Potential Transformer Failure due to Ferroresonance Sergio R. Sagandia Atef Morched ‘Ontario Hydro ‘Toronto - Ontario Canada Absonct — This paper desetes te pheaomeson of ‘turin! femomomance as pti untae ested The sever of the effect due ferorescnance are conieed = and the eflecvectse of th proposed ‘Tania Progam (EMIP). Switching requencer tat sult isthe feronsonance of pots tnntormer ae Sold The eet of changing some ofthe partes of ‘Stlaton rls show tat froroncewggered ining the decoertizaion of fe potntatantormee produce an anomaly high peer iiptin ne IV ‘wading which cued nan unc nuion Gamage [An ate to renege e faled wining mite nt ‘plosives of pote tafemer Keyworts;—Feronsonance, Poel Tosomes, Moseling, Tries Anal EMTP. 1. inrropuerion Favremmmce ison orciaon of «charge wrapped in ¢ Circ that consis capaci) nd now neriduco), tnd cent wavesapes. ‘ot is fred to operat utes Noma near range uncer Feroreonane. ‘The nomlnesry te generally i tthe ‘Sttaion of on, ace be name feneresonace, The oomtinear inductor i usually a magic pte trnsformer (7) tsed for meteshg or proton, ota tegsome o atetranstormer af any size volgs, The condvcors, abl, beaker grading copactances te The tes of feroreanane vary inthe every from those ‘anage equipment Feoraoranee oe of he most complex phenomena the {ei of eecmagnati tans, Doo nets tine Pree the sever of Teroresonance and to vey the tffectnenss of coutrmeseres The effective we of Simalaion requires familar with the simulation tol i Pucusr wit Be Hleromapnee Tens Program (EMI) ns as essen tunfetnd how ereesonance 1. How fomoeonance sta tiger whe a tansomer i dren fe strains i Ian cse ab 2 result of deenergisng condor inch 1 mamer tht a seston of Homage conned to endvors at ar capacively coupled tthe de eerie onde that rere conneced wth ter, oni it ce ai te 9 cope ‘Me esac. The effec of loses and of coupe) phases ‘il be ken into acount late Te components nthe ingle Pass case ae counted as shown in 191ba = Pip. The single pase feroresonat cicit [it us Gt realize hat emoving the mip ope (SO) ‘Sewn ia ig ov any icing devise tn te plac cry aves a app charge onthe Hie etn that fomnar cones tthe irnvformer Tit sapped charge Feu fo he fc tenet inten ers wes he ‘hent becoes Zeer te conc open, Atte nan ff mrapuon te vag on be conduc reaches Is peak {eine he ine cient aed voage onan loc ne te teary 90 dogs out of phase) Therefore te volnge oid with the tapped charge searly equ he peak “ale of ein to ground vakape “The tapped charge has 2 path 10 ground trough the tensor winding. Te Staging eet wl eee ‘sth tine and wl evel saturate tho coe i Oe fondue song enough tap safes barge, ‘The ransormer core ius dig to approach btn ‘euch satraon atthe end ofeach hl eye ofthe red ‘lage. Sine the volag ty at ery pak vale er Invrpion, the saturn of the coe Is quickly reached ‘When tat happens the rescance presented the easfomer ‘hanges ort apnctaing tos age vale, wich ‘Sever orders of mngatide smal. The ow feces te strated wantooner proves the upped ehage wih sy pth round. Ieee ne loses the rapped charge tod therfore the linet groan vohage wil oat Sowa in Pa 2 4 i ii 1h Fig 2. Voluge wavesapeneleing loses has bean asus in Fig 2 tat tbe MSO showa a Fg open afer yl The alton of te ive votage rests ‘fom the fc hat he dcbrgscueat Nowing though the ‘cle wnafemer teaches maximam whe he vokage ‘Seo he ansfomer escheat he emry inkiaty sored nthe cic cascance i ow tore ne ‘eutindstunce, Te cutent vl keep owing an the ne ‘volige will increas wih oppose polity, wil ll he