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Teorema (Rolova) Neka je funkcija f definisana na [a, b], pri čemu važi f je
neprekidna na [a, b], f je diferencijabilna na (a, b) i f (a) = f (b). Tada postoji
ξ ∈ (a, b) tako da je f ′ (ξ) = 0.
Teorema (Lagranžova) Neka je funkcija f definisana na [a, b], pri čemu važi
f je neprekidna na [a, b] i f je diferencijabilna na (a, b). Tada postoji ξ ∈ (a, b)
tako da je
f (b) − f (a) = f ′ (ξ)(b − a).
f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′ ,
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)
f (n+1) (ξ)
Rn (x) = (x − a)n+1 , ξ ∈ (a, x) ili ξ ∈ (x, a).
(n + 1)!
1
2
Rolova teorema
1. Dokazati da za funkciju
na svakom od intervala (−3, −1), (−1, 2), (2, 4) postoje lokalni ekstremi.
Lagranžova teorema
Rešenje: a) Pokazaćemo da je izvod funkcije f jednak nuli za x ∈ (0, 2], čime se,
na osnovu posledice Lagranžove teoreme, potvrd̄uje da je ona jednaka konstanti.
Imamo
√
1 1 √ 1 (2 − 2x)x − 2x − x2
f ′ (x) = √ +2 2 ·
2 2x−x2
1 − (x − 1) 2 2x−x
1 + x2 x2
1 1 (1 − x)x − (2x − x2 ) 1 1
=√ + · √ =√ −√ = 0.
2x − x 2 x 2x − x 2 2x − x2 2x − x2
Odred̄ujemo konstantu C = f (x). Za x = 1 ∈ (0, 2] imamo
π
C = f (1) = arcsin 0 + 2 arctan 1 = .
2
b) Odred̄ujemo izvod funkcije f
3
√
2 1 + 1 + x2 − x 2√2x 1
f ′ (x) = 2 · √ 1+x2
−
x
1 + (1+√1+x2 )2 (1 + 1 + x ) 2 2 1 + x2
√
2 1 + x2 + 1 + x2 − x2 1
= √ · √ −
(1 + 1 + x2 )2 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
√
2 1 + x2 + 1 1
= √ · √ −
2
2(1 + x + 1 + x ) 2 1+x 2 1 + x2
√
1 1 + x2 + 1 1 1 1
= √ √ · √ − 2
= 2
− = 0.
2 2
1 + x ( 1 + x + 1) 1+x 2 1 + x 1 + x 1 + x2
−1 −2x(1 + x2 ) − 2x(1 − x2 ) 2
f ′ (x) = √ ( ) · 2 2
−
2 2 (1 + x ) 1 + x2
1 − 1−x
1+x2
−(1 + x2 ) −4x 2
=√ · −
(1 + x ) − (1 − x ) (1 + x )
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 + x2
−(1 + x2 ) −4x 2 2 2
= · 2 2
− 2
= 2
− = 0.
2x (1 + x ) 1+x 1+x 1 + x2
Funkcija f je konstantna, a vrednost konstante dobijamo za, na primer, x = 0.
Imamo C = f (0) = arccos 1 − 2 arctan 0 = 0.
d) Imamo
( ) √ √ ( )
√
x 2+1+x √2x − 1 ( x2 + 1 + x) − ( x2 + 1 − x) √2x + 1
f ′ (x) = √
2 2
· 2 x +1 (√ )2
2 x +1
x2 + 1 − x 2
x +1+x
2 ( 2x )
−√ · √ −1
x2 + 1 − x 2 x2 + 1
√ √ √ √
1 (x − x2 + 1)( x2 + 1 + x) − ( x2 + 1 − x)(x + x2 + 1
=√ · √ √
x2 + 1 − x ( x2 + 1 + x) x2 + 1
√
2 x − x2 + 1 (x2 − x2 − 1) − (x2 + 1 − x2 ) 2
−√ · √ = ( )√ +√
x2 + 1 − x x2 + 1 x2 + 1 − x2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
−2 2
=√ +√ = 0.
2
x +1 2
x +1
Funkcija f je konstantna, f (x) = C,
2. Dokazati da je funkcija
1+x 1
f (x) = arctan x + arctan + 2 arctan
1−x x
konstantna na intervalima u kojima je definisana. Odrediti konstante C1 , C2 i
C3 tako da važi
4
C1 , x < 0,
f (x) = C ,
2 0 < x < 1,
C ,
3 1 < x.
Imamo
1 1 (1 − x) − (1 + x)(−1) 1 −1
f ′ (x) = + ( )2 · +2 · 2
1+x 2
1 + 1+x (1 − x)2 1
1 + x2 x
1−x
1 (1 − x)2 2 x2 −1
= + · + 2 ·
1 + x2 (1 − x)2 + (1 + x)2 (1 − x)2 x2 + 1 x2
1 1 1
= 2
+ 2
−2 2 = 0.
1+x 1+x x +1
Odred̄ujemo konstantu C1 :
π 2π 3π
C1 = f (−1) = arctan(−1) + arctan 0 + 2 arctan(−1) = − +0− =− .
