PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

Solution of the reduced anisotropic Maxwell-Bloch equations

by using the Riemann-Hilbert problem
A. A. Zabolotskii*
Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
共Received 24 July 2006; published 23 March 2007兲
We develop a method of solution for recently found integrable system of the reduced Maxwell-Bloch
equations with two components of polarization and with an anisotropic dipole momentum by using the appro-
priate modification of the inverse scattering transform. The method is based on solution of the Riemann-Hilbert
problem with taking into account symmetry properties of corresponding fundamental solutions. We show that
these symmetries lead to some particular forms of the inverse scattering transform equations which may be
used for finding as soliton-type as radiation-type solutions.

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.75.036612 PACS number共s兲: 42.65.Tg, 02.30.Ik, 42.50.Md

I. INTRODUCTION Ex,y = 共2冑dxdy/ប␻0兲Ex,y , 共4兲

The generation and evolution of a few cycle optical pulses f = d f / dx, where 共f 艌 1兲,
are of permanent interest because of their applications in
various areas of physics, see, review 关1兴. The integrable re- f ± = 共f ± f −1兲/2, h = f −/共2f +兲, 共5兲
duced Maxwell-Bloch 共RMB兲 equations 关2兴 generalized in
Refs. 关3–7兴 have remarkable structural properties. For in- ␪ = f +␶ 0 , 共6兲
stance, the solutions of associated linear systems obey the
E = 共Ex + iEy兲/冑 f + , R = 共Rx冑 f + iRy/冑 f兲/冑 f + .
nontrivial symmetry group. Analogous symmetry group had
共7兲
been revealed by Mikhailov 关8兴 for the anisotropic Landau-
Lifschitz equations, see also Ref. 关9兴. We will demonstrate Then Eqs. 共1兲 and 共2兲 are
that in a case of the integrable anisotropic RMB equations
these symmetry properties require suitable modification of ⳵␹E = − i共R + ERz兲, ⳵␹F = i共S + FRz兲,
the inverse scattering transform technique.
Following the foregoing papers 关3,4兴 we consider the in- i
⳵␪Rz = 共RF − SE兲, ⳵␪R = − ⳵␹共E + 2aF兴,
teraction between an optical wave propagating in z-direction 2
and an atomic two-level system with a dipole transition ⌬J
= 0, ⌬M = 1 with J and M denoting the total angular momen- ⳵␪S = − ⳵␹共F + 2aE兲, 共8兲
tum and its z-component, respectively. We assume an aniso-
tropy insofar as two dipole moments dx ⫽ dy. Using the uni- where
directional approximation 关2–4兴 for the Maxwell equations
we found that the RMB equations take the form F = Ē, S = R̄, Rz = Re Rz . 共9兲

共c⳵z + ⳵t兲Ex = − 2␲dxn⳵tRx , The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the next
section the inverse scattering transform technique and the
共c⳵z + ⳵t兲Ey = − 2␲dyn⳵tRy , 共1兲 Riemann-Hilbert problem 共RHP兲 formulation are presented.
In Sec. III a soliton solution is found. In Sec. IV a symme-
trized Fredholm equation solving the regular RHP is derived.
2dy 2dx
⳵ tR x = − ␻ 0R y − E yRz , ⳵ tR y = ␻ 0R x + E xR z ,
ប ប II. THE INVERSE SCATTERING TRANSFORM
TECHNIQUE
2
⳵tRz = 共dyEyRx − dxExRy兲. 共2兲 System 共8兲 possesses the following Lax pair 关4兴,
ប
Here Ex and Ey are the electric field components 共Rx , Ry , Rz兲
is the Bloch vector, c is the velocity of light in the host
⳵␶⌽ = U⌽ ª 冉 − i共␭2 − ␭−2兲
− F␭ − E/␭
E␭ + F/␭
i共␭2 − ␭−2兲
冊 ⌽, 共10兲

medium, ␻0 is the resonance frequency, and n denotes the

number density of atoms. ⳵␹⌽ = V⌽

冉 − i冑h共␭2 − ␭−2兲Rz
冊
Denote
R␭ + S/␭
␹ = 共4␲dxdyn/បc兲z, ␶0 = ␻0共t − z/c兲, 共3兲 ª − w0共␭兲 ⌽,
− S␭ − R/␭ i冑h共␭2 − ␭−2兲Rz
共11兲
*Electronic mail: zabolotskii@iae.nsk.su where