hey bain sored nth ine eapctanc, Inthe absence ‘tomer he aeative line olgs wil each the te Pk ‘ae st sare wih abd he process woul be peed Indtialy. In practi, du tones in he fine and pecially In he iat ne flowing aur ae Fig. 3. Vole wavehape contig losses ‘The smaller voinge applied to the rasfomee winding ser ech ever rns na longer prod of ne en by he Cancer corto. rect seaionThefore, the esoesonntfequncy gradually decease, 2 shown in Fig. The maxi cee reached by te discharge of he teapot though tbe siding lo decease an Becomes Feomagnet osilaion Stops 22 How feroresonance becomes sated, For feroresonane to become steed, enough ower must te cominsouly supped oeffet te loses srl with the feroreonane, "That paver ean be provised by oer ser of the mime crcl 19 which the fanformer i= Connected ory pes of eter eeu in eer ease hose pases most be energized and eapactvlycoaped tothe fisenerpeed conductor comes 10th feroresonmt ‘raormer [As ateaty decibel, he frequency of the feromaprtc ‘elliot cette with tine dt loses. 1 the inal Requnsy is equal or gener tun ie frequency of the ‘yet, then tee ie ches thatthe frequen of the ‘slain wil lock-in ate power quency. In this wy the feromagntc olin tes no 3 Teroesonace fon the er hand, te inal Eevomagaetie Tequncy 1 ‘sale tan the power requency, then there i chance a the eromagece eens will fookin at aod subharmonic te syste reqeecy for instance a = 20 He, ora 60/5912 He inte cise of «604 power sysem, 192, {PST 97 nana Colas on Powe Sse Wane ‘Sea ine 2°26 197Highs foworesocantfreuesciesar gery sid with Inge peak volages. Revoresonat vlioge waveshapes wih a peak ier than he sytem peak votage usually fae the power fequency ose cst. Satharnoni fearon avespes generty fave peaks lower than tat of the em | Hw feoresoninceb predic ‘Te cones described above weal when i comes © deciding whther a wustined frreonance could posbly foscr in gv conigution. ‘nce the possibity of fenaesonanc shen xa, sing wheter egoresomnce wil seal sear, ad acs how sever i effete wil be res solving emple sntitear problem. Tine domain stalion eens tobe he only rela oa eset polem and tases the efcvenss of countrmenars ‘The computer program mos widely used simul power ‘system unsens in general an feoresoence oper is te Bleomagneue Trae Progam (ENTP)” Al he ‘elvan components st be mods indy incding ‘raamitsion fins (ana ine leet twee geomet, edatr sz, posing) cables, tapes Gncding Iytersisand core oss. ioropting devs (he ining ‘he merpons andthe sequence in which te pas ae pene a ao Egor) 44 Ho feroreonance depen 0 ne length Simaaion stodies show that he length of the de-eneried Ine seton that Temas conneted tote poe trusfrmer an import fc in deteining he ak of Tenersonaoce. Morover, thesis show that within the range of scion ine length for which tere soto feroreromanc, the power pte nthe transfor winding geoerally ieeses wih he le eng onl frie ne length ir reached wt which the feremesonane Spe. Thee fet ave conideale paca vb, |. How feoresomnc eas fr of « PT ‘Tine damain simulations of a piel 11S: 400.VA Pr ‘how that ander ferowsenanee the HV" winding may Alsip several bundrd wat The sips nthe HV ‘nding ener nara conditions Is aout one gut of « ‘rat when the Pas uly Toad. The fst thatthe ‘sian inthe HV winding can exceed the desiation st ‘ned capacity by itor at can reach seve ous ‘agen tt mage du fo overeating the man cone of PF fale nde eroreronat codons ‘nate renege 3 filed Pin ity result ints lei ie (6 How ferrsanance canbe prevent ‘Te best countermeasure if a ll