The New Physics

THE INTRODUCTION
INTO NEW PHYSICS

PART ONE
GORAN MITIĆ
Niš, 2008
2 Goran Mitić THE INTRODUCTION INTO NEW PHYSICS
Copyright © 2008 Mitić Goran

All rights reserved. No portion of this book
may be reproduced in any form without express written
permission from the Author/Publisher.
CIP - Cataloging in Publication record

The National Library of Serbia, Belgrade
53(02.062)
MITIĆ, Goran
1st
part / Goran Mitić ; [Illustration Saša
Dimitrijević ; pictures Goran Mitić ;
translation Ivana Jocić]. - Niš : G. Mitić.
2008. - 201pp. : lilustr. ; 21 cm
Translation of the book: Uvod u novu fiziku

copies printed 500.
- Author of the Book The Introduction
Into New Physics: pp. 201.
ISBN 978-86-911009-1-9
a) Physics (Popular Science)

COBISS.SR-ID 147936012
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Goran Mitić THE INTRODUCTION INTO NEW PHYSICS 3
CONTENTS
WHAT INSPIRED ME TO WRITE THIS WAY? ................... 4

WHAT AM I WRITING ABOUT? .......................................... 5
NATURE IN CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT........................... 8
CAUSES OF NATURAL MOVEMENT............................... 11
TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY .......................................... 14
A REVOLUTIONARY IDEA: ANTI-GRAVITATION............ 21
MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY ............................... 25
OBVIOUS EVIDENCE ....................................................... 31
OUR STAR, THE SUN....................................................... 45
THE STANDARD MODEL OF THE SUN.......................... 50
THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IS IMPOSSIBLE!................ 58
AN ANTI-GRAVITATIONAL MODEL OF THE SUN .......... 62
A NEW VIEW OF THE SUN .............................................. 69
CYCLES OF SUN ACTIVITY ........................................... 117
ОUR SUN IN OUR GALAXY............................................ 124
THE INFLUENCE OF A STAR’S MOVEMENT ON ITS LIFE
AND DESTINY ................................................................. 135
THE ORIGIN OF STARS ................................................. 144
THE CAUSE OF ROTATION IN CELESTIAL BODIES ... 152
PRESERVING THE ROTATION OF CELESTIAL BODIES
......................................................................................... 160
THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE ........................... 165
MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY AND NEWTON.... 173
MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY AND EINSTEIN ... 189
DIMENSIONS AND “CONSTANTS” ................................ 194
THE END OF PART ONE ................................................ 199
AUTHOR OF THE BOOK THE INTRODUCTION INTO
NEW PHYSICS ................................................................ 201
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Why I am writing this book?
I am writing this book in the hope that as many readers

as possible will be able to understand it. That is why I will try to
write in simple language. In order not to discourage a single
reader—young or old, college-educated or still in school, I
promise not to use even the simplest mathematical formulae
and, wherever possible I will provide pictures or drawings.
What inspired me to write this way?
There is a well known anecdote in scientific circles: a

young scientist begs his older colleague to help him
understand a new theory; the older man tells the young man
that he will never understand its essence but he will simply get
used to it during the course of time.
I would like what I am saying to be understood by
almost everybody, not just those interested in science and
technology. Therefore, I reject this attitude. In science, to just
‘get used’ to a theory—while not understanding it—is
unacceptable.
A principal result of having an intellect is that, as
human beings, we understand the world around us. The better
we understand the world around us, the more progress we will
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make in fulfilling our human destiny. Merely ‘getting used to’
changes is a characteristic of lower life forms.
I also reject the belief, which unfortunately is quite
widespread, that only a few individuals can understand new
ideas or theories in science, and that others should blindly
accept them on trust. I am convinced that a majority of people
can understand new theories and discoveries in science if they
are properly explained.
Those who say modern science cannot be understood
either do not understand it themselves or, for some reason, do
not want to share their knowledge with others.
What am I writing about?
I am writing about my understanding of the world

around us, which we see either with our own eyes or by using
technological aids that we have invented.
I did not intend to write a theory, much less a book,
because at first all I had was one idea. As I was developing and
checking my idea, it slowly dawned on me that I could not just
merge it with existing theories in physics, supplementing or
improving them. I realized that my idea gave birth to a whole new
theory. And as I developed and checked my theory in different
fields of physics, I came to a conclusion that astonished even me;
I would have to start creating a new physics.
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There comes a time with an old car when it is pointless

to put any more time or money into repairing it. It simply cannot
be fixed. It is time to buy a new one.
This was Nicolaus Copernicus’ dilemma. He could not
reconcile his discoveries about the movement of celestial
bodies with existing astronomy, so he had to create a new
astronomy in which the Earth and the other planets revolve
around the Sun.
In the Middle Ages the flow of ideas was not only slow,
but at times was halted altogether when the Church intervened
to suppress it. It took 150 years for his ’new astronomy’ to be
accepted. It will be very interesting to see how fast this ‘new
physics’ will spread in the age of electronic media and the
internet, when people are well informed and closely
connected.
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NATURE IN CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT
Human beings are different from other beings with

whom we share this planet for we have developed intellect, or
sense. Thus progress in our evolution has enabled us to
understand the world around us—that is, to understand the
laws and processes by which nature functions.
All living creatures notice with their senses that nature
is constantly changing, constantly moving. One does not need
intellect to notice the change from day to night; the movement
of the sun and moon in the sky; the movement of the stars in
the night sky; the movement of clouds and the different kinds
of precipitation they bring; the movement of the air, that is, the
wind, and its temperature; the flow of water in brooks and
rivers; waves in lakes, seas and oceans, and many other
changes in nature. All living creatures have the ability to adjust
to the laws of nature and thus play the game of life on this
planet. It is not necessary for living creatures to understand
the laws by which nature functions for them to survive on the
planet–all of them have a certain form of intelligence which
enables them to survive in nature.
However, to a human being, survival itself is not
enough; we have the inner urge to understand why nature is
moving in the way it is. Of course, a complete understanding
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of the laws that move nature is difficult and requires time, a lot
of time.
That is why people realize they have to transmit
knowledge to the next generation, in order not to disrupt the
progress of understanding the laws of nature—so that new
generations can continue where their forebears left off. That
process started a long time ago and continues today. It has
not always been a peaceful and quiet progress. There are
numerous examples of clashes of different knowledge, and a
constant emerging of new knowledge, too. The history of
science shows old knowledge continuously being replaced
with new, better and universal understanding. That is how it is
today, that is how it will be in the future. I do not need to write
any further about it, because it has been described many
times elsewhere.
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CAUSES OF NATURAL MOVEMENT
Seeing continuous movement throughout nature, man

quickly understood that in order to move one needs energy.
The source of energy for our movement, and for all other living
creatures, is food. True, but what kind of energy sets
everything else in nature in motion?
Since nature is in continuous movement, the question
logically arises: where does all that enormous energy come
from? Noticing the clear difference between day and night,
man quickly realized it must be the sun. The sun’s rays, both
illumine and, unevenly, heat the surface of our planet and it is
precisely those differences in temperature that lead to the
movement of the air and water that enable life on earth. The
energy of food that is used by almost all living creatures also
has its roots in the sun’s energy. Therefore, the sun’s energy
is the source of movement, that is, life. We already know that
energy can be neither created nor destroyed. We have
realized that energy is constantly transforming from one form
into another, that it can be in a passive or an active state
(potential or kinetic).
Today we have access to mechanical, electric,
magnetic, solar, chemical and nuclear energy, energy from
radiation and other forms of energy. Nevertheless, the closest
and most evident to us is thermal energy, because we all feel
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the uncomfortable effects of very high or very low
temperatures, and the pleasant effect of moderate
temperatures. In order to quantitatively measure the level of
warmth, men introduced the notion of ‘temperature’ as the
measurement of warmth of a body. We have created
temperature scales and divided them into degrees and
gradients and are able to measure temperature wherever we
want, using different devices whose common name is
‘thermometer.’
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TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY
The term ‘relativity’ is used in physics for all those

values and concepts that are for any reason variable, that is,
do not maintain the same value. The term ’relativity’ has
become very popular since the appearance of Einstein’s
theories of relativity. We shall leave Einstein’s theories for
later, because, in them, relativity is connected with speed.
Here, I would like to talk about the relativity of values and
concepts in terms of temperature. Let us look at which things
in nature change, and how they change, with a change of
temperature.
A physical body, one of the basic concepts in physics,
can be solid, liquid or gas. These are the three essential states
of aggregation we encounter in everyday life. However, when
we say ‘a body’, we primarily think of something that has a
stable shape and firmness. Therefore we will begin from that
point, the solid body—a body in the solid state of aggregation.
When we observe a solid body and follow what
happens with a change in its temperature, first we see that its
dimensions change. With an increase in temperature, its
dimensions increase, and with a decrease in temperature its
dimensions reduce. To state it briefly: all bodies expand in
heat and shrink in cold, thus their volume (V) changes. We
then notice that the hardness of the body is changing. As the
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temperature of the body rises, its hardness decreases and we
can more easily change its external shape. As the temperature
decreases, its hardness increases and reshaping is hardly
possible, or leads to cracking or breaks.
Next, further increases in the temperature of the body
leads to its melting, that is, its transition from a solid into a
liquid state of aggregation. Now the body no longer has a
specific shape, we need a vessel made from a solid material to
contain it. The level of hardness is very low. This gives us the
possibility of reshaping it, by casting it in different molds, then
cooling it back down to the solid state of aggregation. This is
the essence of metallurgy. If we continue to increase the
temperature of the liquid body, we notice it starts to evaporate
more and more until it is boiling. Now the liquid evaporates
rapidly and, to contain our body in the gas state of aggregation
we need a new, completely sealed, and considerably larger
vessel because this state fills a much larger volume than the
liquid. The gas state of aggregation completely occupies all of
the vessel’s available volume, plus it exerts a certain amount
of gas pressure on the vessel’s walls. These changes of states
of aggregation we can most easily observe in our everyday
lives in the form of ice, water and steam.
Liquids and gases can flow, thus we use the term ‘fluid’
and the inner quality of hardness we call ‘viscosity’. With an
increase in temperature, viscosity is decreased, and with a
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decrease in temperature, viscosity is increased—warm fluids
flow more easily than cold ones. Accordingly, an increase in
temperature of a gas increases the pressure of its action upon
the walls of the vessel. When we reduce the temperature of a
gas, first the pressure on the walls of the vessel reduces, and
then condensation forms, (restoring the body to the liquid state
of aggregation) and then hardening, or crystallization, occurs
as the body is restored to the solid state of aggregation.
When the effects of electricity and magnetism were first
identified and studied, it was noticed that electrified bodies,
exposed to heat, suffer a reduction in their electricity until it is
completely lost. When an electrified body is heated, it also
reduces its magnetism until it, too, is completely loss.
The introduction of electricity brought with it the
problem of safely conducting the current through cables and of
isolating it. We have established that conductors have their
own resistibility, and that energy is lost in transport. It has also
been established that electric current flowing through cables
causes them to heat, which in turn causes an increase in
resistibility, and more energy loss. That is why we have to
ensure that cables do not overheat, for it can lead to fire and
serious danger. However, cooling the cables down reduces
their resistibility. What is especially interesting is that, at very
low temperatures, the resistibility of the cables completely
disappears and there is no loss in the transmission of the
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electric current. A current circuit that is once established is
permanently maintained and that interesting phenomenon is
called superconductivity.
As for isolators, they protect us very well from electric
current when they are cool enough. If they become
overheated, their isolation function is nullified, and, above
certain temperatures they even become conductors. There is a
category of materials we call semiconductors, and the
technology of electronics depends on their special
characteristic, which is that they are very sensitive to changes
in temperature, so we shall have to take special notice of that.
Mankind has been using fire for its own purposes for a
long time, so we are well acquainted with the processes of
lighting a fire and of burning. We can easily observe the
flammability of different materials. Upon heating to a certain
temperature, some materials burst into flames. We call that
temperature the ignition point. In general, gases are the most
flammable, then liquids, and finally solid bodies.
We also know that among flammable materials there
are those that incinerate more quickly than others. Those that
incinerate the fastest we call explosives and they are dealt
with very carefully. (Naturally, we deal with all flammable
materials with care.)
In essence, burning is a chemical process of oxidation.
That means that the change in temperature changes the
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chemical properties of the material. Since there is a lot of free
oxygen in the atmosphere, oxidation is an omnipresent
process, but the process differs at different temperatures. In
chemistry it is well known that temperature can significantly
changes the chemical properties of certain substances, or can
lead to their disintegration, or their becoming more compound,
which results in a new generation of substances.
Changes caused by lowering or raising temperature
critically influence the living world, and the possibility of its
survival and development. Our own life is dependent on the
temperature of our bodies and if it rises or falls beyond a
narrow range, we die.
Living creatures are not the only ones to lose their
existence when we raise the temperature enough. If we
continue heating any material, it will, after becoming a gas
change into the state we call ‘plasma’. When matter is in the
state of plasma, atoms disintegrate, that is, they are partially or
wholly ionized. In high-temperature plasma all electrons are
detached from the nucleus. Thus, chemical elements lose their
existence as plasma emerges.
Let me also speak here about the ‘emission’ of a body
at different temperatures. It is well known that bodies emit
electro-magnetic energy into their surroundings, whatever their
temperature. The temperature of the body determines the
wavelength of the dominant electromagnetic emanation that it
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emits. The higher the temperature of the body, the more
dominant the emission of short wavelengths and the greater
the energy. Inversely, the lower the body temperature, the
more dominant the emission of long wavelengths, and the
lower the energy.
People are naturally able to differentiate one part of the
spectrum with their eyes, the part called the visible spectrum,
or visible light. Through our skin, we can also sense a part of
the spectrum, which we call heat or infrared (IR) radiation, and
a part of the spectrum called ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
By simply touch we can determine if one body is
warmer than another. If bodies are too warm to touch, simply
by bringing our hands to a safe distance we can determine
which body is warmer. When we heat metals to red-hot, we
observe something interesting: by further heating the metals,
we see them begin to emit red light, called red incandescence,
followed by the emission of white light, or white
incandescence. If we observe a candle flame, we can see that
different areas burn in different colors. Where the temperature
is highest, the flame is brightest, and where the temperature is
lower, at the periphery, the flame is a little less bright, that is,
redder. Burning different substances creates flames of every
color of the rainbow.
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A REVOLUTIONARY IDEA: ANTI-GRAVITATION
While I lived on the side of Cegar Hill, on the outskirts of

the town of Nis, my wife and I regularly hiked to the top where
there is a monument to the unique bravery of the Serbian rebels
of the First Serbian Uprising against the Turks. Unwilling to
surrender to the Turks, the Serb leader, Stevan Sindjelic, shot a
barrel of gunpowder thus blowing up both the Serbs and the
Turks. The Turks built a tower from the heads of the Serbian
rebels on the outskirts of Nis in order to intimidate the Serbian
people. But the Serbs, as a nation, do not allow themselves to
be intimidated, so after the failure of the Fist Serbian Uprising,
they launched the Second Uprising and managed to free
themselves from five centuries of slavery that they had endured
under the Turks.
Close to the monument is the field of the village football
club, and the whole hill is covered in vineyards and orchards.
We regularly jogged around the football field.
One day in August 1997, as we were running there, dusk
began to fall. On a field behind the goalposts, closer to the
monument, there was a large pile of dried vine stems. The
villagers use these stems as a fuel for distilling rakija (Serbian
brandy) or for heat, especially kindling, as they burn easily.
However, this particular pile had been built for a bonfire. Just
then, a villager lit the huge pile, and we watched the whole
scene. Then, continuing with our run, we turned our backs on the
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fire. When we reached the opposite goalpost we faced the fire
once again and saw a fascinating sight. Flames had already
engulfed the whole pile and were reaching their maximum. The
flames reached 10 meters high and illumined the whole top of the
hill. I had never seen a larger fire in my entire life. Totally
fascinated, we stood there admiring the magnificent sight.
I was as happy and delighted as a child without a
thought in my head–just the image of the huge fire whose
flames were rising so forcibly and quickly upward, as they
narrowed towards the apex. From the top of the flames, sparks
were flying up at a great speed into the darkness. That the
heated mass of particles and air was being forced upwards
was clearly visible.
Suddenly a thought flashed in my head: “That’s anti-
gravity!” followed by a tingling feeling running up my spine, as I
considered the veracity of the thought that had occurred in my
head. There were goose bumps all over my skin and my hair
stood on end. That feeling was not new to me. I had had it
before, when other equally striking ideas had occurred to me, but
this was much more intense. I no longer saw the fire with the
same eyes. Now I was watching anti-gravitation in action. I did
not, for a single moment, doubt the veracity of the thought that
had occurred in my head. Previous experiences, similar to this
one, had already persuaded me to believe in the veracity of ideas
acquired in such a manner. Instantaneously, questions appeared
—what is happening in the process of combustion? How did it
work? From the day that ‘anti-gravitation’ first entered my head,
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nothing in my life has been the same. That thought completely
seized me, and before long my wife asked me what was going on
with me—I was so changed. It was only then that I told her what
had happened that night when we were watching the fire on
Cegar.
People think that it is enough for an idea to appear in
your mind for the problem to be solved; I also used to think like
that. However, the opposite is true: when an idea appears in
your mind, it is just the beginning of a long and arduous
journey to a complete understanding of that idea. Then it has
to be verified in every instance, and finally it has to be
integrated into existing science.
I was not fully aware of all this, but I immediately set
about the process of understanding the idea. Previously I had
thought that a person owns an idea that he or she works on.
But in time, I came to see the opposite; it is as if the ideas
choose us, and through us they manifest themselves.
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MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY
I started by analyzing the fire. The flames stretch from the

bottom of the pile of burning material (because that is how a fire
starts) and the higher the pile is, the higher the final height of the
fire will be. Above the flames there is a part that is invisible, or
transparent. It is much smaller than the fire. Above this
transparent area is the zone of visible smoke. At the beginning
the smoke is light-colored; as the height increases, the smoke
grows darker and darker. As the height increases, the smoke
goes up more and more slowly. At a certain point it reaches its
maximum height. Since it cannot go beyond its optimal height the
smoke spreads outward, having the appearance of a thick
pancake. When the process of burning finishes, the smoke cloud
hangs in the air on the maximum height, and then slowly loses
height and finally falls back to the ground.
To recap: the visible effect of burning comprises the
ascent of hot gas up to an optimal height and its decline to
earth when it cools down. But let’s analyze individual gas
molecules that result from combustion (CO2 + H2O). Hot gas
molecules emit electromagnetic radiation in infrared (IR) and
the visible part of the spectrum, so we see those emissions as
bright or less bright flames. At that point they are rapidly
entering the transparent zone; the molecules have cooled a
little, enough that they do not emit visible light, but only IR
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radiation, and they continue going rapidly upwards. The first
layer of smoke is comprised of molecules that are already
cooled down so that along with emitting IR radiation they start
absorbing the sun’s light and continue moving upward but at a
slower speed. Optimal height is reached when the molecules
are absorbing and emitting equal amounts of energy, so there
is no more vertical movement and thus they hang in the air. As
the molecules are in a continual process of cooling down,
eventually they are emitting less energy than they are
absorbing. Slowly they fall. As the process of cooling down
continues, the gas molecules fall faster until their final fall to the
ground, when the molecule’s temperature equates with the
outside temperature.
The logic of my thinking was this: if the molecules of
the hot gas that are characterized by high temperatures fly
rapidly upward, and if that is anti-gravitation in action, that
means that molecules at high temperatures have negative
mass. But, as they cool, while moving away from earth, they
go upward more slowly, meaning that the negativity of their
mass is being reduced. The change in the molecule’s distance
from the mass center of the earth cannot be the cause of such
changes in their mutual interaction, because the whole
process involves a relatively small height in comparison to the
earth’s radius.
When the molecules of gas reach their final height and
start hanging in the air, that means that they lost the
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characteristic of negative character of their mass, and reached
a massless state; at that point there is no interaction with the
earth, neither anti-gravitational, nor gravitational. But, as
cooling happens continuously, they start to have positive
mass, re-establishing gravitational interaction with the earth
and falling towards the earth. The more they cool down, the
faster they fall towards the earth; which tells us that their
attractive mass is changing quantitatively (increasing) as the
temperature lowers. The molecules have maximum attractive
mass when their temperature is equal to the temperature of the
surrounding air, just as they had the maximum negative mass
when their temperature was equal to the temperature of the fire.
The higher the combustion (fire) temperature, the higher the
maximum height of the gases will be before returning to earth.
Is it important to explore the temperatural relativity of mass?