1539-3755/2007/75共3兲/036612共7兲 036612-1 ©2007 The American Physical Society

A. A. ZABOLOTSKII PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

E 1 q c„␹ ;ug2共␭1兲… = c共␹ ;␭1兲, 共26兲

E= = F̄, ␶ = h␪, w0共␭兲 = .
h 2 2关1 + h共␭2 + ␭−2兲兴
共12兲 1
c„␹ ;ug3共␭1兲… = − c共␹ ;␭1兲. 共27兲
¯␭2
Symmetry properties play a crucial role in developing the 1
technique used here. Let us list the symmetries of the matrix Let all zeros ␭0k, k = 1 , 2 , . . . , n, of a共␹ ; ␭兲 are nondegen-
functions U共␭兲, V共␭兲, erate, i.e., 兩␭0k兩 ⫽ 1 as well as 兩␭0k兩 ⫽ 0, ⬁. Symmetry proper-
U共1/␭兲 = ␴1U共− ␭兲␴1, V共1/␭兲 = ␴1V共− ␭兲␴1 , 共13兲 ties 共19兲–共24兲 mean that poles ␭0k, ␭2k = ␭0k−1, ␭3k = −␭0k,
␭4k = −␭0k−1 are equivalent points in the complex plane, see
U共− ␭兲 = ␴3U共␭兲␴3, V共− ␭兲 = ␴3V共␭兲␴3 , 共14兲 below.
We consider here finite supported solutions decreasing in
the infinities: E共␶ , ␹兲 → 0 as ␶ → ± ⬁. Pulses propagate over
U共− ¯␭兲 = ␴1U共␭兲␴1, V共− ¯␭兲 = ␴1V共␭兲␴1 , 共15兲
the trivial background
¯ 兲 = U共␭兲,
U共1/␭ ¯ 兲 = V共␭兲,
V共1/␭ 共16兲 E共␹, ␶兲 ⬅ 0. 共28兲

here ␴1 and ␴3 are standard Pauli matrices. The “boundary” conditions are
Define the group of transforms of a complex plane con-
sisting in the identity transform I and in elements, acting as Rx共␹,0兲 = ⑀ = ± 1, R共␹,0兲 = S共␹,0兲 = 0. 共29兲
follows: We suppose the initial data of the Cauchy problem E共␶ , 0兲,
1 1 F共␶ , 0兲, for Eq. 共10兲 to be sufficiently smooth and to de-
ug1共␭兲 = , ug2共␭兲 = − ␭, ug3共␭兲 = − . 共17兲 crease sufficiently as ␶ → ± ⬁.
¯␭ ¯␭
Introduce the matrix-valued functions,
Transforms 兵I , ug1 , ug2 , ug3其 forming an Abelian group S of
⌽−⬘ = 共␾⬘, ␾
˜ ⬘兲, ⌽+⬘ = 共˜␺⬘, ␺⬘兲, 共30兲
substitutions include the parity transform ug2, the substitution
ug2 and the combined transform ug3, g3 = g1g2. here ␾⬘ = ␾⬘共␹ , ␶ ; ␭兲, ␾
˜ ⬘=␾
˜ ⬘共␹ , ␶ ; ␭兲 , . . . are the columns. Let
Define this group G as an automorphism group that acts these functions have an asymptotic behavior
on the set of fundamental solutions ␺共␹ , ␶ ; ␨兲 of Eqs. 共10兲
and 共11兲 in the following manner: ⌽±⬘ 共␶ ;␭兲 → exp关− i⌳共␭兲␶␴3兴, ␶ → ± ⬁, 共31兲

g:␺共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲 → Û共g兲␺„␹, ␶ ;ug共␨兲… 苸 兵␺共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲其. 共18兲 here Im ␭2 = 0, ⌳共␭兲 = ␭2 − ␭−2.

Let the Jost functions—fundamental solutions of 共10兲—
Group G also consists in the elements: 兵I , g1 , g2 , g3其, gk possess the following forms:
k , gi = g jgk, i ⫽ j ⫽ k, acting as follows:
= g−1
⌽− = 共e共−i␮−+i␮0兲␴3␾⬘,e共i␮−−i␮0兲␴3␾
˜ ⬘兲 ª 共 ␾ , ␾
˜ 兲,
Û共g1兲␺ = ␺„␹, ␶ ;ug1共␭兲…, 共19兲

