1.

) Of the three types of parenting styles that Baumrind researched, the __________ parenting style seems to produce children

who are more socially competent.

A. authoritative

B. permissive

C. authoritarian

(p. 275)

2.) The "typical" adoption in the United States since the 1970s is due to

A. the development of the birth control pill.

B. the legalization of abortion.

C. the decline in unplanned births.

D. all of the above

(p. 281)

3.) The different manner in which parents treat male and female children can be attributed to ______, which have little to do with true

biological differences.

A. class roles

B. religious roles

C. gender roles

D. all of the above

(p. 277-278)

4.) The major source of primary socialization for children in the United States is

A. school.

B. church.

C. family.

(p. 275)

5.) Two important aspects of U.S. parents' socialization of their children include

A. provision of physical and emotional support.

B. teaching both dependence on and independence from the family.

C. religious and secular training.

D. provision for emotional support and exercise of control.

(p. 278-279)

6.) The best parents (that is, those who are most likely to produce children who are socially competent) perform three tasks well:

they set clear standards, they enforce standards consistently without harsh punishment, and they __________.

A. spend a lot of money on their children

B. provide substantial emotional support

C. put the marital relationship as a second priority to the parental relationship for many years

(p. 275)

7.) An important difference between working-class and middle-class parents with respect to socialization is

A. that working-class parents tend to stress independence and curiosity.

B. that working-class parents tend toward permissive parenting.

C. that middle-class parents are more likely to stress authority and conformity.

D. that working-class parents stress qualities that will allow their children to enter blue-collar jobs and middle-class parents stress

qualities that will allow their children to enter white-collar jobs.

(p. 277)

8.) In the United States each class socializes its children to:

A. respect conformity.

B. understand the value of obedience.

C. fit the same kinds of job positions they themselves have.

D. choose a different religious preference.

(p. 277)

9.) The changing nature of adoption is reflected in the fact that

A. two-thirds of the children adopted have a disability

B. a significant portion of adopted children are foreign born

C. sixty percent of foreign-born children were from Asian countries

D. all of the above

(p. 282)

10.) Recent research on fathering suggests that:

A. father involvement is inconsequential for the healthy development of children.

B. father involvement is correlated with positive development in both sons and daughters.

C. higher involvement reduces the divorce rate.

D. the greater increase in children born outside of marriage is related to the father role.

(p. 279)

11.) In studies of white, middle-class families in Iowa who were under economic pressure, Elder and Conger found that fathers in these families

A. were more likely to commit suicide.

B. deserted their wives and children.

C. were irritable and hostile toward their wives and children.

D. served as the strength of the family.

(p. 286)

12.) About half of the disadvantages of living in a single- parent family are due to
A. the sense of relative deprivation these families experience.

B. low income.

C. lack of supervision.

D. inability to work for pay.

(p. 288)

13.) On the basis of available research findings, which of the following is not an influence fathers have on their children's lives?

A. rough and tumble play

B. indirect influence

C. subtle influence

D. direct influence

(p. 280)

14.) The few, and admittedly biased, studies of children growing up in lesbian families compared to heterosexual families show that

A. there are substantial differences between the two.

B. there is little significant difference between the two.

C. there are differences for boys but not girls in the homosexual families.

D. there are differences for girls but not boys in the homosexual families.

(p. 283-284)

15.) Families that maintain continual contact with each other though they live in different countries are called

A. transnational families

B. immigrant caregivers

C. migrant families

D. immigrant families

(p. 293)

16.) People surveyed in 2003 believed what percentage of children lived in poverty:

A. 30%.

B. 10%.

C. 35%

D. 50%

(p. 295)

17.) Socialization of children is closely correlated with:

A. interest of the parents in the children.

B. cultural norms and values.

C. mothers working outside the home.

D. parents' awareness of their children's personality changes.

 (p. 276)

18.) Studies on the effects of unemployment on families have shown that

A. unemployment does not affect families in any ways other than economically.

B. unemployment affects only the out-of-work parent.

C. unemployment places stress on parents who then often act hostile toward their children.

D. unemployment has no affect whatsoever on the children.

(p. 286)