Well... yes! If temperature influences so many features
of matter, as we have already shown, it also makes sense to
explore what influence it has on feature we call mass. And it
also, therefore, it makes sense to talk about the temperatural
relativity of mass.
The temperatural relativity of mass shows us that
warming a body decreases its attractiveness until it is
completely lost, let us say, it reaches zero. In this state the
feature we call mass is lost and the body is said to be in a
massless state. In this state the quality of the mass also
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changes. With further warming the mass of the body becomes
qualitatively negative, and, as the body temperature rises,
quantitatively, the negativity of the mass rises. That means
that the feature we call mass changes not only quantitatively
but also qualitatively with a change of temperature.
Can we talk about negative mass and anti-gravitation
from the aspect of physics and forces in nature?
Let us remind ourselves what physics has to say about
forces in nature. Until now, physics has defined four types of
forces. These are: strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravita-
tional force. Strong, or nuclear, forces are forces that work on
the level of the atomic nucleus, between the protons and neu-
trons, and they account for the stability of matter. Measured by
intensity these are the strongest of all forces known to us, and
by range, the shortest. Weak forces are those functioning on
the atomic level that are responsible for the radioactive
breakdown of matter. In intensity they are weaker than the
nuclear or strong force (hence the name), but they are still
very strong, and their range is wider than strong force.
Electromagnetic forces are easier for us to grasp because we
encounter electricity and magnetism in our everyday lives.
Electromagnetic force is weaker than the weak force, however,
its third place should not be underestimated. The range of
electromagnetic forces is much larger than both the strong and
the weak forces.
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Gravitational force is most familiar to us. We
experience it in every aspect of our lives and movements. It
has the weakest intensity of all forces, but is the most domi-
nant force in the universe because of its vast range. Apart
from being different in quantity, these four forces are
qualitatively different as well. How? Strong, weak and
electromagnetic forces appear to attract and repel, while
gravitational force appears to attract only. Is gravity an
exception?
Temperatural relativity of mass is just the thing that
introduces symmetry among all the forces by introducing a
negative aspect to gravitational forces, that is, anti-gravitation.
All forces now become attractive/negative, which we have
been eagerly expecting and which, in theory, seems so natural
and logical to us.
So...the answer is yes! It does make sense in physics
to talk about negative mass and anti-gravitiation. It is precisely
what has been lacking.
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OBVIOUS EVIDENCE
When working on a new idea, apart from the

tremendous enthusiasm that we feel, occasionally there are
periods when doubt overcomes us and we start to ask
ourselves if it is all a delusion or a serious mistake.
And I, indeed, asked myself those questions: am I not
making a mistake, am I not deluding myself?
If mass temperature relativity is a reality, then besides
fire there should exist some other proof of anti-gravitation in
action. And so I began to observe the world around me. I
investigated all vertical movements, upward or downward, as
well as all processes which involve warming or cooling.
We live on the surface of planet Earth, in its air layer,
which we call the atmosphere. We breathe the omnipresent air
and feel its temperature or movement, although we cannot see
it. Let us ’see’ what and how it is happening with this air, which
is always moving. As kids in primary school, we learned that
warm air is lighter and rises, and cool air is heavier and it goes
downward. That is just another way of expressing what I am
saying about mass temperatural relativity. But, let us take one
example at a time.
When we observe a closed air system like a room, for
example, it is clear that the coolest air is next to the floor and
the warmest just below the ceiling. That is why we put heating
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appliances as low as possible, so that they can heat the
maximum volume of air. If we open a door or window and raise
a lighted candle or lighter from the floor upward, we will see for
ourselves that cool air enters the room from below, and warm
air exits the room from above. The room gets cooler, first from
below, then higher. After all, we feel the cool air on our feet
first. The warm air that leaves the room continues moving
upward, since there is now no ceiling to impede its movement.
If you do not believe me, heat up your oven and then open the
door holding your hand above the stove. (Do not put your face
above the stove for the hot air might burn you.)
To cool ourselves in summer, we should put the
cooling system close to the ceiling, because the cool air, as it
falls will cool the greatest volume of the air in the room.
If we again try the experiment with the lighted candle
flame or lighter with the fridge or the freezer door left ajar, we
will see that cool air is leaving it in a downward trajectory and
that the warm air is entering upwards, into it.
Therefore, we have a completely different situation
when we compare airing up warmed and cooled closed space.
Why is that so?
When we heat the air in a closed space, pressure
increases in the upper part where the warm air is, and
decreases in the lower part where the air is cold. Heated
molecules of air, whose mass has become more or less
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negative, exert pressure on the upper surface of the closed
space and pile up in the upper part, further increasing the
pressure. As the number of molecules exerting pressure on
them decrease, the cool molecules slowly move apart, so that
below, where the cool air is, pressure decreases.
Conversely, when we cool the air in a closed space,
the pressure increases in the lower part where the air is
cooler, and decreases in the upper part where the air is
warmer. Cooled air molecules, whose mass has become even
more attractive, exert pressure on the bottom surface of the
closed space and pile up in the lower part making increased
pressure. Because fewer warm molecules are pressing on
each other, they slowly move apart and upward, where the air
is warmer, further decreasing the pressure.
Let us now observe an open-air system, such as the
atmosphere of our planet. Earth’s gravitation attracts all air
molecules and thus keeps them in place around itself. We
know that air pressure at sea level is one atmosphere, and
that as you move up from sea level the atmospheric pressure
decreases because the air is becoming rarefied. But the
pressure is not the same everywhere, even at the lower levels
of the earth’s atmosphere; we have areas of increased or
decreased air pressure, which brings about horizontal
movement of air masses, that is, winds.
___________________________________________________
Why causes those differences in air pressure?
They arise because of different levels of heat at
different parts of the earth’s surface. The earth’s surface is
about one third land, and two-thirds water. Land and water
surfaces warm in different ways. Even on land the surface
warms differently depending on the terrain. The air in the
atmosphere is not warmed directly from the sun’s rays, but is
heated by the surface above which it is located. Warm
surfaces heat the air molecules more, causing them to rise,
leaving decreased air pressure near the ground. Cool or cold
surfaces cool the air molecules, and they fall down creating
increased air pressure near the ground. Yachtsmen are
masters in exploiting this difference. They use the warm air
currents to raise their sails.
The discovery of how air moves, led to the invention of
flying objects called hot-air balloons. Ropes were strung from
the balloon that a basket to hold passengers or cargo. The
balloon was open at the bottom, and below the balloon was
placed a burner that heated the air within the balloon. The air
in the balloon was heated by turning on the burner. The air
then exerts pressure on the upper surface of the balloon, lifting
it upward. By turning off the burner to cool the air, or letting the
warm air at the top of the balloon escape by opening the top,
the pressure of the warm air on the balloon’s upper surface
decreases and the balloon loses height and starts to fall. That
___________________________________________________
is how, without knowing the principle of anti-gravitation, it was
used for an early flying machine.
Observing the movement of steam is even more
illumining. We can see steam; therefore we can follow its
motion, up and down, here and there. Whether we are cooking
in the kitchen or having a hot shower in the bathroom, we can
see the hot steam molecules’ move upward and cool steam
molecules move down. The same happens in the atmosphere
where steam takes the form of clouds. During the day, in the
heat of the sun, clouds move across the sky carried by the
wind; when the sun sets, they get cooler and fall toward the
ground creating mist and fog. The whole phenomenon of
weather and climate is based on the mass temperatural
relativity of air and steam molecules. As we have seen with
smoke, similarly with steam, there is a certain maximal height,
which the steam can reach and which depends on its starting
temperature. Planes fly at heights above the maximal height of
clouds, providing us with the opportunity to see the wonderful
world of clouds from above. Observe it when you have the
opportunity to fly. You will see places that look like fountains
that rise above the level of the clouds.
On any given day, if we turn on the television we can
see violence and explosions aplenty. Not all explosions are
caused in the same way. Let us analyze them one by one.
___________________________________________________
The first category of explosive materials is those whose
chemical nature (atomic or molecular) is abruptly turned into
heat energy. These are called classic explosives. The list of
classic explosives is very long and is constantly being added
to.
Historically it started out with gunpowder, that is,
dynamite, then TNT, etc. The military industry incessantly
researches and creates more and more powerful explo-sives
that are then ’very efficiently’ used in continual wars. The idea
that stronger explosives can bring the world closer to peace is
dangerous and wrong, and history has proved it a failure.
What do we see if we closely observe explosions from
classic explosives? At the moment of explosion a big fireball is
generated; its dimensions depend on the type and amount of
the explosive in use. In the next moment the ball starts rising,
enlarging and losing the fiery glow, turning into a light or dark
smoke cloud, which loses shape as it moves through the air. If
we continue following the process, we see that the speed at
which it expands and rises begins to slacken, and that a
moment will come when the smoke cloud will achieve its
optimal size and, more importantly, its optimal height. After
hanging in the air for some time, the cloud starts falling and
dissipating because of air currents. The features of an
explosion vary depending on the amount of released energy.
___________________________________________________
The second category, fission-type nuclear explosions,
is caused by an abrupt conversion of nuclear energy into heat
energy by the process of fission, tearing apart the atomic
nucleus. These materials are called fission-type nuclear
explosives. There are only a few, but even one is enough to
face us with the possibility of self-extinction. Mankind has
come into possession of these explosives in the last century
and developed destructive capacities of unthinkable
proportions. The nuclear ‘mushroom’ cloud is poised above
man’s head like a guillotine. Its very name – ‘nuclear
mushroom cloud’ describes the process of a fission nuclear
explosion. In quality it is identical to the classic explosive; the
difference is in quantity. The explosion ball is of much larger
dimension, as is the explosion cloud, and the maximal height
of its ascension reaches about ten kilometers. Again, the
features depend on the kind, and the amount, of the nuclear
explosive, that is, the free energy intensity.
The third category of explosives is caused by an abrupt
conversion of nuclear energy into heat energy by the process
of fusion, or, creating helium atoms by fusing hydrogen ones.
This kind of explosives I have singled out, because I will, in the
further course of my presentation, demonstrate that it is not
actually fusion we is taking place, but a whole new process
that we have not yet described, let alone understood. This
category of explosives contains the most powerful explosions
___________________________________________________
that can be detonated. In quality they are similar to the
previous categories of explosives, but in quantity they exceed
all previous categories, because the emitted energy is by far
the greatest.
In all explosions the action of mass temperature
relativity is clearly apparent, except that with explosions, unlike
with fire, the whole process is finished in a single moment,
which creates the fireball. The fireball is generated by the
strong anti-gravitational force of the over-heated molecules
emerging from the explosion, which are instantaneously,
forcefully and briskly escaping from the mass. In the next
moment that ball of over-heated molecules with negative mass
is repelled by the earth and goes upward, until it cools down
and stops moving swiftly away from earth, when it reaches its
maximal height. When it cools even more and the mass of its
molecules once more attracts, it begins to fall again, until all
the products of the explosion fall to the ground, where their
motion began.
Let us now consider the process of combustion and ex-
plosion in the zero gravity state. In the past century man
traveled to outer space. Before long the astronauts were
celebrating their birthdays in space. And just like on earth, the
lit candles on their birthday cakes. Pictures from these birthday
parties were broadcast to earth where we could observe the
behavior of a candle flame in zero gravity. The flame, in a zero
___________________________________________________
gravity state, is shaped like a perfect ball. Why? We all know
that the shape of a flame on earth is like a drop with its tip
striving upward no matter how we hold the candle. On earth
we live under the continuous effects of gravity, and each
flame, is by nature an anti-gravitational occurrence, striving
away from the center of gravitation. In the zero gravity state,
the flame, as an anti-gravitational occurrence without a centre
of gravity to repel against, repels only from itself and thus
forms the shape of a perfect ball. Explosions taking place in
outer space have a perfectly spherical shape just like the
candle flame. Explosions of novas and supernovas have the
sphere shaped, which we will examine in more detail later.
A nice example for that would bear out the previous
argument would be an incense stick in zero gravity. On earth
the smoke from the incense stick goes up in a straight line,
because it is an anti-gravitational occurrence. I have not had
the chance to see a lit incense stick in zero gravity, but I
predict that its flame would expand like a perfect ball enlarging
its diameter. Let us hope that those who have the opportunity
will perform this harmless experiment.
A telling example both for its relevance and size, as
well as its duration and beauty, is found in Aboriginal bonfires.
Native Australians, believing that they had, in the past, been
visited from outer space, have a custom of making a huge fire
at a fixed time every year and keep it burning for a whole
___________________________________________________
month, in order to say ’hello’ to their visitors and show them
that they have not forgotten them. This belief may seem naive
and cute to you, as it once did to me. But I am now convinced
that what the Aborigines are doing is neither naive nor cute,
but completely sensible, and very efficient.
Cosmonauts, who were flying in the earth’s orbit during
this Aboriginal ritual, claimed that this fire helped them to
orient themselves at night as to their location. By observing
Australia from above, they could clearly see the Aboriginal fire
from orbit, and they found it was something really fascinating.
They reported that they had the clear impression that the blaze
was reaching all the way to their orbit. My conclusion is that
the Aborigines know exactly how big the fire needs to be, and
how long it has to burn in order to be able to leave the earth’s
gravitational field and the heights of the atmosphere, and emit
their light steadily in the desired direction. And remember, the
Aborigines do this at the same time every year, which means
that they always send their message to the same part of the
starry sky.
Aboriginal fires are proof that only with fire can the
Earth’s gravity be surmounted, because with fire there is no
limit to what we call maximal height. Hot molecules of the
Aboriginal fire leave the earth’s gravitational field and are
really the first launching of material from the earth into the
___________________________________________________
cosmos. All modern-day launches are also made with the help
of combustion and fire.
On the subject of launching, it is interesting to note that
man have used a particular launching device for centuries. It is
called a chimney. As a thermal isolator, a chimney enables us
to launch products of combustion, such as smoke, ashes and
soot to a maximal possible height, so that, carried by the wind,
they fall as far as possible from ourselves, (even if it is only in
our nearest neighbor’s yard!)
Now, let us see what happens with liquids. To heat a
liquid, we apply the heat below it. As it warms, the heated part
of the liquid moves upward to the surface where they get
cooled down and then sink to the bottom where it gets heated
again, which again drives it back to the surface. All liquids and
gases behave in this manner when heated, that is, mass
temperature relativity functions identically with all fluids. When
we heat liquid food up to the boiling point (soups, teas,
coffees, etc.), we can easily see the movement in the liquid as
well as in the steam. We are observing anti-gravitation in ac-
tion just as we observe gravitation in action every day.
In a zero gravity state liquids form the shape of a ball,
larger or smaller, depending on the amount. If we could apply
heat from the center of the liquid ball we would create
circulation of the hot liquid from the center outward, towards
the surface in every direction. And if the liquid were raised to
___________________________________________________
the boiling point, it would be visible all over the surface of the
ball.
Finally, let us see what happens with solid bodies. In
order to understand the principle of the heat dispersing
through solid bodies more easily, we shall observe what
happens when we heat solid bodies that are heat conductors,
like, for example, metals.
Let us take a metal bar 30cm long and 2 or 3cm in
diameter. Holding it at the ends, and we place the center over
a small, preheated burner of the kitchen stove. As a good heat
conductor, the metal will be heated in all directions from the
heat source, but by far the most directly above the source of
heat. That can be established by touching it (carefully!), or by
bending the bar, which will bend exactly along the vertical
above the heat source. Blacksmith technology is based on this
fact. So, the principle of heat transmission, vertically upwards,
which we observed in liquids and gases, holds true for solids
also, there is no internal movement of the matter as there was
with fluids--the liquids and gases.
Nature around us does not hide anything. It functions
by its own laws and we, by developing our awareness,
eventually discover or identify these laws. The turn has come
for us to discover the law of anti-gravity in full. It certainly
opens up a long series of questions with it, and many
problems. But, I have started walking that road, step by step
___________________________________________________
and I have come to a new physics. Now I am inviting you to
see what it looks like. Although, to be honest, the process of
discovery is never-ending, and will continue long after this
book is complete, when this major new understanding of the
world around us begins, it will lead us to a new understanding
of ourselves, also.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
OUR STAR, THE SUN
There are really innumerable examples of red-hot

bodies in zero gravity state; if you do not believe me, look at
the sky when the sun sets. Every star we see or cannot see in
the sky is a red-hot body. We can look at all those stars with
our naked eye, because they are very far away, and the
intensity of their radiation reaching us is very weak. But during
the day we have a star whose radiation intensity is so strong
we cannot look at it with our naked eye or we would become
blind. We can only watch its rising and setting. That star is
very close to us, and it provides us with pleasant heat and
light; however, it is far enough in order not to turn us into
ashes and dust. We consider that star our own, and we call it
the sun. From primitive times to the present, the sun has
fascinated man. He followed its movement across the sky and
oriented himself in space and time by it. He noticed the annual
cycle of the sun’s movement and started counting years—the
origin of the calendar. He has understood the coming of spring
and when to plant seeds; how to save food and fuel for the
onset of winter. Before that, he moved south in the autumn, as
the birds do, and returned north in the spring. He understood
that the temperature on earth is directly dependent of the sun’s
position and movement across the sky. During the day, when
___________________________________________________
exposing our bodies to the sun’s rays, we sense its warmth on
our skin.
The question arises: what is the source of this vast
energy that the sun is radiating?
When the telescope was invented several centuries
ago, it allowed a systematic observation of the celestial
bodies. The stars and planets were observed at night and the
sun during the day. The development of astronomy has
changed our concept of the cosmos. We have realized that the
earth revolves around its axis, and the moon revolves around
the earth, and that the earth and moon together revolve
around the sun, which, in turn, also revolves around its axis
and around the centre of our galaxy.
The discovery that the sun’s light consists of a number
of different colors (the rainbow) led to the development of
spectral analysis, and the invention of various devices for that
purpose. By using spectral analysis, we have learned how to
determine, not only the temperature of a light-emitting body,
but it chemical structure, both qualitative and quantitative.
Spectral analysis of the sun’s light led to the conclusion
that 71% of the sun’s mass is hydrogen (H2), and 27% helium
(He). Other chemical elements: O, C, Fe, N, Ne, constitute a
little more that 1% of the sun’s mass. When the total number
of atoms that constitute the sun is calculated, 91.2% are
___________________________________________________
hydrogen atoms, and 8.7% helium atoms. The temperature of
the sun’s surface is about 5800K (degrees Kelvin).
The history of scientific analysis and calculations to
discover the source of the sun’s energy, at the end of the 19th
century and the beginning of the 20th century, took the
following course:
The theory that the sun’s energy originates from
exothermic chemical reactions, when calculated with the sun’s
present luminosity lead to the conclusion that the sun has
been shining for only about 30,000 years. That is, of course,
an utterly absurd conclusion, and therefore that possibility was
rejected. A theory that the sun’s energy stems from gravita-
tional compression led to the sun being 16.5 million years old.
That was not a satisfactory result, either, and was rejected.
Today it is believed that the energy emission by gravitational
compression is dominant only at the early and late stages of
the evolution of stars, including the sun. The theory that the
sun’s energy source is radioactive decomposition was also
rejected as it failed to adequately explain all the known facts.
Sir Arthur Stanley Edington presented the idea of
hydrogen fusion in 1920. Calculating theoretically, he
established that upon the 4 H nuclei cohesion, energy of 7MeV
per nucleons is extracted to the nucleus of He. In 1938
Weizsäcker identified the possibility of fusion reactions of H2
into He through a proton—the proton and carbon-azoth cycle.
___________________________________________________
In 1939 Bete and Kritchfield established, by detailed
calculations, that hydrogen fusion ‘burning’ provides enough
energy for the sun’s luminosity for a period of 10 billion years.
That was the result that finally satisfied scientists. The idea of
fusion of H into He become generally accepted as the source
of the sun’s energy, which led to the conclusion that the sun is
a gas sphere in mechanical balance, that is, its own force of
gravity tending to compress the star, is balanced by the force
of gas pressure, which tends to disperse it away.
Of course, in order for fusion to occur in the sun’s
center, a very high temperature is required. The
electromagnetic radiation that we see from the sun stems from
a relatively thin surface layer. The enormous density of the
sun’s matter, and its state, lead to its being almost opaque,
even for the strongest gamma and X-ray radiation coming from
the inside of the sun. For this reason, the inside of the sun is
not accessible to the observer, and it is described on the basis
of theoretical models.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
THE STANDARD MODEL OF THE SUN
Richard Sears posited this standard model, which is,

with certain modifications and corrections, scientifically
accepted today. He created it for stars with mass, radius, glow
and constitution similar to our sun. According to this model, the
inside of the sun has three zones: a core (a zone of fusion
reactions), a radiation and a convective zone. In the radiative
zone, energy, made in the core, is transferred towards the
outer layers by radiation. In the convective zone the principle
mechanism of energy transmission is convection, that is, a
flow of matter.
The standard model (SM) supposes that in the center of
the sun the temperature is 15 million degrees, and the density
150000 kg/m3. Though we speak about huge density and
pressure, it is nonetheless believed that, because of the high
temperature, the substance is in a state of completely ionized
gas plasma, which can be considered a perfect gas.
SM is in concurs with theories about energy production
in the sun, and in that sense it corresponds very well with
direct observations. In order to explain the results of precise
measurements in all parts of the electro-magnetic (EM)
spectrum, and corpuscle radiation, the standard model has
been modified several times, but its basic tenets are still
considered valid in scientific circles. Today, for example, it is
___________________________________________________
believed that the core temperature is about 14 million degrees
K, a little lower than the one predicted by the model.
The sun’s core according to the Standard Model: in the
center of the sun there is a compact core, which comprises
about 60% of sun’s mass. Its dimensions are r=0.25 R ‫ּס‬
(radius of the sun), which means that is takes only about 1.6%
of the sun’s volume. In order to get fusion reactions it is
necessary for the atomic nuclei to get within a distance of less
than 10-15m. Then a strong attractive nuclear force starts
acting between them. However, for the particles to become
close enough for fusion, they must conquer the huge Culon
force, which repels them because they have the same
electrical force. One theory is that the particles are moving at
great thermal speeds of more that 100 kilometers per second.
Such thermal speeds can be realized in temperatures of 107K.
If the thermal speeds are low, the particles will diffuse
themselves before they get to the distance where the attractive
nuclear force becomes stronger than the bouncing Culon’s
force. The high internal energy of the sun is provided, initially,
by the powerful gravitational force that is a consequence of the
sun’s great mass. It compresses gas and that is why it gets
heated.
The Standard Model has determined what temperature
the sun’s core must be to enable fusion reactions to occur. A
temperature of 15 million degrees, which, according to the SM,
___________________________________________________
is the temperature of the sun’s core, is insufficient for all the
existing particles to interact in fusion. Normally, in clashes,
particles are usually diffused, and only a few of them enter
fusion reactions. The plasma in the core is treated as an
almost ideal gas, so that in the end of the Maxwell’s
classification of particles according to speed there are very few
protons that can realize fusion reactions. However, thanks to
the quantum effect of tunneling, a sufficient number of
particles overcome the electro-reflecting barrier, entering a nu-
clear reaction, even at lower temperatures.
Basic fusion reactions in the sun’s core are conducted
in two cycles: the protone-protone (P-P) cycle, which is
dominant, and carbon-nitrogen (C-N) cycle. Both cycles
release approximately the same energy, about 26.72 Mev per
He formed nucleus. Neutrinos occur in fusion reactions. They
isolate about 2% of the freed energy in P-P cycle and about
7% of energy in the C-N cycle. Today there exists a number of
very important, and expensive, experimental systems for
detecting solar neutrinos. The results of these measurements
have been very unexpected for astrophysicists: the number of
neutrions detected is considerably less than what was
anticipated based on the SM.
According to these calculations, when a sun is more
than 9 billion years old, all the supplies of hydrogen will have
been consumed and transformed into helium, and the zone of
___________________________________________________
the hydrogen fusion will have started transferring towards the
outer areas, to the layer encircling the nucleus. This area will
expand until it reaches the area in which the temperatures are
lower than 10 million degrees, and hydrogen fusion will no
longer occur. At the same time, the sun’s nucleus, rich in he-
lium, will become compressed by the action of its own gravity.
That, in turn, will lead to an increase of pressure and
temperature, and the creation of new conditions for starting
fusion reactions of the helium nuclei. Carbon and oxygen
nuclei will be formed in these reactions, followed by the
release of energy.
Because of the fusion reactions of helium in the
nucleus, and the hydrogen in the thin layer far from the nu-
cleus, the solar mantle will ‘inflate’ leading to the gradual
enlargement of the solar radius. During this process, which will
last approximately 500 million years, the sun will turn into a red
giant. It will then ‘swallow’ its system of planets, and the effec-
tive temperature of its ‘surface’ will become lower. Next, a
short phase, of about 50 million years, of fast fusion
combustion of the remaining helium and the heavier elements
will ensue.
During this phase of the sun’s evolution, only carbon
and oxygen will be found in its core. The inside of the sun will
continue to further collapse, which was only temporarily halted
by the helium fusion. The core temperature will rise again, but
___________________________________________________
not enough to enable further fusion reactions. The atmosphere
of the sun will expand a little more. Sun will start pulsating
lightly, expanding and compressing over periods of several
thousands of years.
Finally, this phase of evolution will end by casting off
the sun’s atmosphere in the shape of one or two expanding
membranes. At their center a core, intensely emitting
ultraviolet radiation, will remain. In that way the sun will turn
into a planetary haze in whose center a white slowly cooling
dwarf will be located. After cooling down for several billions of
years, the sun will turn into a dark, brown dwarf—the final
stage of its evolution.
The sun’s radiative zone occupies the area of 0.25 – 0.85

