CONTENT.

Acknowledgements
Program of the field trip
Abstract
Chapter-1: Introduction
1.1 General Geology of Himachal Pradesh
1.2 Study area: Solan
1.3 Objectives
Chapter-2: Detailed description of field work
2.1 Siwalik Fossil Park
2.2 Kandaghat
2.3 Dam Site Road
2.4 Chail Thrust / MCT
2.5 Chevron Fold (Solan Police Station)
2.6 Kumarhatti Barog Valley (Limestone Exposure)
2.7 Nagali
2.8 Dagsai Cantoment
2.9 Panchmunda Syncline
2.10 Khile Barser
2.11 Inspection Bungalow, Kasauli
Chapter-3: Conclusions
Appendices
References
 Appendices
Appendix No. A-1: Itinerary of the Field Program
Appendix No. A-2: Group Photograph of Participant
Appendix No. A-3: Geological Time Scale
Appendix No. A-4: Brunton Compass
Appendix No. A-5: Hammer
Appendix No. A-6: Hand lens
Appendix No. A-7: Camera
Appendix No. A-8: Scale
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Prof. Narendra Kumar,
coordinator, B.sc(H) - M.sc Geology BBAU LUCKNOW for his encouragement and for all
the facilities that he provided for this geological excursion. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I shall remain indebted to him.
It is proud privilege to place on record my most sincere feelings of gratitude, obligations and
profound regards for Dr. (Prof.) Munendra Singh, UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW. I thank
him for taking keen interest in this excursion and for his perennial support and guidance. I
will remain indebted to him for noble motivation and intellectual stimulation at all times.
I extend my hearty thanks to Mr. Abhishek Kumar Madhesiya, Mr. Ravindra Kumar, Mr.
Sonu Kumar, Dr. Priyanka Singh who guided me to the successful completion of this report. I
take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for their invaluable guidance,
constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this task.
I thankfully acknowledge my parents for blessing me with potential, courage and patience to
accomplish the task.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out this
excursion successfully and for their valuable advice and support which I received from them
time to time.
Special thanks to my critics who help me bring out the best.

KUMAR ANKIT
I SEMESTER
M.Sc GEOLOGY
 Program of the field trip (23-10-2018 – 28-10-2018)
23-10-2018: Train to Chandigarh from Lucknow Railway station
Night: In Train
24-10-2018: At Chandigarh. Travel to Siwalik fossil park, Saketi.
Night: Navratna hotel, Solan
25-10-2018: Shimla highway- towards chail.
Night: Navratna hotel, Solan
26-10-2018: Solan police station, Barog valley, Nagali, Dagsai
Night: Navratna hotel, Solan
27-10-2018: Khilebarser, Kasauli, then towards Chandigarh Rock Garden
Night: Back in Train
28-10-2018: Lucknow Railway station in morning.
 ABSTRACT
Solan is one of the south-western districts of Himachal Pradesh having geographical area of
1,936 sq km. The district lies between north latitude 30°44’53” to 31°22’01” and east
longitude 76°36’10” to 77°15’14” and is covered by Survey of India degree-sheets 53A, 53B,
53E and 53F. Geologically, the rock formations occupying the district range in age from pre-
Cambrian to Quaternary period. Solan district presents an intricate mosaic of high mountain
ranges, hills and valleys with altitude ranging from 300 to 3000 m above msl. The altitude of
the hill ranges is higher in northern parts, whereas south-western part of the district is
represented by low denuded hill ranges of Siwalik. In the areas underlain by high hill ranges
of Himalayas, the valleys are narrow and deep with steep slopes trending in NW-SE
direction. The terrain is moderate to highly dissected with steep slopes.
Siwalik Fossil Park, Saketi, Sirmur District, Himachal Pradesh contains rich collection of 2.5
million years old vertebrate fossils from Siwaliks. It covers an area of about 1.5 sq. km at
Saketi, in the Markanda valley of Sirmur district, H.P. and was built to check indiscriminate
destruction of fossil bones. Some of these fossils are in possession of the British Museum,
London, American Museum of Natural History, New York, Indian Museum, Calcutta and
elsewhere. The park displays life-size fiberglass models of six of the prehistoric animals that
lived in the area 1 to 1.5 million year ago.
Trip to solan was best to enhance our practical knowledge. The excursion included a team of
59 students and 5 teachers.
GEOLOGY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

