10 1.911676881 2 3.823353762
# 40
œ 2.934924419 Ê Length œ 2(2.934924419) x( 71/20 1.947791731 2 3.895583461
x) 21/5 1.975982919 2 3.951965839
¸ 5.870
x* 91/20 1.993872679 2 3.987745357
(b) kf ww (t)k  1 Ê M œ 1 x"! 1/2 2 1 2
ˆ 1# ‰  0
Ê kE T k Ÿ ba
1# a?t# Mb Ÿ 1#
ˆ #10 ‰# 1 Ÿ 0.0032

10 1 ?x 1 !
50. ?x œ 8 œ 8 Ê 3 œ 24 ; mf(xi ) œ 29.184807792 xi f(xi ) m mf(xi )
1 x! 0 1.414213562 1 1.414213562
ÊS œ 24 a29.18480779b ¸ 3.82028
x" 1/8 1.361452677 4 5.445810706
x# 1/4 1.224744871 2 2.449489743
x$ 31/8 1.070722471 4 4.282889883
x% 1/2 1 2 2
x5 51/8 1.070722471 4 4.282889883
x' 31/4 1.224744871 2 2.449489743
x( 71/8 1.361452677 4 5.445810706
x) 1 1.414213562 1 1.414213562

51. The length of the curve y œ sin ˆ 3#10 x‰ from 0 to 20 is: L œ '0 Ê1  Š dy
20 # #
31
dx ‹ dx;
dy
dx œ #0 cos ˆ 3#10 x‰ Ê Š dy
dx ‹

cos# ˆ 3#10 x‰ Ê L œ '0 É1 


20
91 # 91 #
œ 400 400 cos# ˆ 3#10 x‰ dx. Using numerical integration we find L ¸ 21.07 in

52. First, we'll find the length of the cosine curve: L œ 'c25 Ê1  Š dy
25 #
dx ‹ dx;
dy
dx œ  25501 sin ˆ 150x ‰

Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ
#
1#
4 sin# ˆ 150x ‰ Ê L œ 'c2525 É1  14 #
sin# ˆ 150x ‰ dx. Using a numerical integrator we find
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 549

L ¸ 73.1848 ft. Surface area is: A œ length † width ¸ (73.1848)(300) œ 21,955.44 ft.
Cost œ 1.75A œ (1.75)(21,955.44) œ $38,422.02. Answers may vary slightly, depending on the numerical
integration used.

53. y œ sin x Ê dy
dx œ cos x Ê Š dy # ' #
dx ‹ œ cos x Ê S œ 0 21(sin x)
1
È1  cos# x dx; a numerical integration gives

S ¸ 14.4

Ê S œ '0 21 Š x4 ‹ É1 
# 2
x# x# #
x#
54. y œ 4 Ê dy
dx œ x
# Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ 4 4 dx; a numerical integration gives S ¸ 5.28

#
#
55. y œ x  sin 2x Ê dy
dx œ 1  2 cos 2x Ê Š dy
dx ‹ œ (1  2 cos 2x) ; by symmetry of the graph we have that

S œ 2'0
21Î3
21(x  sin 2x) È1  (1  2 cos 2x)# dx; a numerical integration gives S ¸ 54.9

È36  x# Ê È36  x# " (2x) È36  x# x# " a36  x#  x# b


56. y œ x
1#
dy
œ  x
† # È36  x# œ  œ 1#
dx 12 12 12 12È36  x# È36  x#

Ê S œ '0
# #
a18  x# b#
6
" a362x# b a18  x# b a18  x# b 21†x È36  x# É1 
œ 1# È36x# œ Ê Š dx
dy
‹ œ 36 a36  x# b 36 a36  x# b dx
6È36  x# 12

œ '0 Éa36  x# b  ˆ 18  x# ‰# dx; using numerical integration we get S ¸ 41.8


6
1x
6 6

57. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields sin" 0.6 ¸ 0.643501109.

58. A calculator or computer numerical integrator yields 1 ¸ 3.1415929.

8.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS

1. '0_ x dx 1 œ
# lim '0b x dx 1 œ
# lim ctan" xd 0 œ lim atan" b  tan" 0b œ
b 1
# 0œ 1
#
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_

2. '1_ xdx 1Þ001 œ lim '1b xdx 1Þ001 œ lim c1000x0Þ001 d "b œ lim ˆ b1000
0 001  1000
‰ œ 1000
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_
Þ

3. '01 Èdxx œ lim b 'b1 x"Î# dx œ lim


"
c2x1Î2 d b œ lim b Š2  2Èb‹ œ 2  0 œ 2
bÄ! b Ä 0b bÄ0

4. '04 È dx œ lim c '0b a4  xb"Î# dx œ lim ’2È4  b  Š2È4‹“ œ 0  4 œ 4


4x bÄ4 b Ä 4c

5. 'c11 dx
x#Î$
œ 'c1
0
dx
x#Î$
 '0
b 1
dx
x#Î$
"
œ lim c 3x"Î$ ‘ c1  lim b 3x"Î$ ‘ c
bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c 3b"Î$  3(1)"Î$ ‘  lim b 3(1)"Î$  3c"Î$ ‘ œ (0  3)  (3  0) œ 6
bÄ! cÄ!