Ro from the center of the sun. In the radiation zone, as well as in
the core, energy is transferred towards the outer layers by
radiation. Since in the radiation zone there are no fusion reac-
tions, there is no ‘accumulation’ of helium, so the mass
percentage of H2 is double that of the core. At the beginning of
the radiation zone the temperature is about 7x106K, and at the
outer edge, about 2x106K.
The sun’s convection zone spreads from the area at

the upper boundary of the radiation zone to the photosphere,
that is, the surface of the sun, which means its thickness is
___________________________________________________
between 150,000 and 200,000 km. In this zone the dominant
transfer of energy is performed by convection, that is, sub-
stance flow. This zone is of great significance, because,
primarily, the processes taking place here determine the
characteristics and the behavior in the external parts of the
star: the origination and the variations of the local magnetic
fields, activity, heating of the upper layers of the atmosphere,
and so on.
In the convective layers there is movement of large
mass of the sun’s substance; the warmer mass going up
towards the surface, as the cooler mass descends towards the
inner layers. Gas that has erupted to the sun’s surface loses
its energy through radiation, cools down, and then sinks again
deeper and deeper into the warmer layers of the convective
zone. In the depths, the gas is heated once more and the
process of circulation repeats itself.
The speed of the convective movement at the surface
layer of the sun reaches 2-3 km/s. At the inner edge of the
convective layer the temperature is 2x106K, and at the surface,
the photosphere, it is about 5800K.
Seen in horizontal section, convective cells are almost
hexagonal. In their center the substance goes up, and at the
periphery it lowers towards the deeper layers.
Substance movement in the highest layers of the con-
vective zone leads to the occurrence of granulation in the pho-
___________________________________________________
tosphere, acoustic perturbations and gas oscillation in the
sun’s atmosphere, and through them, probably to the heating
of its higher layers. This is, in essence, the Standard Model of
the sun. As we can see, it is already troubled by problems and
unanswered questions. Let’s see what happens when we in-
clude the concepts of mass temperature relativity and anti-
gravitation into this analysis.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IS IMPOSSIBLE!
In all theories of physics to date, including

astrophysics, mass interactions are governed by gravity alone.
When we add the concept of anti-gravity to mass interactions,
everything significantly changes. How?
The first and basic conclusion we arrive at is that
thermonuclear, or hot, fusion is absolutely impossible!
It is impossible for the hydrogen nuclei to fuse into he-
lium, because, besides Coulon’s bouncing, they are also
repelled by anti-gravity. At the supposed temperature of
15x106K, the negative mass of the H nuclei is so large that
there is no possibility of their fusion. With the rise in tem-
perature, that is, thermal speeds, fusion becomes even less
possible.
Fusion is possible at very low temperatures, when the
attraction of the atomic mass is so high that it overcomes the
force of their Coulon repulsion. Nature, therefore, allows only
cold fusion. But there is no energy benefit from it.
I realize this claim is extremely radical and it requires at
least some experimental proof. Is there any such evidence?
Of course there is. There have been multi-decade at-
tempts to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion under
earthly conditions.
___________________________________________________
What a great idea! Achieve thermonuclear fusion under
earthly conditions and solve the energy problem of the planet
forever. A goal whose aim justifies all material means and
intellectual effort invested in it. A stockpile of unlimited, pure
energy is not only worthy of glory, but is also financially
enticing. America and Russia embarked on this quest, each in
their own way, a few decades ago.
Americans named their project ‘Shiva’, for the god
Shiva of the Hindu holy trinity. Their concept was to hit a small
ball filled with hydrogen from different angles using very
powerful lasers. Despite all their efforts, the enhancement of
laser power and the huge expense, in the end, there was no
positive result.
The Russians’ project was called ‘Tokamak’ for short.
Their concept was to use powerful magnetic fields to maintain
high temperature plasma in the shape of a ring, long enough for
conditions for fusion to emerge. But, as the temperature
increased the plasma ring always fell apart before there was any
hoped-for result. Their devoted efforts, the enhancement of the
power of magnetic fields, and their enormous financial
investment, did not produce the expected results.
There were no results, nor will there be any, because
both parties were blinded to the deficiencies of the theory of
natural forces, and were trying to accomplish something that is
not possible to accomplish.
___________________________________________________
All future attempts to achieve thermonuclear or ‘hot’
fusion are doomed to fail, and, in the process, waste huge
amounts of money as well as scientific resources.
But, you say, what about the hydrogen bomb? Have
we not accomplished uncontrolled thermonuclear fusion under
earthly conditions by detonating the H-bomb? The answer is:
no, we have not!
Uncontrolled thermonuclear fusion has not been
accomplished in the so-called H-bomb. What is actually
happening in an H-bomb explosion, we shall presently
discover.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
AN ANTI-GRAVITATIONAL MODEL OF THE SUN
If thermonuclear fusion is impossible, then we have to

reopen the question of the source of the sun’s energy; the
fundamental question in astrophysics—the origin of all the
stars.
As for the Standard Model of the sun, it completely
failed to explain all the existing facts, and so, it is necessary to
create a new model of the sun. Because we are introducing
anti-gravity, we will name the anti-gravitational model of the
sun. Using the anti-gravitational model of the sun (AMS), I will
begin by analyzing what we see on the sun’s surface. The
surface of the sun is quite visible. Its temperature has been
estimated to be about 5800K. That is not a very high
temperature. But is the estimate correct?
Picture 1.
___________________________________________________
What I notice is that the disc of the sun appears darker
at the edges than in the middle. The light coming from the
edge is of less intensity than the light coming from the center.
We can clearly see that the edge is just as much darker at the
equator as it is at the poles, that is, it does not depend on the
latitude of the border. Therefore, I conclude that the actual
temperature of the photosphere is this temperature we see at
the disc border, and it is lower than previously estimated. If we
could calculate what that temperature is, it would give us a
very useful start. When we take into account the enormous
gravitational force of the sun, which creates great weight in the
photospheric substance, that is, the photospheric substance is
under a great amount of pressure, then it is obvious that the
photosphere is actually red-hot magma.
On earth we have direct experience of magma, which
is located beneath the cool crust of the earth, and occasionally
erupts to the surface through volcanos. (Magma which has
erupted to the earth’s surface is called lava.) The sun’s
magma is much hotter than the earth’s, that is, has a higher
temperature, but it is under more pressure, so, what we are
describing here is a substance in the liquid state of
aggregation.
The sun, therefore, is a ball of a red-hot substance,
which is very thick, but definitely in the liquid state of
aggregation.
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Let us once again look at the picture of the sun’s
surface, without any preconceived ideas, and we will see that
it is really made out of red-hot, thick, but liquid, boilng, magma.
It is magma that is in continuous movement, warmer
spurts break out at the surface, and after cooling they sink into
the depths. This is logically correct, because the hot magma is
lighter than the cold magma.
As we move inward from the surface of the sun, the
temperature, logically, rises. But the pressure rises too. The
pressure is a consequence of the huge gravitational force of
the sun, and it causes the rise in temperature. What will
happen to the rising temperature and increasing pressure as
we approach the sun’s center?
As the temperature rises the attraction of the mass of
the sun’s substance decreases, thereby decreasing the
gravitational force of those layers. After passing through the
massless state, the sun’s substance becomes mass negative
and it begins defying gravity. With a further rise of temperature
anti-gravity continues increasing, until at a certain point it
reaches equilibrium with gravity. What does the inside of the
sun look like at this point?
From the sun’s surface down to a certain depth it is
liquid magma of different temperatures and pressures. Then
comes the gas area in which the substance is in gas state
because of the high temperature and the strong anti-gravity. It
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is a layer, which, with its anti-gravitational bouncing finely bal-
ances the Sun’s gravity. There, of course, there is no fusion,
because the anti-gravity is extremely strong. In the very center
of the sun there is no substance – it is a hollow void. There,
anti-gravity does not allow the existence of even the gas state
of aggregation.
In diagrammatic form it would look like this:
Picture 2.
The huge sun’s gravity, therefore, is balanced by anti-
gravity, which is manifested in the very center (heart). With this
theory we satisfactorily explain the stability of the sun. But
what is the origin of the energy the sun is emitting?
If the source of the sun’s energy is not thermonuclear
fusion, what is it? The source of the energy is sun is emitting
to the surrounding space is its gravity!
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How is that possible, when we had previously
dismissed that assumption as unsatisfactory?
Here is how it is possible.
Spurts of hot magma erupting to the surface are cooled
by intense radiation and vaporization. Gas molecules, caused
by magma vaporization, having a very high temperature and
thus negative mass, are also found in the enormously strong
gravitational field of the sun. What is happening there? The
sun is bouncing them away from itself into surrounding space
by an enormous force – anti-gravitation in action. The repellent
force causes them to speed up, and the speed increase
causes a rise in their temperature, which enhances even more
the negativity of their mass, which, again leads to a return of
the anti-gravitational force, and so on. Due to such an abrupt
rise in temperature, molecules of gas disintegrate into atoms,
and then the solitary atoms disintegrate to α particles and
protons. That process of the anti-gravitational speeding of the
gas molecules away from the sun’s surface explains the
temperature rise, up to one million degrees, in the corona.
So, we have a situation where the sun is ’simmering’ at
‘only’ several thousands of degrees. Nonetheless, it emits
enormous energy into space by anti-gravitationally repelling
the gas substance at its surface. The sun, therefore, is a much
more efficient producer of energy than we thought. And also,
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the sun is assured of a much longer lifespan than we had
previously imagined.
Part of the electromagnetic energy that occurs in the
aforementioned process, of molecule and atom disintegration
in the sun’s atmosphere, is oriented towards the sun itself,
heating the sun, that is, its magma substance.
When, in the early stages, gravitational compression
heated the sun from within, now the sun adds to its own
temperature with the energy it creates in its atmosphere
through anti-gravity.
The dance of gravity and anti-gravity in and around the
sun, finally, looks like this:
The heart of the sun is dominated by anti-gravity, which
is balanced by the gravity in the outer magma layer. The sun’s
atmosphere is dominated by anti-gravitational repulsion, which
is the source of the energy the sun is emitting. As we move
further away from the sun, gravity dominates again, keeping
the planets rotating around it, and gravity keeps the sun itself
in rotation around the galaxy.
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A NEW VIEW OF THE SUN
If, from this perspective, we take another look on the

sun’s surface and its atmosphere, we will see a completely
different picture from the one we were seeing before.
The sun is a thick, liquid, red-hot sphere whose radius
is R0≈(696000±100) km, (which is approximately 109 times
larger than the earth’s radius). The volume of the sun is 1.3
million times greater than the earth.
There is a problem in determining the sun’s exact
radius because of its periodical and non-periodical changes at
different time intervals. The most important short-periodical
variations (R) are due to the existence of a number of
oscillating patterns, present in the interior and the photosphere
of the sun. Oscillations in the sun are not only local and spo-
radic, but they spread through its interior, similar to seismic
waves on the earth. Because of these waves, the sun vibrates
like a gong, which was experimentally proven in 1975.
Because of this, its surface periodically, in different times, rises
and falls up to even 10 kilometers (picture 3). Generally, the
amplitudes of the global oscillations are considerably lower—
around 25 meters.
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Picture 3.
Today, solar seismology (helioseismology) is developing
as a separate discipline in astrophysics. It studies the structure,
constitution and dynamics of the sun’s interior by analyzing
oscillations detected on its surface. The research methodology
in helioseismography is based on comparing it with the study of
seismic waves on earth.
In the mid-1980s it was established seismic waves
exist on other stars as well. Many surface characteristics of the
sun (glow, movement of the spectral line, and so on) are a
condition of the wave processes in its interior. By detailed
study and precise measurement of the wave manifestations in
the surface layers, we can get information about the sun’s
interior. However, we should bear in mind that the changes in
the glow and radius, provoked by waves in the sun, are small.
They do not exceed 0.001% of the average value.
Information about the speed of the acoustic waves gives
qualitative data about the structure of the surroundings they go
through. Studies show that these waves do not go through the
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center of the sun, which seems to confirm my opinion that the
sun’s center is hollow. The size of the sun has been practically
constant over the past 250 years, since it has been
systematically studied. Based on observations made during an
eclipse, some authors claim that the sun’s angular diameter
reduces annually by about 0.0015 angular seconds. I believe
this is a consequence of the earth’s continual moving away
from the sun, which I will return to, later.
In 1610, by following the movement, from east to west,
of spots on the sun’s disc Galileus concluded that the sun
revolves around its axis. Based on the movement of the visible
surface details (spots, fibres, etc.) on the sun’s disc, even in
the 19th century, it was established that the Sun spins around
its axis, which makes an angle of 7.2o with the normal on the
ecliptic. The rotation is on a direct course (clockwise), which is
characteristic for almost all planets in our system. On average,
each rotation lasts about 27 days. The sun belongs to the
group of stars which rotate slowly.
In the 19th century a very important characteristic of
the sun’s rotation was established—it is differential (zone-
based). Different zones of the sun’s surface rotate at different
speeds (picture 4). This is irrefutable proof that the sun is not a
solid body.
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Picture 4.
The rotation period for the points near the equator is
about 25 days (peripheral speed of 2 km/s); at about 60o of
heliographic latitude the rotation period is around 30 days. The
speed decreases from the equator to the poles.
Oscillatory changes in speed over time have also been
no-ticed; they can be from 10 to 20% compared to average
values. When the sun’s activity is reduced, the differential speed
of rotation has a tendency to slightly increase. Jupiter and
Saturn have differential rotation, in which the angular speed
decreases from the equator towards the poles. On earth
analogous occurrences have been recorded in the atmosphere
and the ocean.
As soon as the scientists determined the earth’s
distance from the sun, a=149,6 ·109m and the speed by which
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the earth rotates around the sun, by V=29.8 km/s (V velocity of
the earth), they could calculate the Mo. From the equality of
the gravitational force of attraction, between the earth and the
sun, and the centrifugal force that acts on the earth, or by the
third Kepler’s law, it was calculated that the M‫=ּס‬1.9901⋅1030
kg (M‫ ּס‬is the mass of the sun).
From the perspective of the temperatural relativity of
mass, this result can only be interpreted as the sun’s total
substance according to its heat, that is, temperature and
geometric allocation, is equivalent to the calculated value. I
have already said that the sun’s substance is mainly in the
state of red-hot, thick, but liquid magma.
At that, of course, the density of the sun is much
greater than the density of the earth because the gravitational
force of the sun is much larger that that of the earth. By its
chemical composition, the sun is comprised of heavier
elements, which make magma.
In addition, I should mention that, up to the present,
there have been 72 elements detected using the absorption
lines of the solar spectrum. That does not mean that the
remaining 20 elements that appear in nature are not present in
the sun—they have simply not yet been detected.
The sun is a ball of red-hot magma whose temperature
is several thousand K, which, thanks to the anti-gravitational
repulsion of evaporated gas matter, produces enormous
___________________________________________________
energy that it emits to surrounding space. The value of the
sun’s energy, that falls in one second on the unit area, set
normally on the course of the expansion of the solar radiation,
is called the solar constant. Its value decreases inversely
proportionally to the square of the distance from the sun, at the
level just out of the earth’s atmosphere; the solar constant is
about S‫(=ּס‬1367±2) W/m2. The stated value refers to a height
of 65 Km above the earth’s surface.
That is a value measured by instruments, and more
recently, by artificial satellites. More precise measurements of
this value pointed to short-term variations with the amplitude 0.1–
0.2% from the mentioned value. The rhythm of those variations is
in accordance with solar activity, that is, the 11-year cycle of the
sun’s activity. According to some research, in the past 200 years
the mid-value of the solar constant has risen between 0.25 to
0.6%. Here, I would like to say that both the earth and the sun,
and, indeed, the whole universe, are in the process of heating
up, and therefore expanding.
Apart from electromagnetic radiation from the sun, there
are also electric particles (mainly protons) called the solar wind,
which are constantly escaping into interplanetary space. Solar
wind is the final stage of decomposition of the gas molecules and
atoms that the sun is throwing out by anti-gravitational repulsion,
and heats to a temperature of 1-2 million K in the sun’s corona.
___________________________________________________
The Sun is losing its substance, however, very slowly,
and it will have a much longer life then 10 billion years which
conventional wisdom has predicted up to now. Since this casts
a brand new light on the birth, life and death of a star, I will pay
more attention to it later when we study the evolution of stars.
At the end of 16th, and the beginning of the 17th
century, thanks to the work of Clavius and Kepler it was
concluded that the sun has an atmosphere. In contemporary
times, thanks to analysis of the sun’s electromagnetic
radiation, we know that its atmosphere is built in layers. As
with the majority of stars, three major layers can be identified
in the sun’s atmosphere: the photosphere, the chromosphere
and the corona. A surface layer, called the photosphere,
surrounds the sun’s interior. Above it is the chromosphere, whose
height reaches up to 10,000 km above the photosphere, and to
which the corona is the next layer.
The average value of the layer’s basic parameters in
the sun’s atmosphere are stated in the table below:
LAYER Internal Temperature Density
radius (km) (K) (kg/m3)
Photosphere 696,000 5,800 2·10-4
Chromosphere 696,500 4,500 5·10-6
Transitional layer 698,000 8,000 2·10-10
Corona 706,000 1,000,000 10-13
Solar wind 10,000,000 2,000,000 10-23
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The chromosphere and the corona glow more than the
photosphere. They can be directly observed in certain situa-
tions (a solar eclipse) or by special devices. During an eclipse,
for just a few seconds before the appearance of the sun’s
barrier (photosphere) behind the disc of the moon, the
chromosphere can be seen as a bright dark-red mantle with
prongs protruding above (spicules). They can be seen not only
at the sun’s border but also along the whole disc, but only in
the light of a particular wavelength, using special devices.
The upper parts of the corona are best studied at the
time of a complete solar eclipse. Otherwise, the corona
gradually dissolves into the interplanetary space of the solar
system via solar wind.
Starting at the inner edge of the photosphere, the tem-
perature slightly falls, in order to start rising above the lower
chromosphere in the so-called ‘turning layer’ in the chromos-
phere. In the transition layer between the chromosphere and
the corona, the temperature abruptly rises and in certain points
in the corona it reaches a value of several million degrees.
That is one reason why some authors differentiate between
the ’cold’ atmosphere, comprising the photosphere and the
chromosphere, and the ’hot’ atmosphere, which consists of the
corona and its extension, the solar wind.
The photosphere: From the earth it is seen shaped as a
bright disc. It represents the first transparent layer of the sun. Its
___________________________________________________
thickness is 350-400km. At the bottom of the photosphere the
temperature is 9000K, and at the upper border its value is about
4500K. Through the photosphere, the energy is transmitted by
radiation, which does not mean that there is no convection
involved. The convective movement of the matter in the
photosphere gives it an appearance like ’boiling porridge’.
Light grain (granules) represents spurts of magma that
are erupting at the surface of the photospheric layers. Their
temperature is about 100–130K higher than the photospheric,
so that their glow is 10–30% brighter than the middle fons
(brightness scale). The granules are separated by dark areas
that are similar to them, but usually smaller. Granules are 35–
40% brighter and 350–400K warmer than these dark areas.
Granule dimensions are between 200 and 1500 km,
1000 km on average. The darker areas between them are up
to 1000 km wide. Inside the darker areas, very fine, slightly
brighter details called filigrains are seen. They are believed to
be granules of smaller dimensions and irregular shape. On the
sun’s disc, at every moment, about two million granules can be
observed.
Granules are visible convection elements that stem
from the layers beneath the photosphere. In the middle of the
convection cell, magma is moving upward, then, so the
magma is moving and spreading towards the cell’s edge
(picture 5).
___________________________________________________
Picture 5.
After the eruption of the cells to the surface, the
magma cools down by radiating energy and evaporating into
the atmosphere. The remaining magma thus becomes thicker
and then it sinks to the deeper layers, and new one comes to
replace it. Each grain of this granular material remains distinct
from the other granules. The approximate lifespan of a granule
is 5-15 minutes.
It has been determined that the granules go up and
down in the photosphere. By precise measurements based on
the Doppler effect, it has been calculated that granules move
with the speed from 0.3 to 1 km/s.
There is also convection in the photosphere, mani-
fested in the so-called supergranule (picture 6), which are
much larger in dimension.
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Picture 6.
Supergranules are shaped like polygonal cells with an
average diameter of about 30,000 km. They last several hours,
cover the whole of the sun’s surface and they number, at any
given moment, about 2000.
Apart from being much larger than granules, they are
characterized by larger convection per the depth of the sun’s
surface layer. In each supergranule, there is noted an almost
uniform, horizontal radial leaking of magma from the central parts
of the cells towards the periphery. The maximum speed of this
horizontal movement are about 0.4 km/s. In the central part of the
cells, magma from the deeper layers rises up vertically towards
the surface, and returns to the depth along the edge. The speed
of this vertical movement is about 0.1 km/s.
In the photosphere even larger forms of convective
movement are seen. These are gigantic convective cells.
Differential rotation affects their shape.
___________________________________________________
So, the sun, as a ball of magma, is boiling in
continuous turbulence. As we have seen, there are very big
geysers as well as small ones. Large granules form the base
and smaller and very small granules appear on them.
Therefore, the sun’s surface looks like it has bumps with
smaller bumps on them.
Picture 7. Granules, supergranules and gigantic granules
Sunspots: Spots are one of the most important forms of