possible, ew ioe the essarmers at rik of feorsosting ele ay. ies fomneced 0. tem ae decries can be ‘complied by intalingappropte daconecig devices or by insulin the wassformer themes te ston Side aes than onthe lise ade of he ton disconect In cases in which thre i 2 single pote! tansormer connected rom luseto poe, ean emoresonance cn be voided by eeeerssng last the phare to which the Stormer ones, at by fetes Gt ‘Once feroresonance has sat i. it cn be sapped by removing the condons hat make surtsned. Resiorng power to the wasfomer, for intace, will top the Feoreonane. Decenrling the phases capcnely coupled 19 she feoreonating pasts removes the notice of energy tit susie te fevoresomnce, effete tpg ‘As a may of preventing freeones frm becoming ‘sig ope can simulaeouly imap al he phases Sooneid fo FTs andthe pases of al sounld Sete ‘Moring the itrupting devices (sly mid span open) lor othe P resus ia resucing the power Sepation in ‘he PTs HV winding, and possibly in preventing he one of enoesonance allogbe Sosnined Terresonstce can somtines be avoided by Jowding the uasfomer with appropri Tei ot reustve device [A ond comecte_nrss an open dls is much mere tifecive tans lad cones inthe wal way snd base onal avanage of svoting power dian ding oral bahnced epeation ‘The appropriate specication of he resistance ofthis eat requires he ep of omputer simulation The owe rating of iisressto shouldbe uftent fort wit the poet ‘sipaon under ferrenace and under usage pase round fat 12ST 97 tment Coneenceon Pome Sens Ts Sate ae 2961507 1981. THE FAILURE SCENARIO ‘This say was moivated by te explosive file ofa FT. ine maintenance work vat to be done Ia Ine secon jncnt lo 2 wesfomer sion (TS) Ase of 3 Y ‘eonectd PTs eid connect oe ine ai he Bae Sits dooanctd atthe TS. Te cc andthe PTs were SE eseaiae rm he far end ofthat cic ‘Acre of tnemen was dapat to remove the ipa pone QMSON ed few Kemet away fom he TS, ‘Aspecialyeougped tuck was used ase a lineman wo ‘manly emo the MSOs fom eth phase each reer took evel mimes ‘As som the fat MSO was stove te PF cose 0 (he decried line Socton begun feoresonalng and frobablycominued 10 eroresonat uni aed ruil he fist MSO was removed "The removal of the second MSO ‘Mfc anther PT inthe sae sane. Oni he ied PT Sear spud sated ferresonance when he hed MSO ‘ras temaved, since at hat Une the oer wo phases wee Aleady decserpized “Te fale of ie PT emia uaoucd ng te Ue the rninonace wedk was done unl an empl 10 fe nrg eof he fale PTs ered in explosive aie {mL EMP MODELLING ‘The Mage Poti Teansfrmers (PT) moet in tis ‘tay tae a cpsiy of 400 VA. a HV wining vag of 11549 RV ands 6 resisunce of 7480 0, wah two LY wndigs of 11-69 V anda de vesitance of 0019 obs ‘ich, The gosta curve ha kas pm at 1.9 pa Yeti, Te ar core impedance was assumed 100 times male than’ the mapnetiing inpedonn, which wat ‘ompted fom text cata ‘The lake veaunce of the ‘eafamee windings Was assumed tobe 0 pu “Te lne mols at based on conductors A77-ACSR sang ‘ower ta ne the concierto. eight of 2842 at ‘he towers and 30 (ti span with zon searion ‘of 1067 ft tetveen them. Nomieal EMP Ee maels ere se, considering tha thy provide god accaray inte Frequency range sociated wi feroresonnce, which docs ne ety ep fom 60 He ‘The tamfomer sae model wing the Saale Transormer Component a the EMTP (1. The wont) ue to saruaton of the cae as repescated by an EMT? Preedoonlear Hysteric owt “The vag sources were so predee 115 KY rms ine fo Hie 664 KY rm inet pound, 1, EMTP SIMULATIONS. “The irs on he nest ag show