6. 'c18 xdx"Î$ œ 'c8 xdx


0
'0 1 "
œ lim c  #3 x#Î$ ‘ c)  lim   3# x#Î$ ‘ c
"Î$ 
b dx
x"Î$
bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c  3# b#Î$  3# (8)#Î$ ‘  lim b  3# (1)#Î$  3# c#Î$ ‘ œ 0  3# (4)‘  ˆ 3#  0‰ œ  9#
bÄ! cÄ!

7. '01 È dx œ lim c csin" xd 0 œ lim c asin" b  sin" 0b œ


b 1
# 0œ 1
#
1  x# bÄ1 bÄ1
550 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

8. '01 r dr
0Þ999 œ lim b c1000r0Þ001 d 1b œ lim b a1000  1000b0Þ001 b œ 1000  0 œ 1000
bÄ! bÄ!

2
9. 'c_ 2 dx
#
' 2 dx ' 2 dx
x  1 œ _ x  1  _ x  1 œ lim cln kx  1kd b 2  lim cln kx  1kd b 2 œ lim ln ¸ xx  1 ¸‘ #
1 b
b Ä _ b Ä _ b Ä _
œ lim ˆln ¸  ¸ b  1 ¸‰ œ ln 3  ln Š lim
1  ln b  1
3¸ b"
‹ œ ln 3  ln 1 œ ln 3
b Ä _ b Ä _ b  1

10. 'c_
2

x 4 œ
2 dx
# lim tan" #x ‘ 2 œ lim ˆtan" 1  tan" b2 ‰ œ 1
4  ˆ 1# ‰ œ 31
4
b Ä _ b b Ä _

11. '2_ v2 dvv œ


# lim 2 ln ¸ v v " ¸‘ # œ lim ˆ2 ln ¸ b b " ¸  2 ln ¸ 2 # " ¸‰ œ 2 ln (1)  2 ln ˆ "# ‰ œ 0  2 ln 2 œ ln 4
b

bÄ_ bÄ_

12. '2_ t 2dt1 œ


#
 " ¸‘ b
lim ln ¸ tt  1 # œ lim
 "¸
ˆln ¸ bb  ¸ 2  " ¸‰ œ ln (1)  ln ˆ "3 ‰ œ 0  ln 3 œ ln 3
1  ln #  1
bÄ_ bÄ_

_ _
13. 'c_ 2x dx
œ '_ ax2x
0
dx
 '0 2x dx
;”
u œ x#  1
Ä '_1 duu  '1_ duu œ lim  u" ‘ b  c lim
1
 u" ‘ c
ax #  1 b # #  1 b# a x #  1 b# du œ 2x dx • # #
bÄ_ Ä_ 1

œ lim ˆ1  "b ‰  c lim


Ä_
 "c  (1)‘ œ (1  0)  (0  1) œ 0
bÄ_

_ _ u œ x#  4 _
14. 'c_ x dx
œ '_
0
x dx
 '0 x dx
;” Ä '_4 2udu  '4 du
ax#  4b$Î# ax#  4b$Î# ax#  4b$Î# du œ 2x dx • $Î# 2u$Î#
% c
œ lim ’ È"u “  c lim
Ä_
’ È"u “ œ lim Š #"  "
Èb ‹  c lim
Ä_
Š È"c  #" ‹ œ ˆ #"  0‰  ˆ0  #" ‰ œ 0
bÄ_ b % bÄ_

'01 È)  " u œ ) #  2) '03 2Èduu œ 'b3 2Èduu œ Èu‘ 3 œ lim ŠÈ3  Èb‹
15. d); ” Ä lim lim
 2))# du œ 2()  ") d) • b Ä !b b Ä !b b
b Ä !b
œ È3  0 œ È3

'02 Ès  " '02 È2s ds u œ 4  s#


 '0 Ä  "# '4 È  lim c '0 È ds #
2 0 c
"
16. ds œ ds
;” du
4  s# # 4  s# È 4  s# du œ 2s ds • u cÄ2 4s

œ lim b 'b '0c È ds


4
œ lim b Èu‘ b  lim c sin" #s ‘ !
4 c
du
2È u
 lim c
bÄ! cÄ2 4  s# bÄ! cÄ2
œ lim b Š2  Èb‹  lim c ˆsin" c
#  sin" 0‰ œ (2  0)  ˆ 1#  0‰ œ 41
#
bÄ! cÄ2