photospheric activity on the sun. They are represented by darker
areas against the brightness of the solar disc. For hundreds of
years sunspots have been systematically monitored, because their
number, area, and time and location of appearance, provide
valuable information about the activities and processes of the sun.
Because of the enormous brightness of the photosphere
and its small dimension relative to the sun’s disc, the spots on the
sun can rarely be seen with the naked eye except in cases when
they are extremely large, with the diameter over 40,000 km.
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A sunspot appears in the shape of a dark pore, which
continues to develop. They appear at the so-called royal
heliographic latitudes (5o–52o), most often at latitudes 8o –30o.
The diameter of the smallest sunspots is similar to the
dimensions of granules (about 1000 km), and the largest, the
so-called ‘spot groups’, can be even up to 100,000 km.
Smaller sunspots often last less then two days, and the
majority of them disappears the same day they appear. More
developed spots last from ten to 20 days, and the largest of
them, up to 100 days.
At developed sunspots, a dark shadow and a lighter
semi-shadow can be observed. The shadow and semi-shadow
are clearly differentiated, visually (picture 8). On average, the
diameter of a shadow is about 17,500 km, and have a semi-
shadow about 37,000 km. The surface of a typical sunspot is
about one ten-thousandth part of the visible surface of the sun.
Picture 8.
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The brightness of the shadow is only 20–30% fons,
and of the semi-shadow, 75–80% fons, of the undisturbed
photosphere. A spot, actually, looks dark (and cold) compared
to the high glow of the photosphere. Nevertheless, the
brightness of an average-sized spot is about 5000 times larger
that the glow of the moon. The lowered brightness in the spot
area is compensated by the increased brightness around it, up
to a distance of 50,000 km from its center. This glow is about
3% higher than the average photosphere glow.
The temperature in the spots is 25–30% lower than the
photospheric. The temperature of a shadow decreases with
the area of its surface.
Granulation is present in sunspots, too, but in a
different form to that of the photosphere, because it has a
different kind of convection. Granules in the semi-shadow are
shaped like light fibers, about 300 km wide. These fibers last
from about 30 minutes up to several hours, much longer than
the lifespan of granules in the undisturbed atmosphere.
Granules in the form of bright spots can also be seen in the
shadow. Their duration is from 15 to 30 minutes and their
dimension is about 350 km.
It has been noted, that as spots near the western
border of the sun’s disc, the east most half of the semi-shadow
gradually begins narrowing and disappearing. As spots appear
on the eastern border of the disc, the semi-shadow is not
visible at first, and then it appears and becomes wider, first in
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the west most half. This phenomenon tells us that a spot is,
actually, a shallow funnel-like cavity in the photosphere.
It has sometimes been noticed that spots can rotate
around a central axis of their own. It is not such an intensive
rotational movement, with speeds at the end of the semi-
shadow reaching 14km/s. With the solitary sunspots, this
rotation can lead to the creation of a vortical structure of the
elongated arms of the spot.
It is important to point out the existence of warmer
areas around the sunspots called photospheric faculas
(torches). They are long living bright areas, that, in principle,
are not necessarily connected to the spots (picture 9).
Picture 9.
There are also independent faculas that are of a lesser
brightness than those surrounding the sunspots. I must stress,
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however, that there are no spots without faculas. Faculas have a
granulated structure, which is 10% brighter than their
surroundings. Inside them, granules last longer (about an hour)
than granules in the rest of the photosphere. The dimensions of
the faculas’ granules are about 1000 km, but they can form
groups four to six thousand km long. They connect in chains five
to ten thousand km wide and up to 50 thousand km long. Large
faculas appear several hours or days before the sunspot does,
and they are visible long after the spot disappears. They often
last as long as a year. On average they ’live’ twice as long as the
spot they form around, and occupy about four times more area
than the spot.
Sunspots, therefore, always appear in faculas, singly,
or, more often, in groups (picture 10).
Picture 10.
Solitary spots are often the beginning or the ending of a
larger group. The number of spots in a group can be up to sev-
eral hundred. Large groups of spots reach their maximum devel-
___________________________________________________
opment in two or three weeks, and then they slowly fall apart and
vanish over 1.5 to two months. When a group reaches its
maximum (number of spots, area, etc.) it starts receding: spots
fall apart and the number in the group diminishes. As the spots
fall apart, brighter spots usually appear over them.
On average, groups of spots last 10 days (30% of them
last more than 10 days; 0.4% more than 50 days; 0.3% more
than 100 days, and only 0.01% last more than 150 days). The
larger the surface a group of spots occupies, the longer its dura-
tion. For example, if a group of spots occupies a ten-thousandth
part of the visible hemisphere of the sun, then on average it lasts
ten days, and if it occupies four times more area, it lasts 40 days.
Spots, and their groups, can have different shapes;
sometimes their shape is regular and oval, but very often it is
irregular (picture 11).
Picture 11.
With a pair, or a group, of spots, the west most spot is the
leader, and the other spots follow. The leader spot is the one that
appears first in the pair or group. The leader is closer to the
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equator, and, on average it is larger than its followers, and lasts
longer. In the beginning, the leader moves faster than the
followers, dragging them. When the leader is no longer gravelling
faster than the rest of the group, the process of destruction and
disappearance of the group begins.
Spots can be without semi-shadows, and they can have
smaller spots in their semi-shadows. Small and the middle-sized
spot groups form as the large spots fall apart.
Having described spots in such detail, it is time for a
revelation, perfect in its simplicity.
We have seen that the surface of the sun consists of
granules, supergranules and gigantic granules. Granules are
geysers of magma. Therefore, the sun’s surface is covered in
geysers of magma. There are gigantic geysers of magma, and
on them super-geysers of magma exist, and on all of them, small
geysers of magma are present. What is common to all these
geysers is that they eject magma to the surface from a relatively
thin and homogenous layer, which is the outer layer of the sun.
This outer layer is boiling, and that is the normal state of the sun’s
surface.
Less usual is the appearance of chormospheric faculas or
torches. Faculas are actually the sun’s volcanoes. Faculas are
ejecting magma from the sun’s deeper layers to the surface. That
is why they are brighter and warmer than the rest of the
photosphere. We have seen that these volcanic eruptions can
eject magma of different temperatures, which means, from
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different depths. With this explanation solar volcanic eruptions
can be understood from start to finish.
But when it is a matter of large solar eruptions, it not only
ejects magma from the deepest surface layers of the sun, but it
ejects magma of a different quality, that is located below that
surface layer. That magma has a different chemical composition
from the surface magma; it consists of heavier chemical
elements. When this magma is ejected to the surface it cools
down more quickly, thickens and starts floating on the surface of
the sun, which, remember is composed of geysers. This heavy
magma, from the great depth of the sun, is seen as a dark spot.
Since it is heavier than the surface magma, it makes a cavity in the
photosphere; and since its rim is thinner than its center, the edges
collapse, and they slope down to the level of the photosphere.
That is how the funnel appearance of the spot comes about. The
size of the spot, as well as its appearance, is defined by the
quantity of heavy magma ejected in the eruption of the sun’s
volcano (facula). The number of spots is the result of the
intermittent ejection of the heavy magma to the surface. The first
spurt of heavy magma is actually the leader spot, and the
subsequent spurts form the follower spots. The first amount is
largest because it is the greatest release of pressure that led to the
eruption, and that is why the leader spot lasts longest. If the
ejection of the heavy magma is constant, then we see the spot
widening, until there is a break in the eruption of the magma. The
rotation of the sun carries the spot towards the west, as the
___________________________________________________
eruption continues new spots are created eastward of it until the
eruption stops. That is how spots appear. Cooler, heavy magma
floats on the geysers of the warmer surface magma, which will
slowly but certainly ’melt’ it. Surface magma geyser pressure to the
sunspot, that is, heavy magma, leads to the perforation or break
up of the spot into parts, which accelerates its disintegration. The
spots reduce, fall apart and disappear. The sun’s volcano (facula)
will continue ejecting warmer lava, until it, too, will stop. The facula
disappears from the photosphere, meaning, the sun’s volcano is
extinct.
Now that we have realized what happens on the sun’s
surface, let us go higher in the sun’s atmosphere. First, let us see
what contemporary astrophysics has to say about what has been
discovered and observed so far.
Above the photosphere there is the chromosphere
(picture 12).
Picture 12.
___________________________________________________
The radiation in this layer is most intense in the red part of
the spectrum, thus it got its name from its intense color. The
chromosphere is not homogenous; it is quite roughly divided into
the lower (1500 km above the photosphere), middle (between
1500 and 4000 km) and upper levels (from 4000 to 10,000 km).
The lower choromosphere is relatively homogenous, and, starting
from the photosphere the temperature continues falling to the
lowest values of the sun, about 4,200 K in certain places. Below
the lower photosphere, in the rotating layer, temperatures can rise
as high as 10,000 K.
As we go higher, the level of ionization increases. The
upper cromosphere is very ionized, which is understandable when
we consider that the temperature reaches values of 25,000 K there
(in some places up to 300,000 K).
Intense turbulent movement also characterizes the
chromosphere. At a height of 500 km, the speed of the turbulent
movement is about 5km/s, at 5000 km is about 20km/s.
Based on monochromatic images of the chromosphere, it
can be seen that, just like the photosphere, the chromosphere, has
a grain-like structure. The grains, called floculae, are fiber-shaped.
They are larger than photospheric granules, and their length can
be up to several thousand of kilometers.
Floculae can be better spotted on large bright surfaces,
chromospheric torches (chromospheric facula) (picture 13).
___________________________________________________
Picture 13.
When the photosphere is observed in white light, we
see that photospheric faculas are in the same position as
chromospheric torches. They are believed to be the same
objects, observed from different heights. Chromospheric
faculas last longer—200 to 300 days—and they are much
brighter than the fon (in X-ray area, even up to 70 times
brighter).
One of the most important shapes that appear in the
chromosphere is the chromospheric network (picture 14).
Picture 14.
___________________________________________________
It is the action of supergranules, formed in the photosphere, but
their influence is also visible in the chromosphere.
The chromospheric network spreads vertically along the
whole chromosphere height. The dimensions of the network
structures correspond to the supergranules’ dimensions.
Along the brim of the supergranules from the lower layers
of the chromosphere, spiculae go up like fire tongues. Spiculae
are small eruptions of hot gas, whose temperature is about
15,000 K. Particle concentration in them is 1018 m-3, they appear
at heights of 3000 to 4000 km, and their height is from 7,000 to
12,000 km. Their diameter is the same as the granules, about
1,000 km, and they appear above the boundaries of
supergranules. It is these spiculae that represent the thin
structure of the chromospheric network, which is seen in the
center of the sun’s disc. It is estimated that at any moment there
are about a million spiculae in the chromosphere. They are not
equally distributed; there are about 30% more in the polar areas
than in the equatorial area. They take up only 1% of the total
surface of the sun. Gas in the spiculae rises from the lower layers
of the chromosphere at a speed of 20km/s.
One of the more important manifestations of the sun’s
activity is eruptions (explosions) in the chromosphere. They are
sudden, short processes, from which comes a large increase in
the radiation intensity of radiation in limited areas of the
chromosphere.
___________________________________________________
Explosions appear in the same areas as faculas, above
groups of spots. They are characterized by the rapid rise in
brightness, very short duration of their maximum brightness and
a relatively short extinction, lasting about twice as long as the
period of increasing brightness. In cases when the explosions are
noted at the rim of the sun’s disc, we can see a cone of light,
whose height is several thousands of kilometers.
Smaller explosions, which are encountered more
frequently, have a circular form, while the larger ones are
extended in shape and of firer structure. Such explosions occur
rarely and only at the time of sun’s maximum activity.
At the time of sun’s maximum activity, energy freed by
explosions in the higher layers of the sun’s atmosphere is
comparable with the energy it radiates in one second.
Many particles move at speeds of 1500 km/s (with very
strong explosions, up to 2400km/s) through the corona and into
interplanetary space (picture 15).
Picture 15.
Some of the particles travel at speeds close to
relativistic speed (the speed of light), so they get to earth
___________________________________________________
almost at the same time as the electromagnetic radiation
emitted in the explosion. Groups of such particles are known
as the sun’s cosmic rays. Smaller explosions last from 5 to 40
minutes. On average, in the life of a group of spots there is
one chromospheric explosion (every seven hours, or every two
hours at the time of maximum solar activity). During the transit
of a sunspot group across the sun’s disc, 30 to 50
chromospheric explosions appear above it, and at the time of
the sun’s most intensive activities up to 300. Across the sun
about 100 explosions occur daily, but those considered strong
are very rare, occurring only a few times a year.
During these explosions local heating of the substance,
up to temperatures from 10 to 100 million K, occurs.
Explosions in the chromosphere are closely related to
the processes in the corona, and its characteristics. This is
confirmed by the facts that the so-called condensation of the
corona appears at heights of 10–40 thousand km above the
chromospheric explosions. Radio-flashes from the corona tell
us that, and the radio-flashes are, from a different point of
view, caused by the level of activity in the photoshere below
them.
Now, an explanation of what is really happening in the
chromosphere.
The red-hot magma erupts on the sun’s surface in gey-
sers and is cooled down by intensive radiation and
vaporization. At first, the fall in temperature occurs in the lower
___________________________________________________
chromosphere rather than the photosphere. But this process of
the gases cooling down is dominant only to up to 1500 km,
while the speed of the rising gases is low, about 5 km/s. In
fact, this is the beginning of the anti-gravitational ejection of
molecules of vaporized gas from the red-hot magma.
As soon as the gas molecule’s speed accelerates to 20
km/s, at a height of about 5000 km, a rise in the temperature
occurs again. The rise in the gas molecule’s temperature leads
to a rise in their negative mass, that is, leads to a rise in the
anti-gravitation force by which the sun hurls them away from
itself. Normally it leads to even greater speed of the
molecules, even greater heating and thermic ionization, which,
as we have seen, increases with the height.
Since granules, or grains, represent geysers of
magma, where evaporation is most dominant, that structure is
transferred upward, and that is why the chromosphere looks
as it looks, having fibers or floculas.
Chromospheric torches occur above photospheric
faculas, that is, volcanoes. Logically, the higher temperature of
the photospheric magma geysers results in enhanced
vaporization, with the gas molecule’s higher starting tem-
perature. Thus, the anti-gravitational bounce is much stronger,
leading to much greater speeds and much higher temper-
atures than the surrounding chromosphere.
___________________________________________________
The net-like appearance of the chromosphere and
spiculae is a logical consequence of the appearance and activity
on the sun’s surface.
Eruptions or explosions in the chromosphere occur
above groups of sunspots. Logically, groups of spots are
created by the strongest of the sun’s volcanoes, and, apart
from ejecting flares of ‘chemically heavy’ magma; they eject
flares of hot gases, too. These flares of hot gases from the
sun’s interior have a much higher temperature than the
vaporized gases of the surface magma, which is cooling down.
That is why they are much more affected by the anti-
gravitational force of the sun. They are also affected by the
mutual bouncing of the gas molecules, so that their speed
becomes so accelerated that it appears as an explosion. Here,
as we have seen, the particles move at speeds of 1,500km/s
up to 2,400km/s. Some of the particles in this process reach
speeds close to the speeds of light, the so-called, relativistic
speed. And that is logical when we see that local temperatures
go up to 10 or 100 millionoK.
Explosions in the chromospheres are further reflected
on the appearance of the sun’s corona. So, these processes
begin with activity on the Sun’s surface and it spreads from
there to the higher layers of the Sun.
Corona: above the chromospheres, and the thin transitional
layer, there is corona (picture 16).
___________________________________________________
Picture 16.
This is the hottest and scantiest layer of the sun’s
atmosphere. It is seen as a pearly-silver light that encircles the
darkened disc of the sun at the time of the sun’s eclipse. It is
much paler that the chromosphere but more visible, since it is
the most spacious layer of the sun’s atmosphere.
The dimensions and the shape of the corona, as well
as the processes taking place in it, largely depend on the
activity of the sun. At a time of low activity, it is compressed
above the poles with characteristic fan-like shapes, while
along the equator it is elongated. In a period of maximum
activity, the corona takes on an ’untidy’ shape, and almost
symmetrically encircles the whole sun (picture 17).
The corona extends upward for several times the
radius of the sun, although the upper border cannot be exactly
determined since, by way of the sun’s wind, it gradually
___________________________________________________
disperses into interplanetary space. Many authors treat the
solar wind as the part of the sun’s corona.
Picture 17.
The corona is separated from the chromosphere by the
already mentioned transitory layer in which the temperature
sharply rises from the chomospheric (≥104K) to the coronal
(≥106K) values.
The corona’s temperature reaches a maximum of
about 2 million K at the height of about 1/10 of the sun’s radius
of the photosphere. After that it gradually falls. If the sun’s
wind is treated like an extended part of the corona, rather than
___________________________________________________
in the vicinity of the earth’s orbit, its temperature is of the order
of 105 K.
Surprisingly high temperatures and very low density
define the physical state of the gas in the corona.
In the inner corona, r = (1,03 – 1,2) R‫ּס‬. Moving
towards the periphery, gas density decreases, but the
temperature rises, and at a height of 50,000 km it is (1–1.5)
million K. One characteristic is that the inner corona emission
spectrum appears with highly ionized metal atoms. These
atoms are especially bright (Fe).
In the middle corona (r ~ 2R‫ )ּס‬T ~ 106 K gas density
decreases even more, and its radiation has a high level of
polarization, which up to r ~ 1,5 R amounts to 50%. This value
also decreases gradually on at greater heights.
In the outer corona, r ~ 3R‫ּס‬, temperature and gas con-
centration values continue falling and the corona gradually starts
dispersing into interplanetary space. The brightness of the outer
corona is about a billion times lower than the brightness of the
sun’s disc. The continual spectrum of the outer corona is
practically identical to the spectrum of the photosphere, but of a
drastically lesser intensity. In it we can see the same standard
Fraunhofer’s absorption lines, which are characteristic for the
photosphere. This shows that, in the outer corona, the dispersal
of the radiation of the photosphere, acts on the dust particles
which are present.
___________________________________________________
The sun’s corona is visible in the wide range of the
spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation.
The light emitting from the corona consists of about
100 bright lines, which it has been determined, originate from
the highly ionized atoms of iron, calcium, nickel, etc.
The corona’s radiation arises in conditions that not
thermodynamically balanced. Owing to the high temperature,
the corona is a strong source of radio- and far UV radiation.
New research suggests that in the corona there are occasional
flares with intense emissions of X-ray radiation, which
precedes ultraviolet emissions. Radiation originates from the
area in the corona where temperatures reach up to several
million degrees.
In the corona we note different forms: flares, rays,
arches, plumes, that in the shape of brushstrokes appear
above the poles, condensations and hollows, eruptions, etc.
Some of them are visible in the integral light of the white
corona, while others are more visible in other areas of
electromagnetic radiation (radio or X-ray). Well-defined shapes
are most often encountered above the area of enhanced sun’s
activity, the so-called, active areas.
A flare is the abrupt enhancement in brightness of
localized areas above a group of spots and torches. This
occurrence happens in the areas of the chromosphere and the
corona. In about ten minutes, the brightness of the areas
___________________________________________________
overtaken by the flare increases, and then, over the next hour
it decreases back to former level.
The corona’s rays have similar characteristics to the
larger forms in the sun’s corona. During a solar eclipse, or with
the help of a chronograph, they can be seen as elongated
condensations with different radial forms (picture 18).
Picture 18.
They extend from 0.5 R‫ ּס‬to 10 R‫סּ‬, and in some cases
even more. On average, the duration of the ray shapes last
about ten days. The main part of the ray, above the centre of
the activity, emits a green line Fe13+, meaning, in that area; the
temperature is over 2 million degrees.
Picture 19.
___________________________________________________
The corona’s arches (picture 19) occur above a field in