Himachal Pradesh displays prominent features characterized by lofty mountain ranges incised
by deeply dissected valleys carved out in slopes of various descriptions. The elevation above
mean sea level varies from 320m in Una District, to 6975 m at Leo Pargil Peak of Kinnaur
District. Physiographically, the State can be divided into five distinct parallel zones. From
south to north these are: 1. Alluvial Plain: A limited zone of nearly flat plain developed at the
foot hills of Siwalik Range in the vicinity of Indo-Gangetic Alluvium in the southwestern and
southeastern fringes of the state with an average altitude of 375m. 2. Siwalik Foothills: It is
also known as Sub Himalaya and is the outermost mountainous zone of Himachal Himalaya,
separating the state from the plains of Punjab and Haryana. It is 8 km - 50 km wide zone,
with altitude ranging from 345m to 1500m. This zone contains many prominent longitudinal
valleys viz. Una, Sirsa and Poanta duns. 3. Lesser Himalayan Zone: It is a 65km to 80km
wide zone between Sub-Himalaya and Central Himalaya. The altitude of this zone rarely
exceeds 3000m. 4. Central Himalayan/Great Himalayan Zone: It comprises a zone of snow-
capped peaks ranging in height from 4000m to 5000m. It separates the Lesser Himalayan
zone from the Trans-Himalayan zone. 5. Trans Himalayan/Higher Himalayan Zone: It is
mainly a rain shadow area, having an average width of 40km and height varying from 3000m
to 6000m. The mountain ranges in general trend in NW-SE direction. The state of Himachal
Pradesh is covered by the rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Recent. The normal
order of super-position of the rocks in the Lesser Himalaya has been affected by later events
of thrusting. Owing to its complex tectonism and geological evolution, establishing an
unanimously accepted geology and stratigraphy of Himalaya remained mired with debate and
controversy- posing a natural deterrent.
The rocks of Himachal Pradesh have been subjected to intense deformation, which, at many
places, has disrupted the original stratigraphic position of the various formations. 1. Siwalik
Autochthonous to Parautochthonous Belt: The Siwalik lithology is folded in open upright to
overturned folds. Along the southern limit, the Siwalik has, at places, moved over the
alluvium along a thrust, while along the northern boundary it is thrust over by the Lower
Tertiary belt. The thrust between the Lower Tertiary and Siwalik is known as the Main
Boundary Fault. 2. Lower Tertiary Parautochthonous Belt with Subsidiary Belt of Shali: The
Lower Tertiary belt is thrust over the Siwalik. On the northeastern side, the Krol, Simla and
Shali rocks are thrust over the Lower Tertiary belt. Along the trace of the Main Boundary
Fault, between Khadli and Sataun, this also occurs as a liner belt of the Shali in the form of a
tectonically truncated anticline. 3. The Simla Group Belt: Folded in a major synform and an
antiform, it occurs as a superficial nappe over the Shali belt. The Lower Tertiary sediments
have been involved in a complicated folding in the Bakhalag-Bugher area. 4. The Outer Krol
Belt Superficial Nappe : Bounded by the Krol-Giri synformally folded thrusts, rocks of the
Blaini, Infra-Krol, Krol and Subathu occur as superficial nappe over the isotropic zones of the
Lower Tertiary and Simla Group. A major fault at Kandaghat dislocates the Giri Thrust and
brings the Simla Group of rocks to rest over the Infra Krol. The Subathu rocks, exposed as
window within the Infra Krol near Solan, are cited as evidence in favour of allochthonous
nature of the Krol Belt. 5. The Jaunsar and Inner Krol Belt Superficial Nappe: Bounded by
the synformally folded Chail-Tons Thrust, it rests over the Simla and Deoban belts. 6.
Rampur Belt: The Rampur Group, folded into a complex antiform, rests over the Larji
Formation and below the Kulu Crystallines along the thrusts. It is exposed in Kulu-Rampur
stretch as a window. 7. Larji Belt: Highly folded Larji rocks are exposed as a window within
the Rampur window. 8. The Crystalline Thrust Sheet of Kulu: In between the Jaunsar Group
(Superficial nappe) and the Jutogh Thrust Sheets, occurs the thrust sheet of the crystalline of
Kulu. From NW to SE along its western contact, it tectonically rests over the Siwalik,
Subathu, Shali, Simla and Jaunsar groups and along its eastern contact over the Rampur
Group and Larji Group of rocks. Southeast of Kadiali, this thrust sheet is tectonically
overlapped by the Jutogh Thrust Sheet. 9. Jutogh Thrust Sheet: The Jutogh Thrust Sheet rests
along the folded Jutogh Thrust over the Blaini Formation, Simla Group, Jaunsar Group and
Kulu Group. In the Simla area it rests over the Jaunsar Group as a klippe as the higher and
metamorphic rocks occupy the physical top, the structure of the Jutogh (Pilgrim and West
1928) was interpreted as major recumbent anticline whose normal limbs have been eroded.
10. Vaikrita Thrust Sheet: The presence of kyanite and sillimanite at the base of the Vaikrita
sequence marks the Vaikrita Thrust. From the Satluj Valley it skirts around the northern limit
of the Rampur-Larji Window. Towards Karsog, folded into a synform, it swings towards
north and possibly links up with the Panjal Thrust. The Chamba, Manjir, Katarigali, Salooni
and Spiti Basin rocks rest above the Vaikrita rocks. Four principal deformations in the Kulu
Crystalline have been identified in the rocks of the Himachal Pradesh, viz. 1. Thrusting and
development of S1 foliation and F1 appressed folds. 2. Selective development of the S2 plane
and F2 upright folds. 3. Development of F2 cross folds with selective development of crude
S3 fracture planes. 4. Development of post-folding high angle dislocation planes. Evidences
of Holocene tectonic activity are known from various parts. This activity in the
TransHimalaya of Lahaul and Spiti has affected the river courses and created lakes. In the
Lesser Himalaya the tectonic activity is responsible for translating the Siwaliks along a thrust
over the alluvium.