⌽+ = 共e−i␮+␴3˜␺⬘,ei␮+␴3␺⬘兲 ª 共˜␺, ␺兲, 共32兲

Û共g2兲␺ = ␴3␺„␹, ␶ ;ug2共␭兲…␴3 , 共20兲
here, ␮0 is a real function of ␹ and ␮± are the real functions
of ␶ and ␹ such that
Û共g3兲␺ = ␴3␺„␹, ␶ ;ug3共␭兲…␴3 . 共21兲
lim ␮−共␶, ␹兲 = 0, lim ␮+共␶, ␹兲 = 0. 共33兲
Taking into account symmetry properties 共19兲–共21兲 we find ␶→−⬁ ␶→⬁
that transforms of the scattering coefficients a共␹ ; ␭兲, b共␹ ; ␭兲,
␮0共␹兲, ␮±共␶ , ␹兲 do not depend on ␭, see below.
see below Eq. 共34兲, under action of elements of substitution
group S are The completeness relationship of the eigenfunctions is
given by

冉 冊
a„␹ ;ug1共␭兲… = a共␹ ;␭兲, b„␹ ;ug1共␭兲… = b共␹ ;␭兲, 共22兲
¯兲
a共␭兲 − b共␭
a„␹ ;ug2共␭兲… = a共␹ ;␭兲, b„␹ ;ug2共␭兲… = − b共␹ ;␭兲, 共23兲 ⌽− = ⌽+T, T= , 共34兲
b共␭兲 ¯兲
a共␭
a„␹ ;ug3共␭兲… = a共␹ ;␭兲, b„␹ ;ug3共␭兲… = − b共␹ ;␭兲. 共24兲 where ␭ belong to contour ⌫ = 兵␭ : Re ␭ = 0 艛 Im ␭ = 0其, see
Fig. 1. T is a scattering matrix.
Symmetry properties of the coefficient c共␹ ; ␭1兲 Evolution of scattering data can be found in a standard
= 兩b共␹ ; ␭1兲 / ⳵␭a共␹ ; ␭兲兩␭=␭1 where ␭1 is the simple zero of manner by using linear system 共11兲 for boundary conditions
a共␹ ; ␭兲 are the following: 共29兲,

c„␹ ;ug1共␭1兲… = −
1
c共␹ ;␭1兲, 共25兲 a共␹ ;␭兲 = a共0;␭兲, b共␹ ;␭兲 = b共0;␭兲exp关2i冑h⑀w0共␭兲⌳共␭兲␹兴,
¯␭2
1 共35兲

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SOLUTION OF THE REDUCED ANISOTROPIC MAXWELL-… PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

Let the domains D±j , j = 1 , . . . , 4 which boundaries are de-

picted in Fig. 1, be defined by

D+1 = 兵Im ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 l0 ⬎ 兩␭兩 ⬎ 1其,

D−1 = 兵Im ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 l0 ⬎ 兩␭兩 ⬎ 1其,

D+2 = 兵Im ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 兩␭兩 ⬍ 1其,

D−2 = 兵Im ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 兩␭兩 ⬍ 1其,

D+3 = 兵Im ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 兩␭兩 ⬍ 1其,

D−3 = 兵Im ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 兩␭兩 ⬍ 1其,

FIG. 1. The complex ␭-plane. The inner circle has the unit ra- D+4 = 兵Im ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 l0 ⬎ 兩␭兩 ⬎ 1其,
dius and the outer circle has the radius l0 → ⬁. Domains D±k are
placed between the intervals lying on the axis and the quarters of
D−4 = 兵Im ␭ ⬎ 0 艚 Re ␭ ⬍ 0 艚 l0 ⬎ 兩␭兩 ⬎ 1其,
cycles. Contour ⌫−k 共⌫+k 兲 runs along the boundary of domain D−k
共D+k 兲 in the clockwise 共counterclockwise兲 direction. The equivalent where l0 → ⬁.
poles positions are depicted by the bold points. Group S is the automorphism group of the regions of
complex plane: D+ = D+1 艛 D+2 艛 D+3 艛 D+4 and D−
␭0n共␹兲 = ␭0n共0兲, = D1 艛 D2 艛 D3 艛 D4 . Therefore the standard fundamental
− − − −

domains are D+1 = D+ / S and D−1 = D− / S, respectively. Points

c共␹ ;␭0n兲 = c共0;␭0n兲exp关2i冑h⑀w0共␭0n兲⌳共␭0n兲␹兴. 共36兲 ␭±1 , ␭±2 = ␭±1 −1, ␭±3 = −␭±1 , ␭±4 = −␭±1 −1 are equivalent points,
where ␭±1 苸 D±1 , respectively.
Define the matrix functions, Restrict our consideration to ␭ lying in the fundamental
domain D+1 . In the limit ⌳ → ⬁ or ␭ → + ⬁ we obtain from
M共␶ ;␭兲 ª 共␾e共i␮−−i␮0兲␴3+i⌳␶, ␾
˜ e共−i␮−+i␮0兲␴3−i⌳␶兲, 共37兲 Eqs. 共40兲,