the active areas. They are composed of a number of thin threads.
Picture 20.
Plumes or polar brushes (picture 20) most often occur
above the sun’s poles. They greatly depend on the level of
activity of the sun. They connected to faculas in that area, and
they are best observed during a time of decreased activity,
when the corona is compressed.
Analysis of the radio waves from the sun has shown
that above the center of the active areas there are
condensations in the corona. The temperature here reaches
values higher than three million degrees. They are several
times thicker than the corona’s surroundings. At the time of the
most intensive creation of the spots, sporadic condensation
occurs.
In the sun’s corona, areas with lower temperature were
spotted (from 0.8 million K) and an anomalously low mass
density. These are called corona hollows (picture 21).
___________________________________________________
Picture 21.
There are believed to be stable, spacious formations
that can take up to 20% of the corona. They last through sev-
eral of the sun’s rotations. They are characterized by reduced
brightness in the X-ray and the UV areas of radiation, and a
noticeable decrease in the glow in the radio and the visible
part of the spectrum. Normally, they are found in the polar
areas of the sun, but they sometimes expand to the lower
heliographic latitudes. There, isolated hollows can be formed.
Hollows like these are often long lasting, especially at a time of
reduced Sun activity. From the corona’s hollows, solar wind is
continuously emitted, with particles leaving the corona at
speeds from 600 to 800 km/s.
From X-ray readings of the corona, bright spots, unevenly
distributed over the whole of the sun’s disc, have been noted.
Their dimensions are smaller than those of sunspots, and on
average they last for about 8 hours. During a 24-hour cycle,
about 1,500 bright spots of the corona appear on the sun. The
dynamics of their appearance and their total number are in
___________________________________________________
antiphase with sunspots, that is, they occur more often and in
larger numbers when there are lesser spots in the photosphere.
Picture 22.
Protuberances are the most spectacular form of the
sun’s activity and the most dramatic occurrence in the sun’s
atmosphere. During a solar eclipse they can be seen as red
flames (picture 22).
Protuberances represent strap condensations in the co-
rona. It is tells us about cooler (T ≤104K), thicker formations
inside the diluted warmer corona (T ≥ 106 K).
Above the sun’s disc, protuberances can be seen in
the shape of gigantic fire tongues, arches, fountains, knots,
etc. (picture 23).
___________________________________________________
Picture 23.
We can see moving threads and condensations in
protuberances. Seen straight on, and not silhouetted outside
the disc, they are dark, bent strips of complex structure, called
filaments. Their length can be up to 200,000 km.
Both quiet and active protuberances are commonly
found.
The majority of protuberances belong in the quiet
category. They are long living—they last more from one day
(which is rare) to several months (which is more common).
There have been cases where they lasted for several years.
They hover for a long time at all heliographic latitudes. The
temperature of quiet protuberances can be up to 15,000K, but
most usually between 6,000 and 8,000K, and are therefore
described as ‘cold’.
A typical quiet protuberance is about 200,000 km long,
even though, in rare cases, their length can reach a total of
___________________________________________________
1,900,000km. The average height is 50,000 km, while their

width is not more than 6,000 km. They consist of threads
whose diameters are about 1,000 km. The lower ends of
protuberances are in the areas between the supergranules,
near of active areas.
Protuberances primarily occur in the latitude zones
o o
10 –40 , in which sunspots are concentrated, but they spread
to further zones, too. Quiet protuberances are divided into
those below heliographic latitude 40o–45o, and those above,
the polar latitudes. The latter often make the so-called wreaths
of polar protuberances (picture 24).
Picture 24.
At the beginning of its life, quiet protuberances usually
spread in the direction of the meridian and in such a manner
that one foot of a protuberance has 80% of its fibers directed
___________________________________________________
towards the leader spot. In time, they slowly move towards the
poles. Their length is growing and they are more and more
oriented in an east-west direction. After ten or so rotations of
the sun their threads reach the polar areas where they can
survive approximately five more months.
Apart from quiet protuberances, there are active
protuberances, distinguished by very rapid development (from
10 minutes to several hours). They appear in the shape of
clouds, system of knots, cyclones, sprays, etc. They are
usually of smaller dimension than quiet protuberances. Some
of them appear above spots and slowly move towards the
edges of the spot area. They are very often absorbed by the
spots and disappear. They can transform into quiet
protuberances. The average temperature in active
protuberances is about 25,000K, which is why they are called
hot.
Picture 25.
___________________________________________________
In sunspot areas eruptive or explosive protuberances

appear. They reach great heights—in some cases over a
million kilometers. There is a recorded case of a protuberance
that rose to over 1,700,000 km (picture 25).
In the case of quiet protuberances, the linear spectrum
shows hydrogen, calcium, etc., but lines of metal, also appear.
For a while, at the beginning of a formation, eruptive
protuberances can resemble quiet ones that contain elements of
irregular movement. Then, parts of the protuberance begin to
rise, at first slowly, then faster and faster. The increase in speed
can be abrupt, reaching speeds of up to several hundred km/s.
The common feature of all eruptive protuberances is that they
form an arch, which breaks in the middle. With eruptive
protuberances, the arch greatly enlarges in size (picture 26).
After it breaks, the matter falls back to the chromosphere
along the path of the arch.
Picture 26.
___________________________________________________
There are the so-called ‘sunspot protuberances’
(picture 27) that appear centered above spot group activity, in
the shape of knots, arches or funnels.
Picture 27.
There’s also ‘corona rain’—a type of protuberance that
occurs as falling matter from the corona to the chromosphere.
Because of the greater mass density, substances in
protuberances should ’sink’ to the thinnest environment.
However, some force is enabling it to survive for a relatively
long time as a shaped configuration.
The sun’s wind occurs with the expansion of the
corona into interplanetary space. It is a permanent ’circulation’
of the sun’s substance, moving approximately radially from the
___________________________________________________
sun (picture 28), and pervades the sun’s system up to the

reach of 100 AJs (AJ is the distance from the sun to the earth).
Picture 28.
Particles of the solar wind gradually speed up, for
example, at the distance of several sun radii, the average
radial speed of protons in the solar wind is (100–150) km/s,
and at the distance of 1 AJ its value is (300-750) km/s (picture
29).
Picture 29.
___________________________________________________
With regard to the speed of movement, the flow of the
solar wind can be either slow (with speeds up to 300km/s) or
fast (with speeds of 600-700 km/s).
In the vicinity of the earth’s orbit, depending on the level
of activity in the sun, through the square meter of the transversal
surface every second between 5·1011 and 5 ·1012 protons flow
with an average speed of 400 km/s, and an average temperature
of 50,000K (in active periods is can be up to 400,000K).
Each second, a mass of 108_109 kg flows out into
interplanetary space, via the sun’s wind. If there were not for
spiculas, which are ‘filling’ in the mass of the corona, this layer
of the sun’s atmosphere would be ’scattered’ in three or four
days by the flow of solar wind. The sun loses 1015_1014 M ‫ּס‬
annually due to solar wind. Since, after all, the sun’s life span
is about 10 billion years, it is clear that such a loss does not
significantly influence its evolution.
Table 2. Relative content of atoms in the solar wind’s
chemical structure
Element Relative content Element Rel. content

H 0.96 Ne 7.5 · 10-5
3
He 1.7 · 10-5 Si 7.5 · 10-5
4
He 0.04 Ar 3.0 · 10-6
O 5 · 10-4 Fe 4.7 · 10-5
Table 2 presents the solar wind’s chemical structure

with the relative content of certain atoms compared to the total.
___________________________________________________
The ratio of helium and hydrogen atoms in the sun’s wind is not
the same as in the sun’s atmosphere (to the detriment of
helium). In the quiet solar wind, however, the ratio of 3He : 4He
coincides with the ratio in the rest of the solar atmosphere.
In the sun-related coordinates’ system, the solar wind
particle trajectories (paths) are in the shape of Archimedes’
spirals, originating in the areas of the sun’s corona from which
the particles originate (picture 30). The solar wind blows
particles in spiral lines, determined by the radial speed of the
particle flowing out from the corona.
Picture 30.
The combined area of the solar wind and the
interplanetary magnet field (that comes from the sun) is the
aforementioned heliosphere. The balance between the solar
wind’s dynamic pressure, interstellar gas pressure, galactic
magnetic field and galactic cosmic rays determines its border.
___________________________________________________
It is estimated that the heliosphere boundary is at (50–100) AJ
from the sun, which is far beyond Pluto’s orbit. It is estimated
that its form is elongated.
And now a new physics explanation of the corona and
what happens in it.
We can see that the anti-gravitational speed of the
sun’s evaporated substance culminates between the heights
of 10,000 km and 70,000 km. In that period the temperature
rises from 104K to almost 2 million K. Only then does it slowly
begin to decrease.
The fact that the light emitting from the corona consists
of bright lines of highly ionized atoms of iron, calcium, nickel
and other heavy elements, confirms that this is magma vapor,
both light, from the surface, and heavy, sub-surface.
In the process of anti-gravitational acceleration, and
thus heating, the molecules break down into atoms. But not all
of the heavy elements break down to the level of alpha
particles and protons. The existence of areas in the corona,
which burst into flames with intense X and UV radiation
emissions, and where the temperature rises up to several tens
of millions K, tells us that the process of heavy elements atom
disintegration to the level of α particles and protons is going
on. Fission reactions are present.
Active areas on the photosphere affect the
chromosphere further, which, in turn, affects the corona. That
___________________________________________________
is how flashes, rays, arches, plumes, condensations and bright

spots occur.
Hollows occur in the corona above areas of photo-
sphere that are not active, most often around the polar sun.
We have already learned how and why these things
happen. However, protuberances deserve special attention
and a more detailed explanation.
Protuberances are gigantic eruptions of photospheric
volcanoes, when spurts of magma are ejected high into the
sun’s atmosphere. The recorded temperature of
protuberances confirms that they are comprised of hot magma
ejected from deeper layers of the sun.
The long life of protuberances, that is their lengthy
hovering, is a simple consequence of the buoyancy of the
sun’s substance accelerated by anti-gravitation. The solar
wind, at its origin, not only compensates for the weight of
magma that constitutes the protuberance, but also heats it up,
that is, it prevents it from quickly cooling and becoming heavy,
and thus falling quickly back.
Magma is gravitationally attractive. It keeps its
protuberance state and it is also attracted by the sun, which
prevents the solar wind from blowing it into interplanetary
space.
With arch-like, eruptive protuberances, there is an
abrupt rise in the arch size precisely because of the substance
___________________________________________________
pressure (gas) that is anti-gravitationally accelerated upward
to the point when the arch breaks at its highest point. As
magma has to return to the sun’s surface, it slides along the
sides of the broken arch.
Anti-gravitational emission of the sun’s vapor and
gases that begins right at their origin, at the appropriate time
and height, becomes solar wind. We have already seen what
speeds and which temperatures they reach.
It is very important to note that the sun loses its
substance through the solar wind. The loss of substance
means lowering of the gravitational force, which means
reduction of the speed and the temperature of the particles in
the sun’s atmosphere, and that means extinction of the sun’s
glow, and that means doom for us, here on earth. Nev-
ertheless, there’s no need to worry, because the loss of the
sun’s substance is so scant that the sun will continue serving
us for much longer than the ’fusionally’ anticipated tens of
billions of years.
Let us now pay attention to Table 2, which shows us
the chemical structure of the solar wind and the relative con-
tent of atoms in it. Sun’s winds: the key components of the
solar wind are H whose relative content is 0.96 and 4He whose
relative content is 0.04. This is the data that led scientists to
conclude that the sun is a gas ball composed of hydrogen that
4
becomes He by fusion. From the correct data, but an
___________________________________________________
imperfect theory, and ignorance of the true nature of mass

interactions (gravity and anti-gravity), the wrong conclusions
were arrived at.
Gases, consisting of molecules and atoms of heavier
elements, are formed by the cooling of magma, or ejected in
interruptions, during the process of anti-gravity emissions and
accelerations, followed by an enormous rise in temperature.
The disintegration of these gases accounts for the chemical
structure of the solar wind.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
CYCLES OF SUN ACTIVITY
Observations of occurrences on the sun have led to the

discovery that they move in cycles. Sunspot activity occurs in
an approximately 11.2 year cycle. Since monitoring of the
sun’s activity began, in the second half of the 18th century, until
today, 23 cycles have been observed. Picture 31 represents
results of the monitoring of the sun’s activities since 1749 until
today.
Picture 31.
The minimum and maximum activity of spots are clearly
noted. The time interval between two minimum spot
occurrences defines the duration of the solar activity’s cycle.
Picture 32 represents the change in the number of spots during
the 22nd and the 23rd cycles of the sun’s activity.
Picture 32.
___________________________________________________
It is important to mention that not all cycles last an equal
amount of time. For the period from 1755 until 1945, periods
between two neighboring minimums have varied from 9 to 13.6
years, and between maximums from 7.3 to 17.1 years. These
irregularities occur from cycle to cycle without any notable
pattern. It is impossible to predict a future cycle based on the
activity in previous cycles.
In contemporary times, based on Doppler progressions, it
has been noted that in times of quiet sun activity, the rotation of
the equatorial areas accelerates. It is obvious that in times of
maximum solar activity, rotation ’breaks’ because of the volcano
and magma eruption formation from the deeper layers of the sun
to its surface. This, again, is an indicator that the sun’s rotation
differs not only on the surface by the heliographic latitudes, but
that the sun’s rotation differs according to altitude. It is obvious
that the ‘chemically heavier’ magma rotates more slowly than the
surface layer, which is comprised of ‘chemically lighter’ magma
(picture 33).
Picture 33.
___________________________________________________
Apart from the number of sunspots, and their surface

area, their distribution along the heliographic latitudes changes
during the cycles. The first spots in the cycle are formed
around 30oN and 30oS, and then they occur closer and closer
to the equator. At a time of maximum activity, spots occur
around 15oN and 15oS and the last spots in a cycle are at
about 8oN and 8oS. Rarely can the spots be found at latitudes
greater than 45o and less than 5 o.
On the ‘butterfly diagram’ (picture 34) it can be noted
that the first spots belonging to this cycle appear at 30o before
last spots from the previous cycle disappear at 8o. Such
overlapping of the cycles lasts about three years on average.
Picture 34.
___________________________________________________
This pattern of spot appearances points to the
difficulties encountered by the first eruptions of the hotter and
’chemically heavier’ magma in the new cycle, to break through
the fastest-moving layer of equatorial magma.
As the eruptions become stronger during the cycle, the
spurts of magma from the depths manage to burst through the
zones of surface magma closer to the equator, and by breaking
through, they slow them down, because they act as ’pistons’ that
stick through several layers at a time. As these ‘pistons’ mostly
occur at a time of maximum activity, it logically follows that the
deceleration of the equatorial magma is most pronounced at that
time.
Oscillation of the sun’s activity is manifested not only
through the appearance of spots, but also through other forms
in the sun’s atmosphere. An increase in activity is coupled with
an increase of intensity and frequency of chromospheric
explosions, with which flashes, and the UV and radio areas of
electro-magnetic radiation are connected. Intensifying activity
also implies corpuscular emission in the form of solar wind and
the sun’s cosmic rays.
During the cycle a change in the numbers and the
locations of protuberances occurs: the main area of
protuberances’ occurrences move to the equator (which is
logical, since they follow the spots, that is, they occur in the
same areas as spots), while protuberances at higher
___________________________________________________
heliographic latitudes migrate towards the poles and arrive at

the time of maximum activity of the cycle.
Picture 35.
Picture 35 depicts the development of the 23rd cycle of
solar activity. Hα pictures show the sun’s ‘quiet surface’ at a
time of the minimal activity. At the point of maximum activity
(the second half of years 1999 and 2000) manifestations of
violent activities are clearly visible: we can see multiple
explosions, protuberances and mass ejections.
Picture 36.
___________________________________________________
Picture 36 shows the Sun’s appearance between the
maximums of the 21st and the 22nd cycles.
It is obvious that the temperature is changing during the
cycle. It is lowest during the minimum sun activity, and highest
during the maximum activity of the sun. What kind of process
could cause such a cyclical temperature changes in the whole
sun? In order to understand that we have to observe the sun’s
movement in our galaxy.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ОUR SUN IN OUR GALAXY
(THE SUN AND THE MILKY WAY)
The sun is characteristic of an average dwarf

yellow star. It is thought that 2% of all stars belong in this
type, which means there are several billion of them.
Galaxies are gravitationally limited star systems.
They consist of a large number of stars and interstar
substance in the form of gas and dust. Depending on the
type and size of a galaxy, stars in them can number from
several million up to several billion. To date, several
thousand of the brightest stars have been studied.
Galaxies represent the basic structural element for even
larger associations in the cosmos, clusters and su-
perclusters of galaxies.
Our galaxy (the Milky Way) belongs to the class of
spiral galaxies. These are distinguished by their char-
acteristic spiral arms (branches) of which there are usually
two, although others may develop at the ends of the
spiral.
Part of our galaxy is visible in the night sky as a
pale, bright swath of unequal width that divides the
celestial sphere into two parts (picture 37).
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Picture 37.
All the stars that we see in the night sky belong to our
galaxy.
A schematic appearance of our galaxy is shown in picture
38. Observed from the side, it has the shape of two collapsed
plates whose diameter is about 30 KPC (thousand parsek or
100,000 light years).
Picture 38.
The thickness of the middle bulge (nucleus) is about 4
KPC (13.000 LY). The central line of symmetry (the galactic
level), which lies in the Milky Way and divides the galaxy
symmetrically, is easily observable.
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Parsek (PC) is an astronomical unit for length. It
represents the distance from which the large half-axis of the
earth’s path, that is one astronomical unit, can be seen under
the angle of 1" (one angular second). An astronomical unit
(AU) is a unit for measuring length in astronomy, equal to the
large half-axis of the elliptical path of the earth around the sun,
i.e., in accordance with the characteristics of the ellipse, the
average distance of the earth from the sun.
According to contemporary measurements, 1AU =
149,597,870.5 km, approximately 149,600,000 km.
The calculations show that it is valid:
1PC = 3.262 LY = 206.265 AU = 30,86x1012 km
Where LY (light year) is the distance light travels in a
vacuum in one year (1LY = 9,46x1012 km).
Picture 39.
The sun sits almost in the galactic level on the inside of
the so-called Orion’s leg. The dark space of the night sky is
what we see when we observe the galactic level vertically.
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Based on different measuring methods and the division of the

galactic objects, it was established that the Sun is 8 to 10 KPC
from the center of the galaxy. Based on the galactic objects’
movements and analysis of the radio-radiation coming from
various directions, it is thought that the most probable distance
of the sun from the galaxy’s center is about 8.5 KPC (28,000
LY) (picture 40).
Picture 40.
These measurements finally put to rest the belief that
the sun has a privileged position in the galaxy, and in the
cosmos. The distance from the sun to the galaxy’s nucleus has
had a favorable affect on the development of life on earth,
because the concentration of stars in the galactic nucleus is so
great, that the lethal part of their electromagnetic radiation (UV,
gamma and X-ray) is many times more intense than the
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radiation of the sun itself, or the radiation of the place in the
galaxy where it is located.
It is estimated that there are between 100 and 300
billion stars present in the galaxy. Almost 90% of the visible
mass is located in the sun’s orbit sphere of the radius, around
the center of the galaxy. Objects of the galactic discus rotate in
almost circular paths around the galactic center.
The largest concentration of stars in the galactic discus
is at around 10 KPC from the center of the galaxy. With
alienation from the center, a decrease is seen in this
concentration. We should bear in mind that stars usually appear
in doubles, multiples or in clusters.
The disc is encircled by a spherical halo in which stars
with mostly mass of 0,85 M‫ ּס‬are located. Chaotically
positioned, they rotate in very elongated elliptic paths, mainly
around the centre of the galaxy, at speeds (50–150 km/s).
At the outer edge of the galaxy is the corona that
spreads up to 100 KPC from the galactic center.
Our galaxy spins around the axis of symmetry,
clockwise, observed from the north galactic pole, which is the
norm in the galactic level.
Analysis of Doppler movements of the galaxy’s spectral
lines show that the objects of the spiral structure (stars, clouds
of the interstellar gas) move around the center along an almost
circular path, but at various angular speeds (picture 41).
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Picture 41.
The angular speed in the central part of the galaxy is
constant, that is, the galaxy rotates as a solid body there. With
the alienation from the center, the angular speed of the spiral
structural rotation decreases.
The speed at which the Sun is moving around the
galactic center was determined by comparison with the
movement of extra-galactic mist that does not participate in the
movement around the galaxy. The sun rotates around the
galactic centre with a speed of about 230 km/s (828,000 km/h).
Even though, from an earthbound point of view, this is a very
high speed, it takes the sun 230 million years to make a full
circle around the center of the galaxy. This time interval is
known as the galactic year (picture 42).
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Picture 42.
The sun is not exactly positioned in the sole galactic
level. Today, with reference to the galactic level, it has moved
northward by about 8PC (approximately 26 LY). It is clear that
this difference in the scale of galactic distances is negligible.
However, it is because of this position, during its circular
movement around the galactic center, that the sun appears to
swing up and down (picture 43).
Picture 43.
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Research shows that the sun periodically passes

through the galactic level. Similar movements are typical in
other stars that are in the vicinity of the galactic level. The
cycle for this swing on the orbit around the galactic center is
around 33 million years.
To me, it seems logical that this kind of movement is a
consequence of the sun’s rotation around the lengthwise axis
of the Orion leg in which the sun is located (picture 44).
Picture 44.
That would mean that the sun moves around the center
of the galaxy along a spiral, or a helicoide, that is closed within
a circle. From the available data it follows that during a full turn
around the galactic center, the sun rotates around the
lengthwise axis of the Orion leg 3.5 times, which would mean
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that it passes through the galactic level seven times. While
turning around the lengthwise axis of the Orion leg, the sun
approaches to its closest point to the galactic nucleus, and in
then moves to its farthest position away from the galactic
nucleus. Since this movement of the sun is happening along
with the unavoidable galactic wind and radiation at the same
time, it means that the sun’s temperature would vary
depending on its position and movement. When it is closest to
the galactic nucleus, and when it is passing through the
galactic level, its temperature will be much higher then when it
is on the opposite side, farthest from the galactic nucleus.
When it is between these two positions, its temperature
will vary also; when it is moving away from the galactic
nucleus and when it is ‘running away’ from the galactic wind its
temperature will fall, and when, on the opposite side, it starts
approaching the galactic nucleus and ‘running into’ the galactic
wind, its temperature will rise.
That automatically means that the sun’s activity will
change. But these are very slow changes – as we have seen
one cycle lasts about 66 million years.
What could account for the 11.2-year cycle of sun
activity?
The first reason could be that the intensity of galactic
radiation and galactic wind is also in an 11-year cycle.
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The second reason could be that the Sagittarius arm

baffles or masks the sun in such a cycle (see picture 44). This
could cause a partial eclipse of the galactic nucleus. If our
arm, Orion, rotates around its lengthwise axis, then all the
other arms do, too, including the Sagittarius arm, which is
closer to the galactic nucleus. It can mask the galactic nucleus
in different patterns.
The third reason could be the sun’s movement along a
spiral that goes around the larger spiral. That would be caused
by e the existence of another star making a binary system
along with our sun.
Further close observation will surely lead us, one day,
to the discovery of what exactly is the cause of the recorded
cycles in the sun’s activity.
However, I would like to emphasize here that the
movement of the stars significantly influences a star’s life, and
as we are about to see, its destiny.
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THE INFLUENCE OF A STAR’S MOVEMENT

