Chemistry – deals with structures and
properties of a substance.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC – study of non-carbon
compound.
Non carbon compound - metal,
Minerals, Non organic.
ORGANIC- carbon compound.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY – structure of
matter. Transform matter from one
another.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY – quantitative
determination. Composition of matter.
GEO CHEMISTRY – chemical changes
that occur on earth.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY – sub atomic
particles and nuclear reactions.
ELECTRO CHEMISTRY – chemical
reaction involving the flow of electron.
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY – production of
chemicals and other industrial product
and processes involve.
PERIODIC TABLE – embodying the most
fundamental principles of the field
ROBERT BOYLE – his work “the skeptical
chemist” and gas law.
LABORATORY TOOLS
ANCIENT HISTORY
GOLD – earliest recorded metal
employed by humans.
FIRE – first chemical reaction.
BRONZE AGE - development of the
most advance metal working (smelting)
IRON AGE – refers to the iron melting.
DEMOCRITUS – declared that matters is
composed of invisible and
indestructible particles called “atomos”
LEUCIPPUS – declared that atoms were
the most indivisible part of matter.
ARISTOTLE – opposed the existence of
atoms.
POLYBUS – Greek human body is
composed of four humors.
EPICURUS – postulated a universe of
indestructible atoms in w/c a man
himself is responsible for achieving a
balanced life.
JABIR HAYYAN – father of early
chemistry
ROBERT BOYLE/JOHN DALTON – father
of modern chemistry.
ANTOINE LAVOISER – father of
chemistry
ROBERT BOYLE (1600) – all theories
should be supported by experiment.
GEORGE ERNEST ESTAL (1700) –
developed the phlogiston theory.
JOSEPH BLOCK (1750) – identified
carbon dioxide.
HENRY CAVANDISH (1766) – hydrogen
as an element
CARL SHEELE / JOSEPH PEESLEY (1770) –
oxygen
ANTOINE LAVOISER (1700) – law of
conservation of mass, proposed
“oxygen theory of combustion”
AMADEO AVAGADRO (1811) –
principles equal volume of gasses with
the same temperature and pressure.
Testube rack – holds the testubes.
Graduated cylinder – measure volume
Thermometer - measures temperature
Pipette – transforming of small liquid
Stiring rod – stir
Desiccator – dry moisture
Acid burette – glass botton
Base burette – rubber
Syringe – inject or to withdraw volume
Funnel – transferring liquid without
spilling
Droppers – measures or release an
exact volume of liquid
Burets – a glass tube that is open at the
top and comes to a narrow pointed
opening at the botton.
 Capillary tube - ordinary glass
distillation process with drawing and
transferring liquid
Crucible and cover – a heat resistance
vessel with cover
Adaptor – apparatus used in collecting
distilled
SAFETY PRECAUTION
1. Laboratory gown – mask, glove, shoes
with socks, hair net
2. Never work alone in the laboratory
3. Tie long hair
4. Never eat nor drink in the laboratory.
5. Read the labels of chemicals legibly.
6. Do not taste or smell the chemicals.
7. Turn off the gas when not in used.
8. Proper disposal.
9. Do not store chemicals without labels.
10. Wash with running water.
11. First aid kit in the lab.
12. Clean your area.
13. Wear goggles.
14. Do not mic chemicals if not told to do
so.
15. Follow experiment step by step.
MEASUREMENT – compare the unknown
quantity.
2 SYSTEM
1. Metric: m, cm, km, kg, g, mg
2. English: lbs, inches, yrd.
TOOLS IN CHEMISTRY
QUANTITY – Things that used to be
measured.
Fundamental – are exact length.
Derived quantities – can be derived
from fundamental.
FUNDAMENTALS:
1. Length – distance b/h 2 points
2. Mass – amount of matterin a body.
3. Time – interval b/h 2 events.
4. Temperature – hotness or coldness
5. Intensity – brightness
6. Substance – amount
MATTER - anything that occupy space and has
mass.
PHASES OF MATTER
Solid, liquid and gas
CHARACTERISTIC OF MATTER
 Physical – can be observed through our
senses.
 Apperance, shape, color,
mass and density.
 Chemical properties - a material that
depend on the action of the material
the presence of other material
CLASSIFICATION
 EXTENSIVE – refering on the properties