N共␶ ;␭兲 ª 共˜␺e−i␮+␴3+i⌳␶, ␺ei␮+␴3−i⌳␶兲, 共38兲 M1共␶ ;␭兲 = 冉冊 冉

1
0
+
1
2i⌳ 共␭F +
P −共 ␶ 兲
E␭ −1 2i␮−−2i␮0 + O
兲e
1
⌳2
, 冊 冉 冊
having the asymptotics
共43兲
M共␶ ;␭兲 = I, ␶ → − ⬁, N共␶ ;␭兲 = I, ␶ → ⬁, 共39兲
where

冕
where I is the unite matrix.
␶
Substitute expression 共37兲 for M1 in system 共10兲 and in- 1
P −共 ␶ 兲 = 关E2共␶⬘兲 + F2共␶⬘兲兴d␶⬘ . 共44兲
tegrating resulting equations with taking into account the 2 −⬁
boundary conditions 共39兲 yield

冉冊 冕 ⬁
Asymptotics 共39兲 and symmetry condition 共15兲 are valid if
1

冕
M1共␶ ;␭兲 = + G共␶ − s,␭兲Q共s;␭兲M1共s;␭兲ds, ␶
0 1
−⬁ ␮ ±共 ␶ , ␹ 兲 = E共␶⬘, ␹兲F共␶⬘, ␹兲d␶⬘ 共45兲
2
共40兲 ±⬁

where and

Q共␶ ;␭兲
␮ 0共 ␹ 兲 = ␮ −共 ␶ , ␹ 兲 − ␮ +共 ␶ , ␹ 兲 =
1
冕 ⬁
E共␶⬘, ␹兲F共␶⬘, ␹兲d␶⬘ .
= 冉 i ⳵ ␶␮ −
− 共␭F + E␭−1兲e−2i␮−+2i␮0
共␭F + E␭−1兲e2i␮−−2i␮0
− i ⳵ ␶␮ −
冊 ,
2 −⬁

共46兲
共41兲 Decompositions analogous to 共43兲 may be derived as for
domain D+2 in the limit ␭ → + 0 as for domains D+3 , ␭ → −0

G共␶ ;␭兲 = 冉 1 0
0 e2i⌳共␭兲␶
冊 ␪共␶兲, 共42兲
and D+4 , ␭ → −⬁. Resulting equations are equivalent to 共43兲
due to symmetry conditions. Expressions for functions
␮±共␶␹兲 , ␮0共␹兲 remain the same forms 共45兲 and 共46兲, respec-
␪共␶兲 is the theta function. Analogous equations may be found tively.
for M2, N1, N1. Define

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A. A. ZABOLOTSKII PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

b共␹ ;␭兲 ¯兲
b共␹ ;␭ sides of jump condition 共50兲 and taking into account map-
␳共␹ ;␭兲 = , ˜␳共␹ ;␭兲 = 共47兲 ping 共53兲 and 共54兲, we obtain a jump condition on the bound-
a共␹ ;␭兲 ¯兲
a共␹ ;␭ ary D+k 艚 D−k for functions ⌿+, ⌿− analytical in respective
domains D+k , D−k . It is easily verified with taking into account
and the matrix function,
relations 共55兲 that owing to symmetry properties 共19兲–共24兲

⌿+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = 冉 M1共␶, ␹ ;␭兲

a共␹ ;␭兲
,N2 , 冊 the jump conditions appearing for each pair of corresponding
domains D+j , D−k , j , k = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and the boundaries between
them have the form of Eqs. 共50兲 and 共51兲.