ON ITS LIFE AND DESTINY
In order to correctly understand the influence of the

movement of a star on its life, let us look again at the phenom-
enon of stellar wind.
Stellar wind, as we have already seen, is a
consequence of the star’s anti-gravitational repulsion of
evaporated photospheric substance. The temperature of those
molecules rises as it accelerates—this we already know from
molecular-kinetic gas theory: higher speed implies higher
temperature. But, molecular-kinetic gas theory does not explain
the true reason for this. How can temperature cause speed?
How can speed cause temperature?
The existence of the gravitational field is a basic
necessity. Everything that the molecular-kinetic theory
describes happens within the gravitational field of the earth.
Stellar wind is born and exists in the gravitational field of a
star.
The temperature off a body, as we have already seen, is the
factor that changes the quantity and quality of the body’s mass.
Change in the speed of a body implies the existence of
acceleration. Acceleration implies the action of a force.
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In the gravitational field of a body, gravitational force
attracts all bodies with attractive mass, and anti-gravitational
force repels all bodies with negative mass.
Therefore, the temperature of a body, which is in the
gravitational field of another body, decides whether that body
will be gravitationally attracted or anti-gravitationally repelled.
Since the molecules of evaporated photospheric
substance have negative mass, they are repelled from the star
by anti-gravitational force and thus, their speed rises.
With the rise in speed, the temperature rises, and thus,
their mass negativity quantitatively rises, and an even greater
anti-gravitational repellent force affects them. That is why we
observe greater and greater speeds and higher and higher
temperatures of stellar wind with its alienation from the star’s
surface.
The reversed dependence of the anti-gravitational force,
of the square distance leads, of course, at some point, to the
achievement of maximum speed and temperature, after which a
gradual fall of both temperature and speed follows.
Hence, temperature, through anti-gravitational power,
enhances the speed at which molecules of photospheric vapor
alienate themselves from the star. This is how temperature
enhances speed.
Now we have to dismantle the theory that speed
enhances temperature.
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In fact, speed is not the factor that enhances

temperature. It is change in speed, or acceleration, that is the
result of the action of anti-gravitational power. What is really
happening during the action of a power on a body?
This is a fundamental question in physics, and the
answer must be completely understandable and logical.
When a power affects a body, it exerts activity upon it.
Activity that a force exerts upon a body is divided into three
parts. The second part is the change (enhancement) of the
kinetic energy of the body, because its speed has changed
(enhanced). The third part is the change of the potential
energy, because its position in the power field has changed.
But, for us, the first and most interesting part, is overpowering
the body’s inertia.
What is inertia? Physics tells us that it is a feature of a
body to resist change in the state of its movement. It is logical this
feature of a body lies in a particular physical reason. If a force
affects a body, and a body resists the effect of that force, it
follows that there is a force of inverse action.
Since I will come back to this in detail later on, for now,
I will just say that inertia is a consequence of the interaction of
the physical body with physical space. To state it more clearly:
I believe that there is friction between a physical body and
physical space.
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Where there is friction, there is heating, that is, a
change in temperature.
Therefore, the first part of the action that a power is
exerting on a body is spent on overpowering inertia, i.e., the
friction between the body and space. This causes a change of
the inner energy of both the body and space. Here we are
interested in the change of the inner energy of the body, which
means, in the end, that the temperature of a body rises on
account of that part of the action of the power on the body that
overpowers inertia.
The law of the conservation of energy is now
completely satisfied.
So, anti-gravitational force that exerts action over
molecules of evaporated photospheric substance uses a part
of that action on raising the temperature of those molecules
due to the friction between the molecules and space. And that,
in essence, is how a change in speed causes a change in
temperature.
Let us remind ourselves of something else. When the
speed of a body is unchangeable, both in direction and
intensity, we call that inertial movement. For inertial movement
there is a rule that the speed is constant, which means that the
temperature is constant, too.
But nowhere in space we dont have inertial movement.
Everything is spinning around both itself and something else.
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Non-inertial movement implies rotation because the

direction of speed is being changed, although the intensity
remains the same. Rotation is a consequence of the existence
of centripetal force—the role of gravity in the universe.
Therefore, all bodies that spin around themselves or
around another body are in permanent friction with physical
space, and in a permanent process of heating.
All that we have just said applies to stars, as they are
(celestial) bodies, too.
The spinning of a star around its axis, as well as the
spinning of a star around the mass center of a double or a
multiple system, and then the spinning around the center of a
galaxy, causes the star to heat.
Conventional astrophysics does not know this!
The new astrophysics has to take into account this
mechanism, which raises the temperature of stars.
Let us list the factors that determine the temperature of
a star:
1. Gravitational shrinkage of a star is determined by the
amount of the substance and its temperature. Gravity shrinks
the overall mass of the star until a balance is struck with the
force of anti-gravitational repelling, which results in a hollow
center of the star. The larger the attractive mass of a star, the
larger the shrinkage is, plus, the larger the pressure, the
density and the temperature of the star also are. That means
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that the ‘vaporization’ of a star through stellar wind is more
pronounced, i.e., the star loses its substance quicker. When a
considerable loss of substance leads to a weakening of
gravitational shrinkage, the star’s wind dies away, and
generally, the star will lose its glow (luminosity). Hence, it is
clear that a star of higher temperature means stronger
luminosity, but a shorter life span. Naturally, the larger the
starting amount of the star’s substance, the longer will be its
life and its brightness.
2. A star’s radius, and the angular speed of its spinning
around its own axis. The larger the substance a star, the
greater is its radius. Therefore, a larger radius causes greater
gravitational shrinkage, higher temperature, and so on. For
two stars with the same angular rotation speed around its own
axis but of different radii, the star with the longer radius will,
heat more. But for two stars of the same size and substance,
but of different rotation speeds, the one with greater rotational
speed will shine more brightly. The stars’ life spans will be
different, also. Differential rotation of the same stars is also a
consequence of friction between the stars and space.
3. Distance from the mass centre system and the
speed of spinning around it. Stars usually appear in binary or
multiple systems. That means that a star that spins faster
around the mass center of its system will have a higher tem-
perature than the same star that spins more slowly around the
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mass center of a similar system. The closer in distance from

the mass center means quicker rotation of the whole system,
and more heating of the star under the influence of the stellar
wind of the other members of the system.
4. Distance from the galaxy center. We have seen that
the galactic nucleus rotates as a solid body, and at greater speed
than its arms, which leads to the spiral formation of galaxies. The
farther the star is from the center of the galaxy, the lower its rota-
tion speed around it is, and its heating is therefore lower. The
concentration of stars increases nearer to the galactic center,
which means that the galactic wind is stronger, and that it heats
the stars that are closer, more that those that are farther away.
Hence, a star closer to the galactic center will have a
higher temperature and higher luminosity than a similar star that
is located farther from the galactic center. Intensive galactic wind
at the nucleus that originates from the winds of the individual
stars at the galactic nucleus is a factor that, with its anti-
gravitational nature, expands the galaxy, and separates the stars
from each other.
5. Galaxy movement in a cluster and supercluster of
galaxies. A galaxy spins around the galactic axis, but it also
moves at great speed around the center of a cluster of galax-
ies, and this cluster of galaxies rotates around the center of a
supercluster of galaxies. Superimposition of those movements
on top of the aforementioned star movement (around its axis,
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around the system center and the galaxy center) heats the star
further because of the great speeds the individual galaxies
travel at.
6. Star’s chemical structure. Since not all the stars have
the same chemical structure, that means that some of them are
made of heavier, and some of lighter, substances. Heavier
substances cause greater gravitational shrinkage, and during
movement, accomplish greater friction with space, which,
logically, implies that heavier stars have higher temperature,
higher luminosity and more intensive wind than ‘lighter’ stars of
the same size, and same conditions of movement.
Also, the substance of ‘heavier’ stars disintegrates in the
stellar wind in a different manner from the substance of ‘lighter’
stars. Therefore, according to the chemical structure of a star’s
wind, we can make deductions about the ‘weight’ of the star,
i.e., about it chemical structure.
7. Intensity of the star’s wind. When all these factors
fulfill their roles, and raise a star to a certain temperature, then
the rising wind additionally heats the star, because a part of
the heat of the star’s atmosphere falls to its photosphere and
heats it up even more.
So, we see that numerous factors play a part in
maintaining a star’s temperature, thus affecting the length of
its life. Such mechanisms provide stars with a much, much
longer life than predicted by existing astrophysics.
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THE ORIGIN OF STARS
The question of the origin of stars is a fundamental

question in astrophysics. In order to find the answer, I will be-
gin this investigation by repeating a paragraph I have written
previously. It is a paragraph on galaxies, and it goes like this:
“Galaxies represent gravitationally limited star systems.
They are comprised of a large number of stars and interstar sub-
stance in the form of gas and dust. Depending on the type and
the size of a galaxy, the number of stars in them can go from
several million to several thousand billion. Until today several
thousands of the brightest galaxies have been studied. They rep-
resent the basic structural element for even larger associations in
space —clusters and superclusters of galaxies.”
Hence, the place of the origin of stars is a galaxy. But a
galaxy is a pretty big place. Where exactly do the stars arise?
Obviously, it is where the concentration of stars is
greatest, the galactic nucleus.
We have already seen that the galactic nucleus rotates
faster than the outer part of a galaxy and that it acts com-
pactly, as a solid body. Gravity and anti-gravity are the forces
that make it so compact. Gravity prevents the dissipation of
stars, and anti-gravity prevents the collapse of the nucleus.
We can see that anti-gravity is even more dominant because
all stars move away from each other despite gravitational at-
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traction. Anti-gravitation, which is the source of the stellar

winds, therefore the galactic winds, extends not only the
galaxy, but the whole universe, as well.
That means that both in a galaxy and in a galactic nu-
cleus, anti-gravity dominates. But at the heart of this anti-
gravity, in the galactic core, we have gravity again. Hence, in
the heart of the galactic nucleus there is a huge star. That star
can be named the ‘galactic mother’. The galactic mother gives
birth to the whole galaxy—it is the mother of all the stars in
that galaxy. Of course, if a galactic mother creates stars that
are too big, then those big stars create smaller stars. This is
origin of binary and multiple star systems, as well as star
clusters.
So, stars originate from larger stars, that is, larger stars
create smaller stars. That is the way!
A question arises—how far can it go in either direction?
In the direction of stars shrinking it continues until the stars are
no longer able to create new stars. When that time comes,
then the star creates planets, comets, asteroids and all other
objects that make a system around a star. I will come back to
this later.
In the direction of a star growing there also must be a
limit. If the galaxy stars were born by the galactic mother, then
logic says that the numerous galactic mothers were created by
the mother of the galaxy cluster. The numerous mothers of the
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galaxy clusters were created by the mother of the galaxy
supercluster. The numerous mothers of the galaxy
supercluster were created by the Cosmic Mother.
The Cosmic Mother is the first-formed star that
consolidated the entire matter of the cosmos. That huge ball
(of the whole) matter was heated to incandescence by
gravitation shrinkage, and, at some point it started the creation
of the cosmos, through the process of creating smaller stars.
A different scenario is possible. Not one, but a number
of gigantic stars (MSSG) might have originated from the
unified cosmic matter, which after reaching incandescence
started creating the cosmos as we know it today.
A great example of the origin of stars is in star clusters.
They comprise a large number of stars that varies from several
thousand, in the case of open, and several million in cases of
globular clusters. All those stars were born at approximately
the same time; they are of the same age, the same chemical
structure, that is to say metallicity.
A big star, i.e. the mother of a star cluster, was heated
to the point of boiling. When it boiled—and boiling is vaporizing
of the volume—due to anti-gravity, an explosion occurred.
From the scattered magma, gravity formed new,
smaller stars that went on living in the gravitationally limited
system that we call a star cluster. Of course the stellar winds
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of those stars cause expansion of the star cluster, in

accordance with the general expansion of the cosmos.
“The dating of globular clusters is very important in as-
tronomy because they are the oldest objects in the universe.
Their age is today estimated to be 13 to 16 billion years, which
confuses contemporary cosmology: that number is larger than
the generally accepted estimates of the universe’s age. The
solution to this problem is not in sight today, but it could
seriously shatter the theory of star evolution and cosmological
models.” a quotation from “Birth, Life and Death of Stars” a
book by Nicolas Prancos and Tierry Montmerle.
It confirms what I am saying—that the universe is much
older than we think, because stars live longer than we think.
The mistaken idea of fusion as the source of stars’ energy, led
us to wrongly determine the duration of the stars, and
therefore to a wrong estimate of the whole universe’s age.
And now I would like to work in more detail on the
question of the chemical structure of stars, i.e. their metallicity.
We can see that there are stars of different chemical structure,
i.e. they are comprised of magma of different ‘weight’. Why,
and what is happening there?
In order to understand it, we are going to analyze a
large star that gives birth to a generation of smaller stars.
Whatever its chemical structure is, there is universal validity.
Since the star is incandescent, but liquid, magma, layering of
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magma by chemical weight occurs within it. On the surface
layer is the lightest magma and, as we go toward the center,
layers are made of heavier and heavier magma.
The last layer, the layer around the central hollow of
the star is made of the chemically heaviest magma. All layers
are under pressure—the inner ones are under pressure from
the layers above them, and the surface layer is under pressure
from the inner layers.
The chemical weight of each layer’s magma, combined
with the pressure it is under, determines the boiling point of
that layer’s magma. Naturally, the surface magma layer, which
is lightest and under the least pressure, has the lowest boiling
point.
When the surface magma layer boils, it is ejected in an
anti-gravitational explosion. Stars that are born from that
layer’s scattered magma will be in the lightest class of off-
spring. The explosion of the surface layer causes the star to
tighten, i.e. a rise in pressure, and therefore, also in the
temperature of the layers beneath the surface one.
Since now, around the original star there is a whole
class of the lightest stars, there is a clash of the star winds of
the mother star with the daughter stars. That is what causes
farther alienation of the daughters, but also, the pressure on
the mother star, too. As the daughters move away from the
mother, the pressure on the mother star’s new surface layer
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will weaken. At some point the new conditions of the surface

layer of magma will reach the boiling point and that will cause
its ejection in an anti-gravitational explosion. Stars that are
created from the scattered magma of this layer will be in a
slightly heavier class of star offspring.
The process that happened after the explosion of the
first layer is repeated again, and when conditions for a new
boiling point of the newest surface layer of magma are
reached, it will explode, and then a new class of even heavier
star offspring will be created.
In such a manner, over time, layer after layer will
explode, creating heavier and heavier classes of offspring
stars, until what is left of the mother star is too small for the
boiling point of the surface magma layer to be reached. That is
how, after a series of substance ejections, the mother star will
reach stability and enter a relatively quiet period of its life.
If such a mechanism for the origin of star offspring
classes, different in weight, in approximately concentric
spheres were so, it should be detectable by observing star
clusters.
Of course, in all these explosions of the layers of star
magma we should not expect mathematical precision and
symmetry. Physics is a science that describes the reality
around us, and there are always discrepancies with ideal
expectations and predictions.
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A realistically possible scenario is the following:
because of the differential rotation of the surface magma layer
of the star, boiling of magma occurs first in the equatorial
zone, which would lead to explosions only in that zone and the
spread of star offspring at the equatorial level of the mother
star. Only after that would the boiling and exploding of the
complete surface layer occur, and that would eject the star
offspring with spherical symmetrically.
Such a form of spreading the offspring stars is just
what we have with galaxies that are flat and expand in the
galactic level, which is the equatorial level of the galactic
mother.
This logic leads us to the conclusion that the stars from
the outer region of the galaxy should be made of the lightest
substance and that, as we approach to galactic center the
weight of the substance should be heavier.
The same should apply in case of star clusters, except
that, with clusters, we have symmetrical and not level expan-
sion.
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THE CAUSE OF ROTATION IN CELESTIAL BODIES
For early man, it seemed obvious that the sun and the
moon rotate around the earth. The same claim was made
about the stars. Copernicus and his book “New Astronomy” in
which he explained that the earth spins both around its own
axis and the sun spoiled this rosy picture. Only the moon
rotates around the earth.
All astronomical observations show that all celestial
bodies spin around their axis, and from a certain centre of
rotation. Simply put, rotation is a universal law in the universe.
And that law has to have a cause.
If I wanted to make a joke, I could say, ‘Rotation of the
celestial bodies is a consequence of quenchless curiosity:
everyone wonders what is going around them. So they are
constantly wandering round and round to see what is going on
around them.’ It’s a good joke, isn’t it?
We have already seen that stars come from larger
stars. The rotation of the offspring stars is much easier to
explain if the ancestor star is already rotating itself. But, how
did the first star come to rotate?
Did the Cosmic Mother spin around its axis? Did the
supercluster mothers spin around their own axes?
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One theory states the following: the non-homogeneous

distribution of matter in space around stars during their forma-
tion, that they attracted with gravitation, caused that matter to
fall in such a way that it initiated a spinning movement. And we
must suppose that the falling matter favored the spinning to
move in one direction. In my opinion such explanations are not
acceptable. I will begin with the assumption that the formation
of the Cosmic Mother, or the supercluster mother, was not
what lead to them spinning around their axis.
I believe this is what happened: a large amount of piled
accumulated matter is heated due to gravitational shrinkage,
which leads to the formation of layers of incandescent and
liquid magma, whose weight increases moving from the
surface toward the centre. A star beginning in this way has no
movement, neither around its axis nor anywhere else. When
the gravitational shrinkage causes the surface magma layer to
boil, the first anti-gravitational explosion will occur, with the
ejection of the magma of the first layer into surrounding space.
This magma will be ejected in radially in all directions,
spherically symmetrical.
This ejected magma has linear acceleration (linear
speed) from the explosion.
It is logical to assume that at first the shape of this
matter was irregular, before gravitational action smoothed it
into a spherical shape. This period, during which a piece of
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ejected magma spends as the irregular shape, is of crucial
importance for our analyses. We have, therefore, an irregular
formed mass of magma that is speeding away from the
ancestor star in a straight line. What happens to it now?
Multiple actions are taking place.
Firstly, the ancestor star’s wind exerts different
pressure on different parts of the irregular magma. That
causes the creation of a pair of force, which coupled together,
starts the spinning around the mass center.
Secondly, the stellar wind and the ancestor star
radiation heat parts of the irregular magma unevenly: the
sunny parts more than those in the shade, the thicker parts
more than the thin ones, because of the difference in the size
of the receiving area.
Thirdly, the thicker and the thinner parts of the magma
cool down differently—the thicker more slowly than the thinner.
The fall in temperature causes an increase in mass. A rise in
mass means greater inertia, and increased inertia implies
more friction between the mass and space. This varied friction,
which different parts of the irregularly shaped magma have
with space, forms a coupling of forces that start spinning
around the axis through the mass center. Because of the
different mass of different irregular magma parts, acceleration
from the explosion provides different speeds to different parts
(greater speeds to the smaller parts than to the larger ones).
___________________________________________________
This adds to the coupling of forces for spinning around the