Figure 1 Himachal Pradesh Geology

 STUDY AREA: SOLAN

Solan is one of the south-western districts of Himachal Pradesh having geographical area of
1,936 sq km. The district lies between north latitude 30°44’53” to 31°22’01” and east
longitude 76°36’10” to 77°15’14” and is covered by Survey of India degree-sheets 53A, 53B,
53E and 53F. The district is bounded by Bilaspur district in north-west and Mandi district in
the north, Shimla and Sirmaur districts in east and south-east respectively. District has inter-
state boundary in the south and west with State of Haryana and Punjab respectively. The
district is well connected by rail and road network. The district comprises of 4 sub-divisions
viz., Arki, Kandaghat, Nalagarh and Solan and has 6 Tehsils (Arki, Baddi, Kandaghat,
Kasauli, Nalagarh and Solan) and 2 sub-tehsils (Krishangarh and Ramshahar). For
development purpose, the district has been divided into five community development blocks
viz., Dharampur, Kandaghat, Kunihar, Nalagarh and Solan, 198 Gram Panchayats. Important
towns in the district are Solan, Nalagarh, Kasauli, Subathu, Dagshai, Arki, Kandaghat,
Parwanoo etc. The population of the district is 5,80,320 (2011 census). The rural and urban
population is 82.40 % and 17.60 % respectively. The local inhabitants mainly depend on
agriculture for their subsistence and adopt several traditional practices conducive for farming
in sloping terrain. Large and small scale industrial development however has taken place
randomly all over the district, especially rapid industrial development is taking place in areas
adjoining Punjab plains viz., at Nalagarh valley within the Nagar Panchayat of Baddi and
Gram Panchayats of Barotiwala, Gulurawala, Sandholi, Thana, Bhud areas.
Geologically, the rock formations occupying the district range in age from pre-Cambrian to
Quaternary period.

Figure 2 Geology of Solan area

 OBJECTIVES

This excursion was provisional for the geological aspect of Solan and adjoining areas. The
real sense of the excursion was to gain field knowledge. By studying various sections along
solan, we have come to know its geographical location, stratigraphy, structure, nature of the
rock.
During our excursion to solan we learnt the applications and use of Brunton Compass and
how to measure dip, strike of the beds, bearing and back-bearing.
The main objectives of our field visit were as follows-

1. To see different sections of Himalaya

2. To measure strike of bedding plane

3. To measure the dip direction and dip amount of bedding planes and joints

4. To identify the rock types and its property

5. To clear enough about Joints and Folds

6. To measure bearing and back bearing

This field report is the reminiscence of what we learnt at field from Solan.
DATE: 24.10.2018 TIME- 02:40 PM
Suketi village, Sirmur district
SPOT 1: SHIWALIK FOSSIL PARK
 Siwalik Fossil Park, Saketi, Sirmur District, Himachal Pradesh contains rich
collection of 2.5 million years old vertebrate fossils from Siwaliks.
 It covers an area of about 1.5 sq. km at Saketi, in the Markanda valley of Sirmur
district, H.P. and was built to check indiscriminate destruction of fossil bones.
 The park has been developed by Geological Survey of India, in collaboration with the
Himachal Pradesh Government.