volape naveshaesin he sete peo th erorronnt cui shown ah op of thecoregnig an A ie oo nd ‘Te mispan opener SO) inthe white phase opens at {2005 seconds ht is afr 3 GOH eyels which ae ‘Shown in eich igure ata convenint ference Fig. 4a stows he configuration at ess in the most tevere feroresorance, The four wavesager on the et oma: fats, Figs. 4, 4c, 4 and dy corespond 19 Increasing lng f 1000 1500, 4250 an 4800 mates, respecvely, af he line secon betwen the MSO and he {wnsfomer son (75). Note ha in case ony te Red ‘ace eain energie fe he MSO on the Wt pase Fig shows a snr configuration with tbe Ble andthe ea pases fen eed afer the MSO in the White hase opens: The waveshapes inthe ight olny that Figs sh eS nd 3e correspond to ine scion lengths of 00, 1060, 3000 and 3500 meus, spectively “The power dain nthe winding comesponting othe oofigrton of Fig ais given in Tole Ty aad tht mesgoadngw Fig. Seis sve a Table 2. Not at both cso wavesapes and the coesponding les show that fenoresonince fe ot ssnined forthe abort and for oe Tengen ine sections, ‘orn fhe ows in Tales | and 2 sow te power wats (W) continuously dissipated inthe BV wining when the Temorzonance i stained. The rows that show enerzy it jules), however, crexpond oleracea Sich in ction fa second ad ar rls. I de 1 apc te signin ofthe magnitudes of the power dain Inthe HV ining sown in Tables fn 2, let eal hat HV wncng of fly ade 115 AV GD-VA PT draws abou 6 ah apd dnp about of = ‘Wat in te 780.0 HV wining wen te secondary fees ¢ ‘The tubes show that he power isipae inte BV winging Sider fenoeronance arene and sometimes thorns of times higher han he power aomaly aiid by 198 7 Ste her ite 51195 (recon | TPST°9) eration Cone on Poe: Syne Sete 226 1997“Table |. Power disipted inthe HV winging of the PT camectd to ie White plase when ony Be Red Fase ‘rane eerie ater the Whit pase opens, ‘ible 2 Power dissipated inthe HV wing of the PT anne othe White pace when he Redan Ble Paes mun enrpzd arte White pase open. arene et wrest inTbls 1 and the power wats OW) ‘sconinouly ssp ne HV winding rng usta everernmn. Tho ovat show ener it joule onthe ‘ter hand, conespond to energy wasnt dated by {eromagneioclitons which tp ina faction soond tnd ae fares, CONCLUSIONS ‘Tis pmper poss # dsejsion ofthe plewomenon of eoesonan, th conn hat ake esate, and ak lysis of he seuene of events that ed 9 an expose ate of pov rnsermer (1). ‘Te following concusioas ate Gave fom time domsin ‘Slaton sien (@) There iss ange of lenge of te Hoe section that ferresonane is posible, (©) Within ang fine lengths esr in (0, the power lsipued ia the HV. winging due to sstuned eresnance geal nesses Wit te line eng (6) The power isin in the HV winding of ‘erorsonating PT can be several orders of mapstde Jager than hat sormally sited ude fl oad. (@ rile of the PT oan rot from 1 feroresonance iggeed daring the de-enegiation and sone vig te tine i takes to decrergze all the phases of the ‘eat to whieh the PTs ae comeced (and Bose ‘ter companion eiuis, an THs fale may no (© te fae described in (@) gos utsoced a r= ‘segzaon feild Pry beatenptd and result nan expanve file. [A mamter of comermesewes are decal 10 void the anions ht result in PT fre. REFERENCES 1] Elect Power Reseuch Iie EMETP Devloent Coordination Group. DCGEPRI EMTP Rule Books Veron 1.0, uly 196, ‘A goes concept inredution wo froresonace sound in the fotowng reference: (2) R Rideserg, Trent Perfomance of Elec Power ‘Syste, McCraw il Book Company, New York. NY 1330. 196 {PST 97 meal Conte oe Por Syne Tass