mass center.
All other actions on the magma are superimposed on
these, and the irregular shaped magma starts spinning around
its axis that goes through its mass center.
Of course, this situation lasts for only a certain period
of time, because gravitation is also acting, and the irregular
magma shape is smoothing into a sphere. Now we have an
effect that is known to us from ice-skating. A skater starts
spinning with his or her arms and one leg outspread (the other
leg is the axis of spinning). At this point, the angular speed is
not great. But when the skater pulls his arms close to his body,
the angular speed increases. This follows the law of the
maintenance of impulse movement.
The same thing is happening when magma is changing
from an irregular into a spherical shape. The transformation is
causing an increase in the angular speed.
That is how, from an ancestor star that was without
either linear movement or spinning around its own axis, we
have offspring stars with linear movement plus spinning
around their axes.
The situation now looks like this: the ancestor star, that
was not moving or rotating around its axis, is now encircled,
with spherical symmetry, with its offspring stars which move in
a radial line away from the it, and at the same time rotate
___________________________________________________
around their axes. The smaller offspring stars will have greater
linear and angular speed of rotation than the larger offspring
stars. Note that the offspring stars are not rotating around their
ancestor star. When will that occur and how?
The rotation of the offspring stars around their ancestor
star will occur when the stars with rotation around their axes
start creating offspring of their own.
How so?
Let’s observe one of these stars that move linearly and
spin around its axis. Its linear movement was, at first, ac-
celerated, and then settled into movement at a constant
speed. That means that linear movement was only a factor of
its additional heating at the beginning. After the start of
rotational movement around its axis, it becomes a constant
factor of additional heating of the star because it is a non-
inertial movement (the line and the direction of the speed con-
tinually change).
During rotation around its axis a star has the highest
peripheral speed at the equator, and the lowest at the poles.
This means that the surface layer will be hottest at the
equatorial zone, and that magma will boil easier and quicker
there. An explosion at the equatorial zone leads to the ejection
of magma at the star’s equatorial zone.
Therefore, a star that spins around its axis will create
offspring mainly in its equatorial zone. Expansion of offspring
___________________________________________________
stars will occur in that zone. But if, during the ejection of the
equatorial zone magma, each mass of magma has an already
existing peripheral speed, normally in the direction of
alienation, superimposition of the two speeds leads to the
star’s movement along a spiral path in the equatorial zone
around the ancestor star. The distance between the arms of
the spiral shrinks in time and turns into an ellipse along which
an offspring rotates around an offspring. Of course, this
offspring will spin around its axis, too.
And so, from an ancestor star that had motion in a
straight line and rotation around its axis, we come to offspring
stars that spin around the ancestor star along elliptic paths in
its equatorial zone and also spin around their own axes.
The elliptical paths of the offspring stars, while rotating
around the ancestor star, are a consequence of the ancestor
star’s movement, either linear or elliptic (around its ancestor).
An ideal circle, as a curve along which an offspring rotates
around its ancestor, would be possible only in the case where
the ancestor does not have any other movement except the
spinning around its axis. Of course, the higher the ancestor’s
speed, the flatter the ellipse along which the offspring rotates
will be, i.e., the difference between the ellipse’s half-axes will
be longer.
Let me stress once more that a star that does not
rotate around its axis does not create offspring with spherical
___________________________________________________
symmetrically around it, and a star that spins around its axis
creates offspring mainly symmetrical in its equatorial level, and
they rotate around it. If we apply this logic to what we see in
the universe, we can conclude that galactic mothers are stars
that rotate around their own axes. We can also, perhaps,
conclude that globular clusters, the oldest and farthest known
objects in the cosmos, came into being from stars that did not
rotate around their own axes. And those stars that did not
rotate around their own axes are the first-formed stars that
started forming the cosmos as we can see it today.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
PRESERVING THE ROTATION OF CELESTIAL BODIES
We have seen how the rotation of celestial bodies

came about, both around their axes and around their
ancestors. The next question that logically arises is how those
rotations are preserved.
Rotation is, by its nature as movement, non-inertial. It
is a source of additional heating because it is in friction with
space. This continual friction should, in time, lead to the
rotation coming to a stop, but we can see that that has not
happened. Despite the great age of all celestial bodies, they
still spin, both around their axes and around their ancestors.
What is the mechanism that preserves rotation once it has
started, and how does it work?
At the basis of everything in the universe lies the
process of heating. When the first star ignited, the process of
heating began. As the stars multiplied, the heating process
has intensified, and with that the process of the expansion of
the universe was put in motion. All bodies expand with heat,
and so does the universe as a whole.
Heating, through anti-gravitational action, alienates the
first generation of offspring from the ancestor, but it also
alienates them from each other. Then, new generations of
offspring are created and the pattern repeats itself—with alien-
ation from both the ancestor and from their peers. With the first
___________________________________________________
generation of offspring, rotation around their axes occurred,

and with the second offspring generation, spinning around the
ancestor began.
The ancestor that is moving linearly along a curve,
drags its offspring (which rotate around it) with it, accelerates
them and turns their paths into ellipses. That is how the
ancestor movement preserves or even accelerates the rotation
of its offspring around it.
When we observe the offspring that spins around the
ancestor, to whose radiation and wind it is exposed, we can
logically conclude that its radiated side is a little warmer than
the one that was in the shade. A difference in temperature
means a difference in mass. The cooler side is heavier, i.e.,
more inert, and it has greater friction with space than the
warmer side. That inequality of friction of the cool and the
warm sides of the offspring creates an additional spinning
momentum that preserves the rotation of the offspring around
their axes.
Continual additional spinning momentum creates an
additional gravitational attraction to the side of the offspring
that is moving from shade to light rather than from the lit side
moving into shade. The cause is the difference in the side’s
temperature, and therefore its mass difference (see picture
45).
___________________________________________________
Picture 45.
In the diagram we see that the ancestor’s ‘wind-

blowing’ effect contributes to the preservation of the offspring’s
rotation around the ancestor and the preservation of the
offspring’s rotation around its axis.
The logic of events tells us that the most probable
direction of the offspring’s rotation around the ancestor will be
identical to the direction of the ancestor’s rotation around its
___________________________________________________
axis. The most probable direction of the offspring’s rotation

around its axis will be opposite to the ancestor’s rotation
around its axis. Whichever the case, from our knowledge
about the rotational direction of the ancestor around its axis,
and the offspring around its ancestor, and around their
respective axes, we can draw conclusions about the
ancestor’s movement through space.
The very process of the universe’s heating, leads to the
heating of all celestial bodies, and from that to the fall of their
attractive mass. The law of impulse and impulse momentum
preservation provides that the mass reduction is compensated
with an adequate rise in speed, both linear and angular.
These are the mechanisms that have preserved the
rotation of celestial bodies from their birth until today, and that
will continue to preserve it in the future.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE
We have seen how the cosmic mothers began creating

the first generation of stars. We have seen how and why the
rotation of the whole celestial bodies came about. We have
also seen how all this rotation is being preserved.
Let us now try to realize how the formation of the
cosmic mothers came about. How, and from where, did they
come into existence?
First, the necessary prerequisite for the origin of the
whole material universe is the existence of physical space.
Second, the necessary prerequisite for the origin of the
material universe is the presence of energy with which space
is charged.
Energy-charged physical space, at some point starts
generating elemental matter particles. When their density
becomes significant, they start interacting with each other,
creating hydrogen atoms, the simplest atom in the universe.
At that time the universe was extremely cold and dark;
much colder than the present-day temperature of 3°K and
therefore the hydrogen atom’s attractive mass was much
larger than its attractive mass today. At that time an extremely
strong gravitation was reigning. The universe was dark
because, at such low temperatures, hydrogen atoms do not
produce any electromagnetic radiation.
___________________________________________________
Logic tells us the following facts.
The incessant creation of hydrogen atoms requires the
incessant creation of elemental particles. The incessant
creation of elemental particles by physical space requires the
incessant recharging of physical space with energy. The
question of energy’s origin, which constantly fills up physical
space, is out of the scope of physics and belongs in the field of
metaphysics.
Let’s return to physics—to the extremely cold and dark
universe in which hydrogen atoms were created. The huge
attractive mass of the cold hydrogen atoms generates very
strong gravitational force between them, and they begin
merging. This merging into molecules releases energy. In such
conditions of temperature, the merging of hydrogen atoms
occurs by creating crystal structures, i.e., hydrogen in the solid
state of aggregation.
This is the period of the universe’s crystallization. Small
crystals forcefully attract nearby hydrogen atoms and grow
very quickly. Crystals are mutually gravitationally attracted
and, by merging they build larger crystals. That is now the
period of the beginning of slow heating, because the crystal’s
kinetic energy, after merging by impact, turns into inner energy
in the newly formed crystal. This process of crystals merging,
leads toward the creation of larger and larger crystals, while
their numbers reduce.
___________________________________________________
In the core of these huge hydrogen crystals—created

in such a manner, with a continual increase of their size and
mass, and on which a rain of smaller crystals incessantly
falls—the process of cold fusion begins. That means that at
low temperature and under extremely strong gravitational
force, in their core the hydrogen crystal is transformed into the
helium crystal. As, on the outside, the hydrogen crystal grows,
in its heart, the helium crystal is growing. Further growth of the
whole crystal’s mass will lead to new cold fusion, when, in the
heart of the helium crystal, the lithium (Li) crystal is created.
Through this process heavier and heavier elements will be
created in the heart of the growing crystal. The crystal will look
like an onion with layers of different elements, whose weight
increases from the surface towards the centre.
Gravitational shrinkage is heating the whole crystal all
the time, mostly in its core. Logically, this heating of the
crystal’s core, will, at some point, lead to an end of the cold
fusion process. The formation of even heavier elements will be
disrupted, but up till then, elements even heavier than those
we know of, will have already been created. The heat made by
gravitational shrinkage is transferred to higher layers and the
whole crystal begins heating. It is also being heated by the
incessant rain of smaller crystals that falls on it. The crystal be-
gins heating space around it, and the universe begins heating,
but it is still less than 0°K.
___________________________________________________
Incessant heating will, at some point, lead the tempera-
ture of the surface layer (of hydrogen crystals) to the temperature
of melting, and ‘soon’ after that, it will begin to melt.
The occurrence of hydrogen in a liquid state means
that convection, i.e. inner movement, occurs, too—a far more
efficient transfer of heat towards the surface.
The solid hydrogen crystal outer layer will become
thinner and thinner and at some point will completely melt.
There will come a period when the ‘warm’ inside of the crystal
is encircled by a gigantic ocean of liquid hydrogen.
Gravitational shrinkage continues; the ocean of liquid
hydrogen heats and evaporates more and more. The
formation occurs of a gas hydrogen atmosphere, whose height
is growing. The heat that it radiates into surrounding space,
and friction through the atmosphere, start melting the crystals
that keep falling into this ocean, until the ‘hail’ turns to ‘snow’,
and then ‘sleet’, and in the end into ‘rain’. The depth of the
hydrogen ocean will continue growing due to the ‘rain’ of liquid
hydrogen, and therefore the whole mass of the future Cosmic
Mother continues to grow.
The depth of the atmosphere constantly increases with
the increase of the hydrogen gas temperature. Convection in
the hydrogen atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger, and
the higher reaches of the atmosphere are farther and farther
from the liquid surface. The powerful gravitation of the Cosmic
___________________________________________________
Mother still manages to hold the liquid hydrogen layers. The

temperature of the atmosphere, and the friction through it,
manage to turn the ‘rain’ into ‘vapor’ and thus stop the growth
of the surface hydrogen ocean. From now on, the only thing
that will grow is the thickness of the atmosphere. The depth of
the ocean will begin to reduce due to more and more
vaporization.
The convection of the gas hydrogen in the atmosphere
is the result of the anti-gravitation action between the Cosmic
Mother and the hydrogen molecules with negative mass. The
temperature of those gas molecules is not high enough, and
the negative mass, quite quickly, turns attractive by cooling
down, so that escaping the atmosphere cannot yet happen.
But, at some point all the prerequisites for that will be
met. The growing vaporization of the liquid hydrogen ocean,
and the increasing strength of convection in the hydrogen at-
mosphere, will heat and disperse it so much, that some gas hy-
drogen molecules will manage to leave the atmosphere. They
will be hot enough, and fast enough, and at the very top of the
atmosphere—and anti-gravity will ‘blow them off’ into space.
That is a very important moment, because it came to
the appearance of the Cosmic Mother’s wind, however cold it
is. Now, this wind starts prevents the hydrogen flow into the
atmosphere. There will come a moment when the hydrogen in-
flow will be equal to its out-flow, which is caused through the
___________________________________________________
wind, and then the wind will dominate, and Cosmic Mother will
begin losing substance for the first time.
In time the wind becomes warmer and quicker. That
means that now the cosmic matter heats the universe more
intensely, changing the hydrogen in its surroundings into a
liquid, and then a gas, state.
The hot wind heats all the cosmic matter. The
production of anti-gravitational energy is growing because
gravitational shrinkage and outer heating, due to the wind’s
existence, lead to more and more heating of the whole cosmic
matter, at all layers.
When the ocean of liquid hydrogen boils, the first ex-
plosion of cosmic matter will occur, and it will eject a layer of
the liquid hydrogen as well as the hydrogen atmosphere.
Now it is the turn of the helium layer. Arriving at the
surface of the cosmic matter, where the pressure is lower, the
helium layer begins melting and evaporating, creating a helium
atmosphere. Now, the Cosmic Mother starts dispersing a wind
of helium atoms.
Further heating melts the Cosmic Mother completely,
i.e., turns it into a liquid state. This state will enable all the
layers and chemical elements to mix, which will lead to
chemical reactions among the elements, and the creation of
various compounds. Elemental chemical reactions will heat the
Cosmic Mother even more.
___________________________________________________
The Cosmic Mother will, through a series of explosions,

eject the lighter layers that constituted its surface, and this will
lead to the formation of a surface made of liquid magma. Such
a surface of the Cosmic Mother, and its temperature, will
create conditions of the cosmic wind, and radiation, that will
light the universe of that era, as the stars light it today.
When the layers of the liquid, red-hot magma begin
exploding, the creation of the first stars will begin.
I have explained all that in order to show that the uni-
verse did not arise in a Big Bang.
There were many explosions, big ones of course, but I
wish to say that the idea of one Big bang from which the uni-
verse originates, is wrong.
The idea of the Big Bang is the result of a physics
theory that did not account for anti-gravity. Therefore the
physicists imagined the whole universe packed into a single
point. That is simply not possible.
The Big Bang theory was an attempt to explain the
expansion of the universe. Today, we know that the universe
is expanding at a faster and faster rate, which we simply
cannot explain by a Big Bang. The expansion of the universe
is the result of the incessant strengthening of anti-gravitation,
and not a Big Bang. The incessant strengthening of anti-
gravitation is the result of the incessant heating of the
universe.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY AND NEWTON
It is said that Newton, comparing the falling of an apple

from a tree, and the movement of the moon around the earth
concluded that the centripetal acceleration of the moon and
the acceleration of the free fall to the earth’s surface, was the
same type of force, the gravitational pull of two masses.
Free fall is caused by the gravitational attraction of a
body’s mass and the earth’s mass, and centripetal force,
accounting for the movement of the moon around the earth,
caused by the gravitational force between the moon and the
earth.
In 1686, Newton, based on his own and Kepler’s laws
of mechanics, produced a mathematical expression for the
force that causes the planets’ movement around the sun. Then
he generalized this law to cover interactions of all bodies in the
universe, and named it the law of universal gravitation: two
bodies are mutually attracted by a force that is proportional to
the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the
square of their mutual distance. According to Newton’s law of
gravitation, the force of mutual attraction of bodies does not
depend on their relative speeds, but only on their mutual
positions.
I believe gravitational force between two bodies
depends neither on the nature or the space between them.
___________________________________________________
The force of gravity occurs between all bodies,
independently of their mass or dimension, and there are no
obstacles that can prevent or stop its action.
It was established that gravitational forces are of very
weak intensity when it comes to everyday bodies. We can see
their full power only with cosmic bodies, or if at least one of
them is cosmic.
For Newton the gravitational constant remained un-
known, because Caven-dish experimentally determined it in
1798, after Newton’s death. The gravitational constant has a
very low value, which shows that gravitational forces are very
weak. However, the knowledge of its numeral value was used
to determine the earth’s, the sun’s and the planets’ mass, so it
is often said that Cavendish weighed the earth by using the
torsion scales.
For the development of science then, and the level of
knowledge in the 17th century, the law of universal gravity was
a very big, and very important, discovery. However, it was just
one part of the truth about mass interactions between bodies.
By comparing the burning of a fire, the glowing of the
sun and the expansion of the universe, I have concluded that
we are talking about one and the same force—anti-gravity.
Anti-gravity drives the fire flames upward, anti-gravity is the
source of the sun’s glow, and anti-gravity is the cause of
cosmic expansion.
___________________________________________________
A universal law of interactions that includes the factor

of time would say: all bodies are at a certain point mutually at-
tracted only if they are both cold enough and if they have
enough attractive mass; between them there is no mass inter-
action if at least one of them, or both of them, reach a
massless state at a certain temperature; they mutually repel
each other if either or both of them are hot enough, i.e., at a
temperature where their mass is negative.
It is easy to conclude that Newton’s law of universal
gravity refers to a situation when both bodies are cold enough
and have attractive mass, therefore he presents a special case
of his universal law of mass interactions.
Newton himself explored cooling of bodies and gave a
law on that, known as Newton’s law of cooling. Each body is at
one of the following possible states, concerning heating and
cooling:
1) A body is in the process of constant cooling.
2) A body is in a periodical process of occasional cooling
and occasional heating.
3) A body is in the process of constant heating.
4) A body maintains its constant temperature.
When we observe mass interactions of two bodies over
a longer period of time, it becomes clear that a mutual interac-
tion will surely change quantitatively, and in certain situations
qualitatively, in accordance with the mass changes of both
___________________________________________________
bodies (quantitatively and qualitatively) from the beginning
state onward.
The option where bodies maintain a constant tem-
perature is only possible in artificially created thermo-isolated
systems. In nature all bodies that change their temperatures
over time.
The whole universe is in the process of heating—
accelerated heating—and in accordance with that, the attrac-
tiveness of such masses is reduced and the negativity of such
masses rises, which in the final result, leads to the faster and
faster expansion of the universe.
Alas, Newton introduced the notion of mass into phys-
ics. He considered it a measure for the amount of a substance
and, most certainly, a constant size. Physicists further defined
mass as a measure for the body’s inertia, but it was still
considered a constant size. At the end of 19th century, ex-
periments with particle acceleration pointed out that mass
does change, that is, that it is not a constant size. In 1905, Ein-
stein, in his special theory of relativity, describes how a body’s
mass quantitatively changes with a change of its speed. Now,
in 2007, I am saying quantitative and qualitative body mass
change with a change in its temperature. This new step in the
evolution of our knowledge of mass is, most certainly, not the
last.
___________________________________________________
I would also like to say that the following statements

were propounded too soon, and not measured:
1) Force of mutual action does not depend on the relative
speed of those bodies;
2) Force between two bodies does not depend on the
natural space between the two bodies;
3) There is no obstacle that can prevent, that is, stop
interaction between bodies.
So often before now we have seen that something that
used to be considered impossible in previous times proves to
be possible later.
Let us learn to be wise and moderate in our statements
and speak, for example, like this:
“All our efforts and wisdom of the present have not been
able to prove or accomplish such and such, but maybe the ac-
complishments and the wisdom of the future will be able to
discover and correct the shortcomings and the mistakes of
which we have not been aware.”
Surely, there is no end to our progress, and because of
that we should give up the attitude that pronounces, when we
discover something big and important, that it is an eternal, final
and immutable truth. Sooner or later, there always comes a
time for reexamination of our acquired knowledge and that is
when new revelations (of the world around us and the world
within us) are discovered.
___________________________________________________
When we mention Newton, we cannot forget his laws of
mechanics. Newton set three basic laws of dynamics and thus
set the basis of classic mechanics, that is, classic physics. These
laws introduce force and mass into physics and enable their
quantitative measuring. Newton’s laws define force, i.e. each of
the laws provides one of the following data about it: first, the
existence of the force, second, the size of the force (intensity,
direction and path), and third, the source of the force.
Now I will analyze one by one Newton’s law from the
point of view of mass temperature relativity (MTR). First I will
quote and then I will analyze.
Newton’s first law of mechanics defines the source of
change of a body’s movement state (i.e., inaction) and it
states: each body remains in a state of inaction, or uniformed
linear movement, until it is forced to change its state by the
action of outer forces.
This means that a body on its own does not change its
speed neither by its size, nor its direction, nor its path, that is,
the gained speed is maintained as a vector size. That is why
we say that a body moves by inertia. That is why this law was
named the LAW OF INERTIA and it should be interpreted in
the following way:
a) Inertia is a feature of every body, which means that it
tends to maintain the state of relative inaction or
uniformed linear movement;
___________________________________________________
b) That force is not a necessary cause of a body’s

movement, because even without force, bodies can
move and;
c) The change in a body’s movement is caused by force,
i.e., if even one force affects a body, it cannot be found
in a state of inactivity.
Analysis: It is clear right away that this law can be ap-

plied only in a thermo-isolated system, where temperature is
constant and only in a system that is dimensionally limited. It
was created as a consequence of experiment analysis that
was performed in just such conditions. In realistic conditions
we actually do not have linear movement and we do not have
a constant temperature.
But if we approximate a curve, along which a body is
moving, with a straight line we cannot avoid the fact that, in
time, the body’s temperature will change. As soon as its
temperature changes, its mass will change. The change in its
mass causes a change in inertia, i.e., the change in intensity in
the friction force between the body and space. If mass
quantitatively increases, then the body’s speed will reduce,
without the action of an outer force. If mass quantitatively falls,
then the body’s speed will again increase without the action of
an outer force. This is also in accordance with the law of im-
pulse maintenance, and the law of energy maintenance. Here
___________________________________________________
we have inner force in action between the body and space,
because its change causes change in the body’s speed.
Force is the necessary cause of body movement, be-
cause, although we see a body move without a force’s pres-
ence, we have to be aware that that movement had to be initi-
ated by a force that affected the body in its near or distant past.
Also, the state of inaction we are talking about actually
does not exist; it is just that the body we are observing has the
same intensity, line and direction of speed as the whole sys-
tem in which we are observing it. The truth is that everything in
universe is moving, as we have seen in the previous chapters.
If we think wisely, and in detail, how to conduct experiments,
then we will manage to move a body from the so-called state
of ‘inaction’ without the action of an outer force. Of course, the
temperature change and the body’s mass change will cause a
change in the action of the inner force of a body with space,
and that will move it from so-called ‘inaction’. So much for
Newton’s first law.
Newton’s second law of mechanics determines the

characteristics of body movement under the action of a force.
As the main feature of mechanical movement, Newton in-
troduced the physical notion of ‘impulse,’ or the amount of
movement that is defined by the product of the mass and the
body speed.
___________________________________________________
Newton’s second law defines how a force influences