冉 冊
Then, the matrix-function ⌿ for each fixed ␭ satisfies the
M1共␶, ␹ ;␭兲
⌿−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = N2, , 共48兲 jump condition which can be written in the common form
¯兲
a共␹,␭
⌿+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = ⌿−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲J+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲, Im ␭ = 0, 共56兲
having the asymptotics
lim ⌿±共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = I. 共49兲 ⌿+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = ⌿−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲J−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲, Re ␭ = 0, 共57兲
␭→⬁
where ⌿ is ⌿+ for ␭ 苸 D+, ⌿ is ⌿− for ␭ 苸 D−.
The matrix function ⌿+ is analytical in region D+ and ⌿−
Equations 共56兲 and 共57兲 combined with 共49兲 is known in
is analytical in region D−. A jump condition may be formu-
the literature 关10兴 as the Riemann-Hilbert problem with ca-
lated for a pair of the fundamental domains D+1 , D−1 and a pair
nonical normalization.
of domains D+1 , D−4 then the jump condition may be expanded
Consider functions ⌿±共␭兲 restricted to the corresponded
to the whole complex plane. The jump conditions for func-
tions ⌿+共␭兲 and ⌿−共␭兲 restricted to their domains of analy- fundamental domains: ␭ 苸 D±1 . For a共␭兲 ⫽ 0, applying projec-
tions on the first columns to Eqs. 共56兲 and 共57兲 present the
ticity D+1 , D−1 , and D+1 , D−4 are, respectively,
solution of the RHP in the following form:
⌿+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = ⌿−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲J+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲,
冉冊
␭ 苸 D+1 艚 D−1 ,
共50兲 ⌿−1 共␹, ␶ ;␭兲 =
1
0
+ P␭Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕
⌫+1
␳共␹ ; ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶

⌿+共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = ⌿−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲J−共␶, ␹ ;␭兲, ␭ 苸 D+1 艚 D−4 . d␨

⫻⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲 , 共58兲
共51兲 ␨−␭
The 2 ⫻ 2 matrices J± are defined in terms of the spectral where ⌿±k is the kth column of matrix function ⌿±. The
datum 兵a共␭兲 , b共␭兲其 by the following formulas: following symmetry properties make system of equations

J±共␶, ␹ ;␭兲 = 冉 1 ± ␳共␹ ;␭兲˜␳共␹ ;␭兲 ±˜␳共␹ ;␭兲e−2i⌳共␭兲␶

␳共␹ ;␭兲e2i⌳共␭兲␶ 1
冊 .
closed:

⌿12
+
共␹, ␶ ;␭兲 = − ⌿21
− ¯ 兲,
共␹, ␶ ;␭ ⌿22
+
共␹, ␶ ;␭兲 = ⌿11
− ¯ 兲.
共␹, ␶ ;␭
共52兲
共59兲
Domains D±k
and contours ⌫±k
running along their respec-
tive boundaries, see Fig. 1, are mapped by group S trans- The symmetrization operator
forms as follows:
Ĝ = 共1 + Ûg1兲共1 + Ûg2兲 共60兲
ug1兵D±1 其 = 兵D±2 其, ug2兵D±1 其 = 兵D±3 其, ug3兵D±1 其 = 兵D±4 其,
is introduced on the right-hand side of Eq. 共58兲 to satisfy the
共53兲
symmetry properties of the fundamental solution. The pro-
jector P␭ acts as follows:
ug1兵⌫±1 其 = 兵⌫±2 其, ug2兵⌫±1 其 = 兵⌫±3 其, ug3兵⌫±1 其 = 兵⌫±4 其. 共54兲
P␭⌽共␭兲 = ⌽共␭兲 − lim ⌽共␭兲 共61兲
Contours ⌫±k are mapped with changing the direction of in- ␭→⬁
tegration.
Let J jk be the jump matrix for ␭ 苸 D+j 艚 D−k , then for the is introduced to satisfy the canonical normalization 共49兲. Pro-
corresponding equivalent points ␭ 苸 ⌫ we have jector P␭ obeys the symmetry conditions
¯ 兲 = ␴ J 共− 1/␭
J+共␭兲 ⬅ J11共␭兲 = J22共1/␭ ¯ 兲␴ = ␴ J 共− ␭兲␴ ,
3 33 3 3 44 3 Ûgk P␭ = Pug 共␭兲 . 共62兲
k

¯ 兲 = ␴ J 共− 1/␭
J−共␭兲 ⬅ J14共␭兲 = J23共1/␭ ¯ 兲␴ = ␴ J 共− ␭兲␴ . Using symmetry properties 共19兲–共21兲 and 共62兲 one can easily
3 32 3 3 41 3
共55兲 find that the analogous limit takes place for ␭⬘ → 0. In this
limit we must take into account that 兩␭ 兩 ⬎ 1 in Eq. 共71兲 and
The RHP must be formulated for functions ⌿+共␭兲 and use transform ␭⬘ = 1 / ¯␭.
⌿−共␭兲 analytical in regions D+, D− 共except in a finite number Rewrite integrals on the right-hand side of Eq. 共58兲 in the
of poles兲, respectively. Acting by operator Û共gk兲 on both explicit form

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SOLUTION OF THE REDUCED ANISOTROPIC MAXWELL-… PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕 ⌫+1
␳共␹, ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲
d␨
␨−␭
Introduce the functions
Q共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲 = ␳共␹ ; ␨兲⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶ ,