19.) Matching Quiz

1. emotional support but little or no control permissive parenting style

2. raise their children to actively enhance their talents and opinions middle-class families

3. low support with coercive control authoritarian parenting

4. goals and principles held in high esteem by a society style values

5. make a difference in children's live through play and emotional regulation fathers

6. widely accepted rules about how people should behave norms

7. behavior that has characteristics of both genders androgynous

8. focus their childrearing on obedience and conformity working-class families

9. extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African American males mass incarceration

10. high level of emotional support with inductive control authoritative parenting style

(p. 275-291)

20.) Based on sociological and psychological research, "sparing the rod" spoils the child. FALSE (p. 275)

21.) Adult gender roles are far more distinctive than any biological differences between the sexes might warrant. TRUE (p. 278)

22.) In the United States, there is a distinct class difference in how parents raise their children. TRUE (p. 276-277)

23.) Single parents appear to be less capable of adequate parenting. FALSE (p. 288)

24.) In the United States, parents treat sons and daughters differently. TRUE (p. 277-278)

25.) Associations between having a single parent and poor child outcomes such as delinquency are stronger in African American families

than in white families. FALSE (p. 289)

26.) Children in persistently poor families show surprising resilience and are no more anxious and depressed than other children. FALSE (p. 287)

27.) Conservative Protestant fathers were less likely to spend time hugging, praising and more time yelling at their children than were

fathers from "mainline" protestant groups. FALSE (p. 278)

28.) The grandmother's role in transnational families may be stronger, in general, than in European-American families. TRUE (p. 294)

29.) Children in America experience more changes to the compositions of their households than do children in any other Western nation. TRUE (p. 287)

30.) Based on current research, one can safely conclude that children raised in gay and lesbian homes do not exhibit any greater

symptoms of mental distress than children raised in heterosexual homes. TRUE (p. 283-285)

31.) A fourth of all adopted children in the United States were born in other countries. TRUE (p. 282)
32.) The sexual orientation of the mother does not necessarily appear to affect psychosexual development of children. TRUE (p. 284)

33.) Fathers in families under economic pressure were more likely to lack energy, interest and be depressed than were their wives. TRUE (p. 286)

34. (p. 283-285) How does being raised by same-sex parents affect children?

35. (p. 275) Describe the three styles of parental behavior analyzed by psychologist Diana Baumrind. Which style do you intend to use if you
have children? (Or which style do you use now, if you have children?)

36. (p. 275) What kind of class bias may be guiding Baumrind's analysis of different parenting styles? In other words, who determines what a
"socially competent" child is? Who defines "high" self-esteem, and so on?

37. (p. 275-279) To reach a clearer understanding of how a parent's occupation would affect his or her parenting style, describe what you think the
typical household of a physician and his or her children would be like compared to the typical household of a textile factory
worker and his or her children. In your description, include what you think the number of children would be in each family,
where those children would attend school, who might keep preschoolers if the mother works, and how those children might be
disciplined and influenced in values, goals, and achievements.

38. (p. 281-283) Describe and explain why the adoption system in the United States has changed in the past three or four decades.

39. (p. 285-291) How has the transformation of the U.S economy over the past few decades hurt many parents and made child rearing more
difficult?

40. (p. 295-297) Compare the well-being of U.S. children today with the well-being of U.S. children in the early 1900s.

41. (p. 283-284) Why might studies of lesbian mothers not be as scientifically accurate as other studies?

42. (p. 295-297) What distinguishing characteristics does the United States have as a society that would make its citizens less willing to support
and foster the well being of all U.S. children?

43. (p. 279-281) How do fathers influence their children's development both in the short term and the long term?

44. Why has there been a great deal of research on issues of motherhood and very little on fatherhood? Why do you think this has
happened? In your opinion, what kind of bias does this indicate?

45. (p. 281-283) How has adoption changed in recent decades? Do you feel that these changes reflect the shifting definition of "family" in
America?

46. (p. 292) Do parents whose children are enrolled in daycare generally attempt to compensate for the time they spend apart? If so, do
mothers and fathers generally both compensate to the same extent?

47. (p. 291) Discuss how mass incarceration has had an effect on African American children