DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

AKAMIGAS BALONGAN
TAHUN AKADEMIK 2018/2019
 *
1. Continent Depositional Environment
a. Glaciers
b. Aeolian
c. Alluvial
d. Fluvial
e. Lake

2. Transitional Depositional Environment

a. Delta
b. Coasts / Beach & Lagoon
c. Estuary

3. Marine Depositional Environment

a. Shallow Marine
b. Deep Marine
CONTINENT Depositional
Environment :
 GLACIERS
 AEOLIAN
 ALLUVIAL
 FLUVIAL
 LAKE
Continent Depositional
Environment
GLACIERS
DAFTAR ISI

1. Definition & Types

2. Glaciers Deposits
3. Description
1. Definition & Types

Geologists define a glacier as a moving body of ice on land that

flows downslope or outward from an area of accumulation.

Valley Glaciers
Valley glaciers are confined to mountain valleys where they flow
from higher to lower elevations.

Continental Glaciers
Continental glaciers, also known as ice sheets, are vast, covering
at least 50,000 km2, and they are unconfined by topography; that
is, their shape and movement are not controlled by the underlying
landscape.
1. Definition & Types

(Monroe et al, 2007)

1. Definition & Types

(Monroe et al, 2007)

1. Definition & Types
2. Glaciers Deposits

(Nichols, 2009)
3. Description
 Lithologies – conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone
 Mineralogy – variable, compositionally immature
 Texture – extremely poorly sorted in till to poorly sorted in fluvio-glacial
facies
 Bed geometry – bedding absent to indistinct in many continental deposits,
glaciomarine deposits may be laminated
 Sedimentary structures – usually none in tills, crossbedding in fluvio-glacial
facies
 Palaeocurrents – orientation of clasts can indicate ice flow direction
 Fossils – normally absent in continental deposits, may be present in
glaciomarine facies
 Colour – variable, but deposits are not usually oxidised
 Facies associations – may be associated
Continent Depositional
Environment
AEOLIAN
DAFTAR ISI

1. Definition
2. Aeolian Deposits
3. Description
1. Definition

Aeolian sedimentary processes are

those involving transport and
deposition of material by the wind.

(Nichols, 2009)
2. Aeolian Deposits

(Nichols, 2009)
3. Description
Characteristics of aeolian deposits
 Lithologies – sand and silt only
 Mineralogy – mainly quartz, with rare examples of carbonate or other grains
 Texture – well- to very well-sorted silt to medium sand
 Fossils – rare in desert dune deposits, occasional vertebrate bones
 Bed geometry – sheets or lenses of sand
 Sedimentary structures – large-scale dune crossbedding and parallel
stratification in sands
 Palaeocurrents – dune orientations reconstructed from cross-bedding indicate
wind direction
 Colour – yellow to red due to iron hydroxides and oxides
 Facies associations – occur with alluvial fans, ephemeral river and lake facies in
deserts
Continent Depositional Environment
ALLUVIAL
DAFTAR ISI

1. Definition
2. Alluvial Types
3. Alluvial Outcrop
4. Description
1. Definition

Alluvial fans are cones of detritus that form at a break in slope at the
edge of an alluvial plain.
They are formed by deposition from a flow of water and sediment coming
from an erosional realm adjacent to the basin.
2. Alluvial Types

1. Debris Flow Fan

2. Sheetflood Fan
3. Stream-channel fan

(Nichols, 2009)
3. Alluvial outcrop

A debris flow on an alluvial fan: the Sheetflood deposits on an alluvial fan

conglomerate is poorly sorted, with showing well-developed stratification
the larger clasts completely
surrounded by a matrix of finer
sediment

(Nichols, 2009)
4. Description
Characteristics of alluvial fan deposits
 Lithologies – conglomerate, sandstone, and mudstone
 Mineralogy – variable, often compositionally immature
 Texture – very poor in debris flows moderate to fine at sheet flood fan
and stream chanel fan
 Bed geometry – sheets on fans
 Sedimentary structures – graded bedding and stratification
 Palaeocurrents – indicate direction of flow and depositional slope
 Fossils – fauna uncommon, plant fossils may be common in floodplain
facies
 Colour – yellow, red and brown due to oxidising conditions
 Facies associations – associated with ephemeral lake and aeolian dunes.
Continent Depositional Environment
FLUVIAL
DAFTAR ISI

1. Definition
2. River Types
3. Braided River
4. Meandering River
5. Description
1. Definition
 Water flow in rivers and streams is normally confined to channels, which
are depressions or scours in the land surface that contain the flow.