4 4 4
Konstanta C2 je jednaka:
( 1+x 1) π π 5π
C2 = lim arctan x + arctan + 2 arctan =0+ +2· = .
x→0+ 1−x x 4 2 4
Odred̄ujemo konstantu C3 :
( 1+x 1) π π π π
C3 = lim arctan x + arctan + 2 arctan = − +2· = .
x→1+ 1−x x 4 2 4 4
3. Primenom Lagranžove teorema na [x, x + 1], x > 0, dokazati
( 1) 1
log 1 + > .
x x+1
Rešenje: Na osnovu tvrd̄enja Lagranžove teoreme imamo
Lagranžovu teoremu ćemo primeniti na segmentu [x, x+1] za funkciju f (x) = log x:
1
log(x + 1) − log x = , ξ ∈ (x, x + 1).
ξ
Važi (
x+1 1)
log(x + 1) − log x = log = log 1 +
x x
i
1 1 1 1 1
0<x<ξ <x+1 ⇒> > ⇒ > log(x + 1) − log x >
x ξ x+1 x x+1
1 ( 1) 1
⇒ > log 1 + > .
x x x+1
5
Lopitalovo pravilo
1. Naći:
√
log(2 + x) log(x10 − 2x + 1)
a) lim √ b) lim ;
x→+∞ log(3 + 3 x) x→+∞ log(x2 + x + 1
π
2x arctan x −
c) lim ; d) lim 2 .
x→+∞ x3 x→+∞ 1 x+1
+ log
x x−1
Rešenje: a) Odred̄ujemo
1 1 √
√ ∞
√ · √ 3 √
log(2 + x) ∞ ( ) 2+ x 2 x 3 x2 (3 + 3 x)
L = lim √ = lim = lim √ √
x→+∞ log(3 + 3 x) x→+∞ 1 1 x→+∞ 2 x(2 + x)
√3
· √3
3+ x 3 x 2
( 2 )
√3 3 √ + 1
3(3 x2 + x) ( ∞∞
) 3
x 3
= lim √ = lim ( ) = .
x→+∞ 2(2 x + x) x→+∞ 1 2
2 √ +1
x
b) Nalazimo
6
1
− 2x + 1)
log(x10 (∞
· (10x9 − 2)
L = lim = lim − 2x∞
)+ 1 x10
x→+∞ log(x2 + x + 1) x→+∞ 1
2
· (2x + 1)
x +x+1
(x2 + x + 1)(10x9 − 2) x11 (1 + x1 + x12 )(10 − 2 x19 )
= lim = lim
x→+∞ (x10 − 2x + 1)(2x + 1) x→+∞ x11 (1 − 2 19 + 110 )(2 + 1 )
x x x
(1 + x1 + x12 )(10 − 2 x19 )
= lim = 5.
x→+∞ (1 − 2 19 + 110 )(2 + 1 )
x x x
c) Imamo
2x ( ∞
∞
) 2x log 2 ( ∞
∞
) 2x log2 2 ( ∞
∞
) 2x log3 2
L = lim = lim = lim = lim = +∞.
x→+∞ x3 x→+∞ 3x2 x→+∞ 6x x→+∞ 6
d) Dobijamo
π 1
arctan x −( 00 )
L = lim 2 = lim 1 + x2
x→+∞ 1 x + 1 x→+∞ −1 x − 1 x − 1 − (x + 1)
+ log + ·
x x−1 x2 x+1 (x − 1)2
1 1
1+x 2 1 + x2 x2 (x2 − 1)
= lim = lim = lim
x→+∞ −1 2 x→+∞ −x2 + 1 − 2x2 x→+∞ (1 + x2 )(−3x2 + 1)
− 2
x 2 x −1 x2 (x2 − 1)
x4 (1 − x12 ) 1 − x12 1
= lim 4 1 1 = lim =− .
x→+∞ x ( 2 + 1)(−3 +
x x2
) x→+∞ ( x12 + 1)(−3 + 1
x2
) 3
2. Odrediti:
( 2) πx
a) lim (x + 2) log 1 + ; b) lim (1 − x) tan ;
x→−2 x x→1 2
1 sin x
c) lim 2 log .
x→0 x x
Rešenje: a) Imamo
( ) 1 −2
( ·
(0·∞) 2)log 1 + x2 ∞
(∞ ) 1+ 2
x
x2
L = lim (x + 2) log 1 + = lim = lim
x→−2 x x→−2 1 x→−2 −1
x+2 (x + 2)2
2(x + 2)2 2(x + 2)
= lim = lim = 0.
x→−2 x(x + 2) x→−2 x
b) Važi
πx (0·∞) 1 − x ( 00 ) −1 2
L = lim (1 − x) tan = lim = lim = .
x→1 2 x→1 cotan πx x→1 −1 π π
2 ·
sin2 πx
2
2
c) Dobijamo
7
3. Izračunati:
( π ) (2 )1/x
a) lim x tan x − ; b) lim arccos x ;
x→π/2 2 cos x x→0 π
1
−x
( )
c) lim x log(1 − e ) ; d) lim (4x − 1)e1/x − 4x ;
x→0+ x→+∞
( 1 1 )
e) lim − .
x→1 log x x−1
Rešenje: a) Računamo
( π ) (∞−∞) 2x sin x − π ( 00 ) 2 sin x + 2x cos x
L = lim x tan x − = lim = lim
x→π/2 2 cos x x→π/2 2 cos x x→π/2 −2 sin x
= −1.
b) Neka je
(2 )1/x
L = lim arccos x .