17. '0_ (1 dxx)Èx ; – u œ Èx


— Ä
'0_ u2 du1 œ lim '0b u2 du1 œ lim c2 tan" ud 0
b
du œ 2dx
Èx
#
bÄ_
#
bÄ_

œ lim a2 tan" b  2 tan" 0b œ 2 ˆ 1# ‰  2(0) œ 1


bÄ_

18. '1_ dx
œ '1
2
dx
 '2
_ dx
œ lim  'b
2
dx
 c lim
Ä_
'2c dx
xÈ x#  1 xÈ x#  1 xÈ x#  1 bÄ1 x È x#  1 x È x#  1

œ lim b csec" kxkd b  c lim csec" kxkd 2 œ lim b asec" 2  sec" bb  c lim asec" c  sec" 2b
2 c

bÄ1 Ä_ bÄ1 Ä_
œ ˆ 13  0‰  ˆ 1#  13 ‰ œ 1#
19. '0_ a1  v b adv1  tan
# " vb œ lim cln k1  tan" vkd 0 œ lim cln k1  tan" bkd  ln k1  tan" 0k
b

bÄ_ bÄ_
œ ln ˆ1  1# ‰  ln (1  0) œ ln ˆ1  1# ‰

20. '0_ 161tan


x
 x "
dx œ
#
# b
lim ’8 atan" xb “ œ lim ’8 atan" bb “  8 atan" 0b œ 8 ˆ 1# ‰  8(0) œ 21#
# # #
bÄ_ 0 bÄ_
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 551

21. 'c_
0
)e) d) œ lim )e)  e) ‘ 0 œ a0 † e!  e! b  lim cbeb  eb d œ 1  lim ˆ beb" ‰
b Ä _ b b Ä _ b Ä _
œ 1  lim ˆ e"b ‰ ^
(l'Hopital's rule for _
_ form)
b Ä _
œ 1  0 œ  1

22. '0_ 2e) sin ) d) œ lim '0b 2e) sin ) d)


bÄ_
) b
œ lim 2 ’ 1e 1 ( sin )  cos ))“ (FORMULA 107 with a œ 1, b œ 1)
bÄ_ 0
2(sin b  cos b) 2(sin 0  cos 0) 2(0  1)
œ lim 2eb
 2e! œ0 2 œ1
bÄ_

23. 'c_
0
e x k k
dx œ '_ ex dx œ
0
lim cex d b! œ lim a1  eb b œ (1  0) œ 1
b Ä _ b Ä _

_ _
24. 'c_ 2xex
#
dx œ '_ 2xex dx  '0 2xex dx œ
0
# #
lim cex d b  c lim
#

Ä_
cex d 0
0 # c

b Ä _
c1  aecb bd  c lim cecc  (1)d œ (1  0)  (0  1) œ 0
# #
œ lim Ä_
b Ä _

25. '01 x ln x dx œ lim b ’ x# ln x 


#
x#
4 “b
1
œ ˆ "# ln 1  4" ‰  lim b Š b# ln b 
#
b#
4‹ œ  4"  lim b ln b
0
bÄ! bÄ! bÄ! Š b2# ‹

Š "b ‹ #
œ  "4  lim b 4
œ  4"  lim b Š b4 ‹ œ  4"  0 œ  4"
bÄ! Š
b$
‹ bÄ!

Š b" ‹
26. '01 ( ln x) dx œ lim cx  x ln xd b" œ c1  1 ln 1d  lim b cb  b ln bd œ 1  0  lim b ln b
œ 1  lim b
b Ä !b bÄ! bÄ! Š "b ‹ bÄ! Š "
b#

œ 1  lim b b œ 1  0 œ 1
bÄ!

27. '02 È ds œ lim c sin" #s ‘ 0 œ lim c ˆsin" b# ‰  sin" 0 œ


b 1
# 0œ 1
#
4  s# bÄ2 bÄ2

28. '01 È4r dr œ lim c c2 sin" ar# bd 0 œ lim c c2 sin" ab# bd  2 sin" 0 œ 2 †
b 1
# 0œ1
1  r% bÄ1 bÄ1

29. '12 ds #
œ lim b csec" sd b œ sec" 2  lim b sec" b œ 1
0œ 1
sÈ s#  1 bÄ1 bÄ1 3 3

30. '24 È dt %
œ lim b  "# sec" #t ‘ b œ lim b ˆ "# sec" 4# ‰  "
# sec" ˆ b# ‰‘ œ "
#
ˆ 13 ‰  "
# †0œ 1
t t#  4 bÄ2 bÄ2 6

31. '41 Èdxkxk œ lim c 'b1 Èdxx  lim b 'c


4
dx
Èx
b 4
œ lim c 2Èx‘ c1  lim b 2Èx‘ c
bÄ! cÄ! bÄ! cÄ!
œ lim c Š2Èb‹  ˆ2È(1)‰  2È4  lim b 2Èc œ 0  2  2 † 2  0 œ 6
bÄ! cÄ!

