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Lect 03 00 PDF
Lect 03 00 PDF
A
L σ = N
----
A
N N
σ σ
L( 1 + ε )
σu
σu
σ yu fracture
σy fracture
σyl ( ε f, σ f ) ( ε f, σ f )
E
ε 0.2 = 0.002
0
1
ε 0 ε
mild steel aluminum alloy
N N
Plastic deformation
Deformation which is independent of time
and remains on release of the load. The
principal physical mechanism causing plastic
deformation in metals is slippage between
planes of atoms in the crystal grains of the
material.
Yield Strength (stress) for mild steel
Stress at which the there is dramatic drop in
load just after the initial linear portion of the
stress-strain curve. Upper yield point σ yu is
followed by a lower yield point σyl .
σ
ε0B = ε0A + ε AB
σy
ε0B = total strain
ε0A = plastic strain
E ≈E εAB = elastic strain
1 1
0 ε
A B
Limit loads
The maximum loads which an airplane
maybe expected to encounter at any time in
service.
Ultimate loads
Loads that result in structural failure.
With structures there are often several
alternative possible modes of failure. For a
tension bar, fracture occurs if the load is
increased beyond ultimate load. So ultimate
loads are associated with material ultimate
tensile strength.
A
N N
σu
Here, ------ = 57ksi
------------- = 1.36 < F.S. The ultimate load
σy 42ksi
determines the area. If the limit were used,
then the ultimate load requirement would be
violated. So
15000lb = 0.263in 2
A = ----------------------------
57000lb/in 2
σu
Here ------ = 66ksi
------------- = 1.57 > F.S. . The limit load
σy 42ksi
determines the area. If the ultimate load were
used, then the limit load requirement would be
violated. So
10000lb = 0.238in 2
A = ----------------------------
42000lb/in 2