 The overbank area or floodplain is the area of land between or beyond

the channels that (apart from rain) receives water only when the river is
in flood.

 Together the channel and overbank settings comprise the fluvial

environment

A sandy river channel and adjacent

overbank area: (Nichols, 2009)
2. River Type

River types
1. Bedload (braided) rivers
2. Mixed load (meandering) rivers

The geomorphological zones in

fluvial systems (Nichols, 2009)
3. Braided River
Rivers with a high proportion of sediment carried by rolling and saltation along the
channel floor are referred to as bedload/braided rivers.

Main morphological features of a braided

river.
Deposition of sand and/or gravel occurs on
mid-channel bars (Nichols, 2009)

Depositional architecture of a braided

river: lateral migration of the channel and
the abandonment of bars leads to the
build-up of channel-fill successions
(Nichols, 2009)
3. Braided River

This large braided river has moved laterally from right to left
(Nichols, 2009)
4. Meandering River
Main morphological features of a
meandering river.
Deposition occurs on the point bar on
the inner side of a bend while erosion
occurs on the opposite cut bank.
Levees form when flood waters rapidly
deposit sediment close to the bank and
crevasse splays are created when the
levee is breached (Nichols, 2009).

Depositional architecture of a
meandering river: sandstone bodies
formed by the lateral migration of the
river channel remain isolated when the
channel avulses or is cut-off to form an
oxbow lake (Nichols, 2009).
4. Meandering River

https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo- The point bars on the inside bends of

images/6a834f81-c082-4ed3-9213- this meandering river have been
e460064cd16e.jpg exposed during a period of low flow in
the channel (Nichols, 2009).
4. Fluvial Section
5. Description
Characteristics of fluvial deposits
 Lithologies – sandstone, mudstone, and coal.
 Mineralogy – variable, often compositionally immature
 Texture – moderate to fine size
 Bed geometry – lens shaped river channel units
 Sedimentary structures – cross-bedding and lamination in channel deposits
 Palaeocurrents – indicate direction of flow and depositional slope
 Fossils – fauna uncommon, plant fossils may be common in floodplain
facies
 Colour – yellow, red and brown due to oxidising conditions
 Facies associations – associated with lake, delta or estuarine facies
Continent Depositional
Environment
LAKE
DAFTAR ISI

1. Definition
2. Lake Environment
3. Description
1. Definition
A lake is an inland body of water

Sand and mud are the most common components of lake deposits, although
almost any other type of sediment can accumulate in lacustrine (lake)
environments, including limestones, evaporites and organic material.

Plants and animals living in a lake may be preserved as fossils in lacustrine

deposits, and concentrations of organic material can form beds of coal or oil
and gas source rocks.
 2. Lake Environment

The thermal stratification of fresh lake waters results in a more oxic, upper layer, the
epilimnion, and a colder, anoxic lower layer, the hypolimnion. Sedimentation in the
lake is controlled by this density stratification above and below the thermocline
(Nichols, 2009)
3. Description
Characteristics of lake deposits
 Lithologies – sandstone, mudstone, fine-grained limestones and evaporites
 Mineralogy – variable
 Texture – sands moderately well sorted
 Bed geometry – often very thin-bedded
 Sedimentary structures – wave ripples and very fine parallel lamination
 Palaeocurrents – few with palaeoenvironmental significance
 Fossils – algal and microbial plus uncommon shells
 Colour – variable, but may be dark grey in deep lake deposits
 Facies associations – commonly occur with fluvial deposits, evaporites and
associated with aeolian facies
TRANSITIONAL Depositional
Environment :
 DELTA
 COASTS / BEACH &
LAGOON
 ESTUARY
Transitional Depositional
Environment
DELTA
OUTLINES

1. Introduction
2. Delta Types
3. Delta Sub-environments
4. Description
1. Introduction

A delta can be defined as a

‘discrete shoreline protuberance (positive features) formed
at a point where a river enters the ocean or other body of
water’
(Modified from Elliott 1986; Bhattacharya & Walker 1992 on Nichols, 2009)

Coarsening up ???
Progradation ???
Shallowing up ???