#
32. '02 Èkxdx 1k œ '01 È dx  '1
2
dx
Èx  1 œ lim c ’2È1x“  lim  ’2Èx  1“
b

1x bÄ1 ! cÄ1 c

œ lim  Š2È1b‹  Š2È1  0‹  2È2  1  lim  Š2Èc  1‹ œ 0  2  2  0 œ 4


bÄ1 cÄ1

33. 'c_1 ) #
d)
 5)  6 œ lim ln ¸ )) 
 2 ¸‘ b
3 1 œ lim
 2 ¸‘
ln ¸ bb  3
"  2 ¸
 ln ¸  ˆ"‰
1  3 œ 0  ln # œ ln 2
bÄ_ bÄ_
552 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

34. '0_ (x  1)dxax #  1b œ lim  #" ln kx  1k  "


4 ln ax#  1b  "
# tan" x‘ 0 œ lim ’ #" ln Š Èxx
b 1
# 1
‹ "
# tan" x“
b

bÄ_ bÄ_ 0

œ lim ’ "# ln Š Èbb "


# 1
‹ "
# tan" b“  ’ "# ln "
È1  "
# tan" 0“ œ "
# ln 1  "
# † 1
#  "
# ln 1  "
# †0œ 1
4
bÄ_

35. '01Î2 tan ) d) œ lim1  c ln kcos )kd b0 œ lim1  c ln kcos bkd  ln 1 œ lim1  c ln kcos bkd œ  _,
bÄ 2 bÄ 2 bÄ 2

the integral diverges

36. '01Î2 cot ) d) œ lim cln ksin )kd 1b Î# œ ln 1  lim  cln ksin bkd œ  lim  cln ksin bkd œ  _,
b Ä 0 bÄ0 bÄ0
the integral diverges

37. '01 Èsin ) d) ; c1  ) œ xd Ä '1


0
sin x dx
Èx œ '0
1
sin x dx
Èx . Since 0 Ÿ sin x
Èx Ÿ "
Èx for all 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1 and '0
1
dx
Èx
1)

converges, then '0


1
sin x
Èx dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

Ô x œ 11  2x) ×
38. 'c11ÎÎ22 cos ) d)
(1  2))"Î$
; )œ ## Ä '201  cos 2xˆ 1 c #
"Î$
x‰
# dx
œ '0
21
sin ˆ x# ‰ dx
#x"Î$
. Since 0 Ÿ
sin x#
2x"Î$
Ÿ "
2x"Î$
for all
Õ d) œ  dx Ø
#

0 Ÿ x Ÿ 21 and '0 converges, then '0


21 21
dx sin x# dx
2x"Î$ #x"Î$
converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

39. '0ln 2 x# ec1Îx dx;  "x œ y‘ Ä '_1Îln 2 y ey dy œ '1_Îln 2 ey dy œ
# y
# lim cey d b1Îln 2 œ lim ceb d  ce1Îln 2 d
bÄ_ bÄ_
œ 0  ec1Îln 2 œ e1Îln 2 , so the integral converges.

40. '01 eÈcÈx x


dx; y œ Èx‘ Ä 2'0 ecy dy œ 2  2e , so the integral converges.
1

41. '01 Èt dtsin t . Since for 0 Ÿ t Ÿ 1, 0 Ÿ "


Èt  sin t Ÿ "
Èt and '0
1
dt
Èt converges, then the original integral
converges as well by the Direct Comparison Test.

42. '01 t dtsin t ; let f(t) œ t  "sin t and g(t) œ t" , then $ lim f(t)
œ lim t$
œ lim 3t#
œ lim 6t
t Ä 0 g(t) t Ä 0 t  sin t t Ä 0 1  cos t t Ä 0 sin t

œ 6. Now,'0
œ lim b  #"t# ‘ b œ  "#  lim b  #"b# ‘ œ _, which diverges Ê '0
1 1 1
œ lim 6 dt
t$
dt
t  sin t
t Ä 0 cos t bÄ! bÄ!
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

43. '02 1 dxx œ '0


1
dx
 '1
2
dx
and'0
1
dx
œ lim c  #" ln ¸ 11 
 x ¸‘ b
x 0 œ b lim
 " ln ¸ "1 
 b ¸‘
 0 œ _, which
Ä 1c #
# 1  x# 1  x# 1  x# b
bÄ1
diverges Ê '02 1 dxx # diverges as well.

44. '02 dx
1x œ '0
1
dx
1x  '1
2
dx
1x and '0
1
dx
1x œ lim c c ln (1  x)d b0 œ lim c c ln (1  b)d  0 œ _, which
bÄ1 bÄ1

diverges Ê '02 dx
1x diverges as well.

45. 'c11 ln kxk dx œ 'c01 ln (x) dx  '01 ln x dx; '01 ln x dx œ lim cx ln x  xd 1b œ [1 † 0  1]  lim b [b ln b  b]
b Ä !b bÄ!