Figure 3 SIWALIK FOSSIL PARK

 The park displays life-size fiberglass models of six of the prehistoric animals that
lived in the area 1 to 1.5 million years ago.
 The animals exhibit are giant land tortoise, gharial, four horned giraffe, sabre-toothed
tiger, large tusked elephant and hipopolamid. A large and rare collection of vertebrate
fossils recovered from Siwalik Hills in Saketi and adjacent areas has been displayed
in a field museum in the park.
 The site has been developed to a panorama of Plio- Pleistocene period (Ca 2.5 million
years) through massive aforestation.
 A model depicts a sabre-tooth cat with very long upper canine teeth to tear its prey.
This animal became extinct about a million years ago, at the same time that many
species of elephants became extinct.
 The hippopotamus life-size model has six incisors with a comparatively larger mouth,

Figure 4 Hippopotamus (life-size) Figure 5 Sabre-tooth cat

 but with a small brain cavity, longer lower jaw, and legs like a pig. This species,
which existed in large numbers about 2.5 million years ago, is now extinct.
 The giant land tortoise of life-size, representing a species found in the Shivalik region,
is the largest of all tortoises, but its modern counterpart is much smaller.
 Other life-size models depict giant elephants that roamed the area 7 to 1.5 million
years ago. Compared to modern elephants, they had a smaller cranium, unusually long
tusks, and huge limbs. 15 of these species vanished about 1.5 million years ago.

Figure 6 Stegodon Figure 7 S. Giganteum

 A life-size model of a four-horned giraffe depicts an ancestor of the modern species

that lived in the region 7 to 1.5 million years ago. It has an unusually large skull, but
comparatively short neck.
 Museum exhibits contain skeletal remains of different groups of skulls and limbs of
mammals, skulls of Hexaprotodon, tortoises, gharials and crocodiles, tusks of 22
species of elephants, rocks and charts and paintings related to the several aspects of
plant and animal life of the past and present.
 The stone items on display belong to the Early Palaeolithic Man. Also preserved in
the museum are fossils of two genera of extinct primates, Sivapithecus and
Ramapithecus. The museum also houses antiquities unearthed by Captain Cautley in
the area, from which he dug out the remains of Asia’s oldest human ancestor.

Figure 8 Gavialis browni Figure 9 Neanderthal man , Cro- magnon man model
DATE: 25.10.2018 TIME- 10:36 AM
Shimla highway towards Chail
SPOT 1: KANDAGHAT
 Spot was beside the stream on the left hand side of Shimla highway towards chail,
where sedimentary rock body was dipping N210E.
 The rock sample was fine grain layered rock having weak bedding planes, sharp rock
edges and the original color of the rock was dark grey which after weathered seems
pale yellow. The rock sample gives earthly smell.
 There were many joints which make up the joints sets and joint system too.
Attitude of the bed: Strike- 0320, N320E
Dip amount – 210,
Dip direction - 0800, N800E
ATTITUDE OF JOINT: Strike direction- 3100, N500E
Dip direction- 2500, N700W
Dip amount- 720

Structural Features: Joints, Joint sets, Dipping beds, Joint system

Lithology: Shale rock (Sedimentary rock), Alternative band of silt and sandstone in between
shale rock.
Sedimentary structure: Cross bedding, Lamination
Stratigraphy: Infra Kroal, Lesser Himalya
Age: Neo – Proterozoic

Figure 10 Shale rock

DATE: 25.10.2018 TIME- 01:30PM
Shimla highway towards Chail, 2 km from Senj
SPOT 2: Dam site road
 This spot is very important for the paleo- environment. As the continuation from
Solan, Kandaghat there was only one rock sequence dominating i.e. shale but this spot
with the deposition difference we find shale along with the glacier deposits
conglomerates.
 Stratigraphically here is Bilani formation. Along with the key indicators of glacier
deposits this spot is also marked with tide imprints and ripple marks.
 Tide imprints are due to herringbone cross- stratification formed in tidal environment.
Attitude of the bed: Strike- 0550, N550E
Dip amount – 0250
Dip direction - 1120, S680E
Structural Features: Dipping beds, joints, deformed rocks
Lithology: Conglomerate boulders, Diamictite with pink dolostone, bilani bolder.
Sedimentary structure: lamini, the ring bone cross shed stratification is there which shows
the direction of the tides, moving in two directions.
Stratigraphy: Bilani formation
Age: Neo – Proterozoic