=
1
2␲i
冋冕 ⌫+1
␳共␹, ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨
␨−␭
Q̃共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲 = ˜␳共␹ ; ␨兲⌿−1 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲e−2i⌳共␨兲␶
obeying the property 共68兲. Then, repeating the procedure of
共70兲

− 冕冉⌫+1
␳共␹, ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨
␨ − ␭−1
冊 the extension of integrals regions presented in 共63兲 and ap-
plying procedure of integral transform 共69兲 to the integrals
on the right-hand side of 共63兲 we rewrite Eq. 共58兲 in the

冕冉 ␳共␹, ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶␴3⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨

冊 following forms:

冉冊 冉冕
−
⌫+1 ␨ + ␭−1 1 1 Q共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨

册
⌿−1 共␹, ␶ ;␭兲 = + P␭

冕
0 2␲i ⌫+1 ␨−␭
␳共␹, ␨兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶␴3⌿+2 共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨

冕 冕
+ . 共63兲
⌫+1 ␨+␭ Q共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨ Q共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨
+ +
⌫+2 ␨2共␨−1 − ␭−1兲 ⌫+3 ␨−␭

冊
Next we extend the Cauchy integrals with integration
along contour ⌫+1 in the above expression 共63兲 to integration
along contours over all domains of region D+ using symme-
try properties of the fundamental solutions. Group G trans-
+ 冕 ⌫+4
Q共␹, ␶ ; ␨兲d␨
␨2共␨−1 − ␭−1兲
. 共71兲

formation operators Û共gk兲 include transforms of substitution Integral equation 共71兲 with condition 共59兲 solve the RHP
group ugk and transforms tgk, see 共19兲–共21兲, acting as follows: 共56兲 and 共57兲 with canonical normalization 共49兲 and solu-
tions are automorphic.
tg1关V兴 = V̄, tg1关␯兴 = ¯␯ , 共64兲 Taking limit ␭ → ⬁ in Eqs. 共43兲 and 共71兲 we find the fol-
lowing relation for coefficients before 1 / ␭:
tg2关V兴 = ␴3V, t g2关 ␯ 兴 = ␯ , 共65兲
F共␹, ␶兲e−2i␮+共␹,␶兲 = −
2
␲
冕 ⌫+1 +⌫+2
␳共␹,␭兲⌿22
+
共␹, ␶ ;␭兲e2i⌳共␭兲␶d␭,

tg3关V兴 = ␴3V̄, tg3关␯兴 = ¯␯ , 共66兲

␭ → ⬁. 共72兲
here V is an arbitrary complex valued two-component vector
and ␯ is a scalar.
Consider the Cauchy integral
III. THE SIMPLEST NONDEGENERATE SOLUTION

C共␭兲 =
1
2␲i
冕
⌫+1
Q共␨兲d␨
␨−␭
, 共67兲 Let us find a solution corresponding to one pole ␨1 lying
inside the fundamental domain D+1 . We do not take into ac-
count the contribution of the continuous spectrum. This so-
here a vector-function Q共␨兲 obeys the symmetry properties
lution corresponds to the boundary condition Rz共␹ , 0兲 = −1.
Q共ugk共␨兲兲 = tgk关Q共␨兲兴. 共68兲 Residue calculated in a pole ␨k 苸 D+1 in the second integral
on the right-hand side of equality 共63兲 is equal to residue
Using property 共68兲 rewrite the transformed Cauchy inte- calculated in the equivalent pole ␰k = 1 / ␨k 苸 D+2 in the second
gral Û共gk兲C共␭兲 in the following way: integral on the right-hand side of Eq. 共71兲 and so on. Using
this fact and denoting ␹1共␨兲 = ⌿12 +
共␹ , ␶ ; ␨兲, ␹2共␨兲
Û共gk兲C共␭兲 = tgk兵C关ugk共␭兲兴其 = ⌿22共␹ , ␶ ; ␨兲 and making residues in ␨1, we derive from sys-
+

tem 共58兲,
冕 tgk关Q共␨兲兴dtgk关␨兴

冉 冊 冉冊
1

冉 冊
=
2␲tgk关i兴 ⌫+1 tgk关␨兴 − tgk关ugk共␭兲兴 ¯兲
␹2共␭ 1 c1共␹兲e2i⌳共␨1兲␶ ␹1共␨1兲
= +
␨1 − ␭ ␹ 2共 ␨ 1兲
冕
¯兲
− ␹1共␭ 0
1 Q共ugk共␨兲兲dtgk关␨兴