œ 1  0 œ 1; 'c1 ln (x) dx œ 1 Ê 'c11 ln kxk dx œ 2 converges.


0
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 553

46. 'c11 ax ln kxk b dx œ 'c01 cx ln (x)d dx  '01 (x ln x) dx œ #


lim b ’ x# ln x  x#
4 “b
1 #
 lim b ’ x# ln x  x#
4 “c
1

bÄ! cÄ!
# # #
c#
œ  "# ln 1  4" ‘  lim b ’ b# ln b  b4 “   "# ln 1  4" -‘  lim b ’ c# ln c  4“ œ  4"  0  "
4  0 œ 0 Ê the integral
bÄ! cÄ!
converges (see Exercise 25 for the limit calculations).

47. '1_ 1 dxx $ ;0Ÿ "


x$  1 Ÿ "
x$ for 1 Ÿ x  _ and '1
_ dx
x$ converges Ê '1_ 1 dxx $ converges by the Direct
Comparison Test.

48. '4_ Èxdx 1 ; x lim Š Èx1 1 ‹


œ x lim
Èx
œ x lim "
œ "
œ 1 and '4
_ dx b
œ lim 2Èx‘ 4 œ _,
Ä_ ŠÈ "
‹ Ä_ Èx  1 Ä_ 1  È"x 1 0 Èx bÄ_
x
_
which diverges Ê '4 dx
Èx  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

49. '2_ È dv ; lim


ŠÈ 1
v1

œ v lim
Èv
œ v lim "
œ "
œ 1 and '2
_ dv b
œ lim 2Èv‘ # œ _,
v1 v Ä _ ŠÈ "
‹ Ä_ Èv  1 Ä_ É1  "v È1  0 Èv bÄ_
v
_
which diverges Ê '2 dv
Èv  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

50. '0_ 1 d)e ; 0 Ÿ 1"e


) ) Ÿ "
e) for 0 Ÿ )  _ and '0
_ d)
e) œ lim ce) d b0 œ lim aeb  1b œ 1
bÄ_ bÄ_
_ d) _
Ê '0 e) converges Ê '0 d)
1 e ) converges by the Direct Comparison Test.

51. '0_ È dx œ '0


1
dx
È x'  1  '1
_ dx
È x'  1  '0
1
dx
È x'  1  '1
_ dx
x$ and '1
_ dx
x$ œ lim  2x" # ‘ 1
b
x'  1 bÄ_
_
œ lim ˆ #"b#  "# ‰ œ "
# Ê '0 dx
È x'  1 converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
bÄ_

'2_ È dx _"
"
ŠÈ
œ 1; '2

x#  1 "
52. ; x lim
Ä_ "
œ x lim
Ä_
x
È x#  1 œ x lim
Ä_ "
dx œ lim cln bd b2 œ _,
x# 1 Šx‹ É1  x bÄ_
x#
_
which diverges Ê '2 dx
È x#  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

Èx
53. '1_ Èxx  1 dx; x lim
#
Ä_
Πx# 
Èx  1 œ x lim
Ä_
Èx
Èx  1 œ x lim
Ä_
"
"
œ 1; '1
_ Èx
x# dx œ '1
_ dx
x$Î#
Œ  É1 
x# x

_ Èx  1
2
œ lim 2x"Î# ‘ 1 œ lim Š È  2‹ œ 2 Ê '1
b
x# dx converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
bÄ_ b bÄ_

'2_ Èx dx ŠÈ
œ 1; '2
_ x dx
œ '2
_ dx
x
‹ È x%
x%  1 "
54. ; x lim
Ä_
œ x lim
Ä_ È x%  1 œ x lim
Ä_ " È x% œ lim cln xd b2 œ _,
x% 1 ŠÈ x
‹ É1  x bÄ_
x% x%
_
which diverges Ê '2 x dx
È x%  1 diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.

55. '1_ 2  xcos x dx; 0  "x Ÿ 2  xcos x for x   1 and '1_ dxx œ lim cln xd 1b œ _, which diverges
bÄ_
_ 2  cos x
Ê '1 x dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

56. '1_ 1 xsin x dx; 0 Ÿ " xsin x Ÿ x2


# # # for x   1 and '1
_ 2
x#
b
dx œ lim  x2 ‘ 1 œ lim ˆ b2  12 ‰ œ 2
1
bÄ_ bÄ_
Ê '1_ 2xdx converges
# Ê '1_ 1 xsin x dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
#
554 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

57. '4_ t 2 dt 1 ;


$Î# lim t$Î#
œ 1 and '4
_ 2 dt 4
œ lim 4t"Î# ‘ 4 œ lim Š È
b
 2‹ œ 2 Ê '4_ 2t dt converges
t Ä _ t$Î#  1 t$Î# bÄ_ b bÄ_
$Î#

_
Ê '4 2 dt
t$Î#  1
converges by the Limit Comparison Test.

