Shreya G

Shreya M
PRESENTED BY
Vinutha G

Isha DG
➢Low observable technology
➢A sub-discipline of military tactics and passive
and active electronic countermeasures.
➢Development of modern stealth technologies in
the United States began in 1958.
➢First explored through camouflage to make an
object's appearance blend into the visual
background.
How to make an aircraft
invisible to Radar?
THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF DOING IT:

✓ The airplane can be shaped so that

any radar signals it reflects are
reflected away from the radar
equipment.

✓ The airplane can be covered in materials

that absorb radar signals.
Materials used for stealth
technology: Aluminum Oxide Fibers

Aramid Fibers

Boron

Carbon-Carbon composite
Crucial composites:
Carbon fibers

Ceramics

Kevlar-49

Metals
Materials for heat dissipation and noise reduction
➢ Synthetic materials containing substances such as carbon, boron, graphite, aramid,
silicon, ceramic, and felt-metal are used to reduce infrared and noise signatures in
stealth aircraft. These materials are used for internal linings in hot areas and for external -
noise-reducing skin coatings.
➢ Gold and silver films can be added to internal portions of engine-bay cavities to reflect
and dissipate engine heat, thus reducing the aircraft's infrared signature.
➢ They are of two types which are mentioned below.

Electric wave absorbing material

Mesophase pitch fibers

 Stealth paints and coatings:
✓ The paint is an effective radar-energy absorber, and radar
operators on ships near the bridges can't see the bridges on their
scopes, but can see other ships without the clutter from the
bridges.
✓ Figure-1 shows incoming radar energy partially absorbed by RAM
coating and the figure -2 shows complete absorption of the
incoming radar energy.

Figure-1 Figure-2
 Kinds

Iron Ball

Retinyl Schiff
Base salt
 Visual stealth

Infrared stealth

Methods used in stealth

technology Acoustic stealth

Radar stealth

Deflection
 Visual stealth
✓ Coloring the aircraft so that it tends to blend in with its environment.
✓ Chameleon or "smart skin" technology that would enable an
aircraft to change its appearance to mimic its background is being
researched.
 Infrared stealth
➢ Embedding jet engines inside the fuselage or wings is one basic design step toward
infrared stealth.
➢ Active countermeasures against infrared detection and tracking can be combined
with passive stealth measures; these include infrared jamming and the launching
of infrared decoy flares.
 Acoustic stealth
Although sound moves
too slowly to be an
effective locating
signal for antiaircraft
weapons, for low
altitude flying it is still
best to be inaudible to
ground observers. .
The U.S. F-117
Aircraft of this type are stealth fighter,
ultralight, run on small which is designed
internal combustion
to fly at high speed
engines quieted by
silencer-suppressor at very low
mufflers, and are altitudes, also
driven by large, often incorporates
wooden propellers. acoustic-stealth
measures,
 Radar stealth

❑RADAR first illuminates the target, that is, transmits a radio pulse in its direction.
❑If any of this energy is reflected by the target, some of it may be collected by a
receiving antenna.
❑ By comparing the delay times for various echoes, information about the geometry of
the target can be derived and, if necessary, formed into an image.
 Deflection

Deflection means reflecting RADAR pulses in any direction

other than the one they came from. This in turn requires that
stealth aircraft lack flat, vertical surfaces that could act as
simple RADAR mirrors.
 Limitations of stealth technology
✓There is no one optimum stealth design, but rather each mission
requirement generates an appropriate mix of techniques.
✓Stealth requires not only design compromises; it also imposes
operational compromises.
✓Another limitation of stealth aircraft is their vulnerability to
detection by bi-static radars. The contouring of a stealth aircraft is
designed to avoid reflecting a radar signal directly back in the
direction of the radar transmitter.
 Conclusion

An advance in one field, such as materials or aerodynamics, must

be accompanied by advances in other fields, such as computing
or electromagnetic theory.

we conclude that the future of the stealth technology is not only in

air, it performs under the water as well as on the land also which
helps to increase the strength of the nation in defense sector.
 References
[1] V.K. Saxena (2012): Stealth and Counter-stealth Some Emerging Thoughts and Continuing Debates, Journal of Defence
Studies, Vol-6, Issue-3.pp- 19-28.
[2] Ki-Yeon Park, Sang-Eui Lee, Chun-Gon Kim and Jae-Hung Han (2006); “Fabrication and Electromagnetic Characteristics of
Electromagnetic, v.66 no.3/4, pp.576-584.
[3] Vinoy KJ, Jha RM. Radar absorbing materials from theory to design and characterization. Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers 1996.
[4] Konstantinos Zikidis (Maj, HAF) (2014); Low Observable Principles, Stealth Aircraft and Anti-Stealth Technologies, Journal
of Computations & Modelling, vol.4, no.1, 2014, 129-165.
[5] Gaylor, K. “Radar Absorbing Materials - Mechanisms and Materials,” DSTO Materials Research Laboratory, 1989.