冉 冊冉 冊
=
2␲tgk关i兴 ⌫+1 tgk关␨兴 − tgk关ugk共␭兲兴 1 1 ␹ 1共 ␨ 1兲
+ c1共␹兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶

冉 冊
−
␨1 − ␭ −1
␨1 ␹ 2共 ␨ 1兲
= t gk
1
2␲i
冕
⌫k+
tgk关Q共␰兲兴dug−1共␰兲
ug−1共␰兲 − ugk共␭兲
k
. 共69兲
+
␴3c1共␹兲e 2i⌳共␨1兲␶
冉 冊 ␹ 1共 ␨ 1兲
k
␨1 + ␭ ␹ 2共 ␨ 1兲
In the last integral in Eq. 共69兲 we change the integration
variable ␨ to ␰ = ugk共␨兲. It corresponds to mapping of domains
ug1兵D+1 其 = 兵D+k 其 共53兲 and mapping of related contours
+ ␴3c1共␹兲e2i⌳共␨兲␶ 冉 冊冉 冊
␨1 + ␭
1
−1
−
1
␨1
␹ 1共 ␨ 1兲
␹ 2共 ␨ 1兲
,

ug1兵⌫+1 其 = 兵⌫+k 其 共54兲 with changing the direction of integration. 共73兲

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A. A. ZABOLOTSKII PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

where c1共␹兲 = 兩b共␹ ; ␨1兲 / ⳵␨a共␹ ; ␨兲兩␨=␨1. For solution of system In a case of degenerate zeros, 兩␨1兩 = 1, arg ␨1 ⫽ 0, ␲ / 2 so-
共73兲 it is enough to set ␭ = ␨1. Alternatively, one can use ␭ lution 共74兲 has a sech-type form as well.
= −␨1 or ␨−1
1 , or −␨1 . Using symmetry properties 共19兲–共21兲
−1
IV. FREDHOLM EQUATION
one obtains the same systems of algebraic equations.
The simplest nondegenerate solution corresponding to one In this section we derive the symmetrized Fredholm equa-
poles ␨1 lying in the fundamental domain D+1 is found by tion. Define the symmetrized Cauchy-type integrals,
using 共72兲,
F共␹, ␶兲 C̃共␭兲 = P␭Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕 f共␨兲d␨
⌫⬘ ␨ − ␭
, 共76兲

4e2i␮+共␹,␶兲+␽共␹,␶兲关1 − Ā共␹, ␶兲 − B共␹, ␶兲兴 having zero asymptotic as ␭ → ⬁, where ⌫⬘ = ⌫± , ⌫4.

=− ,
1 − A共␹, ␶兲 − Ā共␹, ␶兲 + A共␹, ␶兲Ā共␹, ␶兲 − B共␹, ␶兲B̄共␹, ␶兲 If a density f共␭兲 satisfies the Hölder condition, the func-
共c.c.兲 tion C̃共␭兲 has the jumps on D+1 艚 D−1 and on D+1 艚 D−4 关10兴
− 共74兲
¯␨2 C̃+共␭兲 − C̃−共␭兲 = f共␭兲, ␭ 苸 共D+1 艚 D−1 兲 艛 共D+1 艚 D−1 兲.
1

where 共77兲

2 ␮ +共 ␹ , ␶ 兲 = 冕
+⬁
␶
兩F共t⬘, ␹兲兩2dt⬘ ,
We suppose that C̃共␭兲 , C̃±共␭兲 obey the symmetry properties
共19兲–共21兲. As a consequence jump condition 共77兲 may be
extended to whole ␭-plane in the same manner as used above
␽共␹, ␶兲 = − i⌳共␨1兲关␶ + 2qw0共␨1兲␹兴 + ln兩c1共0兲兩 + i arg兵c1共0兲其,
C̃+共␭兲 − C̃−共␭兲 = f共␭兲, ␭ 苸 ⌫. 共78兲
8兩␨1兩2ei␾1 Then f共␭兲 is a boundary value of some function analytical in
Ā共␹, ␶兲 = − f 1共␹, ␶兲 regions D+ and D− bounded by the contour ⌫.
q1 p1
Consider a solitonless sector. Let ⌿± be solution of the
⫻cosh关i Im ␽共␹, ␶兲 + 2i arg ␨1 + ln兩␨1兩兴. jump condition 共56兲, then the integral Cauchy formulas are
valid,
8兩␨1兩2ei arg ␨1
B共␹, ␶兲 = − if 1共␹, ␶兲
q1 p1 ⌿−共␭兲 = − P␭Ĝ
1
冕 ⌿−共␨兲d␨
, ␭ 苸 D− , 共79兲