58. '2_ lndxx ; 0  "x  ln"x for x  2 and '2_ dxx diverges Ê '2
_ dx
ln x diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.

59. '1_ ex x
dx; 0  "
x  ex
x for x  1 and '1
_ dx
x diverges Ê '1_ e xdx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
x

60. 'e_ ln (ln x) dx; cx œ eyd Ä 'e_ (ln y) ey dy; 0  ln y  (ln y) ey for y   e and 'e_ ln y dy œ lim cy ln y  yd be
e
bÄ_
_
œ _, which diverges Ê 'e ln ey dy diverges Ê 'e_ ln (ln x) dx diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.
e

'1_ Èedx x ; x lim _ _


"
ŠÈ
œ 1; '1 œ '1 exÎ2 dx
‹ È ex
ex  x " "
61. Ä_ "
œ x lim
Ä_ È ex  x œ x lim
Ä_
œ È1  0
dx
Èex
ŠÈ É1  x
x
‹ ex
ex

œ lim c2ecxÎ2 d " œ lim


b
a2ebÎ2  2e1Î2 b œ 2
Èe Ê '1_ exÎ2 dx converges Ê '1
_
dx
È ex  x converges
bÄ_ bÄ_
by the Limit Comparison Test.

62. '1_ e dx 2


x x ; x lim
Ä_
ˆ ex " 2x ‰
ˆ e"x ‰ œ x lim
Ä_
ex
e x 2 x œ x lim
Ä_
"
x œ "
1 0 œ 1 and '1
_ dx
ex œ lim cex d b1
1Š 2e ‹ bÄ_
_ _
œ lim aecb  e" b œ "
e Ê '1 dx
ex converges Ê '1 dx
e x 2 x converges by the Limit Comparison Test.
bÄ_

_ _ _ _ _
63. '_ È
dx
œ 2 '0 dx
È x%  1 ; '0 dx
È x%  1 œ '0
1
dx
È x%  1  '1 dx
È x%  1  '0
1
dx
È x%  1  '1 dx
x# and
x%  1
_ dx _
'1 x# œ lim  x" ‘ 1 œ lim ˆ b"  1‰ œ 1 Ê
b
'_ È dx converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
bÄ_ bÄ_ x%  1

_ _ _ _
64. 'c_ dx
e  ec
x x œ 2'0 dx
ex  ecx ;0 "
ex  ecx  "
ex for x  0; '0 dx
ex converges Ê 2 '0 dx
ex  ecx converges by the
Direct Comparison Test.

65. (a) '12 x(lndxx) p ; ct œ ln xd Ä '0


ln 2
œ lim b ’ p" 1 t1cp “ œ lim b dt
tp
ln 2
b1cp
p1  "
1p (ln 2)1cp
bÄ! b bÄ!
Ê the integral converges for p  1 and diverges for p   1
(b) '2_ x(lndxx) p ; ct œ ln xd Ä 'ln 2
_ dt
tp and this integral is essentially the same as in Exercise 65(a): it converges
for p  1 and diverges for p Ÿ 1

66. '0_ x2xdx1 œ


# lim cln ax#  1bd 0 œ lim cln ab#  1bd  0 œ lim ln ab#  1b œ _ Ê the integral
b
_ 2x
'_ x  1 dx
#
bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_

diverges. But lim 'c_ x2xdx1 œ


b
# lim cln ax#  1bd b œ lim cln ab#  1b  ln ab#  1bd œ lim ln Š bb# 
b "
1‹
#

bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_ bÄ_


œ lim (ln 1) œ 0
bÄ_

_
67. A œ '0 ex dx œ lim cex d b0 œ lim aeb b  ae0 b
bÄ_ bÄ_
œ01œ1
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 555

68. x œ "
A
'0_ xex dx œ lim cxex  ex d b0 œ lim abeb  eb b  a0 † e0  e0 b œ 0  1 œ 1;
bÄ_ bÄ_
_ _
yœ " '0 aex b# dx œ "
#
'0 e2x dx œ lim "  #" e2x ‘ b œ lim " ˆ #" e2b ‰  #" ˆ #" e2 0 ‰ œ 0  † "
œ "
2A bÄ_ # 0 bÄ_ # 4 4

_ _
69. V œ '0 21xex dx œ 21 '0 xex dx œ 21 lim cxex  ex d b0 œ 21 ’ lim abeb  eb b  1“ œ 21
bÄ_ bÄ_

_ _
70. V œ '0 1 aex b# dx œ 1 '0 e2x dx œ 1 lim  "# e2x ‘ 0 œ 1 lim ˆ "# e2b  "# ‰ œ 1
b

bÄ_ bÄ_ #

71. A œ '0 (sec x  tan x) dx œ lim1  cln ksec x  tan xk  ln ksec xkd b0 œ lim1  ˆln ¸1 
1Î2
tan b ¸
sec b  ln k1  0k‰
bÄ 2 bÄ 2