Mahakam Delta (Google maps, 2016)

1. Introduction

A cross-section across a
delta lobe:
progradation results in
a coarseningup
succession (Nichols,
2009)
2. Delta Types
Deltas are now commonly
classified in terms of the
dominant grain size of the
deposits and the relative
importance of fluvial, wave
and tide processes (Orton &
Reading 1993 on Nichols,
2009)

Classification of deltas by process (Monroe, 2007)

Classification of deltas taking grain size, and hence sediment supply mechanisms, into account.
(Modified from Orton & Reading 1993, on Nichols, 2009)
2. Delta Types
3. Delta Sub-environments

Delta deposition can be divided into two subenvironments, the delta top and the
delta front (Nichols, 2009)
4. Description
Characteristics of deltaic deposits
 Lithologies – conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, and coal .
 Mineralogy – variable, delta-front facies may be compositionally mature
 Texture – moderately mature in delta-top sands and gravels, mature in
wave-reworked delta-front deposits
 Bed geometry – lens-shaped delta channels, mouthbar lenses variably elongate,
prodelta deposits thin bedded
 Sedimentary structures – cross-bedding and lamination in delta-top and mouth-
bar facies
 Fossils – association of terrestrial plants and animals of the delta top
with marine fauna of the delta front
 Colour – not diagnostic, delta-top deposits may be oxidised
 Facies associations – typically occur overlying shallow-marine facies and
overlain by fluvial facies in an overall progradational pattern
Transitional Depositional
Environment
COASTS
OUTLINES

1. Introduction
2. Beach
3. Lagoon
4. Description
1. Introduction
Coasts are the areas of interface between the land and the sea, and the coastal
environment can comprise a variety of zones, including coastal plains, beaches,
barriers and lagoons.

Depositional coastlines (Dissipative Coast)

Erosional coastlines (Reflective Coast)
Nichols, 2009
2. Beach
The beach is the area washed by waves breaking on the coast.

A beach dune ridge formed by sand Morphological features of a beach

blown by the wind from the shoreline comprising a beach foreshore and
onto the coast to form aeolian dunes, backshore separated by a berm; beach
here stabilised by grass. dune ridges are aeolian deposits
formed of sand reworked from the
(Nichols, 2009) beach
3. Lagoon
Lagoons are coastal bodies
of water that have very
limited connection to the
open ocean.

- Wave dominated
- Tide Dominated

A wave-dominated coastline
with a beach-barrier bar
protecting a lagoon

(Nichols, 2009)

Beach-barrier bars along a wave-dominated coastline

3. Lagoon

Morphological features of a coastline influenced by wave processes and tidal currents

(Nichols, 2009)
4. Description
Beach/barrier systems Characteristics
 Lithology – sand and conglomerate
 Mineralogy – mature quartz sands and shelly sands
 Texture – well sorted, well rounded clasts
 Bed geometry – elongate lenses
 Sedimentary structures – low-angle stratification and wave reworking
 Fossils – robust shelly debris
 Colour – not diagnostic
 Facies associations – may be associated with coastal plain, lagoonal or shallow-
marine facies
Lagoons Characteristics
 Lithology – mainly mud with some sand
 Mineralogy – variable
 Texture – fine-grained, moderately to poorly sorted
 Bed geometry – thinly bedded mud with thin sheets and lenses of sand
 Sedimentary structures – may be laminated and wave rippled
 Fossils – often monospecific assemblages of hypersaline or brackish tolerant
organisms
 Colour – may be dark due to anaerobic conditions
 Facies associations – may be associated with coastal plain or beach barrier deposits
Transitional Depositional Environment
ESTUARY/MUARA
OUTLINES

1. Introduction
2. Estuary - Wave dominated
3. Estuary - Tide dominated
4. Description
1. Introduction

Muara adalah bagian yang dipengaruhi laut dari lembah yang

tenggelam
(Dalrymple et al. 1992 on Nichols, 2009)

Pasokan sedimen ke muara berasal dari sumber sungai dan kelautan, dan
proses pengangkutan dan penyimpanan sedimen ini merupakan kombinasi dari
sungai.
dan proses gelombang dan / atau pasang surut.

Muara berbeda dari delta karena di muara semua sedimentasi terjadi di dalam
lembah tenggelam, sedangkan delta adalah badan sedekah progradasional
yang membangun ke lingkungan laut.
2. Estuary - Wave dominated

Distribution of depositional settings in a wave-dominated estuary

3. Estuary – Tide dominated

Distribution of depositional settings in a tidally dominated estuary (Nichols, 2009)