冉 冊
2␲i ⌫−1 ␨−␭
p1
⫻cosh i Im ␽共␹, ␶兲 + 2i arg ␨1 + i␾1 − ln ,

f 1共␹, ␶兲 = exp关2␽共␹, ␶兲 − 3i Im ␽共␹, ␶兲兴,

q1
⌿+共␭兲 = P␭Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕⌫+1
⌿+共␨兲d␨
␨−␭
+ ⌿ 0, ␭ 苸 D+ , 共80兲

here ⌿0 is some constant normalization matrix normalized as

q1 = 2 Im ␨21, p1 = 兩␨1共␨14 − 1兲兩, ␾1 = arg关␨1共␨14 − 1兲兴. ␭ → ⬁, see below.
Using 兩␨1兩 ⬎ 1 and Im ␨21 ⬎ 0 one can prove that solution On the contour ⌫, using 共56兲, we obtain
共74兲 is nonsingular, i.e., denominator of 共74兲 is positive for
any ␹ and ␶.
The starting table of symbols, used in Eqs. 共10兲 and 共11兲,
1
2
⌿−共␭兲 = − P␭Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕 D+1 艚D−1 艛D+1 艚D−4
⌿−共␨兲d␨
␨−␭
, 共81兲

shows that anisotropy contribution is determined by param-

eter h. In such a table of symbols domain D2 = D+2 艚 D−2 lies
within a circle having the radius h and a center at point ␭
1
2
⌿−共␭兲J共␭兲 = P␭Ĝ
1
2␲i
冕 D+1 艚D−1 艛D+1 艚D−4
⌿−共␨兲J共␨兲d␨
␨−␭
+ ⌿0 ,
= 0, see Fig. 1. If h → 0 then this domain vanishes and term B
disappears in above solution. This physical limit corresponds 共82兲
to propagation of the circularly polarized light in an isotropic
here and below J共␭兲 = J+共␭兲 if Im ␭ = 0 and J共␭兲 = J−共␭兲 if
medium. Solution 共74兲 transforms into soliton having struc-
Re ␭ = 0.
ture analogous to that of the nonlinear differential Shrödinger
Multiplying Eq. 共81兲 on J共␭兲, adding Eqs. 共81兲 and 共82兲
equation 关11兴 up to ␹-dependence of function ␽,

冉冕 冏 冏 冊
we obtain the Fredholm integral equation in operator form,
␶
4e␽共␹,t⬘兲
2
4e␽共␹,␶兲
F共␹, ␶兲 = − exp i dt⬘ , ⌿−共␭兲J共␭兲
1 − A 1共 ␹ , ␶ 兲 1 − A1共␹,t⬘兲
冕
⬁
1 ⌿−共␨兲关J共␨兲 − J共␭兲兴d␨
共75兲 = P␭Ĝ + ⌿0 .
2␲i D+1 艚D−1 艛D+1 艚D−4 ␨−␭
where
共83兲
A 1共 ␹ , ␶ 兲 = 冉 冊 2␨1
␨21 − ␨21
2
e 2 Re ␽共␹,␶兲
. Using symmetry properties 共19兲 and 共20兲 we rewrite the
Fredholm equation

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SOLUTION OF THE REDUCED ANISOTROPIC MAXWELL-… PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 036612 共2007兲

⌿−共␭兲J共␭兲 =
1
2␲i
P␭ 冉冕 共D+1 艚D−1 艛D+1 艚D−4 兲艛共D+4 艚D−4 艛D−1 艚D+4 兲
⌿−共␨兲关J共␨兲 − J共␭兲兴d␨
␨−␭

+ 冕
共D+2 艚D−2 艛D+2 艚D−3 兲艛共D+3 艚D−3 艛D−2 艚D+3 兲
⌿−共␨兲关J共␨兲 − J共␭兲兴d␨
␨2共␨−1 − ␭−1兲 冊
+ ⌿0 . 共84兲

Symmetry with respect to action of elements gk of group G imposes a set of restrictions to matrix ⌿0. Invariance under
symmetry transform g1 makes this matrix real and the parity conservation related with transform g2 makes the matrix ⌿0
diagonal. Equation 共84兲 may be used to find a radiation solution corresponding to the regular RHP.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author acknowledges support by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research 共Contract No. 04-02-81020-Bel2004兲, by
the Program of Basic Researches of the Presidium of RAS and by the Interdisciplinary project of the Siberian Branch of RAS.

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