œ lim1 c ln k1  sin bk œ ln 2
bÄ 2

72. (a) V œ '0 1 sec# x dx  '0 1 tan# x dx œ 1 '0 asec# x  tan# xb dx œ '0
1Î2 1Î2 1Î2 1Î2
1 csec# x  asec# x  1bd dx

œ 1 '0 dx œ
1Î2
1#
#

(b) Souter œ '0 21 sec xÈ1  sec# x tan# x dx   '0 21 sec x(sec x tan x) dx œ 1 lim1  ctan# xd 0
1Î2 1Î2 b

bÄ 2

œ 1 ” lim1 c ctan bd  0• œ 1 lim1 c atan bb œ _ Ê Souter diverges; Sinner œ '0 21 tan xÈ1  sec% x dx
1Î2
# #
bÄ 2 bÄ 2

  '0 21 tan x sec x dx œ 1 lim1  ctan# xd 0 œ 1 ” lim1  ctan# bd  0• œ 1 lim1  atan# bb œ _


1Î2
# b

bÄ 2 bÄ 2 bÄ 2

Ê Sinner diverges

73. (a) '3_ e3x dx œ lim  "3 e3x ‘ 3 œ lim ˆ 3" e3b ‰  ˆ 3" e3 3 ‰ œ 0 
b † "
3 † e9 œ "
3 e9
bÄ_ bÄ_
_
¸ 0.0000411  0.000042. Since ecx Ÿ ec3x for x  3, then '3 ecx dx  0.000042 and therefore
# #

'0_ ecx #
dx can be replaced by '0 ecx dx without introducing an error greater than 0.000042.
3 #

(b) '03 ecx #


dx µ
= 0.88621

_
74. (a) V œ '1 1 ˆ "x ‰ dx œ 1 lim  x" ‘ 1 œ 1 ’ lim ˆ b" ‰  ˆ 1" ‰“ œ 1(0  1) œ 1
# b

bÄ_ bÄ_
(b) When you take the limit to _, you are no longer modeling the real world which is finite. The comparison
step in the modeling process discussed in Section 4.2 relating the mathematical world to the real world
fails to hold.

75. (a)
556 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

(b) > int((sin(t))/t, t=0..infinity); ˆanswer is 1# ‰

76. (a)

(b) > f:= 2*exp(t^2)/sqrt(Pi);


> int(f, t=0..infinity); (answer is 1)

x2 /2
77. (a) faxb œ 1
È 21 e

f is increasing on (_, 0]. f is decreasing on [0, _). f has a local maximum at a0, fa0bb œ Š!ß 1
È 21 ‹

(b) Maple commands:


>f: œ exp(x^2/2)(sqrt(2*pi);
>int(f, x œ 1..1); ¸ 0.683
>int(f, x œ 2..2); ¸ 0.954
>int(f, x œ 3..3); ¸ 0.997
(c) Part (b) suggests that as n increases, the integral approaches 1. We can take 'cn f(x) dx as close to 1 as we want by
n

_ n
choosing n  1 large enough. Also, we can make 'n f(x) dx and '_ f(x) dx as small as we want by choosing n large
enough. This is because 0  faxb  ex/2 for x  1. (Likewise, 0  faxb  ex/2 for x  1.)
_ _
Thus, 'n f(x) dx  'n ex/2 dx.
'n_ ex/2 dx œ lim 'nc ex/2 dx œ lim c 2ex/2 dcn œ lim c 2ec/2  2en/2 d œ 2en/2
cÄ_ cÄ_ cÄ_
_
As n Ä _, 2en/2 Ä 0, for large enough n, 'n f(x) dx is as small as we want. Likewise for large enough n,
n
'_ f(x) dx is as small as we want.

78. '3_ ˆ x " #  x" ‰ dx Á '3_ x dx #  '3_ dxx , since the left hand integral converges but both of the right hand
integrals diverge.
Section 8.7 Improper Integrals 557
_ _
79. (a) The statement is true since 'c_ f(x) dx œ '_ f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx, 'b f(x) dx œ 'a f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx
b a b b

and 'a f(x) dx exists since f(x) is integrable on every interval [aß b].
b

_ _
(b) '_
a
f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx œ '_ f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx
a b b

_ _
œ '_ f(x) dx  'b f(x) dx  'a f(x) dx œ '_ f(x) dx  'b f(x) dx
b a b

_ _ _
80. (a) '_ f(x) dx œ '_ f(x) dx  '0 f(x) dx œ  '_ f(u) du  '0 f(x) dx
0 0

_ _ _
œ '0 f(u) du  '0 f(x) dx œ 2 '0 f(x) dx, where u œ x
_ _ _
(b) '_ f(x) dx œ '_ f(x) dx  '0 f(x) dx œ '_ f(u) du  '0 f(x) dx
0 0