on the amount or quantity. ( mass,
volume, length. Width, shape and size)
 INTENSIVE – depend on the quality or
kind. ( hardness. Odor, color, solubility,
taste, tranparency, physical state,
boiling point, appearance and tecture )
CHANGES IN MATTER
 PHYSICAL- change in appearance but
not intensive property.
 CHEMICAL – change in composition,
properties and original substance.
 NUCLEAR -
CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Color change
 Precipitate (souring of milk)
 Evolution of gas/ scaping of the dissolve
gas in the solution.
 Evolution of heat and light.
 Change in the temperature.
 Disappearance of the original
substance. New substance is form.
PROCESS IN CHEMICAL CHANGE
 Oxidation – combustion of a substance
in oxygen.
 Reduction – process in which oxygen is
removed from the substance.
 Neutralization - reaction in which acid
reacts on a base forming a neutral
substance.
 Hydrolysis – compound reaction on
water to produce a weak acid and weak
base.
 Decomposition – broken down of a
complex substance into a simpler
substance.
 Fermentation – process in which it
produces alcohol caused by enzymes.
NUCLEAR CHANGE
 Change that result in the change of the
identity of atoms and the production of
large amount of energy.
2 PROCESS
 Nuclear fission – split of heavy nuclear
into 2 nuclei.
 Nuclear fusions – two nuclei unite
together to form a bigger nucleus.
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OR PRINCIPLE THAT
SCIENTIST FOLLOWS:
1. Law of conservation of energy – either
be created or destroyed. It can only be
transform from one form into another.
2. Law of conservation of mass – the mass
of reactant and the mass of a product in
a chemical change are constant.
PURE SUBSTANCE
SUBSTANCE – an variety of matter with definite
composition of specific properties.
- A substance cannot be separated
into different physical means.
HOMOGENEOUS – consisting of only one kind of
matter and one phase.
HETEROGENEOUS – composes of two or more
substances that are physically distinguished
from one another.
ELEMANT – are the simplest form of water.
- They cannot be decomposed
anymore even a chemical process,
they only undergo a phase change
only.
- They contribute the compound.
METAL – they have metallic luster, maliable,
good conductor of electricity, dactyl. They are
electron donors, positive valences.
NON – METAL – dull, brittle, non maliable, non-
dactyl, non-conductor, electron acceptors,
negative valences.
METALLOIDS (Semi metal) – possessed the
properties of metal and non-metal.
- Poor conductor of electricity but
their conductivity increase as
temperature rises.
- They are very much affected by the
addition of impurities.
COMPOUNDS – composed of two or more
elements.
- Which can be decomposed into 2 or
more elements by using heat or
fire.
ACIDS – it is sour in taste, it is rough, turns blue COLLOIDS
litmus paper into red, neutralize base then it Liquid aerosol = liquid gas combination
reacts with metals, proton donors. Solid aerosol = solid + gas
BASES – have bitter taste, slippery, turns red Sole = solid +liquid
litmus paper into blue, neutralize acids, no Foam = gas + solid
reaction with metals. Emulsion – liquid + liquid
SALT – products of neutralization of the acids
and the base or combination of metal of one or
more non-metals.
ORGANIC – compounds with carbon.
INORGANIC – Compounds without carbon.

IMPURE MIXTURES -physical combinations of

two or more compounds.
- Each component retains its own
characteristics and property and
identity.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES- can be separated
SOLUTIONS (homogeneous mixture) –
combinations of two or more evenly mixed
materials.
SUSPENSION (heterogeneous) – where the
particle of each component can be separately
seen by a microscope or even a naked eye.
COLLOID (heterogeneous) – contain suspended
particles that cannot be seen through an
ordinary microscope but with an electron
microscope.

MIXTURES
Gas-gas solution = air
Gas-solid solution = hydrogen in nickel
Gas-liquid solution = soft drinks
Liquid-gas = water vapor in air
Liquid-liquid = gasoline in water
Liquid-solid = mercury in gold
Solid-gas = particulates in air
Solid-liquid = sugar in milk
Solid-solid = bronze/brass