π x→0
Sada je L = e−2/π .
c) Imamo
1
−x
L = lim x log(1 − e ) .
x→0+
e) Imamo
1
( 1
1 ) (∞−∞) x − 1 − log x ( 00 ) 1−
L = lim − = lim = lim x
x→1 log x x−1 x→1 (x − 1) log x x→1 1
log x + (x − 1)
x
1
( 00 ) 1
= lim x2 = .
x→1 1 1 1 2
+ − (x − 1) 2
x x x
4. Naći granične vrednosti
( 1 )x x −1)
a) lim (cotan x)sin x ; b) lim log c) lim x(x .
x→0 x→0+ x x→0+
Rezultat: a) 1; b) 1; c) 1.
Tejlorova formula
f (1) = e−1 ,
f ′ (x) = 2xe−x − x2 e−x = e−x (2x − x2 ) ⇒ f ′ (1) = f ′ (x) = e−1 ,
x=1
f ′′ (x) = −e−x (2x − x2 ) + e−x (2 − 2x) = e−x (x2 − 4x + 2)
⇒ f ′′ (1) = f ′′ (x) = −e−1 .
x=1
f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) 2
T2 (x) = f (0) + x+ x ,
1! 2!
a ostatak u Peanovom obliku je R2 (x) = o(x2 ).
Imamo
f (0) = 1,
1 1
f ′ (x) = √ −x
e −x
⇒ f ′
(0) = f ′
(x) = ,
2 2−e x=0 2
−1 1
f ′′ (x) = √ e−x − √ e−x
4 (2 − e−x )3 2 2 − e−x
1 1 3
⇒ f ′′ (0) = f ′′ (x) = − − = − .
x=0 4 2 4
Sada je
f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) 2 1 3
T2 (x) = f (0) + x+ x = 1 + x − x2 .
1! 2! 2 8
f (x) = (x − 1)x .
f ′ (2) f ′′ (2)
T2 (x) = f (2) + (x − 2) + (x − 2)2 ,
1! 2!
a ostatak u Peanovom obliku R2 (x) = o((x − 2)2 ).
Važi f (2) = 1. Izvod funkcije f odredićemo primenom logaritamskog diferenci-
ranja. Imamo
Dobijamo
4
M3 (x) = 2x − x3 .
3
Imamo
f ′ (1) f ′′ (1) 1
T2 (x) = f (1) + (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 = x − 1 − (x − 1)2 .
1! 2! 2
Nalazimo treći izvod funkcije
( sin log x + cos log x )′
f ′′′ (x) = −
x2
(cos log x · x1 − sin log x · x1 )x2 − 2x(sin log x + cos log x)
=−
x4
cos log x + 3 sin log x cos log ξ + 3 sin log ξ
= =
x3 x=ξ ξ3
Ostatak u Lagranžovom obliku je jednak
cos log ξ + 3 sin log ξ
R2 (x) = (x − 1)3 ,
6ξ 3
f (0) = B,
1
f ′ (x) = A + Be sin x
cos x ⇒ f ′
(0) = f ′
(x) = A + B,
cos2 x x=0
−2
f ′′ (x) = A 3 (− sin x) + B(esin x cos2 x + esin x (− sin x))
cos x
⇒ f ′′ (0) = f ′′ (x) = B.
x=0
f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) 2 1
f (x) = f (0) + x+ x + o(x2 ) = B + (A + B)x + Bx2 + o(x2 )
1! 2! 2
= 2 − 4x + x2 + o(x2 ).
Imamo
1
B = 2, A + B = −4, B = 1,
2
odakle je A = −6, B = 2.
12
f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) 2
f (x) = f (0) + x+ x + o(x2 ).
1! 2!
Odred̄ujemo
f (x) = etan x = 1,
x=0
1
f ′ (x) = etan x = 1,
cos2 x x=0
( 1 2 sin x )
f ′′ (x) = etan x 4 + etan x = 1.
cos x cos3 x x=0
Sada je
1 1
etan x = 1 + x + x2 + o(x2 ) ⇔ etan x − 1 − x − x2 = o(x2 ),
2 2
odakle imamo a = −1/2, b = −1, c = −1.
8. Dokazati jednakost
Sada je
2015 · 2014 2
(1 + x)2015 = 1 + 2015x + x + o(x2 ),
2
odakle sledi data jednakost.
9. Dokazati jednakost
x arctan x − x2 = o(x3 ), x → 0.
13
Sada je
f (x) = x5 + 3x2
po stepenima (x − 1).