Figure 11 Conglomerate boulders Figure 12 Rock showing tidal flow

DATE: 25.10.2018 TIME-05:55PM
Chail, Chail towards Solan
SPOT 3: MCT / Chail thrust
 Thrust zone, due to weak zone weathring and erosion in this region is high.
 The Main Central Thrust is a major geological fault where the Indian Plate has pushed
under the Eurasian Plate along the Himalaya.
 The fault slopes down to the north and is exposed on the surface in a NW-SE
direction (strike).
 It is a thrust fault that continues along 2200 km of the Himalaya mountain belt.
 The generally accepted definition of the Main Central Thrust is that it is a ductile
shear zone along which the High-grade Great Himalayan Crystalline complex was
placed above the low-grade to unmetamorphosed Lesser Himalayan Sequence.

Figure 13 MCT / Chail thrust

DATE: 26.10.2018 TIME- 09:52 AM
Solan
SPOT 1: Solan police station, near bus stand
 There were two major folds and many minor folds.
 Beside the two major folds the first was chevron fold and the other was an anticline
fold. Both the folds were non- plunging fold. In the second fold, one limb was longer
and the other one was shorter.
 The area was tectonically affected and had homocline fold.
 The lithology of the folded strata was layered, fine grained olive green color shale that
is the indicator of marine environment. Just below the anticline fold there was a big
boulder that is of sandstone.
 The beds were of Subathu formation and just below to this formation is Infra-Krol
formation but the Krol Thrust cut the two formations and age gap between the is
about 550 million years ago.
 The Subathu was the part of Tethys Sea in the past before the collision of Indian and
Eurasian plate.
Structural Features: Folds, Joints, thrust, Anticline with minor fold
Lithology: Sedimentary rock (olive green shale), Karol thrust
Sedimentary structure: Layered beds, parallel lamination
Stratigraphy: Subathu Formation, Infra Karol
Age: Late Proterozoic
Subathu formation: - Paleocene

Figure 14 Cheveron fold

DATE: 26.10.2018 TIME- 11:30 AM
Sloan, Barog valley
SPOT 2: Kumarhatti – Barog –Solan road
 At Kumarhatti, Barog Valley in Solan was a limestone exposure which was a part of
under construction project of the highway. As the hardness of the iron is 5.5, the
hammer scratches the rock so it is clear that rock is softer than iron and thus it
confirmed the limestone.
 The exposed layer was grey limestone.
 The data collected was a part to find the syncline that is also known as panchmunda
syncline.
Attitude of the bed: Strike- 3110, N490W
Dip amount – 420
Dip direction - 0340, N340E
Structural Features: Joints, Folds
Lithology: Thickly bedded dark grey color limestone, scratched by hammer
Sedimentary structure: Layered beds

Figure 15 Thickly bedded dark grey color limestone

DATE: 26.10.2018 TIME- 12:43PM
Solan
SPOT 3: Nagali
 The rock exposure is full of crushed rocks.
 Spot is special due to Karol Thrust is passing just near to the spot.
 The crushed rock is the result of deformation which is due to the thrust.
 The spot is completely weathered and totally covered with vegetation.
 The original color of the rock is Greyish black and the rock type was carbonaceous
shale.
Structural Features: Dipping Strata
Lithology: Sedimentary Rock (Carbonaceous Shale), grey color rock
Sedimentary Structure: Layered Fractured Beds, highly deformed rock
Stratigraphy: Subathu Formation, Krol thrust zone

Figure 16 Nagali region

DATE: 26.10.2018 TIME- 01:55 PM
Dagshai
SPOT 4: Cantonment Dagshai
 The Subathu Formation is the oldest (Paleocene -mid-Eocene) and predominantly
consists of fossiliferous marine limestones and shales. It is evidently formed before
Himalayan upheaval as it bears minimal evidence of terrigenous clastic influence.
 The sequence then passes conformably into the Dagshai Formation.
 The Dagshais are characterized by clastic red beds consisting of continental alluvial
deposition of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and caliche.
 The sandstones of the Dagshai Formation contain significant proportions of clastic
terrigenous material (e.g., lithic fragments and mica), indicating newly uplifted
landmass to the north.
 The Dagshai Formation is a widespread succession of bright red and maroon shale,
siltstone, sandstone and clay conglomerate and also grey and purplish grey sandstone.
 The red coloration of the Dagshai beds is due to the presence of ferric oxide, which
suggests that they have been oxidized (Chaudhary 1972).