_ _ _ _
œ '0 f(u) du  '0 f(x) dx œ '0 f(x) dx  '0 f(x) dx œ 0, where u œ x

_ _ _ Š "x ‹
81. '_ È
dx
œ '_ Èxdx
1
 '1 dx
È x#  1 ; '1 dx
È x#  1 diverges because x lim
Ä_ "
x# 1 #1
ŠÈ ‹
x#  1
_ dx _
œ 1 and '1 diverges; therefore, '_
È x#  1 "
œ x lim
Ä_ x œ x lim
Ä_
É1  x# x
dx
È x#  1 diverges

_ _ _
82. '_ È
"
dx converges, since '_ "
È 1  x' dx œ 2 '0 "
È 1  x' dx which was shown to converge in
1  x'
Exercise 51

_
83. 'c_ dx
x
' _ e dx e
x
"
e  ec œ _ e  1 ; e  1 œ e  ec
x
2x 2x
x
x x  "
ex and '0
_
dx
ex œ c lim
Ä_
cex d c0 œ c lim
Ä_
aec  1b œ 1
_ _
Ê 'c_ ee dx1 œ 2 '0 e dxec converges
x
2x x x

_ c
84. '_ e dx
#
x
' 1 ec dx ' _ ec dx ' 1 ec dx ' _ e du
#
x
#
x

x  1 œ _ x  1  1 x  1 ; _ x  1 œ 1 1  u , where u œ x, and since 1  u


e
#
x u
#
u
#  "
u (u  1) and
'1_ duu diverges, the integral '1_ 1eduu diverges Ê '_
_ ec dx
x  1 diverges
u
# #
x

_ _
85. 'c_ e x k k
dx œ 2 '0 ex dx œ 2 lim '0b ex dx œ 2 lim cex d b0 œ 2, so the integral converges.
bÄ_ bÄ_

_
86. 'c_ ' #
(x  1) œ _
dx
#
dx
(x  1)#  '#
1
dx
(x  1)#  '1 (x dx1)#  '2
2 _
dx
(x  1)# ;
_
lim c 'c# (x dx1) '_
b
œ lim  x " 1 ‘ b œ _, which diverges Ê dx
diverges
b Ä 1 c #
# (x  1) #
b Ä 1

_ ksin xk  kcos xk _ _
87. 'c_ kx k  1 dx œ 2 '0 ksin xxk  k1cos xk dx   2'0 sin xx  cos
1
x
dx œ 2
# #
lim '0b x dx 1 dx
bÄ_
_ ksin xk  kcos xk
œ 2 lim cln kx  1kd b0 œ _, which diverges Ê 'c_ kx k  1 dx diverges
bÄ_

_
88. '_ ax  1b ax  2b dx œ 0 by Exercise 80(b) because the integrand is odd and the integral
#
x
#

'0_ ax  1xbdxax  2b Ÿ '0_ dxx converges


# # $

89. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..exp(1);
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
558 Chapter 8 Techniques of Integration

plot( fn_list, x=domain, y=-50..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],


legend=["p= -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#89 (Section 8.8)" );
q1 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q2 := value( q1 );
q3 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p>-1;
q4 := simplify( q2 ) assuming p<-1;
q5 := value( eval( q1, p=-1 ) );
i1 := q1 = piecewise( p<-1, q4, p=-1, q5, p>-1, q3 );

90. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := exp(1)..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=exp(1)..10, y=0..100, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#90 (Section 8.8)" );
q6 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q7 := value( q6 );
q8 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p>-1;
q9 := simplify( q7 ) assuming p<-1;
q10 := value( eval( q6, p=-1 ) );
i2 := q6 = piecewise( p<-1, q9, p=-1, q10, p>-1, q8 );

91. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(x);
domain := 0..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=0..10, y=-50..50, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9], thickness=[3,4,1,2,0],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#91 (Section 8.8)" );
q11 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain ):
q11 = lhs(i1+i2);
`` = rhs(i1+i2);
`` = piecewise( p<-1, q4+q9, p=-1, q5+q10, p>-1, q3+q8 );
`` = piecewise( p<-1, -infinity, p=-1, undefined, p>-1, infinity );

92. Example CAS commands:


Maple:
f := (x,p) -> x^p*ln(abs(x));
domain := -infinity..infinity;
fn_list := [seq( f(x,p), p=-2..2 )];
plot( fn_list, x=-4..4, y=-20..10, color=[red,blue,green,cyan,pink], linestyle=[1,3,4,7,9],
legend=["p = -2","p = -1","p = 0","p = 1","p = 2"], title="#92 (Section 8.8)" );
q12 := Int( f(x,p), x=domain );
q12p := Int( f(x,p), x=0..infinity );
q12n := Int( f(x,p), x=-infinity..0 );
q12 = q12p + q12n;
`` = simplify( q12p+q12n );

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