the impulse change. It says: a body’s impulse change in time
is proportional to the force that affects it, and it is exerted in
the direction of the force.
Mathematical interpretation of this law, along with the
fact that, in Newtonian physics, mass is considered a constant
size that does not depend on the speed in which the body is
moving, leads to this formulation: force is equal to the body’s
mass times the acceleration that the force is causing.
Acceleration is in the same direction and path as the force
causing it. Furthermore, constant force causes uniform
accelerated movement.
Based on experimental studies of a body being
affected by a number of forces, under the effect of each force,
and their overall action, comes the law of the independence of
forces’ action: the action of each force on a given body does
not depend on whether it is inactive or moving (except for
Lawrence’s force), nor on the number of forces affecting the
body. In other words, a body under the action of several forces
acts as if it is only affected by the sum total of those forces.
The principle of independent action of forces allows us
to analyze the separate components of the force and the
acceleration. The particular components of these forces are
observed independently from each other’s, which makes solving
certain problems a little easier (e.g., we can analyze movement
___________________________________________________
in the direction of an axis of the coordinate system
independently from the movement under the influence of the
other components of the same force).
Analysis:
Newton insight was brilliant when he introduced the
notion of the amount of movement, or impulse, expressed as
body’s mass multiplied by its speed, as the basic characteristic
of mechanical movement.
Newton’s definition of the second law that: “the change
of body’s impulse in time is proportional to the force that af-
fects it and acts in the direction of the force’s action”, is basi-
cally good but is not precise enough; it is generalized.
The wrong mathematical interpretation of this law, as
well as the wrong understanding that mass was a constant, led
to the wrong form of this law: “force is equal to body’s mass
multiplied by acceleration that the force is causing.”
Why do I say a wrong mathematical interpretation? Be-
cause it lacks the word ‘proportional’. That word requires a
coefficient or a factor of proportionality in the mathematical
interpretation of his words, and it is not there. We cannot
assume that proportionally means equally, to put it simply, it
does not.
When the body’s speed changes in intensity, either in
its direction or path, the conditions of friction of the body with
___________________________________________________
space change, therefore the body’s temperature changes, and

accordingly, its mass.
So, force does not equal body’s mass times the accel-
eration it causes.
We can say that the force is proportional to the accel-
eration it causes, times mass that the body had before the ac-
tion of the force. But, again, this is too general, and is not pre-
cise enough.
Also, constant force does not cause uniform
movement. If a body’s mass changes with accelerated
movement, then it means that a constant force, over time, will
cause different acceleration.
Experiments with particle acceleration led to the
understanding that something is happening with mass—that
mass changes.
I do not agree with the law of the independence of
forces’ action, either. The discrepancy of that law with Law-
rence’s force is not an exception, but a rule. So, it is wrong to
analyze movement in the direction of one axis of the coordi-
nate system independently of movement in the direction of the
other axis of the coordinate system.
Galileo Galilei introduced this error into physics. His
understanding that a cannonball fired a cannon completely
horizontal direction, and just dropped from the mouth of the
cannon, also in a perfectly horizontal direction, will fall at the
___________________________________________________
exact same moment, is wrong. By that reasoning, the principle
of relativity is wrong.
Proof? Here’s a simple proof. If a perfectly horizontal
cannon fires a cannonball in first cosmic speed it will not fall to
the ground at the same time as the cannonball that fell from the
mouth of the same cannon; it will not fall to the ground at all. The
cannonball will become a satellite of the earth.
To put it simply, the greater the speed of the horizontally
fired cannonball, the later it will fall to the ground compared to
the cannonball that was not fired.
If the cannonball was a flying object in which passen-
gers were seated, then they could determine the speed at which
they were fired from the cannon, without looking out of the
win-dow; by comparing the time it took a body to fall from a
certain height to the floor, before being fired, and being fired.
Of course, the difference in the times of the bodies’
falls, would clearly show that they are not inactive, but that
they are moving.
I will come back to this later, and for now, we will move
on from Newton’s second law.
Third Newton’s law of mechanics: In his first and

second laws, Newton spoke about the one-sided interaction of
the body, that is, about the action of a force only to one body
___________________________________________________
by another. However, in interaction of two bodies there is

always simultaneous reaction on the first body by the second.
The Newton’s third law of mechanics characterizes the
mutual action of two bodies and it states: mutual actions of two
bodies are always equal and diametrically opposite.
In general, there are no criteria by which one force would
be considered an action and another one a reaction, because
they are both of the same nature. There is no difference between
these forces in the means of the cause and the consequence, so
each of them is both action and reaction.
Under the action and reaction force, bodies can
change their state of movement (pool), or get a deformity of
their shape (two cars’ crash).
Accordingly, Newton’s third law contributes to the
definition of force in that it determines the source of the force
(for example, the earth is the source of the force that affects
the moon, and makes it revolve around it).
Analysis:
I agree that action always creates an opposite reaction,
but I cannot agree with Newton’s premise that action and reac-
tion are always equal. I agree that they are sometimes equal.
When a tennis beginner practices, against a wall, then
the action of the ball on the wall is equal to the reaction of the
wall on the ball. But, in the same example, when the tennis
player hits the ball with a racquet, the force of the racquet is
___________________________________________________
much larger than the reaction force of the ball; that is why the
ball goes where the racquet sends it.
If we exchanged the tennis ball with a basketball, which
is bigger and more massive, we would have the following
situation: the force of the basketball on the wall would be the
same as the wall’s reaction force on the basketball, and the
force of the racquet action on the basketball would be a little
greater than the basketball’s reaction to the racquet. The
basketball would still go to the wall and back.
When we exchange the basketball with a medicine ball,
which is of similar size but much more massive, the action
force of the racquet on it would be the same as the reaction
force of the ball to the racquet, but the ball would not move at
all.
So, the action force is the same as the reaction force only
when the acting body hits the reacting body with a smaller
amount of movement, i.e. inertia, or if the amount of movement,
i.e. inertia, of both the acting and reacting bodies are the same.
This means that I do distinguish between action and reaction.
When we observe deformities of bodies at crashes, it is
clear that bodies with larger inertia suffer less deformity, and
bodies with less inertia suffer greater deformity. Let us not
forget that the inertia of a body is proportional to the amount of
its movement.
And, for the end of this story, a treat.
___________________________________________________
The American army performed experiments on how a

certain speeds of a bullet cause deformities on a metal panel
of a certain thickness. As the bullet’s speed increased, the size
of the deformity of the metal plate changed.
When they performed the experiment at a great speed
(unfortunately not known to me), they found a surprising result.
The bullet went through the panel, but there was no deformity on
the panel. The increase of quantity led to a new quality. What had
actually happened there? Why was there neither action nor
reaction? Why had the Newton’s third law stopped working?
What is certain is that the metal panel had made a
passage through itself for the bullet; it opened itself in front of
the bullet and closed after it. We could say that it was not be-
having like a solid body, but a liquid one. It is not perfectly clear
what was happening with and around the bullet when it caused
such a behavior change in a solid body.
One possibility is that the surface layer of the bullet
gained anti-gravitational action and thus caused a separation
of the panels’ atoms. Another possibility is that the bullet
created a ‘space wedge’ in front of itself separating the space
within the metal panel, thus separating the panel’s atoms.
Of course, something else is also possible. Something
we are not aware of. Nature is really inexhaustible with the
surprises she shows us; let us always be prepared for the new
ones.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY AND EINSTEIN
While speaking of Newton’s second law, I showed

Galileo’s principle of relativity is wrong.
I will speak later about constants, for now I would like
to say only this: 1) the speed of light is not constant and; 2) the
speed of light is not the greatest possible speed in nature.
I would say that Einstein was, in the first place, a victim
of a wrong theory that had been developing several centuries
before him, and that he described his good ideas about space
relativity, unfortunately, in a wrong mathematical way.
Space and time are relative, that is Einstein’s in-
erasable contribution to physics, but the mathematics of his
theories are wrong. Not only Einstein, but absolutely no one
understood what was happening there.
His whole concern was about the relativity of speed,
but no one, not even Einstein, understand that the key to the
problem lies in temperature, which is directly connected to
speed. A whole sequence of misinterpreted experiments
resulted, before Einstein, was led to the, mathematically
incorrect, Einstein’s theories of relativity.
Now, using mass temperature relativity, mass
temperature relativity (MTR), we should look back to all those
experiments and try to understand them. There is plenty of
work for the physicists, there.
___________________________________________________
A wrong mathematical formulation of Einstein’s special
theory of relativity (STR) gave wrong conclusions about reality
at great speeds. I do not wish to comment on each of them
individually.
In his general theory of relativity (GTR), that includes
gravity, Einstein says, “Mass tells space how to bend, and
space tells mass how to move.” I do not agree with this claim
of Einstein’s because it reduces the gravitational field to
geometry, which is simply not right. That way has led us to the
many delusions that are present in today’s physics. Instead of
physics, which is the natural cause of things, leading
mathematics, now mathematics leads physics, and that has
resulted in a loss of connection with reality and logic.
I would modify Einstein’s assertion that mass tells
space how to bend, and space tells mass how to move. I think
this is closer to what happens:
The allocation, and the state, of matter and energy de-
termine the quality of the space around it, and the quality of
space then determines the movement of matter and energy
spreading through it.
As for the best-known formula of Einstein’s: that energy
is equal to mass times the speed of light squared, I do not
agree with that.
I agree that the whole body energy defines its mass,
both in quality and quantity; I also agree that body mass, its
___________________________________________________
quantity and quality, defines the whole body energy. But

Einstein’s formula is not good. Why?
Here is a simple reason why. Let us observe closed
space; let’s say a room, and the air in it. According to Ein-
stein’s formula, air molecules with the greatest energy, i.e. the
warmest molecules, have the greatest mass. Since they have
the largest mass, they are most attracted by the earth’s
gravity, and should be closest to the earth, i.e., they should be
low to the floor. Furthermore, air molecules with the lowest en-
ergy, i.e., the coldest molecules, have the lightest mass. Since
they have the lightest mass, they are the least attracted by the
earth’s force of gravity and they should be farthest from the
Earth, that is, they should be towards the ceiling.
The real situation with regard to the molecules’
allocation in a room is exactly opposite. The warmest air is
always just below the ceiling and the coolest just above the
floor.
The nature herself does not agree with this formula of
Einstein’s, and neither do I. I am always, faithfully, on nature’s
side, regardless of with whom I am about to disagree.
MTR is in accordance with natural processes and that
is why it is a sounder path.
I have already spoken about the acceleration effect on
a body in the anti-gravitational model of the sun. As for action
and reaction, I have shown the example of a bullet, which at
___________________________________________________
great speed, passes through a metal panel without deforming
it. We will have to think of more experiments on this subject
and do a complete revision of the ones we have done already.
Only then will we begin to understand what is happening with
a body that is moving through space at great speed.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
DIMENSIONS AND “CONSTANTS”
Present-day physics has greatly complicated our lives

by introducing new dimensions. Three dimensions were not
enough, nor four. New dimensions were added whenever a
certain theory needed them. Mathematics is now dealing with
n-dimensional spaces. That is how mathematics works. In
mathematics we can create whatever virtual world we like.
Physics aspires to explain the world around us, the real
world. At least, that is how it was at the beginning, and I cer-
tainly hope that is how it will continue.
On the topic of space dimensions, I would like to say
that for a quantitative space description we need three
dimensions. Only three. Not more.
For a qualitative description of the space, we can in-
troduce as many dimensions as we need, or as many as we
can differentiate.
Time is a qualitative dimension; it shows us a quality of
the space around us, or of the space we want to explore. The
introduction of time as the fourth quantitative dimension was
mistaken, based on a misunderstanding of what quantity and
qualities of space are.
All ‘constants’ we have defined in physics are actually
qualitative dimensions of space. They tell us about the quality
of the space we occupy.
___________________________________________________
The most important fact I would like to state about

‘constants’ is that they are not constant. What we have been
considering as ‘constants’ is changeable, although, certainly,
their changes are very slow and very small.
The second important thing I would like to say about
‘constants’ is that they are not universal. Values that we get by
measurements are the indicator of a part of space we are in
where the measuring took place. In other parts of space, their
values would be different.
Let me just explain that with specific examples.
Let us observe the gravitational ‘constant’ γ and the
speed of light c. At this stage of the universe’s development,
when it is heating and expanding faster and faster, γ is
decreasing, which means that, in general, the intensity of the
gravitational interaction is weakening.
At the same time, because of the increase in heating,
the value of the dielectric and magnetic vacuum permeability is
decreasing, which means that the speed of light is increasing.
If you think that our lives will become more complicated
because of these statements, I wish to say that our life in
physics is so complicated that it can only get simpler.
I do admit these ideas revolutionize physics and astro-
physics, and cosmology, too. So far, we have been
determining and checking ‘constants’ in order to come to the
most accurate value possible. This is where we first encoun-
___________________________________________________
tered the fact that recent values are very slightly different from
those previously determined. That contributed to an increase
in measuring precision, that is, a reduction of mistakes in
measurement. The truth is that measuring precision is
becoming more perfect, but the ‘constants’ are changing,
slowly and minutely.
Let us go back to Einstein’s STR. His premise that the
speed of light is a constant, and that is the greatest possible
speed in nature, was wrong for several reasons:
1) We have seen why and how c is not a constant;
2) We have seen that there is an increase in the speed
of light; therefore its numeric value exceeds itself in the course
of time;
3) Our knowledge of nature is very limited now, let
alone a century ago. So, stating that the speed of light was the
greatest speed in nature was not a reflection of human
wisdom, but a temporary scientific necessity. Einstein needed
it in order not to get a negative algebraic sign in the value
under the square root. In that case, the mathematical
apparatus of the STR would become absurd, and, as such,
completely unacceptable to physicists. Let me remind you that
Einstein’s theories of relativity had a number of opponents
from the beginning, and there are many today, also. That is
why, in 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize, not for his theories
___________________________________________________
of relativity (for which he became, and remains famous), but

for his explanation of the photo-effect.
I believe that the whole process of introducing con-
stants into physics came about and was developed because of
a temporary scientific necessity needs. Here is a clarification
of this statement.
When the physicists were, in the past, performing
experiments to determine the dependence of a value on other
values, they expressed that dependence mathematically,
mainly by dividing some values’ products by a product of some
other values. In order to use those formulae in reality, they
become ‘constants’. They were determining the ‘constants’
from measurements, and that was it. The introduction of the
‘constants’ satisfied the temporary scientific necessity of
obtaining applicable formulae, without a complete
understanding of what was examined and calculated by those
formulae.
Logic tells us that the number of introduced ‘constants’
is always in accordance with the level of our not understanding
the phenomena and the values we have been examining.
I understand that it may have been a necessary step in
the development of physics: ‘Let’s use something, even
though we do not understand the real nature of it’, was an
expression of pragmatism. However, technological ‘ad-
vancement’, without understanding the essence, has led us to
___________________________________________________
a situation where we have jeopardized our own existence, be-
cause we have jeopardized planet earth’s functioning. It is high
time we began to realizing the truth, and, by exerting great
effort, try to fix the damage we have caused so far.
And now more about the non-universality of ‘con-
stants’. When I say that ‘constants’ are not universal, I would
like to say that the values that we have measured here on
earth will not be identical with the values we would measure at
another spot in the cosmos. The quality of space changes
from one place to another.
Generally speaking, space is not homogenous. And
when it is not homogenous, it is not isotropic. ‘Isotropic’ means
that it is all the same for us in whichever direction we are
moving or observing.
Proof? Look at the sky. Is the allocation of celestial
bodies homogenous? No. Is it all the same in whichever di-
rection we are looking? No.
I agree that we can say, for practical purposes, that a
certain part of space, during a short time interval, is
homogenous and isotropic. We have to be practical, when it is
demanded.
___________________________________________________
THE END OF PART ONE
When I realized how enormous was the job I have

started, and how much time it would consume, I decided break
it in parts. So, this, what we have said so far, will be the first
part. I do not know how many parts there will be. Time will tell.
I sincerely hope others will help in my work since it is so
enormous and time-consuming. I am but a pioneer, a starter,
and an initiator.
I also believe that in the era of information technology
and the Internet, my ideas will spread quickly. I expect a
reaction soon, either positive or negative.
New ideas always have a hard time being accepted. I
know that very well. But, I do hope that the 21st century will
prove that it is quick and uncompromising, in my case, too.
I do not expect mercy, or any kind of protection. I ex-
pect a lively clash of opinions. I expect objectivity. I expect a
true thirst for new knowledge and real truth.
In knowledge, there is no democracy. The truth does
not depend on the numbers who will support it. There is only
one voice needed. But it is certain that the timeframe for the
acceptance depends on the number of voters, and of their
quality, because not all votes count equally.
If the time is ready for change, and I personally think it
is, then, everything will be easier.
___________________________________________________
I am sure that the 21st century will be marked by the
development of new physics, and when physics develops with
enthusiasm, it affects all other natural sciences. New
technologies that might come out of general science
development can and will change our future.
I hope we are conscious of the necessity of complete
change.
___________________________________________________
AUTHOR OF THE BOOK

THE INTRODUCTION INTO NEW PHYSICS
My name is Goran Mitic.

I was born in Nis, Serbia in 1963.
I went to school in Nis, where I live and work. After
‘specialized training’ I gained the title of laboratory technician
for physics, and I enrolled to study of physics at the
Department for Physics, the Faculty of Sciences in Nis, the
University of Nis where, after graduating, I gained the title
‘physicist’.
Even as a graduate I started discovering mistakes and
drawbacks in contemporary physics. My first autonomous
scientific work named “Classical interpretation of the Michel-
son-Morley experiment” (70 A4 pages with a number of very
detailed drawings and accompanying mathematics) was not
understood, not with by student colleagues, nor with by
professors. Not in my country, nor abroad (I sent the English
version to a number of addresses all around the world) –
nobody wanted to read it!
My second autonomous work “Mass temperature
relativity—the secret of anti-gravity”, written in 1999 on 7
pages, and was published in 2000 by the electronics magazine
“Journal of Theoretics”. The same year I presented it at a
congress in Saint Petersburg. I entered the world of inventions
in 2003, and in 2004 I won the bronze prize at the international
fair "Palekspo" in Geneva for a "HSP motor". Since then I have
been working on researching and developing of new technolo-
gies for gaining pure energy out of renewable sources.
___________________________________________________
Goran Mitić
THE INTRODUCTION INTO NEW PHYSICS
THE FIRST PART
The title of the original:

UVOD U NOVU FIZIKU
PRVI DEO
Editor
Mr Miloš Milovančević
Prepress
Mr Miloš Milovančević
Translation
Ivana Jocić
Cover Design
Saša Dimitrijević
Pictures
Goran Mitić
Photos
from NASA and SOHO web sites
Copies printed 500
ISBN 978-86-911009-1-9
ISBN 978-86-911009-1-9
Publisher
Goran Mitić, Niš
Phone +381 64 162 3663
www.thenewphysics.com
e-mail:goranmitic@thenewphysics.com
Niš, 2008

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THE INTRODUCTION

INTO NEW PHYSICS

Copyright © 2008 Mitić Goran

CIP - Cataloging in Publication record

Translation of the book: Uvod u novu fiziku

a) Physics (Popular Science)

WHAT INSPIRED ME TO WRITE THIS WAY? ................... 4

Why I am writing this book?

I am writing this book in the hope that as many readers

What inspired me to write this way?

There is a well known anecdote in scientific circles: a

What am I writing about?

I am writing about my understanding of the world

There comes a time with an old car when it is pointless

NATURE IN CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT

Human beings are different from other beings with

CAUSES OF NATURAL MOVEMENT

Seeing continuous movement throughout nature, man

The term ‘relativity’ is used in physics for all those

A REVOLUTIONARY IDEA: ANTI-GRAVITATION

While I lived on the side of Cegar Hill, on the outskirts of

MASS TEMPERATURE RELATIVITY

I started by analyzing the fire. The flames stretch from the

Is it important to explore the temperatural relativity of mass?

When working on a new idea, apart from the

There are really innumerable examples of red-hot

THE STANDARD MODEL OF THE SUN

Richard Sears posited this standard model, which is,

The sun’s radiative zone occupies the area of 0.25 – 0.85

The sun’s convection zone spreads from the area at

THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IS IMPOSSIBLE!

In all theories of physics to date, including

AN ANTI-GRAVITATIONAL MODEL OF THE SUN

If thermonuclear fusion is impossible, then we have to

A NEW VIEW OF THE SUN

If, from this perspective, we take another look on the

Picture 7. Granules, supergranules and gigantic granules

Sunspots: Spots are one of the most important forms of

The corona’s arches (picture 19) occur above a field in

1,900,000km. The average height is 50,000 km, while their

In sunspot areas eruptive or explosive protuberances

sun (picture 28), and pervades the sun’s system up to the

Element Relative content Element Rel. content

Table 2 presents the solar wind’s chemical structure

is how flashes, rays, arches, plumes, condensations and bright

imperfect theory, and ignorance of the true nature of mass

CYCLES OF SUN ACTIVITY

Observations of occurrences on the sun have led to the

Apart from the number of sunspots, and their surface

heliographic latitudes migrate towards the poles and arrive at

ОUR SUN IN OUR GALAXY

(THE SUN AND THE MILKY WAY)

The sun is characteristic of an average dwarf

Based on different measuring methods and the division of the

Research shows that the sun periodically passes

The second reason could be that the Sagittarius arm

THE INFLUENCE OF A STAR’S MOVEMENT

In order to correctly understand the influence of the

In fact, speed is not the factor that enhances

Non-inertial movement implies rotation because the

mass center of a similar system. The closer in distance from

THE ORIGIN OF STARS

The question of the origin of stars is a fundamental

traction. Anti-gravitation, which is the source of the stellar