Figure 17 Cantonment Dagshai

DATE: 26.10.2018 TIME- 04:40 PM
Near Solan
SPOT 5: Panchmunda syncline
 Spot is the best example for megascopic folds.
 When the two data, one of Kumarhatti and other data of this spot are compared then
the result indicates that this is a syncline fold and the best example of megascopic
fold.
 This syncline folds is now also known as Panchmunda Syncline.
Attitude of the bed: Strike- 1460, S340E
Dip amount - 140
Dip direction - 2360, S560W
Structural Features: Joints, Folds, bed dipping inside the exposed area.
Lithology: Sedimentary rock (Limestone)
Sedimentary structure: Layered rock

Figure 18 Panchmunda syncline

DATE: 27.10.2018 TIME- 10:05 AM
Chewa, Solan
SPOT 1: Khile Barser
 Spot is stratigraphically Infra- Krol formation.
 This spot has a laminated sequence of black carbonaceous shale.
Attitude of the bed: Strike- 2820, N780W
Dip amount - 820
Dip direction - 0120, N120E
Structural Features: Sedimentary rock, Dipping beds, Joints,
Lithology: Blackish grey carbonaceous shale rocks, laminated rocks
Sedimentary structure: Layered beds
Stratigraphy: Infra - krol
Age: Late - Proterozoic

Figure 19 Black carbonaceous shale in Khile Barser

DATE: 27.10.2018 TIME- 11:45 PM
Kasauli
SPOT 2: Backside of Inspection Bungalow
 This spot was beside the slope of inspection bungalow.
 There was a wonderful view of the Lower and higher Himalayas from the spot.
Kasauli formation is known for fresh water deposits.
 Many plant leaf fossils are found around this spot.
Lithology: Siltstone, sandstone
Stratigraphy: Kasauli formation
Age: Pliocene - Pliestocene

Figure 20 Inspection bungalow Kasauli

Figure 11 Plant leaf fossil in siltstone

Appendix No. A-3: Geological Time Scale
Appendix 4: Brunton Compass

A Brunton compass, properly known

as the Brunton Pocket Transit, is a
type of precision compass made
by Brunton, Inc. of Riverton, Wyoming.
The instrument was patented in 1894 by
a Canadian-born Colorado geologist
named David W. Brunton. Brunton Inc.
makes many other types of magnetic
compasses, the Brunton Pocket Transit
is a specialized instrument used widely
by those needing to make accurate
degree and angle measurements in the
field.
These people are primarily geologists,
but archaeologists, environmental
engineers, and surveyors also make use of the Brunton's capabilities.

Appendix No. A-5: Hammer

Geological hammers are a necessity for field

work. Specially forged or manufactured for
breaking rock in a variety of ways. Whether
using the hammer to expose fresh rock surfaces
or as a means to extract samples for further
analysis, they are of chief importance to the
geologist. All geological hammers come with at
least one flat face which is primarily for breaking
rock where accuracy is not required or to break
down larger pieces into smaller fragments.
Chisel end hammers are for cutting rock
whereas pointed tip hammers are for accurate
delicate work or extraction of crystals or fossils.
Appendix No. A-6 Hand Lens

Geologists working in the field, lab, or office

often need to closely examine rocks, sediments,
soils, sand, minerals, and other materials with
tiny features. A hand lens provides a quick and
easy way to perform that work. It is important
for them to examine the rock closely to identify
minerals, see the size and shape of grains, look
for small fossils or crystals, and much more.
This hand lens is a 10x pocket magnifying glass
with a durable metal case. When not in use, the
lens folds into a protected position. This
protects the lens from breakage and scratches. It
has a metal loop for attaching a lanyard, or you
can thread a cord through the case below the
pivot hinge and tie a knot.

Appendix NO. A-7: Camera

For capturing high resolution and high

definition image we used Sony Cyber shot
H400 for better quality image. The Sony
Cyber Shot H400 size makes its very
convenient to carry around when you travel, it
is less imposing which make its better for
photography. Focusing speed is good and
camera is quick to lock focus.

Appendix No. A-8: Scale

The different scales were used while taking the photograph of geological structure, exposure
and minerals.
The scale of toposheet is 1: 50000
 REFERENCES

http://www.geosocindia.org

cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/HP/Solan

www.cup.edu.in/documents/Field%20Survey%20for%20Geology.pdf

www.gsi.gov.in

Kumar, R., Ghosh, S.K. and Sangode, S.J. 2003. Mio-Pliocene sedimentation history in the

northwestern part of the Himalayan foreland basin, India. Current Sci.

Earthrule.wordpress.com