4. Description
Tidal channel systems Characteristics
 Lithology – mud, sand and less commonly conglomerate
 Mineralogy – variable
 Texture – may be well sorted in high energy settings
 Bed geometry – lenses with erosional bases
 Sedimentary structures – cross-bedding and crosslamination and inclined
heterolithic stratification
 Fossils – shallow marine
 Colour – not diagnostic
 Facies associations – may be overlain by fluvial, shallow marine, continental or
delta facies
Tidal mudflats Characteristics
 Lithology – mud and sand
 Mineralogy – clay and shelly sand
 Texture – fine-grained, not diagnostic
 Bed geometry – tabular muds with thin sheets and lenses of sand
 Sedimentary structures – ripple cross-lamination and flaser/lenticular bedding
 Fossils – shallow marine fauna and salt marsh vegetation
 colour – often dark due to anaerobic conditions
 Facies associations – may be overlain by shallow marine or continental facies
MARINE Depositional
Environment :
 SHALLOW MARINE
 DEEP MARINE
Marine Depositional Environment
SHALLOW MARINE
OUTLINES

1. Introduction
2. Marine Realm
3. Shallow Marine Deposits
4. Description
5. Stratigraphy Sequences
1. Introduction
Shallow marine environments are areas of accumulation of substantial
amounts of terrigenous clastic material brought in by rivers from the
continental realm.

A cross-section from the continental shelf through the continental

slope and rise down to the abyssal plain (Nichols, 2009)
2. Marine Realm

Depth-related divisions of the marine realm:

(a) broad divisions are defined by water depth; (b) the shelf is described in terms of
the depth to which different processes interact with the sea floor, and the actual
depths vary according to the characteristics of the shelf (Nichols, 2009)
3. Shallow Marine Deposits

Characteristics of a storm-dominated shelf environment (Nichols, 2009)

4. Description
Characteristics of deposits of Shallow Sandy Seas / Shallow Marine
 Lithology – mainly sand and mud, with some gravel
 Mineralogy – mature quartz sands, shelly sands
 Texture – generally moderately to well sorted
 Bed geometry – sheets of variable thickness, large lenses formed by
ridges and bars
 Sedimentary structures – cross-bedding, cross- and horizontal
lamination, hummocky and swaley crossstratification
 Palaeocurrents – flow directions very variable, reflecting tidal
currents, longshore drift, etc.
 Fossils – often diverse and abundant, benthic forms are
characteristic
 Colour – often pale yellow-brown sands or grey sands and muds
 Facies associations – may be overlain or underlain by coastal, deltaic,
estuarine or deeper marine facies.
5. Sequences Stratigraphy

The three fundamental factors for Sedimentology &

Stratigraphy
 Relative Sea Level
 Sediment Influx
 Tectonic Activity

Studi tentang hubungan antara sea-level changes dan

sedimentasi sering disebut sebagai ‘urutan stratigrafi’
atau ‘sequence stratigraphy’
5. Sequences Stratigraphy

Proses Pola
Regresi Progradasi
Constant Agradasi
Transgresi Retrogradasi
5. Sequences Stratigraphy

Transgression & Retrogradation (Nichols, 2009)

5. Sequences Stratigraphy

Regression & Progradation (Nichols, 2009)

5. Sequences Stratigraphy

Constant Shoreline & Aggradation(Nichols, 2009)

Marine Depositional Environment
DEEP MARINE
OUTLINES

1. Introduction
2. Submarine Fan
3. Description
1. Introduction
The deep oceans are the largest areas of sediment
accumulation on Earth but they are also the least understood.

Deep water environments are floored by ocean crust and are the most
widespread areas of deposition worldwide (Nichols, 2009)
2. Submarine Fan
A submarine fan is a body of sediment on the sea floor deposited by
mass-flow processes that may be fan-shaped, but more elongate,
lobate geometries are also common

Depositional environments on a submarine fan (Nichols, 2009)

2. Submarine Fan
Submarine fan system based on grain size influx:
1) Gravel-rich systems
2) Sand-rich systems
3) Mixed sand–mud systems
4) Muddy systems
(Nichols, 2009)
3. Description
Characteristics of deep marine deposits
 Lithology – mud, sand and gravel, fine-grained limestones
 Mineralogy – arenites may be lithic or arkosic; carbonate and chert
 Texture – variable, some turbidites poorly sorted
 Bed geometry – mainly thin sheet beds, except in submarine fan channels
 Sedimentary structures – graded turbidite beds with some horizontal and ripple
lamination
 Palaeocurrents – bottom structures and ripple lamination in turbidites show flow
direction
 Fossils – pelagic, free swimming and floating organisms
 Colour – variable with red pelagic clays, typically dark turbidites and
pale pelagic limestones
 Facies associations – may be overlain or underlain by shelf facies.
*TERIMA KASIH
Main References
Monroe S J, Wicander R, Hazlett R. 2007. Phsycal Geology Exploring the
Earth 6th. Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation:
USA.

Nichols, Gary. 2009. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 2nd edition. A John

Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication:U SA
Examples of patterns and symbols used on graphic sedimentary logs